语言与文化的关系The relationship between language and culture

The Relation between Language and Culture Abstract: Different countries have different cultures, and also different language. Language and culture are interdependent and interactional. Language is one of the most important carriers of culture. On the other hand, culture have a great impact on language, that is culture conditioning. Knowing the language and cultural backgrounds can help our communication. Instead, it will cause many communicative barriers. In this paper, we summarize the relationship between language and culture. And example to explain it’s impact on cross-culture communication.摘要：不同的国家有不同的语言和文化，语言和文化是相互依赖、相互影响的，语言是文化的重要载体，另一方面，文化对语言也有制约作用。

了解语言文化知识有助于我们的交际。

相反地，缺乏语言文化背景知识必然会导致交际障碍。

本文列举了语言与文化的关系，并举例说明了这种关系对跨文化交际的影响。

key words: language, cultures, relationship, communication关键词：语言，文化，关系，交际1. IntroductionAs we all know that different countries have different cultures, and also different language. Language and culture are interdependent and interactional. Language is one of the most important carriers of culture. On the other hand, culture have a great impact on language, that is culture conditioning.Language plays a very important role in all human activity. It’s one of the indispensable part of the social life of human. You can not imagine the world would be without language. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of human language is so mystical that people do not acquaint it entirely so far.Culture is the product of social life and national spirit. In other words, culture is the genetic code of difference among the various nation, country and region. Every country has its own culture formation and individuality. This special culture is one of the most important source of affinity and cohesion of a country. For this reason, we must protect and develop the culture of the various nation, country and region, keep variety of our global culture.2. Relationship between language and cultureRelationship between language and culture can be summarized as the following: (1). Language is part of culture. Like other cultural phenomenon, language is also a social phenomenon, it occurred with the production of society, and develops with the development of society. The language is with nationality, different nationalities often have different languages; Language is also human creation. It is the most important spiritual wealth of human society .We can say that language has all the attributes of culture, so language is also a kind of culture, one of the many cultural phenomenons. The human language is not only an integral part of culture, and also the most important part.(2).Language is the main carrier of culture. Although language is part of culture, other cultural phenomenon generally can't exist being independent from language. Only through language, culture can be preserved, extended and spread.(3).Language is the foundation of the development of culture. When we said the cultural development, it's pointing to the development on the original basis which is preserved and spread by language. The development of culture cannot do without thinking, and thinking activity cannot do without the language: the development of culture must rely on the collective of creation of social members. Only by using language which is a good communication tool, can social members communicate and achieve mutual understanding. Different culture should learn from each other through language. Above all, culture must use language as tools to develop. So, the language is the foundation of the development of culture.Above all, we can conclude that language and culture not only in close relationship, but also the special relationship.3. Culture and language in the language communicationBecause language is part of culture, also the carrier of culture and foundation of cultural development, it can reflect the characteristics of national culture and the cultural differences between different nationalities to a maximum extent. From different nationalities' languages, we can find the evidences of different nationality's values, is or not standard, customs, and religious beliefs, social system, and so on. These cultural factors have restriction on language and language communication. But his own people are not always easy to detect that. Only through the comparison of the different nationality's language and language communication, it can be revealed. The so-called "language communication culture", is a special cultural factor implied in the language system which reflects a nation's mental state, values, life style, moral standards, non standard, aesthetic taste, and the customs and habits etc .This cultural factors mainly reflects in the words system , grammar system and pragmatic system of language.We will illustrate some examples of culture in the language communication through comparison between China and Western Countries.3.1 greetingDue to the differences between Chinese and western culture tradition and customs, the way of greeting is, of course, not the same. Because China is a long period of farming community, there’s lot of ‘food’ in t he daily expression. When people meet with each other, they will say ‘have you eaten? ’ for greeting. This way of greeting is just the same as ‘hi’ or ‘hello’ in western country. In China, it is a common way to say ‘hello’, but the western people don’t thi nk so. They may think this greeting seems to be saying: ‘I have nothing to eat. Come on. Let’s go to eat something.’ Or ‘ I was going to ask you to go to my house for a dinner.’ All in all, this means that say ‘hello’ invitation to dinner sometimes. Anothe r way of greeting in china is ‘where are you going?’ or ‘where have you been?’. In china, this greeting is just polite formula. But if you use these sentences to greet to western people, they will feel unhappy. Their reaction is likely to be: it’s none of your business! Western people always talk about the weather when they meet. Such as’ the weather is fine. They respect the privacy of others, and will not ask others privacy issues.In short, when people make a greeting, they should pay attention on different cultures. They should consider the time, place, object, cultural background, social customs andother factors. The use of appropriate greetings can make communication more smooth and natural.3.2 farewellsBetween the social and cultural customs between china and western country are different, the farewells are different, too. For instance, Chinese people go to other people’s homes. When it is the time to say goodbye, they often say: I’d better be going now. You must be very tired or you will have to go to work tomorrow, I should go now. But the American people, by contrast, most of them will find out their reasons to say good-bye. For example, I must say good-bye, my wife is waiting for me or I think I’d better to leave now. Chinese people are always more politely, while westerners are always somewhat straightforward.3.3 taboosIn cross-cultural communication, taboo is the most sensitive topic. Cultural taboos research therefore becomes an important content of cross-cultural communication. The so-ca lled taboos are the words that people can’t say in daily life or their work. Taboo is almost everywhere, from daily life to the political and economic aspects. We here just talk some about common taboos. In the conversation, western people are unwilling to say their age, income, marriage, love, property, fat, and so on. But in china, it is very normal to talk about marriage, income, love, age and so on. In addition, western people should not talk loud in public places, they always speak in quiet. But Chinese people always talk loud in public places. There are lot of this kind of taboos, taboos language reflects different countries’ culture.4. ConclusionIn short, language is one of the most important carriers of culture and culture has a great impact on language in conditioning. They both cannot survive with each other. On the other hand, the difference of language and culture may arouse inconvenience and misunderstanding. Therefore, learning the difference of cultures between different countries is very important. Realizing the difference of cultures between different nations is good for us to communicate with different languages.（1312words）5 bibliography[1]胡文仲著.英美文化辞典.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1995[2]邓炎昌,刘润清著.语言与文化.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1989[3]贾玉新著.跨文化交际学.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997[4]论文化语言学中的语言与文化[J].中国学术期刊网。

