百利天下托福写作机经-11月8、9号

♍♎1关于机经，浅尝辄止，非正道也！你的文笔和流畅度，都不会因为仅知道这个话题而改变。

2 机经仅解决破题问题，看过不准备，中了也没用——准备好答案，背熟，实属正道也!3最后，奉劝各位托福小主，温馨提示不要把机经当投机，否则，too young too simple,sometimes naive.♌♋目录独立写作 (2)综合写作 (64)独立写作1.What is the most important action for the government to take for the protection ofenvironment problems?(1)Fund researches on new energy sources such as solar and wind power;(2)Protect forests and natural wildlife species;(3)Pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollutionScore 5:Nowadays, human beings are facing more challenges and environmental issues, such as the scarcity of traditional energy sources, global warming, and pollution as well. Some people believe that the primary task for the government is to invest more on researching new energy sources, such as solar and wind power; whereas others argue that protecting forests and natural wildlife species should be the government’s top priority. To my understanding, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.Indeed, in order to protect the environment, funding research studies on new energy sources is important because the pervasion of clean energy could help reduce the emission of waste gas and other types of pollution in the future. However, scientific research usually takes years or even decades. It will be too late to make use of those scientific achievements if the problem of pollution continues to become too severe to solve. Similarly, protecting forests and natural wildlife species cannot solve the most urgent problem of pollution either. Though the government should spend money and effort on forests and wildlife preserves as a long-term practice to protect the earth, this action cannot handle the most serious pollution problem immediately.In fact, the main cause of the pollution problem’s threatening our life is that there lacks strong laws and supervisions to reduce the pollution. In order to minimize the amount of pollution, the most urgent need is to enforce laws and make sure that large-scale industries and individuals follow the laws. Take the air pollution in Beijing for example. Beijingers have been suffering from the haze, also known as PM 2.5 for a long time. According to a recent survey, the haze is mainly caused by the waste gas emission from vehicles and large-scale industries in areas surrounding the city. If there could be laws and supervisions to limit the number of cars and the amount of waste that factories are allowed to produce per day, I believe that the air pollution problem could be solved to a large extent, which definitely contributes the most to our environment, at least for now.Based on the above discussion, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.Score 4:Nowadays, human beings are facing more challenges and environmental issues, such as the scarcity of traditional resource, global warming, and pollution as well. Some people believe that the most urgent problems for the government to solve is to invest more on researching new energy sources, such as solar and wind power; whereas others argue that protecting forests and natural wildlife species should be the government’s primary task. To my understanding, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.Indeed, in order to protect the environment, funding research studies on new energy sources is important because the pervasion of clean energy could help reduce the emission of waste gas and other types of pollution in the future. However, scientific research usually takes years or even decades. It will be too late to make use of those scientific achievements if the problem of pollution continues to become too severe to solve. Similarly, protecting forests and natural wildlife species cannot solve the most urgent problem of pollution either. Though the government should spend money and effort on forests and wildlife preserves as a long-term practice to protect the earth, this action cannot handle the most serious pollution problem immediately.In fact, the main cause of the pollution problem’s threatening our life is that there lacks strong laws and supervisions to reduce the pollution. In order to minimize the amount of pollution, the most urgent need is to enforce laws and make sure that large-scale industries and individuals follow the laws. Take the air pollution in Beijing for example. Beijingers have been suffering from the haze, also known as PM 2.5 for a long time. If there could be laws and supervisions to limit the number of cars and the amount of waste that factories are allowed to produce per day, I believe that the air pollution problem could be solved to a large extent, which definitely contributes the most to our environment, at least for now.Based on the above discussion, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: people should not spend a lot oftime on communication by technologies, such as through social media or with text messages.Score 5:With the development of modern technologies, people today are enjoying communicating through social media and text messages, which is convenient compared to scheduling face-to-face meetings. However, some people argue that people should not spend too much time on communication using technological devices. I totally agree with this viewpoint for the following reasons.To begin with, communicating through social media reduces the time people meet in real life.Convenient it might seem, in fact, this type of communication could isolate people from each other. To illustrate, while chatting through social media, we usually choose to type and send text messages, which lacks tones, intonations, and facial expressions to show our feelings.Even if we could use emoji, the emoji still fails to express our true feelings because those symbols and pictures are identical in everyone’s computer screens or cellphones. Gradually, people will not consider seriously the feelings conveyed by texts and emoji and thus the communications become less effective. For example, some people only “like” others’ picturesand sharing on Facebook without any comments. It is inevitable that people feel more and more isolated from each other by simply “liking” each other’s postings online without meeting in person.Moreover, always sticking to our cellphones or sitting in front of computers is harmful to our physical health. For instance, many people have found themselves suffering from muscle pain because of a sedentary lifestyle. On the contrary, if people meet in person, they might hang out and take a walk while taking to each other. Though different from doing exercises in gyms, this in person meeting at least enables people to relax and even sweat a little bit.In addition, during spare time, people could choose to schedule a short trip, do some exercises, or simply read some books that they are interested in. The above types of activities are beneficial for our physical health, and could help broaden our horizons. In order not to become addicted to social media, it is necessary for us to limit the time we spending on our cell phones as well as the Internet.Based on the above discussion, people should not spend a lot of time on communication by technologies, such as through social media or with text messages. On the contrary, we could meet in person, which could help us maintain social relationship with others. Besides, we should make use of our leisure time to do some beneficial activities instead of staring at the screen of our cellphones or computers all the time.Score 4:With the development of modern technologies, people today are enjoying communicating through social media and text messages, which is convenient compared to scheduling face-to-face meetings. However, some people argue that people should not spend too much time on communication using technological devices. I totally agree with this viewpoint for the following reasons.To begin with, communicating through social media reduces the time people meet in real life. Convenient it might seem, in fact, this type of communication could isolate people from each other. To illustrate, while chatting through social media, we usually choose to type and send text messages, which lacks tones, intonations, and facial expressions to show our feelings. Even if we could use emoji, the emoji still fails to express our true feelings because those symbols and pictures are identical in everyone’s computer screens or cellphones. Gradually, people will not consider the feelings conveyed by texts and emoji seriously and thus the communications become less effective.Moreover, always sticking to our cellphones or sitting in front of computers is harmful to our physical health. For instance, many people have found themselves suffering from muscle pain because of a sedentary lifestyle. On the contrary, if people meet in person, they might hang out and take a walk while taking to each other. Though different from doing exercises in gyms, this in person meeting at least enables people to relax and even sweat a little bit.In addition, during spare time, people could choose to schedule a short trip, do some exercises, or simply read some books that they are interested in. The above types of activities are beneficial for our physical health, and could help broaden our horizons. In order not to become addicted to social media, it is necessary for us to limit the time we spending on our cell phones as well as the Internet.Based on the above discussion, people should not spend a lot of time on communication by technologies, such as through social media or with text messages. On the contrary, we couldmeet in person, which could help us maintain social relationship with others.3.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology designed to makeour life simpler actually makes our life more complicated.Score 5:It cannot be denied that technology enables people to live a better and more convenient life today. People have been enjoying high-tech products such as smart phones, car navigation system, and laptops, to name a few. However, it does not mean that those high-tech tools make our life easier now than in the past. In fact, technology makes our life far more complicated today as illustrated in the following parts.High-tech tools can save lots of labor work, but sometimes they are not as “smart” as we expect. I would like to use car navigation system as an example. In the past, people could only refer to printed maps to find ways to their destinations. Nowadays, car navigation system can automatically find the right path for us. It seems that car navigation system is far more convenient than printed maps. However, in order to install the system, we need to download the digital maps before ahead and make sure that our destinations are recognizable.If the system fails to recognize the destination, it sometimes does not stop navigating, but lead us to somewhere else. Once I was driving from California to a Native American Reservation in Arizona, the car navigation failed to find the right path and led me to a small town that I had never heard of. Fortunately, I found a gas station and the employees there showed me the correct way. My own experience shows that high-tech products might not be always as reliable as we expect.Another example of how technology has made our life more complicated is online shopping.Nowadays, more and more people choose to shop clothes online, so to save time and efforts.Admittedly, shopping online is convenient to some extent compared with going to a shopping mall, because we could stay at home and check out with several clicks. All we need to do then is to wait until our new clothes are delivered to us. However, many people had terrible shopping experience in that the colors and designs of those clothes are not exactly the same as they are described online. Moreover, the size might not fit us, which is not expected either.In this case, we need to follow a complicated returning process, completing forms needed for returning and going to the local express service to send the clothes back. The process of returning is extremely daunting, which usually takes a long time for us to get our money back.Based on the above discussion, it could be concluded that sometimes technology is not as convenient as we expect. Should we just refuse to use high-tech products? I do not think so. I believe that modern technology is still developing, and it will definitely make our life more and more comfortable and convenient in the future.Score 4:It cannot be denied that technology enables people to live a better and more convenient lifetoday. However, it does not mean that those high-tech tools make our life easier now than in the past. In fact, technology makes our life far more complicated for the following reasons.High-tech tools can save lots of labor work, but sometimes they are not as “smart” as we expected. I would like to use car navigation system as an example. In the past, people could only refer to printed maps to find ways to their destinations. Nowadays, car navigation system can automatically find the right path for us. However, in order to use the navigation system, we need to download the digital maps before ahead and to make sure that our destinations are recognizable. Once when I was driving from California to a Native American Reservation in Arizona, the car navigation failed to find the right path. Luckily, I found a gas station and the employees there showed me the way. My own experience shows that high-tech products might not be always as reliable as we expect.Another example of how technology has made our life more complicated is online shopping.Nowadays, more and more people choose to shop clothes online, so to save time and efforts.Admittedly, shopping online is convenient to some extent compared with going to a shopping mall because we could stay at home and check out with a several clicks. All we need to do then is to wait until our new clothes are delivered to us. However, many people had terrible shopping experience in that the colors and designs of those clothes are not exactly the same as they are described online. Moreover, the size might not fit us, which is not expected either.In this case, we need to follow a complicate returning process, completing forms needed for returning and going to the local express service to send the clothes back. The process of returning is extremely daunting and sometimes it takes a long time for us to get our money back.Based on the above discussion, it could be concluded that sometimes technology is not as convenient as it should be. Should we just refuse to use high-tech products? I do not think so.I believe that technology is still developing, and it will definitely make our life more andmore comfortable and convenient in the future.4.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: people now are more interestedin improving the neighborhood (the area that they live) than in the past.Score 5:There is an old saying in Chinese that our neighbors could offer us greater help than our relatives when we are in trouble. This saying shows that neighbors have been playing an indispensible part of people’s life in China. Nowadays, some people still beli eve that the majority of us are interested in improving the neighborhood. However, in my opinion, people today neither have the time nor the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.To begin with, people today have intensive schedule of study or work, thus they have little time to spend on improving the neighborhood. For workers who need to financially support their families, they need to complete demanding assignments during workdays; sometimes they even need to work overload and overtime. Therefore, workers will be exhausted after five days of working, and might simply relax at home during the weekends. In terms ofstudents, they usually do not hang out with friends as students in the past did, because they need to write numerous papers in order to earn credits and prepare for the college entrance exam. This phenomenon is especially true in Asian where students’ academic performance is referred to as the standard of good students or bad students. In this sense, students do not have time to play with their peers, let alone maintain relationship with neighbors.Moreover, even if people have the spare time to do something, they prefer to develop their own interests or travel with friends rather than improving the neighborhood. With the development of the society and modern technology, people could enjoy different types of entertainments, such as playing online games, traveling, shopping, to name a few. Those activities occupy most of people’s leisure time today; on the contrary, entertainment activities were very limited in the past, and people then did not have too many choices to kill time except for visiting their neighbors. Based on the above discussion, it could be seen that people today are less interested in improving the neighborhood.To sum up, because of the busy life and the pervasion of various types of entertainment activities, people today lack the time and the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.Score 4:There is an old saying in Chinese that our neighbors could offer us greater help than our relatives when we are in trouble. This saying shows that neighbors have been playing an indispensible part of people’s life in China. Nowadays, some people still believe that the majority of us are interested in improving the neighborhood. However, in my opinion, people today neither have the time nor the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.To begin with, people today have intensive schedule of study or work, thus they have little time to spend on improving the neighborhood. For workers who need to financially support their families, they need to complete demanding assignments during workdays; sometimes they even need to work overload and overtime. Therefore, workers will be exhausted after five days of working, and might simply relax at home during the weekends. In terms of students, they usually do not hang out with friends as students in the past did, because they need to write numerous papers in order to earn credits and prepare for the college entrance exam. In this sense, students do not have time to play with their peers, let alone maintain relationship with neighbors.Moreover, even if people have the spare time to do something, they prefer to develop their own interests or travel with friends rather than improving the neighborhood. With the development of the society and modern technology, people could enjoy different types of entertainments. Those activities occupy most of people’s leisure time today; on the contrary, entertainment activities were very limited in the past, and people then did not have too many choices to kill time except for visiting their neighbors. Based on the above discussion, it could be seen that people today are less interested in improving the neighborhood.To sum up, because of the busy life and the pervasion of various types of entertainment activities, people today lack the time and the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.5.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order for a business tosucceed, it must put more money in advertising.Score 5:In order to gain profits and occupy a larger portion of market, companies have developed many ways to increase their market share, including spending money on advertising. Some people believe that a company cannot achieve success unless they invest more money on advertising. However, the effectiveness and influence of an advertisement does not solely depend on how much money was put in it; also, there are several circumstances that a business should cut down its budgets on advertising and invest more on other projects.To begin with, low-cost advertisements could be attractive enough for customers and help companies to occupy a large portion of the market. For instance, there are advertisements of Coca-Cola everywhere around the world, and Coca-Cola seems to be the most competitive brand among companies selling beverages. Coca-Cola’s advertisements are perceived as more interesting and attractive than the ones of Pepsi and other companies of the same kind. It is the idea and content of Coca-Cola’s advertisem ent matter instead of how much money being put into the advertisement. A simple cartoon with fancy ideas which come from ordinary people instead of a celebrity designer may have greater influence than scenes that got shot on famous spots with post-processing.Moreover, some small companies in lack of the money to create widespread advertisements need to invest on other things first such as the quality of their products and marketing. When it comes to shops that sell cookies, for example, they should improve the flavors of their products first. Then, letting customers taste their free samples may be a better strategy than those posters on walls for advertising. In addition, sometimes companies suffering from crisis should put more money on human resources and adjusting the configuration of different departments within the companies. Unless they have solved the crisis, they have no reason to emphasize too much on advertising.Based on the above discussions, a company has many choices other than investing more on advertising to make a business to be successful. Admittedly, advertising investment is so important that it is often a decisive factor to the success of a company; however, it is not always the predominant factor.Score 4:In order to achieve profits, companies have developed many ways to increase their market share, including spending money on advertising. Some people believe that a company must put more money into advertising in order to achieve success. However, there are several circumstances that a business should cut down its budgets on advertising and invest more on other projects.To begin with, low-cost advertisements could be attractive enough for customers and help companies to occupy a large portion of the market. For instance, there are advertisements of Coca-Cola everywhere around the world, which seem to be the most competitive brand among companies selling beverages. Coca-Cola’s advertisements are perceived as more interesting and attractive than the ones of Pepsi and other companies of thesame kind. It is the idea and content of the advertisement matter instead of how much money being put into the advertisement. A simple cartoon with fancy ideas which come from ordinary people instead of a celebrated designer may have greater influence than scenes that got shot on famous spots with all kinds of post-processing.Moreover, some small companies in lack of the money to create widespread advertisements need to invest on other things first such as the quality of their products and marketing. When it comes to shops that sell cookies, for example, they should improve the flavors of their products first. Then, letting customers taste their free yummy cookies may bea better strategy than those posters on walls printed with yummy samples. In addition,sometimes companies suffering from crisis should put more money on human resources and adjusting the configuration of different departments within the companies. Unless they have solved the crisis, they have no reason to focus their attention and pay more on advertising.Based on the above discussions, a company has many choices other than investing more on advertising to make a business to be successful. Admittedly, advertising investment is so important that it is often a decisive factor to the success of a company; however, it is not always the predominant factor.6.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Workers would be muchhappier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task.Score 5：In today’s workplace, employees are assigned with more demanding tasks than in the past. It is common that workers sometimes need to complete multiple types of task rather than to repeat the same type of task. Despite the fact that doing repeated works is easier for most employees, I believe that employees would be happier if different types of tasks are distributed to them.Working on different types of tasks could help workers develop a sense of belonging in the company, which will make workers become more self-motivated to do their assignments, and thus become much happier. While working on multiple types of tasks, workers could develop varied skills, meet with colleagues from different departments, and learn about the company’s cu ltures and values as well. During this process, it is very likely that workers find themselves an indispensible part in the company, and then develop a sense of belonging. As a result, workers become more self-motivated and more willing to devote themselves to their work. In this sense, workers will definitely feel much happier because they are self-driven when doing their assignments.Furthermore, working on various types of tasks, workers have more opportunities to get promoted and therefore earn higher salaries, which will undoubtedly lead to happiness. As it is mentioned in the previous paragraph, employees’ skills related to differe nt types of tasks could be improved if they continue working on those tasks. Once employees become professionals in multiple fields, the company will offer them more promotion opportunities,compared with those who are simply skillful in a single field. In this sense, employees could earn higher salaries and become much happier.Admittedly, it is easier for one to repeat one type of task all the time. However, if workers keep repeating the same task everyday, they will feel bored and less motivated soon. It seems that workers have to meet with the same group of people and follow the same procedure.There is little hope to receive more training and develop new skills, let alone to get promoted.It is not difficult to imagine that workers will become unhappy in this situation.To sum up, working on different types of tasks could enable workers to become more motivated and to earn higher salaries in the future. Therefore, workers would be much happier while doing those tasks, compared with repeating the same task all the time.Score 4：Nowadays, employees are assigned with more difficult tasks than in the past. Sometimes, workers need to complete multiple types of task rather than repeat the same type of task.Although doing repeated works is easier for most employees, I believe that employees would be happier if different types of tasks are assigned to them.Working on different types of tasks could help workers develop a sense of belonging in the company, which will make workers become more self-motivated to do their assignments.While working on those tasks, workers could develop varied skills, meet with different colleagues, and learn about the company’s cultures and values as well. During this process, workers will find themselves an indispensible part in the company, and develop a sense of belonging. Thus, workers become more self-motivated and will definitely feel happy.Furthermore, doing various types of tasks, workers have more opportunities to get promoted and therefore earn higher salaries. As it is m entioned in the previous paragraph, employees’ skills of different types of tasks could be improved if they keep working on those tasks. Once they become professionals in completing those tasks, the company will offer them more promotion opportunities, compared with those who are simply skillful in a single field. In this sense, employees could earn higher salaries and become much happier.Admittedly, it is easier for one to repeat one type of task all the time. However, if workers keep repeating the same task everyday, they will feel bored and less motivated soon. It seems that workers have to meet with the same group of people and follow the same procedure everyday. There is little hope to receive more training and develop new skills, let alone to get promoted. It is not difficult to imagine that workers will become unhappy in this situation.To sum up, working on different types of tasks could enable workers to become more motivated and to earn higher salaries in the future. Therefore, workers would be much happier while doing those tasks, compared with doing the same task all the time.7.The opinions of celebrities, such as entertainers and athletes, are more important to theyounger people than they are to the older people.Score 5:Today’s celebrities, suc h as entertainers and athletes, usually show up on TV or post their。

、.~①我们‖打〈败〉了敌人。

②我们‖〔把敌人〕打〈败〉了。

2009年新托福写作机经ps: 红色的部分是重复以往的，黄色部分是在中国考试的题目，剩余部分是在北美考试的题目。

1月10日（U.S）Improving schools is the most important factor in successful development of country.1月10日(重复2008.12.20&2007.12.1)People should pay to use public transport facilities.1月17日(U.S)The advertising is the main cause of unhealthy eating habits.1月18日It is important for families to regularly eat their meals together.1月23日Young people should try different job before they decide which job or career they will do in the long term.2月14日（U.S）Becoming well-informed must get information from different news sources.2月21日（U.S）Newspapers and magazines are the best way of learning about a foreign country.2月22日The purpose of television should be all educative, not entertain.2月27日（U.S）A job with more vacation time is better than a job with high salary but less vacation time.2月28日Teachers should be paid at least as much as doctors, lawyers or business leaders are paid.3月7日It's better to use own knowledge and experience to solve question, or ask other people for advice？3月14日（重复08.12.13&07.5.18）It is better to spend money on traveling and vacation than to save money for the future.3月21日（U.S）Do you think success is important, or it is more important to remain happy and optimistic when you fail？3月22日（似08.5.10 那题是重视艺术还是竞技体育）Governments should focus more on the preservation of environment rather than economic development.3月28日Do you agree or disagree: teacher should make their social or political views known to students? 3月29日（U.S）（重复07.8.4)In 20 years from now on, students will not use printed books anymore .4月3日The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers' salary.5月9日In order to become a financially responsible adult, people should be taught how to manage money at a early age.5月15日（U.S）Professional athletes such as football players should earn much more money.5月16日(重复07.10.17)University students should learn one more course of the culture of a country rather than their own. 5月30日（U.S）Younger school children (ages five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math language, science and history.5月31日（重复07.11.24）People will spend less time on cooking food.6月5日（重复08.6.22）The most effective method of improving health care is to reduce environmental problems.6月7日（重复08.8.2 U.S）People will have more leisure time in twenty years.6月12日（U.S）Should university student do part-time job?6月13日（似08.8. 9 U.S那题考science class）All university students should be required to take history courses no matter what field they study in.6月21日Technology make people's lives simpler in turn to make people's lives more complicated.6月27日For future career success, is relate well to other people more important than studying hard at school?7月12日（重复07.1.14）Drivers should pay a certain amount of fees so that they can be permitted to drive out in traffic busy time.7月25日Being creative，rather than planning carefully，will come up with best solution to a problem. 8月2日（重复08.1.18）People will feel happier when they finish a challenging or difficult work than they finish an easy work.8月8日（重复07.10.28）Teachers should be paid according to how well their students perform.8月22日It is better to achieve high efficiency with more mistakes or lower efficiency with fewer mistakes. 9月12日Children should only study or play and don't have to do household chores.9月19日（U.S）Government should more support art museum and music performance than recreational facilities, such as swimming pool or play ground.9月20日People in the past were more friendly than they are now.10月10日（重复08.8.2）People nowadays more easily achieve success than in the past.10月17日（U.S）Movies and televisions should always show audience good people are being rewarded and bad people are being punished.10月24日（重复09.6.12）It is better for parents to encourage their children to take a part-time job.10月25日Visiting museums is the best way to learn about a country.10月31日（U.S）It is often not a good thing to move to a new city or a new country because of the lose of old friends.11月1日（重复07.8.17）Getting advice from friends who are older than you is more valuable than getting advice from friends your same age.11月7日（U.S）For successful development of a country, a government should focus its budget more on young children 's education rather than on universities.11月8日（重复08.6.21）Good looks and dresses are more important for success than good ideas.11月13日（U.S）It is better to invite more people to hold a big party rather than a small one with fewer close friends and family members.11月21日（U.S）Parents should give money to praise their child for high marks in school.11月22日People buy things not because they need them but because other people have them.12月4日（U.S）People should buy things made in their own country, even if the price of the products is higher than that of the same things made somewhere else.12月5日As for young people, the ability to plan and organize is essential.12月11日（U.S）Parents do not understand their children so well as parents did 50 years ago.12月12日（完全重复前一天北美的）Parents do not understand their children so well as parents did 50 years ago. 12月19日（U.S）People would be happier if they had fewer possessions.12月20日The ability to read and write is more important now than in the past.。

2006年12月1日TOEFL iBT机经汇总阅读第一篇：关于mineral的，9种矿物占了地壳重量的99%。

主要在地球的地壳里，有两种，一种是abundant mineral, 一种是scarce mineral , 一种储量多，但是实际用的少；另一种储量小，但是实际用得多，我们应该好好调整使用，要不几十年后就用完了。

前者埋得浅，10km内，是因为水，压力……的改变吧，不记得了，后者在10km以下。

还有mineral 是怎样形成的。

第二篇玛雅文明20min,讲Maya文明。

先将农业从“烧一处森林（burning forest）住一阵就转战”的模式转到固定地农耕的模式，前者没有后者好（如drainage,种树等，有题），后者有灌溉，种果树等等。

他们政治制度建设很好。

他们的贸易是迫于相邻的处在高地的强国之势而发展起来。

大家住在市周围，市中心他们有做仪式的场所。

其中提到当时马雅的盛况：依山建筑的城墙内外城墙层层包围，居民并不住在城内，而是城外某处、与邻近国家贸易，对外贸易逐渐重要、马雅城虽然建筑在树木茂盛的山上，但是只有有仪式或market的时候才去，大部分年月是不用的。

然后说他们的城市布局，河流不穿过城市（有题），但是在1km左右的距离（记不准了）。

城周围有中等大小的城市，中城市周围有小城市。

（有题），还有他们的ceremonies,建筑，聚集地等等。

第三篇摄影和肖像艺术介绍自文艺复兴时期至近代自画像的演进，由于聘请家庭画师为家人作画所费不眦，反成为财富地位的象征。

然后中产阶级崛起，口袋麦克麦克，带动为自己画像的风潮。

同时，绘画用具，如颜料、画布大小、绘画技巧等，随成本降低慢慢普及到普罗大众。

肖像画的发展，先后有好几种。

摄影应该反映人的inner的品质，然后讲人像画的发展，从主要是上层阶级画像到流行到普通百姓阶层，然后讲了画像的几种类型。

后面出现小的画，并不是没钱才画小的（有题），但是小的在面部表情上确实画不了多少。

独立写作1、★★★★★ 比较类It is better to travel or work for one year before entering into university.2、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It's necessary to put a lot of money into a business to make it successful.3、★★★★★ 比较类Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Your job has more effect on your happiness than your living environment.4、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Some people spend a lot of time watching sports programs on TV or following their favorite sports teams. Does this have a negative influence on the lives of these people?5、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词When a new technological devices become available. Some people buy it right away, while others will wait until many have acquired it. Which view do you agree with and explain why.6、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: People who cannot accept the criticism from others will not be successful at working in a group.7、★★★★★ 最高级Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to reduce air pollution is for the government to raise the cost of fuel (petrol).8、★★★★★ 比较类Which is more important, success in life or the ability to remain happy and optimistic when one's facing difficulty?9、★★★★★ 比较类Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Young people should take several different kinds of jobs before they decide which career to take in the long term.10、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The most important investment of a company is to improve the skills of its employees. (Work & Money) 11、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Although science and technology will continue to improve, the most significant improvement for the quality of people' s lives have already taken place.12、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词类he effective leader tries to make others feel they have been part of a decision.13、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Making sure that people such as the manager or your supervisor know your strengths and accomplishments can help you succeed.14、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Agree or disagree: Movies and televisions have more negative effects than positive effects on young people' s behavior.15、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Patience is usually not a good strategy. We should take action now rather than later. (Work)16、★★★★★ 比较类Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important to choose friends you can have fun with than those who can help you.17、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: People can solve important problems by themselves or with the help from their family members, so there's no need for the government to help them.18、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: People would be happier if they had fewer possessions.19、★★★★★ 比较级Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is more important for the government to spend money on art project like gallaries, museums and theatres than on recreational facilities like swimming pools and playgrounds.20、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The government should support scientific research that does not have any practical use in the short term.21、★★★★★ 比较类Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Working at home using computers or telephones is better than working in the office.22、★★★★★ 比较类Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People care more about public recognition than about money. Even if no more money is given, public recognition can still make people work harder.23、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Two people can still be good friends when one of them has much more money than the other?24、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is important to know about what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect your personal lives. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Do you agree or disagree? 25、★★★★★ 隐藏绝对词Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents should set strict rules to their children if they want them to succeed in the future.。

托福写作机经范文When it comes to TOEFL writing, there are so many things to consider! You know, I've been through this whole process myself, and it can be quite a journey.Let's just jump right into a sample essay topic. Say the topic is about whether it's better to study alone or in a group.I might start off like this: "Studying is an essential part of our lives, and the way we study can really make a huge difference. Some people swear by studying alone, while others think group study is the way to go. In my opinion, both have their merits, but I lean more towards group study." Notice how I just kind of eased into the topic? I didn't go for some super - fancy, overly - complicated opening. Just a simple statement to get things rolling.Now, for the body of the essay. I could say, "Group study allows for different perspectives. You see, when you're with a bunch of people, everyone has their own way of looking at things. For example, in a math study group, one person might approach a problem from a more visual angle, while another might use a more formula - based method. This sharing of ideas can really open your eyes to new ways of thinking! And it's not just about getting different solutions. It also makes the whole study process more interesting. You're not just sitting there alone, staring at your books all day. You get to interact with others, have discussions, and sometimes even debates. And these interactions can help you remember things better too. I mean, who doesn't remember a lively debate about a history event or a scientific theory?"But then, I can't just ignore the other side of the coin. So I'd add, "However, studying alone has its own charm. It gives you complete focus. There are no distractions from other people. You can really dig deep into the material at your own pace. If you're the type of person who likes to take your time and mull over every single detail, studying alone might be your best bet. For instance, when I was preparing for a really tough English literature exam, I found that I could concentrate better on analyzing the complex themes and characters when I was by myself. I could stop and start whenever I wanted, without having to worry about keeping up with others."In this part of the essay, you can see how I'm kind of bouncing back and forth between the two ideas. It's important to show that you understand both sides of the argument.Now, for the conclusion. I might write, "All in all, while both studying alone and in a group have their advantages, I still think group study is more beneficial overall. The exchange of ideas, the social aspect, and the added motivation from your peers really make it a great option. But that's just my view. What do you think? Would you rather study alone or in a group?" This kind of conclusion not only sums up my main points but also invites the reader to think about their own stance on the issue.You see, when writing a TOEFL essay, it's important to be clear and concise. But also don't be afraid to inject a bit of your own personality into it. Don't worry too much about making it perfect right away. Juststart writing and let your thoughts flow. And if you find that your essayis a bit all over the place at first, that's okay! You can always go back and tidy it up.I really hope this gives you some inspiration for your own TOEFL writing! Do you feel more confident now?。

2005年11月8日是6个问题。

模式我不说了，大家都到ets查，一摸一样的。

顺序都一样。

1，是你认为重要的一本书2 记不住了3是某组织写了封公开信，认为学校搞一个新sculptur会加学费，会占用绿地。

speaker中的女学生（此处注意，这个对话中，一定是一个主说，另一个只是捧哏的），所以专心听主说的）不同意公开信。

认为sculpture的钱是donor 出，不是学校通过学生出，另一个是写公开信的人只是不想挪到其他地方玩足球，根本不是为了大家。

4，groupthinking.显示的文章说是groupthinking会令效率低下，作出错误决定。

听的部分是一个profess or用自己在电脑公司参加一次电脑外部设计改进会的经历来证明文章的观点。

professor说本来大家都同意改进电脑外部设计，但高管人员认为公司重视的是技术，不是外观，于是大家怕和领导冲突，纷纷改了主意，结果公司后来吃了亏。

5，一个在小学当志愿者的女的明天要带孩子去动物园，但车没有了。

朋友建议或者找朋友借车，或者用公共交通。

问的是这女的问题是什么，你认为哪一个办法好。

6，讲关于baby的数学能力。

科学家通过两个试验来证明。

什么把一个东西藏在屏幕后，把两个放在屏幕后又拿走一个之类的。

这个我听的不好，后来也是乱答，就不误导大家了。

但逻辑基本如此。

11月19日第一题，说出你认为对你最有用的一本书，并解释原因。

第二题，电视对于现代社会有正面作用还是负面作用，选择其中之一并解释原因。

第三题，学校要修建sculpture，有个学生写了一封公开信反对，认为学校的经费已经很紧张，修建雕像只会加重学生的负担，并且占用学校的绿地。

这封信的内容是阅读的。

另外听一男一女的对话，女方为主，她认为钱是donor出的，因此不会对学生产生影响，另外觉得学校里有这样的art是件好事。

男生说的忘了，然后女生又说有个叫paul的认为雕像占了他们踢球的地方，女生认为他们只要到别的地方踢球就好了。

2009年新托福写作北美机经2009.1.10Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:Improving schools is the most important factor in the successful development of a cou ntry.(Education)2009 .1.17Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:Advertising is the most important cause of unhealthy eating habits.(Media)2009.2.14Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:In order to become well-informed, one has to get information from different news res ources.(Media)2009.2.21Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:Newspapers and magazines are the best ways to learn about a foreign country. (Medi a)2009.2.27Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:A job with more vacation time but a low salary is better than a job with a high salary b ut less vacation time.(Work)2009.3.7Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:It is better to use one’s own knowledge and experience to solve problems than to get a dvice from others.(Success)2009.3.14Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:It is better to spend money on traveling and vacation than to save money for the future. (Money)2009.3.21Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:To remain happy and optimistic when you fail is more important than achieving succe ss.2009.3.29Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:Twenty years from now on, students will not use printed books anymore . (Education)2009.4.3Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:The best way to improve education is to raise teachers’ salaries.(Money)2009.5.9Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:To become financially responsible individuals, people should be taught how to manag e money at a young age. (Money)2009.5.15Do you agree or disagree with the following statement：Professional athletes who receive high salaries, such as football or basketball players, deserve what they get.(Work)2009．5．30Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:Younger school children (aged five to ten) should be required to study art and music i n addition to math, language, science and history.（Education）2009 .6.5Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:Solving environmental problems is the best way for the government to improve public health.(Government)2009.6.12Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:University students should take part-time jobs.（Education & Work）2009.6.20Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:Successful leaders should make others part of the decision-making process. (Success)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:Movies and TV programs made in one’s own country is always more interesting than t hose made in other countries.(Media)2009.8.7Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:Parents should allow children to make their own choices rather than determine their c hildren’s future for them.(Family)2009.9.19Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:It is more important for the government to spend money on art museums and concert halls than on recreational facilities such as swimming pools and playgrounds. (Govern ment & Money)2009.9.25Do you prefer to take a low-paid but secure job or a job with a high salary but easy to lose?(Work)2009.10.17Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Movies and televisions should always show audience that good people are rewarded and bad people are punished. (Media)2009.10.24Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:Parents should help their children prepare for future life through encouraging them to take part-time jobs.(Family)2009.10.31Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:It is not good to move to a new city or a new country because you will lose old friends .(Friends)2009.11.7Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:To achieve successful development of a country, a government should focus its budget s more on young children’s education rather than on universities.(Government & Education)2009.11.20Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:Parents should give money to their children for their high marks at school. (Education)2009.12.4Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:People should buy things that are made in their own country, even if the price of these products is higher than that of the products made in other countries.(Money)2009.12.11Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:Parents do not understand their children as well as the parents did 50 years ago. (Family)2009.12.19Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:People would be happier with fewer possessions.(Money)2010年新托福写作北美机经1月15日U.S（重复09年5月9日）In order to become financially responsible adults, children should manage their own money at the young age.1月16日It is better for children to choose the jobs of their parents.1月22日U.SPeople who go outside are more successful and happier than people who live in villages.1月23日(重复08年3月14日北美)Most of environmental issues are too complicated, and individual can do nothing.1月30日U.SThe government should support the scientific research even if there’s no practical use.1月31日(重复08年12月12日北美)Physical exercise is more important to older people than younger people.2月7日（重复08年10月12日北美）In order to succeed, you should be more like others than be different from everyone else.2月13日U.SWorking in a group, one can not achieve success if he/she can't receive other's criticism.2月21日All school teachers should be required to take courses every five years to update their knowledge.2月27日（重复08年11月14日北美）Children should only play sports for fun, or play sports in competition or contests?2月27日U.SHigh school students should take a course on basic economics.3月6日（重复08年3月1日北美）In order to solve the problems in the present and future, it is necessary to understand the past.3月13日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Printed books have greater effects on society than television has.3月27日Do you agree with the following statement, the best way to achieve happiness yourself is to make others happy?4月10日Some people say that if you do not have anything nice about someone, you'd better say nothing. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Use specific reasons and details to support your idea."4月24日（重复08年11月8日北美）Scientists should be responsible for the negative impacts of their discoveries.5月8日The best way for parents to teach children the responsibility is to let them have an animal.5月16日（重复09年1月10日北美）Improving schools is the most important factor in successful development of country. 5月22日（重复08年5月9日北美）Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Government should put more money on Internet access rather than pubic transportation.6月12日People should get the secure job right away or wait for a more satisfying job.6月13日（重复09年3月14日中国）Do you agree or disagree with following statement: it is better to spend money to traveling or vacation than save money for future.6月26日（重复08年8月16日北美）Most business people are motivated only by the desire of money.7月10日（重复09年5月15日北美）Do you agree the professional athletes such as the football player and basketball player deserved high salaries to be paid?7月23日U.SThe challenge young people encounter nowadays has no difference with the challenge their father or grandparents faced many years ago.7月24日（重复08年10月25日）Students who keep rooms their neat and organized are more successful than those who do not.8月13日U.SMore and more people are spending money on their pets, even though there can be other good ways to spend money.8月18日(重复09年6月12日北美)University students should do part-time jobs.8月21日（重复08年5月16日北美）Telephones have greater influences on people’s lives than television.8月28日U.SPeople care more about public recognition than about money. Even if no more money is given, public recognition can still make people work harder.8月28日Movies and television programs made in our own countries are better than those of other countries.9月11日Parents today are more involved in their children’s education than the y were in the past.9月12日U.S（重复09年1月10日中国）People should not pay for the public transportation.9月18日（重复09年6月20日北美）The effective leader tries to make others feel they have been part of a decision.10月9日（重复09年3月21日北美）Do you think success is important, or it is more important to remain happy and optimistic when you fail?10月17日（重复09年3月21日北美）It is better to relax by a movie or reading a book than doing physical exersice. Do you agree?10月23日Making sure that other people(your boss or influencial people)know your strengths is beneficial for you to get success.10月31日（重复09年9月25日北美）Do you prefer to take a low-paid but secure job or a job with a high salary but easy to lose?11月14日（重复09年8月7日北美）Parents should allow children to make their own choices rather than determine their children’s future for them.11月21日（重复09年5月30日北美）Younger school children (aged five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science and history.11月27日（重复09年2月21日北美）Newspapers and magazines are the best ways to learn about a foreign country.12月4日（重复08年11月1日中国）It is better to travel or work for one year before entering into university.12月11日(新题)Compared with five-day workweek, it is more enjoyable to have a three-day workweek, even if you have to work for longer time each day.12月12日（重复08年2月1日北美）Being creative is more important in finding the best solution to a problem than planning carefully.。

08.1.27北美08.9.5北美09.11.17北美08.2.2大陆08.3.15大陆08.4.27大陆08.5.17大陆09.5.31大陆大陆08.3.3008.9.6大陆08.9.28大陆08.12.13大陆09.2，22大陆2008 年4 月27 日第一篇生命起源也是生物学的文章。

关于巴斯德（曲颈瓶的发明者，反对生命自然发生说）以及米勒的实验（将碳氢化合物分子，如甲烷、氨和氢等与水混合，一起灌入到一个特殊的玻璃装置中，给瓶内混合物加热，使之不断沸腾，产生气体。

气体经过一个装有两个电极的小室，室内连续产生火花，犹如大自然的闪电和火山爆发，然后经过冷却又变成液体回到原处。

最后产生了组成现代生命的蛋白质结构中的几种氨基酸成分）。

文章首先说人们认为微生物是自然发生的，巴斯德却认为微生物本来就存在于空气中，像尘埃一样到处飘。

为了验证他的观点，就做了一个实验：把一锅汤煮沸然后密封，多天之后汤没有变质，说明没有产生微生物。

反对者又说必须要与大气接触才会有化学反应从而出现微生物，于是巴斯德设计了一种曲颈瓶，(这里有提到这个人的前老板，说给了一个crucial idea，问指什么，我选的是这个曲颈瓶，但是不确定是不是正确)瓶内的液体可以接触外界空气，但是空气中微生物无法进入瓶中。

巴斯特将汤盛入这种曲颈瓶中，多天以后，也没有变质，从而证明了他自己的观点。

（这里也有题，说第二次试验巴斯德用的是什么，我选择untreated air，仅供参考）尔后，文章又说，虽然巴斯德是正确的，但是地球起初并没有任何生命，所以肯定至少有一次，(这里也有题目，问什么忘记了，我选的是他的理论在逻辑上有问题，因为没有第一次产生空气中哪里漂浮微生物嘛)生命是自然发生的。

后面还有一题问地球初期与我们现在的有什么区别（我选的是好像是没那么多氧气，但此题毫无把握，完全靠猜）于是就说了米勒的那个实验。

证明了生命始有可能自然发生的。

最后一段讲米勒的这个实验要是没有发现xxx （具体不记得了），也就不会那么著名了，后面有题目考的1. 问问什么第一个科学家要进行那个初次试验。

2011托福写作机经（优秀范文五篇）第一篇：2011托福写作机经2009年1月23日北美Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Young people should take several different kinds of jobs before they decide which career to take in the long term.2009年2月14日北美Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?In order to become well-informed, one has to get information from different news resources.2009年2月27日北美Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A job with more vacation time is better than a job with high salary but less vacation time.2009年2月28日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Teachers should be paid at least as much as doctors, lawyers or business leaders are paid.2009年3月28日（2009年3月27日北美）Do you agree or disagree with the statement?Teachers should make their political or social views known in the classroom.（Teachers should not show their political or social views known in the classroom.）04.03 北美The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers' salaries.2009年6月27日For future career success, is relating well to other people more important than studying hard at school?2009年08月22日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is more important to working quickly and risking making mistakes than to work slowly and making sure everything is09.11 北美Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Only movies can teach us something about real life worth watching.2009年09月12日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Some people think children should study and play, other people think children should help with household chores.09.19 北美Do you agree or disagree that with the following statement?It's more important for the government to spend money to build art museums and music performance center than to build recreational facilities(such as swimming pool, playground) 2009年10月10日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is easier to succeed nowadays than in the past.10.10 北美现在人多,到处busy and crowed,没必希望别人将礼貌.10.17 北美Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Movies and televisions should always show audience good people are being rewarded and bad people are being punished.2009年10月24日（2009年10月24日北美）Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?One of the best ways for parents to help their teenage children prepare for adult life is to encourage them to take the part-time job.10.31 北美Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is often not a good thing to move to a new city or a new country because of the lose of old friends2009年11月07日北美Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? For successfuldevelopment of a country, should a government focus itsbudget more on very young children education rather than on universities?2009年11月14日(完全重复08年3月29日的北美考题)Agree or disagree: it is more important to have the rules about the types of clothing that people are allowed to work and school.2009年11月21日北美（重复08-10-17 / 09-11-20北美考题）Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People benefit more from travelling in their own country than travelling in a foreign country.11.21 北美Whether parents should give money to praise their child for high marks, you agree or disagree that parents should give school-age children money for get a high mark(grade)they get in the school.第二篇：2009新托福写作机经2009年新托福写作机经ps: 红色的部分是重复以往的，黄色部分是在中国考试的题目，剩余部分是在北美考试的题目。