Modeling the Transition from Bottom-up to Top-Down Gaze Control Strategies in the Context o

Book reviewModeling,Simulation,and Control of Flexible Manufacturing Systems ±A Petri Net Approach;Meng Chu Zhou;Kurapati Venkatesh;Yushun Fan;World Scienti®c,Singapore,19991.IntroductionA ¯exible manufacturing system (FMS)is an automated,mid-volume,mid-va-riety,central computer-controlled manufacturing system.It can be used to produce a variety of products with virtually no time lost for changeover from one product to the next.FMS is a capital-investment intensive and complex system.In order to get the best economic bene®ts,the design,implementation and operation of FMS should be carefully made.A lot of researches have been done regarding the modeling,simulation,scheduling and control of FMS [1±6].From time to time,Petri net (PN)method has also been used as a tool by di erent researcher in studying the problems regarding the modeling,simulation,scheduling and control of FMS.A lot of papers and books have been published in this area [7±14].``Modeling,Simulation,and Control of Flexible Manufacturing Systems ±A PN Approach''is a new book written by Zhou and Venkatesh which is focused on studying FMS using PN as a systematic method and integrated tool.The book's contents can be classi®ed into four parts.The four parts are introduction part (Chapter 1to Chapter 4),PNs application part (Chapter 5to Chapter 8),new research results part (Chapter 9to Chapter 13),and future development trend part (Chapter 14).In the introduction part,the background,motivation and objectives of the book are described in Chapter 1.The brief history of manufacturing systems and PNs is also presented in Chapter 1.The basic de®nitions and problems in FMS design and implementation are introduced in Chapter 2.The authors divide FMS related problems into two major areas ±managerial and technical.In Chapter 4,basic de®nitions,properties,and analysis techniques of PNs are presented,Chapter 4can be used as the fundamentals of PNs for those who are not familiar with PN method.In Chapter 3,the authors presented their approach to studying FMS related prob-lems,the approach uses PNs as an integrated tool and methodology in FMS design and implementation.In Chapter 3,various applications in modeling,analysis,sim-ulation,performance evaluation,discrete event control,planning and scheduling of FMS using PNs are presented.Through reading the introduction part,the readers can obtain basic concepts and methods about FMS and PNs.The readers can also get a clear picture about the relationshipbetween FMS and PNs.Mechatronics 11(2001)947±9500957-4158/01/$-see front matter Ó2001Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.PII:S 0957-4158(00)00057-X948Book review/Mechatronics11(2001)947±950The second part of the book is about PNs applications.In this part,various applications of using PNs in solving FMS related problems are introduced.FMS modeling is the basis for simulation,analysis,planning and scheduling.In Chapter5, after introduction of several kinds of PNs,a general modeling method of FMS using PNs is given.The systematic bottom-up and top-down modeling method is pre-sented.The presented method is demonstrated by modeling a real FMS cell in New Jersey Institute of Technology.The application of PNs in FMS performance analysis is introduced in Chapter 6.The stochastic PNs and the time distributions are introduced in this Chapter. The analysis of a¯exible workstation performance using the PN tool called SPNP developed at Duke University is given in Section6.4.In Chapter7,the procedures and steps involved for discrete event simulation using PNs are discussed.The use of various modeling techniques such as queuing network models,state-transition models,high-level PNs,object-oriented models for simulations are brie¯y explained.A software package that is used to simulate PN models is introduced.Several CASE tools for PNs simulations are brie¯y intro-duced.In Chapter8,PNs application in studying the di erent e ects between push and pull paradigms is shown.The presented application method is useful for the selection of suitable management paradigm for manufacturing systems.A manufacturing system is modeled considering both push and pull paradigms in Section8.3which is used as a practical example.The general procedures for performance evaluation of FMS with pull paradigm are given in Section8.4.The third part of the book is mainly the research results of the authors in the area of PNs applications.In Chapter9,an augmented-timed PN is put forward. The proposed method is used to model the manufacturing systems with break-down handling.It is demonstrated using a¯exible assembly system in Section9.3. In Chapter10,a new class of PNs called Real-time PN is proposed.The pro-posed PN method is used to model and control the discrete event control sys-tems.The comparison of the proposed method and ladder logic diagrams is given in Chapter11.Due to the signi®cant advantages of Object-oriented method,it has been used in PNs to de®ne a new kind of PNs.In Chapter12,the authors propose an Object-oriented design methodology for the development of FMS control software.The OMT and PNs are integrated in order to developreusable, modi®able,and extendible control software.The proposed methodology is used in a FMS.The OMT is used to®nd the static relationshipamong di erent objects.The PN models are formulated to study the performance of the FMS.In Chapter12,the scheduling methods of FMS using PNs are introduced.Some examples are presented for automated manufacturing system and semiconductor test facility.In the last Chapter,the future research directions of PNs are pointed out.The contents include CASE tool environment,scheduling of large production system,su-pervisory control,multi-lifecycle engineering and benchmark studies.Book review/Mechatronics11(2001)947±950949 mentsAs a monograph in PNs and its applications in FMS,the book is abundant in contents.Besides the rich knowledge of PNs,the book covers almost every aspects regarding FMS design and analysis,such as modeling,simulation,performance evaluation,planning and scheduling,break down handling,real-time control,con-trol software development,etc.So,the reader can obtain much knowledge in PN, FMS,discrete event system control,system simulation,scheduling,as well as in software development.The book is a very good book in the combinations of PNs theory and prac-tical applications.Throughout the book,the integrated style is demonstrated.It is very well suited for the graduate students and beginners who are interested in using PN methods in studying their speci®c problems.The book is especially suited for the researchers working in the areas of FMS,CIMS,advanced man-ufacturing technologies.The feedback messages from our graduate students show that compared with other books about PNs,this book is more interested and easy to learn.It is easy to get a clear picture about what is PNs method and how it can be used in the FMS design and analysis.So,the book is a very good textbook for the graduate students whose majors are manufacturing systems, industrial engineering,factory automation,enterprise management,and computer applications.Both PNs and FMS are complex and research intensive areas.Due to the deep understanding for PNs,FMS,and the writing skills of the authors,the book has good advantages in describing complex problems and theories in a very easy read and understandable fashion.The easy understanding and abundant contents enable the book to be a good reference book both for the students and researchers. Through reading the book,the readers can also learn the new research results in PNs and its applications in FMS that do not contained in other books.Because the most new results given in the book are the study achievements of the authors,the readers can better know not only the results,but also the background,history,and research methodology of the related areas.This would helpthe researchers who are going to do the study to know the state-of-art of relevant areas,thus the researchers can begin the study in less preparing time and to get new results more earlier.As compared to other books,the organization of the book is very application oriented.The aims are to present new research results in FMS applications using PNs method,the organization of the book is cohesive to the topics.A lot of live examples have reinforced the presented methods.These advantages make the book to be a very good practical guide for the students and beginners to start their re-search in the related areas.The history and reference of related research given in this book provides the reader a good way to better know PNs methods and its applications in FMS.It is especially suited for the Ph.D.candidates who are determined to choose PNs as their thesis topics.950Book review/Mechatronics11(2001)947±9503.ConclusionsDue to the signi®cant importance of PNs and its applications,PNs have become a common background and basic method for the students and researchers to do re-search in modeling,planning and scheduling,performance analysis,discrete event system control,and shop-¯oor control software development.The book under re-view provides us a good approach to learn as well as to begin the research in PNs and its application in manufacturing systems.The integrated and application oriented style of book enables the book to be a very good book both for graduate students and researchers.The easy understanding and step-by-step deeper introduction of the contents makes it to be a good textbook for the graduate students.It is suited to the graduated students whose majors are manufacturing system,industrial engineering, enterprise management,computer application,and automation.References[1]Talavage J,Hannam RG.Flexible manufacturing systems in practice:application,design,andsimulation.New York:Marcel Dekker Inc.;1988.[2]Tetzla UAW.Optimal design of¯exible manufacturing systems.New York:Springer;1990.[3]Jha NK,editor.Handbook of¯exible manufacturing systems.San Diego:Academic Press,1991.[4]Carrie C.Simulation of manufacturing.New York:John Wiley&Sons;1988.[5]Gupta YP,Goyal S.Flexibility of manufacturing systems:concepts and measurements.EuropeanJournal of Operational Research1989;43:119±35.[6]Carter MF.Designing¯exibility into automated manufacturing systems.In:Stecke KE,Suri R,editors.Proceedings of the Second ORSA/TIMS Conference on FMS:Operations Research Models and Applications.New York:Elsevier;1986.p.107±18.[7]David R,Alla H.Petri nets and grafcet.New York:Prentice Hall;1992.[8]Zhou MC,DiCesare F.Petri net synthesis for discrete event control of manufacturing systems.Norwell,MA:Kluwer Academic Publishers;1993.[9]Desrochers AA,Al-Jaar RY.Applications of petri nets in manufacturing systems.New York:IEEEPress;1995.[10]Zhou MC,editor.Petri nets in¯exible and agile automation.Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1995.[11]Lin C.Stochastic petri nets and system performance evaluations.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press;1999.[12]Peterson JL.Petri net theory and the modeling of systems.Englewood Cli s,NJ:Prentice-Hall;1981.[13]Resig W.Petri nets.New York:Springer;1985.[14]Jensen K.Coloured Petri Nets.Berlin:Springer;1992.Yushun FanDepartment of Automation,Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084,People's Republic of ChinaE-mail address:*****************。