The Relationship between Language and CultureLanguage Phenomenon:Due to the differences between Chinese and western culture tradition and customs, the way of greeting is, of course, not the same. Because China is a long period of farming community, there is lot of ‘food’ in the daily expression. When people meet with each other, they will say ‘have you eaten?’ for greeting. This way of greeting is just the same as ’hi’ or ‘hello’ in western country. In China, it is a common way to say ‘hello’, but th e western people do not think so. They may think this greeting seems to be saying:’ I have nothing to eat. Come on. Let’s go to eat something.’ Or ‘I was going to ask you to my house for a dinner.’ All in all, this means that say ‘hello’ invitation to dinn er sometimes. Another way of greeting in china is’ where are you going?’ or ‘where have you been?’ In China, this greeting is just polite formula. But if you use these sentences to greet to western people, they will feel unhappy. Their reaction is likely to be: it is none of your business! Western people always talk about the weather when they meet. Such as‘the weather is fine.’ They respect the privacy of others, and will not ask others privacy issues.Analysis:So what is the relationship between language and culture? Before that, we should first know what language is and what culture is. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication; culture refers to the patterns of customs, traditions, social habits, values, beliefs and language of a society. Every language is inseparable from a culture, it has to serve and reflect cultural needs.Different countries have different cultures, and different language. Language and culture are interdependent and interactional. Language is one of the most important carriers of culture. On the other hand, culture have a great impact on language, that is culture conditioning. People from different cultural background find themselves with different customs, such as the different greeting ways when they meet each other, in the conversation, western people are unwilling to say their age, income, marriage, love, fat and so on. But in China, it is very normal to talk about marriage, income, love, age and so on.Every society has its own culture, which is record, reflected and symbolized by its language. Language and culture evolved and developed together, and thereforehave been interwoven and mutually dependent throughout their history. Neither of them can exist without the other. So without language, culture would not be possible. On the other hand, Language is influenced and even shaped by culture. It is well recognized that language is not only a scientific system of linguistic symbols, but also a sociocultural activity. This view can account for the statement that language is culturally transmitted. Cultural transmission is one of the important characteristics of human language.Relationships:The relationship between language and culture can be summarized as the following:Firstly, language is part of culture. Due to the Chinese agriculture tradition and customs, the way of greeting is ‘have you eaten?’ like other cultural phenomenon, language is also a social phenomenon, it occurred with the production of society, and develops with the development of society. We can say that language has all the attributes of culture, so language is also a kind of culture, one of the many cultural phenomena. It has been clear that language is a part of culture and influenced by culture. If languages are molded in part by the ideas processing capacities and social factors all people have in common, they should have certain feature in common---linguistic universals. But to the extent that language is molded by accidental properties of thought, technology and culture, features will also differ from language to language.Secondly, language is the foundation of the development of culture. When we said the cultural development, it is pointing to the development on the original basis which is preserved and spread by language. The development of culture can’t do without thinking, and thinking activity can’t do without the language: the development of culture must rely on the collection of creation of social members. Only by using language which is good communication tool, can social members communicate and achieve mutual understanding. Different culture should learn from each other through language. Above all, culture must use language as tools to develop. So the language is the foundation of the development of culture.Conclusion:In short, language is part of culture and the also foundation of culture development, it can reflect the characteristics of national culture and the cultural differences between different nationalities to a maximum extent. From different nationalit ies’languages, we can find the evidences of different nationality’s values, is or not standard, customs, and religious beliefs, social system, and so on. Language is one of the most important carriers of culture has a great impact on language in conditioning. They both can’t survive with each other. On the other hand, the difference of language and culture may arouse inconvenience and misunderstanding.Therefore, learning the difference of cultures between different countries is very important. Realizing the difference of cultures between different nations is good for us to communicate with different language.（881words）。

语言与文化的关系概述“语言与文化的关系问题，即语言与语言之外其他文化现象的关系问题，诸如语言与文学、哲学、宗教、历史、地理、法律、风俗以至于物质行为、社会制度、思维方式、民族性格等文化现象的相互关系问题。

”（张公瑾：1996，《文化语言学发凡》，云南大学出版社，P36）总的来说，语言和文化的关系可以用双向互动来概括，具体地说，语言和文化的关系可以从下列几方面去理解。

（一）语言是一种特殊的文化现象。

语言是文化的一部分，并对文化起着重要作用。

之所以这样说，是因为语言具有文化的特点。

首先，语言本身是人类在其进化的过程中创造出来的一种精神财富，并且是人们后天习得和学得的。

其次，文化是全民族的共同财富，语言也是如此。

古徳诺夫在《文化人类学与语言学》（Cultural——Anthropology and Linguistics）一书中也明确指出：“一个社会的语言是该社会的文化的一个方面，语言和文化都是部分和整体的关系。

”（二）语言是文化的最重要载体。

可以说，语言是一面镜子，反映了一个民族的特征，它不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景，而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和思维方式。

我们平时说词汇对于社会生活最为敏感，这也意味着许多文化凝聚于词汇。

黄侃先生说一个字就等于一句话，意思是任何概念所包含的，实际是一个定义、一个判断。

而定义、判断则是文化意识的结晶。

但是，这还不是语言对文化产生影响的最好例证，因为大量新词新语是暂时的，它可以构成对文化的一时冲击，多数不能对文化的整体，特别是人的观念产生影响，不见得能成为文化的组成部分。

只有深深融入中华民族生活的底层，经过历史的选择和淘汰、进入了民族基本词汇的语言事实，才是语言对文化产生深刻影响的标志。

历史上，宗教文化的传播就离不开宗教术语的译介，新词术语与宗教文化如影随形。

早在我国翻译史上的第一个高峰时期，即东汉至唐宋的佛经翻译过程中，翻译家们在采用归化译法的同时，就大量引入了许多反映印度佛教文化的词语，如“浮屠”（古时候对和尚的称呼）、菩萨{指修行达到一定程度，地位仅次于佛的人}等。

请用英语论述语言与文化的关系作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Link Between Language and CultureHi there! My name is Emma, and I'm going to tell you all about how language and culture are connected. It's a pretty neat topic if you ask me. Language and culture go together like peanut butter and jelly!First off, what even is culture? Culture is the way people live, what they believe in, the foods they eat, the clothes they wear, the music they listen to, and all the traditions they follow. Every group of people has its own unique culture. That's what makes the world such an interesting and diverse place!Now, language is a big part of culture. The words we use, the way we say things, it all comes from the culture we grow up in. Let me give you an example. In English, we say "cheese" when we take a picture. But in Spanish, they say "whiskey!" Isn't that funny? It's because "whiskey" kind of sounds like the Spanish word for cheese, which is "queso."Language also reflects the values and beliefs of a culture. Like, in some cultures, they have different ways of addressing elders or people in authority to show respect. In English, we might call our grandparents "Grandma and Grandpa," but in other languages, they might use special titles or honorifics.Another way language and culture are linked is through idioms and expressions. Idioms are phrases that mean something different from the literal meanings of the words. For instance, in English, we might say "It's raining cats and dogs" to mean it's raining really hard. But in other languages, they might use a completely different expression for the same idea.Imagine if you grew up speaking a language and practicing the culture associated with it, and then you moved to a new country with a different language and culture. It would probably feel pretty strange and confusing at first! That's because your language and culture are so deeply connected to who you are and how you see the world.There are also some cultures that have more than one language. Like in Switzerland, they speak German, French, Italian, and Romansh. And in India, they speak hundreds of different languages! But even within the same country, the differentlanguage groups often have their own unique cultural traditions and practices.Sometimes, when two cultures come together, their languages can influence each other too. This is called language borrowing. For example, the English word "algebra" actually comes from Arabic, and the Spanish word "nacho" comes from the name of a Mexican guy named Nacho who invented the dish!Preserving languages is important for preserving cultures too. When a language dies out, a part of that culture's identity and history can be lost forever. That's why there are efforts to revive endangered languages and keep them alive.Okay, I could go on and on about this topic, but I think you get the idea. Language and culture are like two peas in a pod –you can't really have one without the other. The way we communicate through language is shaped by our cultural backgrounds, and our cultures are expressed and passed down through language.So the next time you learn a new word or phrase in another language, think about what it might reveal about the culture it comes from. And remember, learning about different languages and cultures is a great way to expand your understanding of the world and the people in it.That's all from me, folks! I hope you found this essay informative and maybe even a little bit fun. Let me know if you have any other questions about language and culture. I'm always happy to chat more about this fascinating topic!篇2Certainly! Here is an essay of around 2000 words, written in an elementary school student's tone, discussing the relationship between language and culture in English.The Magic of Words and TraditionsHi there! Have you ever wondered why people from different parts of the world speak different languages? Or why they have different customs and celebrations? Well, let me tell you all about the fascinating connection between language and culture!Language is more than just a bunch of words we use to communicate. It's like a magical key that unlocks the door to a whole new world – a world filled with unique beliefs, traditions, and ways of life. You see, every language is deeply rooted in the culture it comes from, and every culture has its own language that helps it grow and thrive.Let me give you an example. Imagine you're visiting a friend's house, and their family is celebrating a special occasion. You might see them wearing traditional clothes, eating delicious foods you've never tried before, and even participating in funny-looking dances or rituals. At first, it might seem a little strange, but that's just because it's different from what you're used to!But here's the cool part: the words they use to describe these traditions and celebrations are just as special and unique as the traditions themselves. They might have words in their language that don't even exist in yours because those words describe things that are specific to their culture. Isn't that amazing?It's like having a secret code that only people from that culture can fully understand. And the more you learn about their language, the more you'll understand about their culture, too!But it doesn't just work one way. Culture also shapes language in incredible ways. Think about all the sayings and expressions we use in our everyday conversations. Many of them come from our cultural beliefs, stories, and even the way we see the world.For example, in English, we say "it's raining cats and dogs" when it's raining really hard. That's because, in our culture, wehave a lot of funny sayings and stories involving animals. But in other cultures, they might use completely different expressions to describe heavy rain, based on their own traditions and beliefs.And that's not all! Even the way we pronounce certain words or the way we structure our sentences can be influenced by our cultural backgrounds. It's like our language is a mirror that reflects the rich tapestry of our customs, values, and histories.But don't worry, you don't have to be a language expert or a cultural scientist to appreciate this amazing connection. All you need to do is keep an open mind and be curious about the world around you.Whenever you meet someone from a different culture, ask them about their language and their traditions. You might be surprised to learn that the way they say "hello" or the way they celebrate a birthday is completely different from what you're used to. And who knows, you might even pick up a few new words or expressions along the way!So, the next time you hear someone speaking a language you don't understand, or you see them practicing a tradition that seems unfamiliar, don't be afraid to ask questions and learn more about it. Because every language and every culture has afascinating story to tell, and the more we understand each other, the more we can appreciate the incredible diversity of our world.And who knows, maybe one day you'll be the one teaching others about your own language and culture, and how they're both part of the same magical adventure we call life!篇3The Connections Between Language and CultureHi there! My name is Jamie and I'm going to tell you all about how language and culture are connected. It's a really interesting topic that I've been learning about in school.First, let me explain what language and culture mean. Language is the way we communicate with words, either by speaking, writing, or using sign language. Every country and group of people has their own language or languages that they use. Culture is all the beliefs, values, traditions, behaviors, and ways of life that are shared by a particular group of people. It includes things like their holidays, food, music, art, and more.Now, you might be wondering how language and culture are related. Well, they are actually super closely linked! The language that people speak impacts and shapes their culture. At the sametime, the culture of a group influences the language they use. It's like they go hand-in-hand and affect each other.Let me give you some examples to help explain. Different languages have certain words that don't exist in other languages because those words represent ideas, objects or traditions that are unique to a particular culture. Like in the indigenous language of Hawaii, there is a word "ohana" which refers to their concept of family being extended beyond just parents and siblings. It includes neighbours, close friends and other loved ones. Because this idea of an extended family is so important in Hawaiian culture, they have a special word for it in their language.Another example is how some languages have different ways to refer to people based on their age, status or gender to show respect. This reflects cultural values around hierarchy and manners. In Korean, there are specific honourifics and different verb forms you use with elders, teachers or your boss to be polite. But more casual language is fine with your peers. Their language encodes those cultural beliefs about showing deference.Food terms are another area where you can really see the culture-language connection. Cultures with particular signature dishes or ingredients will have very specific words for them intheir language. Like the French have around 400 words just relating to cheese because it's such a huge part of their cuisine and culture! Or how there are over 200 words for camels and their behaviors in Somali since camels are central to their nomadic way of life.Sometimes the words and metaphors we use can give insights into a culture's core values too. Expressions involving time reflect whether a culture has a more linear, future-oriented view or a cyclical, tradition-focused perspective. Languages also encode cultural attitudes towards concepts like individuality versus community, humanity's relationship with nature, and much more.Beyond vocabulary, even the grammatical structures and rules of a language can be shaped by cultural influences. Some languages' grammars emphasize hierarchical relationships more through complex systems of honourifics and formalities. While others place more value on egalitarian principles with simpler grammars that don't encode feudal-style hierarchies as much.Overall, you can see that language and culture have this amazing, intertwined relationship where they constantly influence each other. The culture impacts the language through imported words, metaphors, and structures. And in turn, thelanguage shapes the culture by highlighting certain ideas and viewpoints that then become central to that group's shared experiences and values. They really can't be fully separated.I find this topic so fascinating because it shows how language isn't just a neutral tool for communication. The words and grammar we use are imbued with deeper cultural meanings, assumptions and ways of thinking about the world. By learning about the language-culture connections, we can better understand different societies and appreciate the diversity of human experience and knowledge systems.Language is powerful - it doesn't just describe reality, it also plays a role in constructing our understanding of that reality. That's why preserving linguistic diversity is so important, since each language captures unique cultural wisdoms and perspectives that could be lost if those languages go extinct.Hopefully this has helped explain the deep, interwoven relationship between language and culture! Even though the details can seem quite complex, the core idea is simple - the words we speak don't exist in isolation, but carry with them entire worldviews, value systems and cultural DNA. The next time you're learning a new language, pay attention to those hidden cultural meanings too. There's a whole world of fascinatingconnections to explore between how people communicate and how they see the world around them.篇4The Connection between Language and CultureHave you ever thought about how the language you speak is related to your culture? Language and culture are like two sides of the same coin – they are closely connected and influence each other in many ways. Let me explain what I mean.Languages are more than just words and grammar rules. Each language carries its own unique way of thinking, expressing ideas, and viewing the world. The words we use, the way we structure sentences, and even the sounds we make all reflect the culture and history of the people who speak that language.For example, in English, we have many words that come from other languages like French, Spanish, and German. These words were introduced into English through cultural exchanges, trade, and migrations of people. The word "croissant" comes from French, and it reflects the influence of French culture on English-speaking countries. Similarly, words like "taco" and "fiesta" come from Spanish and reflect the influence of Spanish-speaking cultures.Languages also reflect the values, beliefs, and customs of their speakers. In some languages, there are specific words or expressions that don't exist in other languages because they represent unique cultural concepts. For instance, in Japanese, there is a word "omoshiroi" which means something is interesting or enjoyable, but it also carries a sense of appreciation and respect for the experience. This word reflects the Japanese cultural values of finding joy in simple things and appreciating beauty in everyday life.Different languages can also have different ways of addressing people based on their age, social status, or relationship. In many Asian languages, like Korean and Japanese, there are special honorific forms of speech used when talking to elders or people of higher social status. This reflects the cultural emphasis on respect for authority and hierarchical relationships in these societies.The way we communicate through language is also shaped by our cultural norms and expectations. In some cultures, it is considered polite to maintain eye contact during a conversation, while in others, direct eye contact is seen as rude or disrespectful. Similarly, the amount of personal space people prefer duringconversations, the use of gestures, and the volume and tone of voice can all be influenced by cultural factors.Just as language reflects culture, culture can also shape and influence the evolution of language over time. As societies change, new words and expressions are introduced into languages to describe new concepts, technologies, or social phenomena. For example, with the rise of the internet and social media, words like "selfie," "tweet," and "hashtag" have become part of our everyday vocabulary, reflecting the cultural impact of these technologies.Moreover, language can play a crucial role in preserving and transmitting cultural traditions, stories, and histories from one generation to the next. Many indigenous cultures around the world have rich oral traditions, where stories, myths, and legends are passed down through language. The loss of a language can also mean the loss of valuable cultural knowledge and identity.In conclusion, language and culture are deeply intertwined. Language reflects the unique cultural perspectives, values, and ways of life of its speakers, while culture shapes and influences the evolution of language over time. By learning and appreciating different languages, we can gain a deeperunderstanding and respect for the diverse cultures that exist in our world.篇5Certainly! Here's an essay of around 2000 words on the relationship between language and culture, written in English from the perspective of an elementary school student.The Link Between Language and CultureHave you ever wondered why people from different parts of the world speak different languages? Or why some words and phrases sound strange or funny to you? Well, the reason is that language is closely tied to culture, and they both influence each other in many ways.Let me explain what I mean by using some examples. Imagine you're learning a new language, like Spanish or Chinese. You'll quickly notice that some words or expressions don't make sense when you translate them directly into English. That's because those words or phrases are connected to the culture and traditions of the people who speak that language.For instance, in Spanish, they say "¿Cómo estás?" which means "How are you?" But if you translate it word-for-word intoEnglish, it would be "How are you standing?" That sounds a bit odd, doesn't it? But in Spanish culture, it's just a polite way of asking how someone is doing.Similarly, in Chinese, they have a phrase that translates to "Have you eaten rice yet?" which is a way of saying "Hello" or "How are you doing?" This phrase comes from the importance of rice in Chinese culture and the idea that ensuring someone has eaten is a way of showing care and concern.These examples show how language reflects the values, beliefs, and practices of a particular culture. The words and expressions we use are not just random combinations of letters and sounds; they carry deeper meanings and histories that are tied to the way people in that culture live and think.But it's not just words and phrases that connect language and culture. The way we communicate and interact with others is also shaped by our cultural backgrounds. For example, in some cultures, it's considered rude to interrupt someone while they're speaking, while in others, it's seen as a sign of engagement and interest.Similarly, the way we use body language, gestures, and facial expressions can vary greatly across cultures. In some cultures,maintaining eye contact is seen as respectful, while in others, it's considered impolite or even confrontational.Language and culture are also intertwined when it comes to storytelling, literature, and the arts. The stories, poems, and songs that are passed down from generation to generation often reflect the values, traditions, and beliefs of a particular culture. They use language in ways that are meaningful and relatable to the people of that culture.For example, in many Native American cultures, stories and legends are used to teach important lessons about respecting nature, honoring ancestors, and maintaining a balance between humans and the natural world. These stories are told using specific language, metaphors, and imagery that resonate with the cultural beliefs and experiences of the people.Similarly, in African cultures, oral traditions and storytelling play a significant role in preserving history, passing down wisdom, and celebrating cultural identity. The language used in these stories is rich with proverbs, riddles, and figurative expressions that convey deeper meanings and cultural values.Learning a new language can also give you insights into the culture it's connected to. When you study a language, you learn about the customs, traditions, and ways of life of the people whospeak it. This can help you understand and appreciate different cultures better, and even develop a deeper respect and understanding for people from diverse backgrounds.For instance, when you learn Spanish, you might learn about the importance of family, hospitality, and celebrations in many Spanish-speaking cultures. When you learn French, you might learn about the cultural significance of food, art, and fashion in French society.In conclusion, language and culture are deeply intertwined. The words and expressions we use, the way we communicate, and the stories and traditions we pass down are all influenced by our cultural backgrounds. Learning a new language can open up a window into different cultures and help us develop a greater understanding and respect for the diversity of human experiences. So, the next time you encounter a word or phrase that seems strange or confusing, remember that it's likely connected to a deeper cultural meaning and history.篇6The Connections Between Language and CultureHi everyone! My name is Emily and I'm going to talk to you today about languages and cultures. Have you ever thoughtabout how the language you speak is connected to your culture? It's really interesting to learn about!Every culture around the world has its own language or languages that developed over many years. The words, grammar, sayings and way of speaking in a language grew out of the beliefs, traditions, environment and experiences of that cultural group. So in a way, a language captures the culture's view of the world.For example, some languages have lots of words for different types of snow, while others might have more words about the desert or the ocean depending on where those people lived. The Inuit people who live in the Arctic regions have dozens of words in their language for the different types of snow and ice because it's such an important part of their environment and lifestyle. They need a way to describe the snowy world around them very precisely.Or think about how we say "It's raining cats and dogs" in English when there is heavy rain. That's a funny expression that doesn't make much sense if you think about it literally! But it reflects how English has developed lots of colorful idioms and sayings over time as part of the culture. Other languages willhave their own unique expressions that might not translate directly.The way people speak and the exact words they use can give you clues about their culture and heritage. If you hear someone use certain phrases or talk about particular cultural traditions, you can start to guess where they or their family is originally from. The language holds secrets about their background.When I was younger, I remember struggling a bit with my grandparents' accents when they spoke English. I realized later that was because the way they pronounced certain words was influenced by the Native American language of their tribe. Their accents reflected that cultural heritage carried through the generations, even as they learned to speak English too.Languages and cultures don't just influence each other's vocabulary and pronunciation over time - they can also share fundamental thought patterns and views of the world. The grammatical structures and rules of a language can reveal how its speakers typically organize their thoughts and see the world around them.For instance, some languages assign gender to every noun by calling it "she" or "he" - even for objects like keys or tables! That could suggest those cultures perceive everything as havingmasculine or feminine traits in a way English doesn't. Other languages have a different concept of time built into the grammar, describing events as ongoing or already completed differently than we do in English. So the core structure of a language can shape its speakers' perspective.When children learn a language from birth, they start seeing the world through the patterns and mindsets embedded in that language's system. That cultural view gets passed down from parents and communities as an integral part of how the language is spoken and understood. Fascinating, right?Of course there are exceptions to these generalizations, and language and culture don't match up perfectly for every individual. But in broad terms, the languages and cultures of communities around the globe have grown togetherhand-in-hand over centuries. They have influenced and reinforced each other through shared philosophies, experiences, traditions and environments.That's why languages can be so difficult to translate between - you often can't find a perfect word-for-word match because the deeper cultural context is different. And it's also why learning a new language can give you a window into understanding how other cultural groups view the world in their own unique way.Pretty interesting stuff, isn't it? Languages and cultures are kind of like two tightly woven strands of yarn that make up the tapestry of human diversity on this planet. I find it amazing how the evolution of spoken and written communication has been shaped by cultural influences for every society, and vice versa! Let me know if you have any other thoughts on this topic.。

语言与文化的关系作文英文回答：Language and culture are closely intertwined and have a significant impact on each other. Language is not just a means of communication, but also a reflection of theculture and values of a society. For example, in English, the phrase "break a leg" is used to wish someone good luck, while in Chinese, the phrase "一帆风顺" (yi fan feng shun) is used to convey the same sentiment. These expressions not only demonstrate the differences in language, but also the cultural beliefs and customs of the respective societies.Language shapes the way we think and perceive the world around us. Different languages have unique ways of expressing concepts and ideas, which can influence our understanding of the world. For instance, the Inuit people have multiple words for different types of snow, reflecting the importance of snow in their culture and daily lives. Similarly, the Chinese language has various words fordifferent types of tea, highlighting the significance of tea in Chinese culture.Furthermore, language plays a crucial role in preserving and transmitting culture. Through language, stories, traditions, and beliefs are passed down from generation to generation. For example, many indigenous languages around the world contain valuable knowledge about the environment, medicine, and spirituality that are integral to their culture. By preserving these languages, we can ensure that these cultural traditions and practices are not lost.In addition, language can also serve as a barrier to understanding and connecting with people from different cultures. Misunderstandings and miscommunications can arise when language barriers prevent effective communication. For example, idiomatic expressions and cultural nuances may be lost in translation, leading to confusion or offense. It is important to be aware of these differences and to approach communication with sensitivity and openness.Overall, language and culture are deeply interconnected and influence each other in profound ways. By recognizing and appreciating the relationship between language and culture, we can foster greater understanding and respectfor diverse perspectives and experiences.中文回答：语言和文化密不可分，相互影响深远。

语言文化的关系英文作文英文：The relationship between language and culture is a complex and multifaceted one. Language is not only a means of communication, but also a reflection of the culture and values of a society. As a language model, it reflects the way people think and perceive the world around them.For example, in English, there are many idiomatic expressions that reflect the culture and values of the society. For instance, the phrase "time is money" reflects the importance of efficiency and productivity in American culture. Similarly, the phrase "actions speak louder than words" reflects the value placed on action and results over talk and promises.On the other hand, culture also influences language. The way people use language is shaped by their cultural norms and beliefs. For example, in Chinese culture, thereis a strong emphasis on politeness and respect for authority. This is reflected in the use of honorifics and formal language in Chinese communication.In addition, language also plays a role in shaping and reinforcing cultural stereotypes and biases. For example, the use of derogatory terms for certain groups of people can perpetuate negative attitudes and beliefs about those groups.Overall, the relationship between language and culture is a complex and dynamic one. Language reflects and reinforces cultural norms and values, while culture shapes the way language is used and perceived.中文：语言和文化之间的关系是一个复杂而多方面的问题。

The relationship between language and cultureIntroductionLanguage is the important means of communication, and it is the carrier of culture and a part of culture, any language was born with formation of its culture, develops with the development of culture, and in most cases, perishes with death of its culture.1. Language, as a concrete system of signs, has its own significance in the culture communicationIt has long been recognized that language is an essential and important part of a given culture and that the importance of culture upon a given language is something indispensable.1.1 Language is a systemThe important of language to the study intercultural communication is clearly captured in the American poet Ralph Waldo Emerson’s simple sentence “Language is the archives of history.” His declaration takes on added significance when we realize that one of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language –to make sounds and marks serve as substitutes for things and feelings.Over millions of years, we have evolved the anatomy necessary to produce and receive sounds have taken on meaning by representing things, feelings, and ideas. This combination of evolution and culture has led to the development of a four-part process that enables us share our internal states with other human beings. In short, we can receive, store, manipulate, and generate symbols to represent our personalized realities.1.2 The importance of languageLanguage is extremely important to human interaction because it is how we reach out to make contract with our surroundings. If we were to survey a normal day, we would soon see that we use words for a wide variety of purposes we may use language when we first awake: “Good morning!” We use words as a wa y to write with the outside world. Or we may use words to share an unpleasant experience and to get support from other: “Let me tell you about the horrible dream I had last night.” This example also demonstrates how we employ words to relate to the past, that is, to talk about something that has already happened.We use words so that we can experience some control over the present: “please pass me thesalt and pepper.” We each seek to affect our environment, to influence many lf the daily situations in which we find ourselves. Words, and how we manipulate them, permit us to make those alterations through symbolic transactions with others.We also use words to form images of the future: “I have meet with Jane at work today, but I dread seeing her, because I k now she’s going to be upset about the changes I’m making in her work schedule.” Our wording ability allows us to predict and describe the future .We use words to persuade to exchange ideas, to exchange ideas, to express views, to seek information, and to express feelings. When we study another language, we soon discover that the symbols, the sounds for those symbols, and the rules for using those symbols and sounds are different.2. Language, as a culture institution, is born with culture. It develops and interacts with the cultureTo preserve the language of a nation is to preserve its special culture and history. When people can not understand the old language, they will be less tightly connected to or even gradually lose their cultures and histories. Their enemies know much more clearly than themselves as to this point.We still remember that in the famous article The Last Lesson, the first thing Prussians did when they intruded France, was to replace French with Prussian in the school education. Japanese also took the same strategy in order to cut off the connection between people and their histories and cultures. This evil refused to only stay in people's memory and is still threatening certain cultures and nations. Thus both Jews and Tibetans are still fighting to preserve their languages for the sake of their cultures and histories at the edge of being extinguished.2.1 Explain the meaning of the cultureWhen delivering daily speech, the word "culture" refers to pursuits such as literature and music. More broadly, we can define "culture" as all the modes of thought, behavior, and production that are handed down from one generation to the next by means of communicative interaction── speech, gesture, epic, construction, and all other communication among hu mans── rather than by genetic transmission or heredity. "Culture" is an essential concept for it is what makes humans unique in the animal kingdom. All familiar forms of social organizations, ranging from the simplest family to the most sophisticated corporation depend upon "culture" for their existence. Nevertheless, "society" and "culture" might be confusing forone to distinguish. "Society" is population that is organized to carry out the major function of life.A society's "culture" consists of all the ways in which its members think about it among themselvesCulture, in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. As culture is so inclusive, it permeates virtually every aspect of human life and influences predominantly people’s behavior, including linguistic behavior. In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, belief or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture etc.Generally speaking, there are two types of culture: material and spiritual. While material culture, as the term itself suggests, is concrete, substantial and observable, most of spiritual culture, the products of mind, is abstract, ambiguous, and hidden. In contrast with nature in the sense of what is born and grows, culture refers to what has been grown and brought up with, in other words, what can be nurtured. Culture, especially material culture, is reproduced and preserved through the maintaining of beliefs, traditions, education and other institution mechanisms, mean while, it changes slowly with the development of the society.2.2 The relationship between language and cultureWe begin our preview of language by noting that it is impossible to separate our use if language from our culture. In its most basic sense, language is a set of symbols and the rules for combining those symbols that are used and understood by a large community of people. When we study another language, we soon discover that not only are the symbol and sounds for those symbols different, but so are the rules (phonology, grammar, syntax, and intonation) for using those symbols and sounds.Word different are obvious in various language. In English, we live in a house. In Spanish, we live on a case. In Thai we live in a ban. Phonology also varies culturally. In English, we have 21 consonant sounds and 5 vowels that combine to from 38 various sounds. “Vie tnamese has 34 segmental phonemes consisting of vowels, semivowels and consonants.” The Filipino language has 16 consonants and 10 vowels forming 26 phonemes. Portuguese has 21 consonants and 13 vowels that form 34 basic phonemes. