黑暗的心》所体现的康拉德对殖民主义的矛盾态度英语

从《黑暗的心》看康拉德对殖民主义的矛盾态度
黄育兰
【期刊名称】《牡丹江大学学报》
【年(卷),期】2007(016)010
【摘要】本文主要通过分析<黑暗的心>中殖民话语的矛盾性,从而揭示康拉德对殖民主义的矛盾态度.一方面他在小说中揭露了欧洲殖民者的虚伪、残忍和贪婪,另一方面他又在一定程度上捍卫了支撑殖民侵略的西方意识形态.
【总页数】3页(P14-15,18)
【作者】黄育兰
【作者单位】江西宜春学院外国语学院,江西,宜春,336000
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I206
【相关文献】
1.康拉德的反殖民主义主题——评对康拉德小说《黑暗的心脏》的后殖民主义批判[J], 王华勇
2.康拉德的矛盾:在反殖民主义与殖民意识之间徘徊--也读《黑暗的中心》 [J], 邹颉
3.殖民主义与反殖民主义之争——论康拉德《黑暗的心》中的东方主义色彩 [J], 李文军
4.康拉德《黑暗的心》的后殖民主义解读 [J], 章萱
5.康拉德小说中的道德反思——从后殖民主义视角解读康拉德的《黑暗的心》 [J], 马越
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XXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书编号：论文（设计）题目：《黑暗的心》所体现的康拉德对殖民主义的矛盾态度学院： XXX学院专业：XX 班级： XX班学生姓名： XXX 学号：XXXX0 指导教师：XX 职称：XXX1、论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务中国曾经作为半殖民地，对中国独立后的文化取向和吸收发展方向有重要意义。

在世界范围内，殖民主义是一个重要的文学风格，康拉德《黑暗的心》又是殖民主义的代表作。

本文研究的目标是《黑暗的心》所体现的康拉德对后殖民主义的矛盾态度。

任务是探究其在小说中对殖民主义的矛盾态度。

2、论文（设计）的主要内容通过对语言运用、人物性格、语言分析分析表明康拉德在《黑暗的心》中对后殖民主义的矛盾态度，说明在帝国主义扩张时期，资本主义及帝国主义的人们不能够完全摆脱时代的烙印和限制，对殖民主义存有一种既反对又拥护的矛盾态度。

3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线在学习过程中对有关问题产生了浓厚的兴趣并总结了相关的知识，对论文写作有一定的帮助。