最全2017年下半年CATTI二口真题、题源和答案Part 1 English to Chinese InterpretingPassage 1 匹兹堡经济转型对中国的借鉴意义2015年6月19日，中国国务院副总理刘延东会见美国匹兹堡市市长佩杜托，听取了佩杜托关于匹兹堡市发展转型有关做法和经验的介绍.2015年11月23日，美联储前主席伯南克在布鲁金斯研究院发表文章《Can China be like Chattanooga? Shifting from industry to services》。

链接：https：//www。

/blog/ben-bernanke/2015/11/23/can-china-be-like-chattanooga-shifting-from—industry—to —services/Financial markets and media reports have been focused lately on the slowing of China’s growth rate。

That slowing has diverse causes and consequences，but —as I’ll discuss in this post—in at least one important respect it is both a healthy and a predictable development，resulting from a necessary change in China’s growth model.金融市场和媒体最近关注中国经济增速放缓。

这种放缓可能有多种原因,但是，至少在一个方面中国经济更加健康,这是一个可预见的发展,而经济模式必然改变。

Since the beginning of China's growth miracle， a large part of the country's development has been directed from the center. This “top-down”approach has focused on heavy industry, infrastructure (highways, bridges，airports)，the movement of people from rural to urban areas, and the promotion of exports, particularly manufactures。

