语言学1.__A__ is the study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.A. PhonologyB. LexicographyC. LexicologyD. Morphology2. __C__ is defined as the scientific study of language, studying language in general.A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Phonetics3. Which of the linguistic items listed below is best described as the smallest unit of meaning? BA. the wordB. the morphemeC. the phonemeD. the clause4. A prefix is an affix which appears __B__.A. after the stemB. before the stemC. in the middle of the stemD. below the stem5. Which of the following is true? __C__A. Phonetics is the study of pronunciation.B. Phonetics is the scientific study of the movement of sound waves.C. Phonetics is the scientific study of the sounds of language.D. Phonetics is the scientific study of the organs of speech.6. “What’s in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweetSo Romeo would, were he not Romeo called,” (Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 2, 43~5)To what characteristic of language dose Shakespeare refer? __D__A. CreativityB. ProductivityC. DualityD. Arbitrariness7. Language, as a system, consists of two sets of structures or two levels, which is known as __A__, one of a design features of human language.A. DualityB. DisplacementC. ProductivityD. Arbitrariness8. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are __D__.A. phonemesB. phonesC. soundsD. allophones9. What is complementary distribution? __A__A. Different places of occurrence of allophones within a word.B. When a phone can only occur at the end of a word.C. When an allophone occurs at the beginning of a word.D. Contrastive distribution of allophones10. __D__ deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.A. MorphemeB. V ocabularyC. RootD. Lexicon1. Cold and hot are called __B__ antonyms.A. complementaryB. gradableC. reversalD. converse2. “I regret that I can’t help you.” This is an example of __C__.A. representativesB. directivesC. expressivesD. commissives3. What is the duality of the language? __D__A. Letters and soundsB. Sounds and symbolsC. Symbols and meaningD. sounds and meaning4. “I bought some roses” __A__ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with5. Of the following linguists, __C__ should be grouped into Prague School.A. BloomfieldB. SaussureC. JakobsonD. Firth6. Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and writingability, which is often referred to as acquired __C__.A. diglossiaB. aphasiaC. dyslexiaD. dysgraphia7. __A__ A Dictionary of the English Language established a uniform standard for the spelling and word use.A. Samuel Johnson’sB. Bishop Lowth’sC. Firth’sD. Samuel John’s8. What is phonology? __B__A. The study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted and receivedB. The study of the function, behavior and organization of speech sounds as linguistic items.C. The study of the International Phonetic Alphabet.D. The study of all possible speech sounds.9. The morpheme “cast” in the common word “telecast” is a (n) __D__.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme10. A phoneme is __D__.A. a set of different realization of a phoneB. a set of contrastive allophones in free variationC. a set of phones in complementary distributionD. a set of phonetically similar noncontrastive phones1. Firstly, to which of these language groups dose English belong? __A__A. GermanicB. SlavonicC. romanceD. Baltic2. What is defined as “the study of sentence structure”? __D__A. MorphologyB. SemanticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax3. According to Krashen, __D__ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first languageby using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisition4. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __C__.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form5. __C__ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language, especially those items which have clear semantic references.A. PhonologyB. LexicologyC. MorphologyD. Lexicography6. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, __A__ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference,overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.A. interlanguageB. interferenceC. language transferD. linguistic relativity7. __A__ means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.A. ArbitrarinessB. AbstractnessC. AmbiguityD. Fuzziness8. The term __B__ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changeover various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative9. When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound that follows or precedes it, it is said to be__D__.A. nasalizedB. voicedC. aspiratedD. assimilated10. F. de Saussure is a (n) __C__ linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. SwissD. Russian1. N. Chomsky is a (n) __A__ linguist.A. AmericanB. CanadaC. SwissD. French2. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: __B__ and ____.A. Linguistic description, Linguistic determinismB. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic relativityC. Linguistic relativity, Linguistic descriptionD. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic performance3. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and used by people who speak different language forrestricted purpose is __A__.A. pidiginB. creoleC. dialectD. blends4. By __B__, we refer to word forms which differ from each other only by one sound, e.g. “pin” and “bin”.A. complementally distributionB. minimal pairC. Adjacency pairD. code—switching5. When two sounds never occur in the same environment they said to be in __A__.A. complementary distributionB. free variationC. co-occurrenceD. minimal pair6. __D__ century is considered to be the beginning of Modern English.A. 18thB. 17thC. 19thD. 16th7. Conventionally a __B__ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phonemeC. phoneD. morpheme8. __D__ is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that the only things valid enough to confirm orrefute o scientific theory are interpersonally observable phenomena, rather than people’s introspections or intuitions.A. MentalismB. Functional grammarC. Case grammarD. Behaviorism9. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course ofaction are called __C__.A. expressivesB. directivesC. commisivesD. declaratives*10. A __C__ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.A. morphemeB. wordC. rootD. phoneme1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __C__.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human language in generalD. the system of a particular language2. __A__ is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.A. InterlanguageB. IdeologyC. DialectD. Interference3. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called __ B__ rule.A. DeletionB. SequentialC. superasegmentalD. Assimilation4. “There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to”. This is the __B__ view concerning the study of meaning.A. naming theoryB. conceptualistC. contextualistD. behaviorist5. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of __A__.A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing6. According to Chomsky, __A__ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue7. __A__ is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone8. __A__ is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1language in their learning process.A. Language transferB. BlendingC. InterferenceD. Cooperative9. __C__ are affixes added to an existing form to create a new word, e.g. in-,-er.A. inflectional morphemeB. free morphemeC. derivational morphemeD. root10. Writing is the secondary language form based on __B__.A. soundB. speechC. gestureD. sign1. __C__ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.A. SemanticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. Linguistics2. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case” and so on are called __A__ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. Which of the following is not a compound word? __C__A. clearwayB. rainbowC. scarcityD. without4. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by process of learning, and not genetically is referred to as __A__.A. culture transmissionB. performanceC. competenceD. acquisition5. __C__ is the language of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who invaded Britain after AD 450.A. Old NorseB. CleticC. Old EnglishD. Middle English6. A group of two or more consonants together in a syllable is called a (n) __C__.A. arresting clusterB. releasing clusterC. consonant clusterD. syllable7. The semantic features of the word “woman” can be expressed as __C__.A. +ANIMATE, -- HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALEB. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, -- ADULT, + MALEC. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, + ADULT, -- MALED. + ANIMATE, -- HUMAN, -- ADULT, -- MALE8. __A__ is to refer to an auxiliary language used to enable routine communication to take place between groups of people who speak different native languages.A. Lingua francaB. DialectC. PidginD. Ethnic dialect9. __A__ is the study of the relationship between brain and language, including research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning.A. NeurolinguisticsB. PsyhcholingisticsC. Applied LinguisticsD. Sociolinguistics10. Modern synchronic linguistics traditionally dates from the __B__ of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure.A. Syntactic structureB. Cours de Linguitique GeneralC. De Lingua LatinaD. Language and Mind1.According to the strong version of the __A__ hypothesis, language determines speakers’ perceptions andpatterns their way of life.A. Sapir WhorfB. inputC. GrimD.Innateness2. Which of the following is true? __D__A. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.B. A compound is the combination of only two words.C. The division of English into old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and notarbitrary.D. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully lateron.3. Which of the following statements is not true? __D__A. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.B. Language is human specificC. Language is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraintsD.The first language was invented by Adam, the first man.4. A group of people who do in fact have the opportunity to interact with each other and who share not just a single language with its related varieties but also attitudes to- ward linguistic norms are defined as __B__.A. speech varietyB. speech communityC. registerD. sociolect5. “Your money or your life?” is an example of __C__.A. representativeB. expressiveC. directivesmissives6. Which of the following distinctive features can be used to separate [p] and [b]? _D_A. stopB. fricativesC. bilabialD.voiced7. __D__ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language particularly those items which have clear semantic references.A. LexicographyB. PhonologyC. LexicologyD.Morphology8. __C__ theorized that acquisition of language is an innate process determined by biological factors which limit the important period for acquisition of a language from roughly two years of age to puberty.A. Input hypothesisB. Interaction hypothesisC. Critical period hypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis9. An example of __C__ would be the change in meaning undergone by the OE word, docga, modern day dog. In OE docga referred to a particular breed of dog, while in modern usage it refers to the class of dogs as a whole.A. semantic degradationsB. semantic reductionsC. semantic extensionsD. semantic elevation10. According to Chomsky, the child is born with a built – in set of rules, which have the specific function of enabling her to construct the grammar of her mother tongue. This view is to be seen as __C__.A. Input hypothesisB. X-theoryC. Language acquisition deviceD.Universal grammar1. “Old” and “Young” are a pair of __D__ opposites.A. complementaryB. relationalC. converseD. gradable2. Systemic-Functional Grammar, one of the most influential linguistic theories in the 20th century, is put forward by __B__.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. FirthD.Malinowski3. V owels that are produced between the positions for a front and back vowel are called __D__ vowel.A. backB. frontC. unroundedD.central4. From Halliday’s viewpoint, language is a form of realization of __D__ rather than a form of realizationof______.A. knowing, doingB. thinking, knowingC. doing, thinkingD.doing, knowing5. __D__ believes that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.A. The innatistB. The interactionistC. The behavioristD.The mentalist6.