结合已有的对此问题的研究，从语言、人物、表达方式上入手，深入探讨了康拉德在小说中对殖民主义的矛盾心理和态度。

4、主要参考文献[1] Albert J Guerad. 1950. Introduction in Heart of Darkness[ M] . New York: New American Library Edition,[2] Joseph Conrad, 2010.7.8, Heart of Darkness, Collins Classics, Harperpress,[3] 齐努瓦·阿切比, 2001 ,“非洲的一种形象: 论康拉德《黑暗的心》中的种族主义” , 杨乃乔等译,《后殖民批评》, 北京:北京大学出版社[4] 约瑟夫`康拉德(作者), 薛诗绮(译者), 智量(译者)，2006，世界文学名著典藏·全译本:《黑暗的心》，湖北人民出版社; 第1版指导教师：年月日教研室主任：年月日注：一式三份，学院（系）、指导教师、学生各一份XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）文献综述Literature ReviewThis literature review aims to provide a general introduction of the novel Heart of Darkness and some scholar‘s view about Conrad‘s paradoxical attitudes towards colonialism.Colonialism is the establishment, exploitation, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. Colonialism is a set of unequal relationships between the metropolis and the colony and between the colonists and the indigenous population. Collins English Dictionary defines colonialism as ―the policy and practice of a power in extendin g control over weaker people or areas.‖ The Merriam-Webster Dictionary offers four definitions, including ―something characteristic of a colony‖ and ―control by one power ove r a dependent area or people.‖Heart of Darkness is a novel, written by Joseph Conrad, that is presented in the form of a frame narrative (a story within a story). Conrad retells the story of Marlow's job as an ivory transporter down the Congo River. Through his journey, Marlow develops an intense interest in investigating Kurtz, an ivory-procurement agent. Heart of Darkness explores the darkness potentially inherent in all human hearts, and deals with the themes of colonialism, racism, and savagery versus civilization.About eight and a half years before writing the book, Conrad had been appointed by a Belgian trading company to serve as the captain of a steamer on the Congo River. Upon arrival at his station in the Congo, he found that the steamer he was to command had been damaged and was in need of repair. Yet the next day he headed up river on a different steamer that was captained by another. When that captain became ill during the journey Conrad assumed command. At the company's inner-most station they picked up its agent, Georges-Antoine Klein, who died on the return trip. Conrad himself became very sick and returned to Europe before serving out the full three-year term of his contract to the trading company.The tale was first published as a three-part serial, February, March, and April 1899, in Blackwood's Magazine(February 1899 was the magazine's 1000th issue: special edition). Then later, in 1902, Heart of Darkness was included in the book "Youth: a Narrative, and Two Other Stories" (published November 13, 1902, by William Blackwood).In a post-colonial reading, the Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe, author of Things Fall Apart, famously criticized Heart of Darkness in his 1975 lecture An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's "Heart of Darkness", saying the novella de-humanized Africans, denied them language and culture and reduced them to a metaphorical extension of the dark and dangerous jungle into which the Europeans venture.Since the middle 20th century, many colonies have won their independence from their colonizers through fighting and struggle. These countries have made great contributions to the emancipation of human beings. The culture and current situation of those ex-colonies are of great importance to the development of the world civilization. Heart of Darkness as one of the greatest works reflecting the life in colonies provides people abundant resources to investigate into the being ofcolonialism and anti-colonialism.Huang Yulan, a scholar from Yichun College, holds the opinion that Heart of Darkness reveals the greedy, hypocrisy, cruelty of the colonizers. Besides, Huang Yulan also points out the cultural superiority the colonizers bear. Although she agrees that the novel to some extent defend for the colonizers and for their deeds, generally speaking, she believes that Heart of Darkness has a strong inclination of anti-colonialism.Wang Songhuai, vice professor of Hubei Normal University, believes that Heart of Darkness reveals anti-colonialism from the angle of capitalism humanity. Conrad said in his book ―I became a new man with new attitude to morality.