例题1—E1-2016-T4Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside ，there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses, delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to.[A]the high cost of operation[B]the pressure from its investors[C]the complaints from its readers[D]the increasing online ad sales例题2—E1-2016-T4Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”37.Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should.[A]seek new sources of readership[B]end the print edition for good[C]aim for efficient management[D]make strategic adjustments例题3—E1-2011-T1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.21. We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilbert’s appointment has .[A]incurred criticism[B]raised suspicion[C]received acclaim[D]aroused curiosity以下例题为“定位信息不充分”时举的例子例题4—E1-2011-T2Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .[A]top performers used to cling to their posts[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated[C]top performers care more about reputations[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules例题5—E1-2015-T2Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.29.In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that .[A]principles are hard to be clearly expressed[B]the court is giving police less room for action[C]phones are used to store sensitive information[D]citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected例题6—2007-T2The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A]People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B]More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C]The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.（C）[D]Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.例题7—2008-T4That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.例题8—2008-T4And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B]Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C]Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.20 考研阅读思路解析总结课02以下例题为“问例子证明了/说明了/引出了什么”时举的例子例题9—E1-2012-T4As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.39.The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions .[A]often run against the current political system[B]can change people’s political attitudes[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms[D]are dominant in the government例题10—1999-T5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that t he apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that .[A]inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B]science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C]scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research（A）[D]unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research例题11—2003-T2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s.[A]discontent with animal research[B]ignorance about medical science[C]indifference to epidemics（B）[D]anxiety about animal rights20 考研阅读思路解析总结课03以下例题为“比对出现原文重现=正确答案”时举的例子例题12—2005-T2There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as .[A]a protector[B]a judge[C]a critic（D）[D]a guide例题13—2000-T1How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the .[A]turning of the business cycle[B]restructuring of industry[C]improved business management（A）[D]success in education以下例题为“比对归纳不推理”时举的例子例题14—2008-T4That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.例题15—2003-T4Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.59. In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care.[A]more flexibly[B]more extravagantly[C]more cautiously（D）[D]more reasonably例题16—E2-2015-T3But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As a linguist once said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A]Managers admire it but avoid it.[B]Linguists believe it to be nonsense.[C]Companies find it to be fundamental.[D]Regular people mock it but accept it.20 考研阅读思路解析总结课04例题17—E2-2013-T3Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.31.The time needed in making decisions may .[A]vary according to the urgency of the situation[B]prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C]depend on the importance of the assessment[D]predetermine the accuracy of our judgment以下例题为“正确选项特征词”时举的例子例题18—E2-2015-T2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students—those who do not have a parent with a college degree—lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close”an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.26.Recruiting more first-generation students has .[A]reduced their dropout rates[B]narrowed the achievement gap[C]missed its original purpose[D]depressed college students例题19—E1-2013-T2It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT si gnal and press on anyway.29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?[A]Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.[B]DNT may not serve its intended purpose.[C]DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.[D]Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.以下例题为“态度题中质疑常成为正确答案”时举的例子例题20—E1-2016-T3In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.34.When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record .[A]has an impact on their decision[B]comes across as reliable evidence[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation20 考研阅读思路解析总结课05例题21—E1-2016-T4Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”37.Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should.[A]seek new sources of readership[B]end the print edition for good[C]aim for efficient management[D]make strategic adjustments例题22—E1-2018-T3DeepMind has almost apologised. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements—and there may be many—between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under exis ting law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham’s verdict with .[A]empty promises[B]tough resistance[C]sincere apologies[D]necessary adjustments例题23—E1-2012-T3Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires .[A]strict inspection[B]shared efforts[C]individual wisdom[D]persistent innovation例题24—E1-2014-T3As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves .[A]controversies over the recipients’ status[B]the joint effort of modern researchers[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes[D]the demonstration of research findings例题25—2005-T4Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s.[A]interest in their language[B]appreciation of their efforts[C]admiration for their memory（B）[D]contempt for their old-fashionedness例题26—2006-T3Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that .[A]people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time[B]fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass[C]the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level（D）[D]people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation以下例题为“错误选项类型—定位错误—答非所问”时举的例子例题27—E1-2012-T2But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.23.In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to .[A]adequately probe social and biological factors[B]effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C]illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect例题28—2005-T3At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?[A]Lead your life as usual.[B]Seek professional help.[C]Exercise conscious control.（A）[D]Avoid anxiety in the daytime.20 考研阅读思路解析总结课06例题29—2002-T3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is .[A]global inflation[B]reduction in supply[C]fast growth in economy（B）[D]Iraq’s suspension of exports以下例题为“错误选项类型—偷换主语”时举的例子例题30—E1-2011-T2Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’v e been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .[A]top performers used to cling to their posts[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated[C]top performers care more about reputations[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules以下例题为“错误选项类型—偷换动词”时举的例子例题31—2008-T2No longer. The Internet –and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A]It criticizes government-funded research.[B]It introduces an effective means of publication.[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D]It benefits scientific research considerably.20 考研阅读思路解析总结课07以下例题为“过度推理”时举的例子例题32—2004-T2The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.49. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?[A]They are getting impatient.[B]They are noisily dozing off.[C]They are feeling humiliated.（B）[D]They are busy with word puzzles.例题33—2008-T1Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B]Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D]Alvarez paid practically everything by check.以下例题为“主题题”时举的例子例题34—E1-2016-T4Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for t hem,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A]Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once[B]Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand[C]Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good[D]Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion例题35—E1-2010-T125. What would be the best title for the text?[A]Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B]The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C]Mournful Decline of Journalism[D]Prominent Critics in Memory。

1.海洋作为我们这个世界必不可少的部分，缓解气候变化带来的危害，为我们提供视频和许多现代药物。

但是海洋与人类之间的这种联系却一直没有引起人们的足够重视。

直到近来，由海洋保护生物学家Dr.Wallace带领的团队，从多学科角度，探索人类大脑于海洋之间的联系，提出一个新的研究方向-----神经保护。

这一研究引起了海洋科学方面的一场革命。

著名海洋学家Wall Broecker 博士，把深层水流动现象称为“海洋循环带”。

这种说法太过简单的描述了一个复杂的过程。

杜克大学的Susan Lozier 博士综合考虑各种证据后，推翻了我们对于海洋颠覆的观点。

无论这场革命结果如何，有一点毋庸置疑的，海洋紧密的将地球联系在一起。

我们呢要摒弃传统的看法，从一种新的视角来保护海洋。

The ocean, as an indispensable part of our world, buffers our weather, and provides us with food and many of modern medicines. However, we just ignored (didn’t give enough at tention to) the connectivity between the ocean and human sphere. Only until recently, have the team led by marine conservation biologist Dr. Wallace J. Nichols started to explore the connection between human minds and the ocean from multidisciplinary perspectives. They put forward a new research field— neuroconservation, which led to a revolution in marine science.Dr. Wally Broecker, a famous oceanographer, called the phenomenon of deep water circulation “Ocean Conveyor Belt”. This statement is an oversim plification of a complex process. Dr. Susan Lozier from Duke University overwhelmed the idea about ocean overturning after considering/weighing different pieces of evidence. Whatever the outcome would be, there is no doubt that the ocean holds our planet tightly. We have to abandon the old notion and try to protect the ocean from a new perspective.2.海洋是生命的发源地，因此，对海洋生态的研究不但有利于保护生物的生存环境，而且至直接关系到海洋生物资源的开发和利用。

《大学英语视听说课程实训手册第1册》听力原文Unit 1 Stay Hungry, Stay FoolishLesson OneAudio StudioTask 1 Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2 Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.Lesson TwoAudio StudioTask 1 Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2 Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard. Repeat theUnit 2 The Internet: A Double-Edged SwordLesson OneAudio StudioTask 1Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.Lesson TwoAudio StudioTask 1 Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard. Repeat the sentences after you have completed them.Unit 3 Animation WorldLesson OneAudio StudioTask 1 Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2 Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.Lesson TwoAudio StudioTask 1 Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard. Repeat the sentences after you have completed them.Unit 4 Financial IntelligenceLesson OneAudio StudioTask 1Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.Lesson TwoAudio StudioTask 1Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard. Repeat the sentences after you have completed them.Unit 5 Public TransportLesson OneAudio StudioTask 1Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard. Repeat the sentences after you have completed them.Lesson TwoAudio StudioTask 1Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questionsTask 2Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.Unit 6 Post-Olympic AgeLesson OneAudio StudioTask 1 Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2 Checking the FactsListen to the clip again and decide if the following statements are true or false.Lesson TwoAudio StudioTask 1Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard. Repeat the sentences after you have completed them.Unit 7 Body LanguageLesson OneAudio StudioTask 1Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard. Repeat the sentences after you have completed them.Lesson TwoAudio StudioTask 1Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.Unit 8 Beyond the BluesLesson OneAudio StudioTask 1Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.Lesson TwoAudio StudioTask 1Identifying the GistListen to the audio clip, and choose the right answers to the questions.Task 2Checking the FactsListen to the audio clip again and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard. Repeat the sentences after you have completed them.11。

毕业生毕业即失业英语作文Title: The Predicament of Graduating into Unemployment。

As a fresh graduate stepping out into the world, the prospect of unemployment looms ominously. Despite years of education and preparation, many graduates find themselves facing the harsh reality of joblessness upon graduation. This issue is prevalent not only in my country but also in many parts of the world.One of the primary reasons for this predicament is the gap between academic qualifications and the demands of the job market. While universities strive to equip studentswith theoretical knowledge and skills, they often fallshort in providing practical experience and industry-specific training. Consequently, many graduates lack the expertise and experience required by employers, making it difficult for them to secure employment.Moreover, the rapid advancement of technology hastransformed the nature of work, creating a mismatch between the skills possessed by graduates and those sought after by employers. In today's digital age, proficiency in areas such as coding, data analysis, and digital marketing has become increasingly valuable. However, traditional academic programs may not always keep pace with these evolving demands, leaving graduates ill-prepared to compete in the job market.Furthermore, economic factors play a significant role in exacerbating the problem of graduate unemployment. In times of economic downturn, businesses may implement hiring freezes or reduce their workforce, making it even more challenging for recent graduates to find job opportunities. Additionally, the prevalence of automation and outsourcing has led to the displacement of certain entry-level positions, further limiting the employment prospects for graduates.The stigma associated with entry-level positions is another barrier that graduates often face. Despite possessing advanced degrees, many graduates are unwillingto accept positions that they perceive as menial or beneath their qualifications. This reluctance to start from the bottom and work their way up hinders their ability to gain valuable experience and establish themselves in their chosen field.Addressing the issue of graduate unemployment requiresa multifaceted approach involving collaboration between educational institutions, government agencies, and the private sector. Universities must adapt their curricula to align more closely with the needs of the job market, integrating practical training and industry partnershipsinto their programs. Career counseling services should also be expanded to provide guidance and support to graduates as they navigate the transition from academia to the workforce.Additionally, governments can play a crucial role in addressing graduate unemployment by implementing policies that stimulate job creation and provide incentives for businesses to hire recent graduates. This may include tax incentives, subsidies for internships and apprenticeships, and initiatives to promote entrepreneurship among younggraduates.Furthermore, efforts to destigmatize entry-level positions and promote the value of gaining hands-on experience should be undertaken. Graduates should be encouraged to view these positions as stepping stones to future success rather than setbacks to their careers.In conclusion, the issue of graduate unemployment is a complex and multifaceted problem that requires collective action to address. By bridging the gap between academia and the workforce, fostering economic growth, and challenging societal perceptions, we can create a more inclusive and equitable employment landscape for recent graduates. Only through collaborative efforts can we ensure that every graduate has the opportunity to realize their fullpotential and contribute meaningfully to society.。

The sustainable development of architecture in the embodiment of a projectAll the civil engineering buildings and structures (including roads, bridges, ports, terminals, mines, tunnels, etc.) are made by materials according to certain requirements. The various materials used in civil engineering are collectively referred to as civil engineering materials.For a long time, human beings have been engaged in the various researches on civil engineering materials and constantly developing new materials. Almost all the materials in the world can be used as civil engineering materials. The project has adopted a variety of materials and here the following three types of materials are mainly analyzed.The first is steel, which is the collective name of iron alloy whose carbon content mass percentage is between 0.02% and 2.04%. The chemical composition of steel can have great changes and the steel only containing carbons is called carbon steel or common steel; in the actual production, steel often contains different alloy elements depending on the different applications. The preparation of steel is a high-cost and low-efficient work. Nowadays, the steel has become one of the most widely used materials in the world and an indispensable part of the building industry, manufacturing industry and people’s daily life for its low price and reliable performance.Steel structure work is the steel-manufacturing-based structure and is one of the main types of building structures. Steel is one of the common forms of structure in the modern construction works. Steel is characterized by high strength, light weight and rigidity, so it is particularly suitable for constructing long-span, super-high and super-heavy buildings; good homogeneity and isotropy, which make the material become ideal elastomer and mostly fit the basic assumption of the general engineering mechanics; good plasticity and toughness, which make the material able to deform largely and well subject to the dynamic loads; short construction period; high industrialization degree, which makes the specialized production of high mechanization level available; high machining precision, high efficiency and good air tightness. The disadvantages are the poor fire resistance and corrosion resistanceSteel structure can be divided into lightweight steel and heavyweight steel. The project mainly adopts lightweight steel structure. The roofing system inlightweight steel structure is composed of roof truss, structural OSB panel, waterproof layer and lightweight roofing tile, which is also named metal or asphalt tile. The appearance of the roofing in lightweight steel structure can have a variety of combinations. The materials are also various. On the premise of guaranteeing the technology of water proofing, the appearance has many alternatives. The wall of houses in lightweight structures is mainly composed of wall stud, top beam of the wall, the wall mudsill, wall support, wall panel and fastener. To ensure achieving the effect of heat insulation, the heat-insulating materials adopted in the external wall and roofing of buildings can be used for a long term, preserve and insult heat.Then is glass, which is a kind of transparent, high-strength and hardness, airtight material. Glass shows chemical inertness in the daily environment and does not react with living things, so it has extensive applications. Glass is generally insoluble in acid, but soluble in alkali, such as cesium hydroxide. Glass is an amorphous sub-cooled liquid. The melt glass cools rapidly and the molecules form glass as they do not have enough time to form crystals. In ancient times, glass refers to a kind of natural jade, also called talasite, not the present glass. Glass is solid at ordinary temperature and it is brittle. The hardness is 6.5mohs. Glass is, in deed, liquid. When the liquid cools, the originally turbulent and chaotic molecules will ultimately form ordered and regular crystal structure.In addition, according to its features, glass can be divided into: tempered glass, porous glass, i.e. foam glass, with an aperture of about 40 and mainly used in seawater desalination and virus filtering, etc., conductive glass, used as electrode and windshield glass, microcrystal glass, opaque glass, used in lighting and decorative items, etc., and hollow glass, used as door and window glass.Glass has many generalities. The first is the isotropy: the properties of homogeneous glass in all directions, such as refractivity, hardness, elastic modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion and so on are the same. Then is the metastability: when the melt cools to vitreous body, it can keep the structure in high temperatures at lower temperatures and does not change. Next is the reversible graduality: the transition from the melting state to the glass state is reversible and gradual. The last is the continuity: when the melting state transits to the glass state, the changes of the physical and chemical properties with temperature are continuous.The glass used in the project is tempered glass. It has high mechanical strength, good elasticity and thermal stability. It is not easy to wound people after broken and can be self-destructive.The last is wood, which is the lignified tissue formed by plants that can conduct secondary growth, such as trees and shrubs. After primary growth, the vascular cambium in the rhizome of these plants becomes active, develops bast outward and wood inward. Wood is the collective name of the plant tissues developed inwardly by the vascular cambium, including xylem and thin-wall radiation. Wood plays an important role in supporting human life. According to the different features of wood, people apply them to different uses.The tree trunk is composed of bark, cambium, xylem (i.e. timber) and pith. From the xylem on the trunk cross-section, we can see the annual ring around the pith. Each annual ring generally consists of two parts: the part in light color is called early wood (spring wood), which grows in the early season, has large cells and relatively loose material; the part in dark color is called late wood (autumn wood), which grows in the late season, has small cells and relatively dense material. The middle part of the tree trunk of some wood is in dark color, which is called heart wood; the side is in light color, which is called sapwood. The coniferous wood is mainly composed of tracheid, xylem ray and axial parenchyma, which are regularly arranged and the material is heterogeneous. The broad-leaved wood is mainly composed of vessel, wood fiber, axial parenchyma and xylem ray. The structure is complicated. As the cells making up the wood are directionally arranged, thus there is the difference between rift grain and cross grain. The rift grain can be distinguished from the radical direction coincident with the xylem ray; the chordwise vertical to the xylem ray. The coniferous wood generally has tall trunks and straight grain, is easy to be worked and dried, has small cracking and deformation and is suitable to be used as structural material. Some broad-leaved wood has hard texture, beautiful grain andThe flooring chosen for the interior finishing of the project is wooden floor. Wooden floor has various advantages. Firstly, it is beautiful and natural. The wood is natural and its annual ring and grain usually can make a beautiful picture, give people the feeling of returning to the nature and recovering original simplicity. Its texture has its own style and becomes a favorite among the masses. Then, it is a kind of material free of pollution. Wood is the most typical double-green product and it does not have source of pollution in itself. Some wood have tinctura aromatica, which gives off healthy and sedative smell; its sawdust is organic fertilizer that can be easily digested and absorbed by soil. In addition, it is light and strong and the general wood floats on the water, with few exceptions. Therefore, as a building material, wood is more convenient for transportation and laying compared to metal building materials and stones. Test results prove that, the tensile strength of pine wood is three times higher than that of iron and steel, 25 times higher than that of concrete and 50 times higher than that of marble; its compressive resistance is 4 times higher than that of marble. It can better embody its advantages especially asthe flooring (wooden floor). Then, it is easy to process. Wood can be sawed, shaved, whittled, cut and even nailed arbitrarily, so it can apply to the field of building materials in a more flexible way and play its potential role, while metal, concrete and stone do not have the function due to their hardness and they will cause waste or unrealistic circumstances. Next, it has good heat insulation. It is not easy for wood to conduct heat, while the heat conductivity of the concrete is very high. The heat conductivity of iron and steel is 200 times that of wood. There are many other advantages, such as adjusting temperature, strong durability, and easing the shock, etc.The executive director of the British ECOTECT company-Andrew Marsh thinks that “it is a moral obligation to design e nergy-saving and high-efficient buildings. If the client wants to save a very small part of the construction cost, but huge energy cost is caused in the 80 to 100 years’ service life of the building, then the architect has the obligation to prevent this fr om happening”. I am not surprised at all that Andrew holds a bachelor degree in architecture.Sustainable construction refers to the constructions planned and built following the principle of sustainable development, pursuing reducing environmental load, integrating with the environment and conducive to the health of residents.The sustainability of the project is shown in the following two aspects:First of all, modeling and material:Firstly, the modeling should be compact and try to control the contact area between the building and air. Secondly, adopt materials of low heat conductivity. The external wall adopts a large number of logs and some people think that only the construction adopting renewable materials like wood can be regarded as sustainable construction. Of course, there are people holding opposite opinions. Thirdly, the inner court is closed; the windows toward the inner court can be opened freely like traditional windows, but the windows in the external wall can not be opened freely, and its opening is controlled by the control center of the whole building, to ensure the orderly flow of the air. The three measures are taken to reduce the heat exchange between the skin wall and the air.In the second place, reduce the air heat exchange:Firstly, keep proper air tightness in the building; the inner court is closed, the windows in the external wall can not be opened freely, to ensure the orderly flow of the air. Then, make use of the ground-source heat exchange system to heat up the gases entering the building in winter and cool down the gases entering the building in summer. The ground-source heat exchange systemutilizes the characteristics of soil that the temperature is stable all the year round, takes the soil energy as the heat source of heat pump heating in winter and cold source of air conditioning in summer, that is, extract the heat sources indoors and release them to the soil with the temperature lower than the ambient temperature. The system is not complicated in technology and has great promotional value. According to the news from the network, the pilot of the technology has been launched in Tianjin and other cities of China. Finally, reuse the heat discharge. Use the air-conditioning heat recovery system that has quite mature modern technology, to conduct heat recovery to the hot air discharged outside the building.SummaryWith the constant advancement of the social civilization, the growing population and the increasing demand for resources of human society, the conflict between human and natural environment is becoming increasingly prominent. In the sixties of last century, scientists have proposed the concept of “sustainable development”. More and more people have realized that if we do not control the behavior of blindly taking resources from the natural world, not only the development of our descendants will be affected, but even the production and life of contemporary people will be affected. Therefore, this theory has been accepted by most countries and peoples in the world, and has received unprecedented attention.Building is one of the most important factors affecting the survival and development of human beings and it consumes a lot of resources. In the life cycle of a building, the proportion of energy consumed is the greatest portion of the energy consumed by human beings during the same period. Therefore, it is of great significance to promote the sustainable development of buildings for boosting the sustainable development of the whole human society.建筑的可持续发展在某项目中的体现任何土木工程建（构）筑物（包括道路、桥梁、港口、码头、矿井、隧道等）都是用材料按一定的要求打造成的，土木工程中所使用的各种材料都统称为土木工程材料。

2022届上海高考英语专题复习专题一：语法填空【情况概述】1个答题10个小题共10分包括有提示词与无提示词两种空格1小题可以有2-3个空格有提示词：一般为形容词、动词无提示词：一般为代词、介词、冠词、连词等注意：不能进行词性转化【答题内容】一、无提示词一横线填空1.介词：about, above, across, after, against, around, as, behind, despite, off, on, since, through, toward, underneath, unlike, until, with, within, into, given2.关系代词/关系副词（定语从句）关系代词：who, that, which, whom, whose关系副词：where, when, why注意：大多数that/which通用，但是当先行词是不定代词、被序数词或形容词最高级修饰、或被all,any,little,no,some等词修饰时，只能用that，非限制定语从句只能用which，所以尽量填that.3.连接代词和从属连词连接代词：who, whoever, whoever, whomever, whatever从属连词：how, if, whether, when, whenever, where, why, although, until, after, because, since, unless, lest ,once, provided/providing4.并列连词和关联连词并列连词：for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so关联连词：both…and, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or, not…but5.情态动词、代词、助动词、冠词二、无提示词量二横线填空1.短语介词：as for/ as to, out of, because of, except for, rather than, according to, instead of, apart from, such as, next to2.情态动词：have to, ought to, used to3.代词：the other, each other, one another4.连词：rather than, not only…but also… as though, as if, even though, in case, in that三、无提示词三条横线1. 短语介词：as well as, in addition to, in spite of, as far as, on behalf of2. 从属连词：as soon as, as long as, in order to(that)四、有提示词1.形容词或副词：比较级/最高级2.动词：谓语/非谓语+时态+主被动【解题技巧】1.熟悉词组搭配、理清逻辑关系2.熟知句法，理解句子之间的关系3.辨别清楚空格后是从句还是短语4.熟记各种形容词的比较级与最高级；各种动词的过去式、现在分词。

Unit 1Lesson 1Audio studioSteve Jobs is the co-founder and CEO of Apple Inc. and former CEO of Pixar Animation Studios. He is the largest individual shareholder in Walt Disney. His name is associated with innovative products like the iPod, iPhone and iTunes. He is a much respected corporate leader whose management style is studied worldwide. His attention to design, function and style has won him millions of fans.Jobs was born in San Francisco in 1955. He became interested in computers when he was a teenager. In 1974, he got a job as a technician at the video game maker Atari. He saved enough money to backpack around India and then returned to Atari.Jobs and Wozniak founded Apple in 1976. Jobs guided Apple to become a major player in the digital revolution. The introduction of the iMac and other cutting-edge products made it a powerful brand with a loyal following. Jobs also enjoyed considerable success at Pixar. He created Oscar-winning movies such as Toy Story and Finding Nemo.In 2004, Jobs was diagnosed with a cancer. In April 2009, he underwent a liver transplant and his prognosis was “excellent.”His advice to aspiring young entrepreneurs is: “You’ve got to find what you love.”Lesson 2Audio studioMaking the transition from high school to college life can be difficult. It is easy to become discouraged, overwhelmed and homesick. Here are a few tips that will make the transition to college life a little easier.You Are in Charge of Your TimeAlong with your newfound freedom at college comes responsibility. Being responsible involves being able to manage your time. Using a planner to help you stay organized is highly recommended. You should also try to plan your coursework in advance, so you can determine what extracurricular activities you will have time for.It’s Important to Keep an Open MindWhen you first move to college, you’re going to be in a new place, handling new situations. So you need to keep an open mind. College isn’t just about learning facts and theories from textbooks.A large part of college involves learning how to be an adult.Home Is Only a Phone Call or Instant Message AwayIf going away to college is the first time you’ve been away from home for a long period of time, it’s natural to feel homesick. Don’t be pessimis tic. And if things get too bad, home is only a phone call or instant message away.Unit 2Lesson 1Audio studioSearching the Internet may help middle-aged and older adults keep their memories sharp, according to a recent study. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, recorded the brain activity of people searching the Web and found that those with experience of the Internet used more of their brain during their searches. This suggests that simply searching the Internet has the effect of training the brain and keeping it active and healthy. Many studies have found thatchallenging mental activities such as puzzles can help preserve brain function, but few have looked at what role the Internet might play. According to Dr Gary Small, a UCLA expert on ageing, this is the first time anyone has simulated an Internet search task while scanning the brain. Dr Small’s team studied 24 normal volunteers between the ages of 55 and 76. Half were experienced at searching the Internet and the other half had no Web experience. Both groups were asked to do Internet searches and book reading tasks while their brain activity was monitored. The team found that people who are familiar with the Internet can engage at a much deeper level of brain activity.Lesson 2Audio studioAt the dawn of the digital age, many believed that the Internet, e-mail, blogs and interactive video games would produce a generation of more intellectually sophisticated children. The terms “information superhighway” and “knowledge economy” entered the dictionary, and it was assumed that teens would use their knowledge and understanding of technology to blaze a trail as the pioneers of this new digital age. That was the promise. But the enlightenment didn’t happen. The technology that was supposed to make young adults more intelligent, diversify their tastes and improve their verbal skills has had the opposite effect. According to recent reports, most young people in the United States do not read literature, visit museums or vote. They cannot explain basic scientific methods, recount basic American history, name their local political representatives or locate Iraq or Israel on a map. The Dumbest Generation, written by Mark Bauerlein, is a startling indictment of the intellectual life of young adults and a timely warning of its consequences for American culture and democracy.Unit 3Lesson 1Audio studioThe U.S. already has high-speed trains: the Acela Express has been carrying millions of riders between Washington D.C., New York, and Boston since 2000. It zips along at 150 miles per hour for relatively short distances —just over 25 miles per hour faster than its conventional counterparts. But compare it with high-speed trains in Europe and Asia that can reach speeds over 200 miles per hour on hundreds of miles of track. The problem is: tracks in the U.S. are not designed to support high-speed travel. Plus, any new express trains might have to share those lines with slower freight traffic. So is high-speed train travel even possible in the U.S.? Well, the Obama administration hopes to make it so, setting aside $8 billion to create 10 high-speed lines between cities in the East, Southeast, Midwest, and West Coast. But it will take a lot more money to bring the U.S. passenger rail system up to the standards of, say, the French Train àGrande Vitesse, which runs on delicate tracks and holds the record for the fastest train at 357 miles per hour. And Amtrak has proven woefully inadequate at providing passenger rail service in its three decades of existence, requiring constant infusions of government cash and rarely keeping to schedule. So do not expect high-speed trains to show up fast at your local station.Lesson 2Audio studioCompetition between airlines and rail operators will further hot up thanks to the launch of China’slongest high-speed train link between Wuhan and Guangzhou. The line stretches more than 1 ,000 km and will slash the travel time from Wuhan to Guangzhou from 10 hours to just three. The link, on which trains will reach a top speed of 350 km per hour, is expected to pose a real threat to airlines. “High-speed rail has three advantages over air travel: it is more convenient, more punctual and has a better safety record. This could help erode the airlines’ market share,” said Si Xianmin, chairman of China Southern Airlines. To deal with this threat, China Southern Airlines has unveiled several counter measures, including cutting ticket prices from Wuhan to Guangzhou by almost half for purchases made in advance. “If railway chiefs cut the number of low-cost tickets on slower trains too sharply, as they did when the country’s first high-speed link opened between Beijing and Tianjin last year, the airlines could win more passengers with their cheap offers. But whichever side w ins, passengers will be the ultimate winner.” said Zhao Jian, a professor at Beijing Jiaotong University. Wu Wenhua, a researcher with the National Development and Reform Commission’s comprehensive transport institute, says that “developing high-speed rail networks is in line with the demand for high-efficiency, low-emissions transport.” By 2020 China plans to have high-speed rail services running between 70 percent of its key cities, covering more than 80 percent of the present airline network.Unit 4Lesson 1Audio studioPaying for college in the US is about to get harder. Starting in July 2007, interest rates on new student loans will rise to 6.8 %, from today’s rate of 4.7 %. And interest rates on new loans that parents take out called PLUS loans will rise to 8. 5%. The bottom line is that getting your degree is becoming even more expensive.On a $20,000 loan, students will be paying about $2,500 more over the life of the loan just in interest payments. And parents will have to put up $3,000 more.This is going to prevent a lot of young adults from living independently once they leave school. Many will be unable to pay off their credit card debt. Parents are also going to feel the pain because they will have to support their children for much longer, with the result that they may have to defer their own retirement.Lesson 2Audio studioThe financial aid package has just arrived in the mail from your dream school but with a slight problem－it’s still not enough. Where are you going to find the extra?One of the most common ways of paying for college is through scholarships and grants. Scholarships are usually awarded to students based on academic achievement or merit, while grants are usually based on other considerations, such as geographical location or financial need. Both are considered “gift aid” and do not have to be paid back after graduation. Another way to pay for college is through federal loans, which often come in association with grants, scholarships and other aid that an institution awards potential students for a given academic year. Repayment of these loans does not begin until six months after the student has graduated or left school. If there’s nowhere else to turn, students can contact the college or university’s financial aid office. They will usually then be assigned a specific financial aid counselor to help them with their concerns or tosecure additional resources to enable them to finance their college education. A college education should not be put on hold due to funding problems. However reluctant students and their parents may be to get into debt in order to finance higher education, they will surely find that it turns out to be an investment that pays off when the student enters the professional world and starts a career.Unit 5Lesson 1Audio studioAnimation is the art of creating a sequence of drawings, each so slightly different that, when filmed and run through a projector at 24 frames per second, the figures seem to move.Early animations, which started appearing before 1910, consisted of simple drawings photographed one at a time. It was extremely labor intensive as there were literally hundreds of drawings per minute of film.Walt Disney took animation to a new level. He was the first animator to add sound to his movie cartoons with the premiére of Steamboat Willie in 1928. In 1937, he produced the first full length animated feature film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.With the introduction of computers, animation took on a whole new dimension. Many feature films of today have had animation incorporated into them for special effects. A film like Star Wars by George Lucas relies heavily on computer animation for many of its special effects. Toy Story, produced by Walt Disney Productions and Pixar Animation Studios, became the first full length feature film animated entirely on computers when it was released in 1995.With the advent of personal computers, it has now also become possible for the average person to create animations.Lesson 2Audio studioThe rapid advance of technology has made computer animation widely available to the masses and turned animation into one of the fastest growing industries in modern times. The demand for animated entertainment has expanded with the increase in broadcasting hours by cable and satellite TV along with the growing popularity of the Internet. In the past, animation series were aimed at children aged nine and below. In recent years, however, TV stations have been producing animation series for teenagers, adults and the whole family. Animation series like The Simpsons and King of the Hill have been successfully aired on prime time TV.Major markets include the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Britain and Germany. Licensing operations for T-shirts, caps and other items have also been a major source of revenue for animation companies. In Japan, several successful computer games such as Pokemon and Detective Conan have been transformed into animated series. More broadly speaking, animation is increasingly used in video games, and movies are also increasingly reliant on animation and computer graphics special effects.Another key trend we are witnessing is the outsourcing of animation to Asia, especially by North American film and television program producers. The major factor behind this shift continues to be the availability of powerful computer animation platforms and much lower labor costs compared to North America and Europe. The bulk of the outsourcing is for 2D animation, with some for 3D as well.Unit 6Lesson 1Audio studioWith the first anniversary of the 2008 Beijing Olympics (August, 8th), just around the corner, people are assessing the legacy the Olympic Games has left the city, both materially and spiritually.There can be little doubt that the Games have brought substantial benefits. Our national sports culture has continued to develop and flourish. Local people are delighted that the Beijing municipal government has decided to open Olympic venues to the public, providing alternative gymnasiums as well as a chance to see the venues up close.Currently, six Olympic venues have been opened to the public. In choosing which venues to visit, people tend to select the ones nearest their homes.During the Olympics a hundred thousand volunteers impressed the world with their charming smiles and quality service. Many of them have chosen to continue serving the city as volunteers after the Olympics. They consider it to be a way of spreading the volunteer spirit far and wide and of developing a sense of civic responsibility.The Olympics have brought about significant changes in people’s ways of life. Greater interest in sport, greater awareness of environmental protection and a greater willingness to volunteer are all valuable outcomes of the Games. Although the Olympics are now history, our lives have become richer as a result of them.Lesson 2AudioDespite the fact that holding an Olympics is usually thought to provide a powerful long-term stimul us to the host country’s economy, an examination of the “before” and “after” effects of previous host nations suggests the economic gains are more of a sprint than a marathon.Furthermore, according to analysis by HSBC of every Summer Olympic Games since the end of the Second World War, the GDP growth of the Olympic host nation usually drops below the global average after the end of the Games.However, in the aftermath of the Beijing Olympics, diplomats and economists have said that China’s economy is not likely to suffer from a post-Olympic slowdown. Serge Abou, the European Union Ambassador to China, remains positive about China’s development. As he has said, “I don’t think that after the Olympics China will have a kind of po st-Olympic trauma.I don’t believe that. I think that the growth and improvement of Beijing will continue after the Olympics.”Since Beijing’s success in its bid for the 2008 Olympics in 2001, the Olympic dream has consumed and driven China. Now the country should be able to bask in the Games’ success. Its desire to hold a successful Games has catalyzed the nation’s development and reshaped the capital with awe-inspiring sports venues, a cloud-scraping skyline and the world’s biggest airport terminal. There is every reason to believe the momentum will continue.Unit 7Lesson 1AudioGood communication is the foundation of successful relationships, both personal andprofessional. But we communicate with much more than words. In fact, research shows thatmost of our communication is nonverbal. Nonverbal communication, or body language, includes facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, posture and even tone of voice. Much of the nonverbal information we receive from people comes from their eyes. This explains why it’s often hard to infer meaning from a telephone call or written words.The ability to understand and use nonverbal communication is a powerful tool that will help you connect with others, express what you really mean, deal with challenging situations and build better relationships at home and at work. When we interact with others, we continuously give and receive countless wordless signals. All our nonverbal behavior — the gestures we make, the way we sit, how fast or how loudly we talk, how close we stand, how much eye contact we make —send strong messages. The ways you listen, look, move, and react tell the other person whether or not you care and how well you’re listening. The nonverbal signals you send either produce a sense of interest, trust and desire to communicate or they generate disinterest, distrust and confusion.Lesson 2Audio studioWhen you remain silent, you may still be communicating. It is true that you may not wish to say anything. But your very silence may reveal a wish to be left alone or to stay uninvolved, which is the message which, consciously or subconsciously, you want to send. So it has rightly been said that, while we speak with our vocal organs, we converse with our whole body. All of us communicate with one another nonverbally as well as with words. Sometimes we know what we’re doing, such as when we give a thumbs-up sign to indicate that we approve. But most of the time we’re not aware of what we’re doing. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone el se’s eyes and look away, shift uneasily in a chair. We assume that these actions are random and incidental. But researchers have discovered that there is a system to them almost as consistent and comprehensible as language itself. They conclude that there is a whole range of body language, including the ways we move, the gestures we employ, the postures we adopt, the facial expressions we wear, the direction of our gaze, the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.Unit 8Lesson 1Audio studioEverybody feels down for a day or two. This sadness is a natural part of being human and feeling this way for a few days is normal. But if these feelings last for more than a couple of weeks and you start noticing that it’s affecting you r life in a big way, you may be suffering from an illness called depression.Depression, also known as clinical depression, is a mood disorder that will affect one in eight people at some point in their lives. It changes the way people feel, leaving them with mental and physical symptoms for long periods of time. Depression can be triggered by a life-changing event such as the loss of a job, the end of a relationship or the loss of a loved one, or other life stresses like a major deadline, moving to a new city or having a baby. While depression can affect anyone, at any time, it does seem to strike most often when a person is going through changes — changes like the loss of a loved one, starting university or the onset of an illness. One of the most important things to remember is that people who have it can’t just “snap out of it” or make it go away. It’s areal illness, and the leading cause of suicide.Lesson 2Audio studioMore than 16 million young people attend colleges and universities in the United States. According to the Suicide Prevention Resource Center, a fifth of college students experience a mental illness, and more and more students arrive on campus having received mental health services before starting their college careers. Also, increasing numbers of students are seeking help for emotional problems that occur after they arrive at college.College-age adults are especially vulnerable to mental health problems, in part because many mental health issues first emerge in the late teens or early 20s. Overall, an estimated 27 percent of young adults between the ages of 18 and 24 have diagnosable mental health problems.According to a study of college freshmen, their feelings about their physical and emotional health hit record lows in 2001. For example, the percentage of freshmen who reported feeling that there was a very good chance they would seek personal counseling while attending college reached 6.6 percent. More than 35 percent of first-year female students reported feeling frequently overwhelmedby what they had to do, as did nearly 20 percent of first-year male students.U51.When they arrived there, he lay on the floor, his nose __________.2. I think she’s right but ________ I’m not completely sure.3. I’d ________ it if y ou would turn the radio down.4. We were greatly ________ to hear about his sitting on the wet paint.5.Britain’s poor e conomic performance was a cause for the growing public ________.6. It ________ us to hear that you were leaving. Why not tell us a bit earlier?7. Y ou needn’t worry about him. Th is kind of medicine will help to ________ his wound soon.8. I’m afraid I’ve ________ a piece out of this saucer9.She has got used to ________ milk through a straw though she is only two months old.10.The old woman had to support her family by washing a ________ of dirty clothes every day though she had suffered a deadly disease.Answer:1.bleeding 2.somehow 3.appreciate 4.amused 5.concern 6.amazed7.heal 8.chipped 9.sucking 10.heap1. 这些观众一定是错过了看他们的音乐演出，否则们他会给予高度评价的。