__C__studies the physical properties of speech sound, as transmitted between mouth and ear.A. Articulatory phoneticsB. Physiological phoneticsC Acoustic phonetics D. Auditory phonetics7. Creativity refers to __B__.A. the unconscious knowledge that language users have in their mindsB. the capacity of language users to produce and understand an indefinitely large number of sentencesC. a property claimed to be characteristic of all languagesD. animals’ capacity to learn more than one human language8. Fossilization is a process _ A_.A. in which incorrect linguistic features beca me a permanent part of a learner’s competenceB. in which incorrect as well as correct linguistic features beca me a permanent part of a learner’s co mpetence,but the correct items gradually delete the incorrect itemsC. which can happen as a result of teachers’ disapproval of an incorrect itemD.A and C are correct9. “Competence” refers to __B__.A. knowledge of meaning of words and sentencesB. a speaker’s unconscious knowledge about his/her languageC. the actual use of a speaker’s unconscious knowledge about his/her languageD. the laws that pertain to all languages throughout the world10. __A__ refers to unintentionally deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker.A. An errorB. A mistakeC. A slip of the tongueD. Fossilization1. __C__ is a multiword construction that is a semantic unit whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituents.A. semantic componentB. collocationC. idiomD. reference2. The distinction between langue and parole is similar to that between __B__.A. prescriptive and descriptiveB. competence and performanceC. speech and writingD. synchronic and diachronic3. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as __A__.A. open class wordsB. grammatical wordsC. closed class wordsD. function words4. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “furniture/bed”? __B__A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. antonymy5. Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman” is right? __B__A. +human,-adult, -maleB. +human, + adult, -maleC. +human, + adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, +male6. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a __B__.A. regional dialectB. registerC. fieldD. repertoire7. In structural grammar, distributional analysis is used to define __D__, which are taken as the basic building blocks.A. morphemesB. wordsC. syllableD. phonemes8. “Speech Act Theory” was proposed by __D__ in 1962.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. Jane AustinD. John Austin9. The major new development in linguistics in 20th century was __D__ grammar.A. speculativeB. traditionalC. structuralD. transformational-generative10. __A__ refers to the tendency of many learners to stop developing their inter-language grammar in the direction of the target language.A. FossilizationB. Error analysisC. OvergeneralizationD. Interference1. The most recognizable difference between American English and British English are in __D__ and vocabulary.A. structureB. grammarC. usageD. pronunciation2. The study of how we do things with utterance is the study of __C__, the nature of which is determined by context.A. contextB. pragmaticsC. speech actD. semantics3. A(n) __A__ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. “pass away” for “die”.A. euphemismsB. deleteC. coinageD. taboo4. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, __B__ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.A. transferB. bilingualismC. diglossiaD. inter-language5. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in __D__.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context6.__C__ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.A. cultural transmissionB. dualityC. displacementD. productivity7. Traditional grammarians begin with __B__ definition of the sentence and components.A. structuralB. notionalC. descriptiveD. prescriptive8. __A__ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. Speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A country9. __A__ invasions established three major groups in England: Saxons, Angles and Jutes.A. GermanicB. NormanC. FrenchD. Roman10. Japanese is the only major language that uses __D__ writing system.A. a word-writingB. a logographicC. an alphabeticD. a syllabic1. __C__ is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e. a word or group of words, which serves as a definable “center” or “head”.A. Exocentric constructionB. CoordinationC. Endocentric constructionD. Collocation2. Of the following linguists, __A__ should not be grouped into American school.A. FirthB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Boas3. When people learn a foreign language for external goals such as passing exams, financial rewards or furthering a career, we say they learn a foreign language with a (n) __D__.A. intrinsic motivationB. resultative motivationC. integrative motivationD. instrumental motivation4. What is the sense relation in the sentence “M y unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.” __B__A. PresupposeB. ContradictionC. EntailmentD. Inconsistent5. ---TRUTH.---Do not say what you believe to be false.---Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Those can be defined as the features of __B__ of Gricean maxims.A. maxim of quantityB. maxim of qualityC. maxim of relationD. maxim of manner6. __C__ caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish words.A. IntonationB. StressC. ToneD.Aspiration7. __C__ is a socially prestigious dialect that is supported by institutions.A. Ethnic dialectB. IdeolectC. Standard dialectD. Creole8. Which of the following country are those loanwords “garage, champion, beauty, parliament” borrowed from__D__.A. LatinB. DutchC. GermanD.French9. In the sentence “The angry man went furiously through the rooms.” The first division into immediate constitute should be between __B__.A. angry and manB. man and wentC. furiously and throughD. The and angry10. __C__ refers to the effect of the utterance.A. Illocutionary actB. Locutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act1. The consonant sound /p/ is described as __A__.A. voiceless bilabial stopB. voiceless alveolar stopC. voiced bilabial stopD.voiced alveolar stop2. A new word created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part is referred to as __C__.A. acronymB. borrowingC. clippingD.blending3. According to the author our brain is divided into two hemispheres. Language functions are mainly located in__C__.A. right hemispheresB. front hemispheresC. left hemispheresD.back hemispheres4. “A language pattern which occurs in all known language” is called __C__.A. a phonemic representationB. a phonetic representationC. a language universalD. language change5. In the sentence-------“The child found the puppy”, __C__ is not a constituent.A. The childB. found the puppyC. found theD. the puppy6. A __A__ is a word or phrase which people use in place of terms which they consider to be more disagreeable or offensive to themselves and /or to their audience.A. EuphemismB. metaphorC. denotationD.jargon7. __C__ is the learner’s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community.A. AcquisitionB. AssimilationC. AcculturationD. Articulation8. What is the relationship between the two words “flower / rose”? __C__A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. hyponymyD. Polysemy9. The function of the sentence “How are you?” __D__A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic10. Homonyms __C__.A. are words that share the same phonetic features and the same semantic featuresB. are words that share the same semantic features but have different sets of phonetic featuresC. are words that share the same phonetic features but have different sets of semantic featuresD. are two words that all but one of semantic features in common1. The distinction between language and parole is proposed by __B__.A. HallidayB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. Firth2. In the following dialogue, the maxim of __C__ is not observed.A. What time is it?B. It’s terribly cold in here.A. qualityB. quantityC. relevanceD. manner3. __B__ are linguistic units larger than sentences.A. MovesB. DiscoursesC. TopicsD. Tendencies4. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? _A_A. single/marriedB. big/smallC. hot / coldD. old /young5. Usually __A__ refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but linguistics is used in other areas, as well.A. applied linguisticsB. theoretical linguisticsC. contextual linguisticsD. general linguistics6. Two words that are differentiated by one phoneme, such as “cat” and “rat”, are known as a __D__.A. distinctive featureB. argumentC. codeD. minimal pair7. __D__ is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics.A. SaussureB. HallidayC. ChomskyD. Labov8. __C__ is the academic discipline concerned with the study of the processes by which people learn languages in addition to their native tongue.A. IPAB. IC AnalysisC. SLAD. TG9. The __C__ is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.A. bound morphemeB. affixC. rootD. prefix10. In terms of S earle’s classification system of illocutionary acts, the sentence “Ten bucks say that The Yankee will win the game.” used to bet belongs to __A__.A. representativeB. commissiveC. directiveD. declaration1. Three factors involved in describing vowels are __B__.A. place of articulation / part of the tongue raised / voicingB. tongue height / part of the tongue raised / lip roundingC. articulators / extreme vowel positions / tongue positionD. teeth position / alveolar ridge position / voicing2. In __C__ the structure of words is studied.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. morphologyD. syntax3. Which one is not a source of error? __D__A the native language B. the target languageC. learner’s style of thinkingD. none4. “Love” and “hate” are __C__.A. binary antonymsB. complementary pairsC. gradable antonymsD. relational opposites5. __A__ refers to sentences not only describe or report information, but also help speakers accomplish things.A. Speech actB. DiscourseC. ContextD. Communication6. The feature that distinguishes “hotdog” and “hot dog” is __B__.A. toneB. stressC. intonationD. aspiration7. __A__ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. NeurolinguistcsD. Anthropological linguistics8. The study of language at some point of time is generally termed as __D__ linguistics.A. appliedB. diachronicC. comparativeD. synchronic9. Of the following linguists, __A__ should be grouped into London school.A. FirthB. BloomfieldC. BoasD. Trubetzkoy10. __C__ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language1. The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the __D__ period for the first language acquisition.A. initialB. one-word stageC. pubertyD. critical2. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called __A__.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. syntaxD. language change3. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the __D__ principle proposed by J. Grice.A. comprehensiveB. generativeC. discourseD. cooperative4. __C__ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.A. referenceB. lexical meaningC. senseD. word5. “Autumn” and “fall” are used respectively in Britain and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are __B__ synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic6. __D__ is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, namely, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.A. surface structureB. syntactic ambiguityC. syntactic componentD. deep structure7. London speech that was illustrated by Shakespeare’s writing was generally termed __C__.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Early Modern EnglishD. Late Modern8. If we begin interpretation of a sentence spontaneously and automatically on the basis of whatever information is available to us, that is called __A__.A. top-down processingB. bottom-up processingC. inductive analysisD. comparative analysis9. __B__ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.A. DialectB. IdiolectC. Ethnic dialectD. Linguistic repertoire10. Of the following words, __A__ is an initialism.A. UNB. NA TOC. BASICD. UNESCO。