‖ (Joseph Conrad, 1917) Wang, by reciting Conrad‘s description of the miserable life of the native in colonies to show Conrad is on the opposite side of colonialism, which is anti-colonialism. Professor Wang holds that Conrad‘s thought is complicated. Conrad‘s novel partially depicts the reality of the colonies, but his capitalist status has undermined the effect of the novel in anti-colonialism. Even though Conrad has made progress in seeing what colonizers did, but finally he didn‘t give a clear picture of the whole condition.Zou Quan and Zou Yan, think that Heart of Darkness bears a sense of superiority of the colonizers and their countries, particularly, the Untied Kingdom. They cite the descriptions in the novel as evidence, saying those primitive people are nothing and their (the colonizers) task is to spread their advanced technology and culture to them so as to make them more civilized. In the end of their essay, Zou Quan and Zou Yan conclude their opinion. ―From the analysis above, we can draw such a conclusion. Since Conrad lived in the later age of Victoria, he was inevitably influenced by his living environment, a culture of Western colonialism. Influenced by his living environment, Conrad had to observe the colonies from an angle of the colonizers. Conrad himself could not get rid of the thought of colonialism and colonizers. Thus, while Conrad was revealing and criticizing the crimes which the colonizers committed, he couldn‘t completely get rid of the superiority of colonizers in his writing.‖Xu Ping, from Teachers College Qingdao University, and Zhang Xuan, from Nanjing University, generally hold the opinion that Heart of Darkness is a great work with a strong sense of anti-colonialism.The mainstream of the academia commenting on Heart of Darkness is from the anti-colonialism. However, these opinions do not have a comprehensive grasp of the meaning which Conrad wants to express. The features in the novel have both connotative and denotative meanings. A deep and careful reading will do a lot in helping to understand the novel better. Conrad himself has a paradoxical view to colonialism. His work H eart of Darkness (1899), written by Joseph Conrad is in itself an ambivalent novel regards to its motif. On one aspect, the novel, by criticizing the crimes those colonizers committed in colonies as well as its hypocrisy, showed the progress in anti-postcolonialism. On the other, the language of this novel manifested its cultural hegemony. This thesis, by analyzing the ambivalence of the language in the novel, reveals the ambivalent view of Joseph Conrad toward colonialism.To conclude, throughout history, many scholars and critics have commented onConrad‘s work, Heart of Darkness. There are three basic views. The first is that Conrad approves colonialism. The second is Conrad opposes colonialism. The last is Conrad has his paradoxical view towards colonialism. This thesis aims to further discuss Conrad‘s paradoxical attitude by analyzing the novel Heart of Darkness and his life experience.XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）评议书本科生毕业论文设计题目《黑暗的心》所体现的康拉德对后殖民主义的矛盾态度作者姓名 XXX指导教师 XX所在学院 XXX学院专业（系） XX班级（届） XXXX完成日期XXXX年 5 月 8 日Joseph Conrad’s Ambivalence Towards Post-colonialismIn Heart of DarknessBy XXXXProfessor XXXTutorA Thesis Submitted to Department of EnglishLanguage and Literature in PartialFulfillment of theRequirements for the Degree of B.A. in EnglishAt XXXX University摘要约瑟夫·康拉德所著的《黑暗的心》是一个矛盾体。

论《黑暗的心》中康拉德的宗主国视角作者：邹泉邹燕来源：《教师·理论研究》2010年第01期摘要:康拉德《黑暗的心》中关于殖民者和殖民地人民的矛盾情感是本文关注的焦点。

本文通过挖掘康拉德的个人经历以及其所处的时代背景,结合后殖民主义理论,分析说明康拉德在揭露殖民者的罪恶时仍未能脱离其宗主国视角,这正是造成他矛盾情感的原因。

关键词:康拉德;《黑暗的心》;宗主国视角《黑暗的心》(Heart of Darkness)是英国著名作家约瑟夫·康拉德(Joseph Conrad, 1857-1924)于1920年发表的中篇小说,小说带有一定自传性质,叙述了主人公马洛奉命去非洲大陆寻找一个被困白人库尔兹的故事。

评论界普遍认为这部作品表达了作者对西方殖民主义的强烈谴责,也表现了作者对人类文明的价值以及人性这一主题的深刻思考。

然而,细心的读者从《黑暗的心》中不难感受到:无论是对殖民者还是殖民地人民,康拉德的感情都是复杂的,有时甚至是矛盾的。

让我们首先将视线集中到康拉德对故事核心人物——库尔兹的描述上。

作为一家英国贸易公司的代表,库尔兹负责在非洲大陆深处的某贸易站收购象牙。

公司的人都视其为“一位非常出众的人物”,因为“他送来的象牙跟所有其他人送来的加起来一样多”。

而用武力征服当地人就是库尔兹制胜的法宝,更令人发指的是,他还将对手的头颅插在贸易站的篱笆柱头上以此炫耀自己的威慑力。

可面对这样一个贪婪、残暴的殖民者,康拉德在严厉谴责其行为的同时,又对其口若悬河的辩才、大权独揽的领导才能,甚至勃勃的野心都流露出钦佩之情。

康拉德通过马洛之口说:“他不会被人忘掉的。

贬也好,褒也好,他总是一个不同凡响的人物,他具有非凡的能力,能把那些低级的野民迷惑住或者吓倒,使他们像疯狂的魔鬼一样跳起舞来,并以此表示对他的崇敬。

”即使当马洛被库尔兹临终前忏悔般的呼喊声——“吓人啊!吓人!”所震撼时,马洛仍然坚持:“我留下来把那场噩梦做完,并且再一次表示我对库尔兹的忠诚。

- 254 -校园英语 /文艺研究从后殖民生态视角看康拉德非洲丛林小说叙事的矛盾性——以《黑暗的心》为例滁州城市职业学院/程丽萍【摘要】将后殖民研究与生态批评相结合，通过文本分析的方法研读康拉德的非洲丛林小说代表《黑暗的心》，剖析研究发现康拉德非洲丛林小说的叙事语言具有不确定性和矛盾性，体现出康拉德在殖民思想和生态意识上的矛盾性，为读者从殖民和生态合二为一的全新视角来解读康拉德的经典之作《黑暗的心》提供有力的借鉴。

【关键词】康拉德 非洲丛林小说 后殖民生态视角 矛盾性 黑暗的心引言英国小说家约瑟夫·康拉德擅长创作海洋和丛林小说，其代表作《黑暗的心》被誉为20世纪的英国文学经典，在全世界享誉盛名。

小说自问世以来，赢得了文学评论界的广泛关注，很多学者从精神分析、叙事技巧、女权主义批评、后殖民批评、生态批评等诸多视角对该作品进行解读。

其中以殖民主义和反殖民主义为切入点，讨论康拉德的殖民态度的作品最多。

同时，有些学者认为约瑟夫·康拉德在小说中运用很大篇幅展示了欧洲殖民进程对非洲生态的破坏，从生态批评的角度分析的文章也很多。

不过，有些学者却认为康拉德的殖民态度和生态意识具有矛盾性，但这方面的研究较少。

本文拟从康拉德在《黑暗的心》一文中矛盾的叙述语言去探讨其殖民态度和生态意识的矛盾性，为广大读者从更多视角来解读康拉德的非洲丛林小说提供借鉴。

一、殖民态度的矛盾性康拉德的多重文化身份造成了其思想意识的矛盾性，他笔下的“自我”形象也不停发生着变化，他时而是传播文明的天使，时而是有着残暴形象的恶魔。

康拉德的殖民主义态度具有矛盾性。

他一方面批判殖民者，另一方面他又无法摆脱殖民者的意识。

首先，康拉德在《黑暗的心》中描述了欧洲殖民统治下的非洲殖民地人民苦难的生活景象和殖民主义者贪婪、虚伪和“吃人”的本性，他觉察到了欧洲殖民扩张的不道德性和罪恶，更是对殖民扩张对非洲大陆带来的 “进步”提出了质疑，小说体现出了作者对殖民主义和帝国主义的批判，这些可以说明康拉德是一位反殖民主义者。

Li ChiIntroduction to English Literature29 November 2014A New Historicist Reading of Joseph Conrad’s Heart ofDarkness约瑟夫·康拉德《黑暗的心》的新历史主义解读AbstractJoseph Conrad’s classical work Heart of Darkness is regarded as the first real modern novel in English literature, the most influential novella in the twentieth century. In the past thirty years, there have been arguments on Conrad’s political orientations reflected in the novella. In this thesis, the author applies the strategy of new historicism to analyze how Heart of Darkness interweaves with history, how it circulates with the thought of imperialism and how it subverts the thought.Key words: Joseph Conrad; Heart of Darkness; New Historicism; Circulation; Subversion摘要约瑟夫·康拉德经典之作《黑暗的心》曾被认为是英国文学史上第一部真正的现代小说,二十世纪最具影响力的中篇小说。

在过去三十年中，国内外学者对该作品中所反映的康拉德的政治立场持有不同观点。

On the Contradictoriness of Joseph Conrad＇s Ecological Consciousness in Heart of Darkness 作者： 房洁
作者机构： 徐州工程学院外国语学院,江苏徐州221008
出版物刊名： 西南科技大学学报：哲学社会科学版
页码： 30-34页
年卷期： 2014年 第5期
主题词： 康拉德 黑暗的心 生态 矛盾
摘要：透过生态批评视角,从自然生态、社会生态、精神生态3个方面解读《黑暗的心》文本中的生态意识,可以看出康拉德对自然原始的崇尚、对欧洲文明的批评和对人性的忧思,但这种生态关怀的背后总是不自觉地流露出康拉德人类中心主义和西方中心主义的霸权统治逻辑。

这种矛盾性与其多元的文化身份和特殊的历史语境是分不开的。

A Record of the Wrath of Absurdity and Atrocity
作者： 陈敬玺
作者机构： 西北大学,陕西西安710069
出版物刊名： 西安电子科技大学学报：社会科学版
页码： 108-111页
主题词： 《黑暗的心灵》 殖民主义 黑暗意象 愤懑情绪
摘要：生活与创作跨越十九、二十两个世纪的英国作家约瑟夫·康拉德，实现了从最杰出的维多利小说家到最出色的现代派小说家的过渡。

这位历经坎坷的“边缘人”一生创作颇丰，作品向有航海、丛林、政治的三分说，而其首部重要作品即是发表于1899年的小说《黑暗的心灵》。

本文通过对原著的细读，结合殖民与后殖民批评有关思想，对小说做了细读实证式的分析，并对小说的主题内涵、叙述语气、象征意象和题目蕴含做了考察探索，印证了小说其实是一部“记录荒谬与野蛮的愤怒的文献”的结论。

摘要《黑暗的心》是20世纪英国现代主义小说家约瑟夫?康拉德丛林冒险小说的代表著作之一。

有学者认为该部小说反映了康拉德持有强烈的亲殖民主义、种族主义等负面思想。

本文用爱德华?萨义德的后殖民主义理论中的“东方主义”，从自然环境和种族角度，对该小说的“他者”身份进行解读，从理论上证明康拉德是位坚定的反“东方主义”者。

关键词：《黑暗的心》后殖民主义“东方主义”“他者”《黑暗的心》是英国作家约瑟夫?康拉德声誉最高的一部中篇小说，自20世纪初问世以来，备受西方读者和文学评论家的青睐。

《黑暗的心》不仅浓笔重彩描写了主人公马洛讲述自己年轻时到非洲刚果河流域冒险的所见所闻所想，还以厚重的墨色详述了另外一个重要的悲剧性人物――白人库尔兹――在邪恶贪婪的人性驱使下，由“白”变“黑”、由“传道”有志之士变成野心勃勃的欧洲殖民者过程。

中西方不少评论家和学者从殖民主义、后殖民主义、种族主义等方面对该小说进行了研究和评论，但其中一些人却对康拉德作出了负面评论。

后殖民主义理论代表人物爱德华?沃第尔?萨义德对康拉德本人和作品研究颇深，并著有《约瑟夫?康拉德与自传体小说》一书。

通过解读康拉德的作品，萨义德认为他既有亲殖民主义又有反殖民主义的一面；尼日利亚著名小说家、诗人和评论家奇努阿?阿切贝对该小说进行了种族主义的研究，认为康拉德有种族偏见，是一位“彻底的种族主义者”。

而本文拟用萨义德的后殖民主义理论中的“东方主义”，从自然地理环境和种族两个方面对该小说的“他者”身份进行细致解读，以理论证明康拉德反“东方主义”的坚定立场。

一后殖民主义理论和赛义德的“东方主义”和“他者”20世纪70年代，西方学术的研究方向发生重大变化，由文学研究转向文化研究，为后殖民主义的问世提供了强大理论背景，在西方国家掀起了后殖民主义研究热潮。

后殖民主义是“对欧洲帝国主义列强在文化上、政治上以及历史上不同于其旧有殖民地的差别（也包括种族之间的差别）的一种十分复杂的理论研究”。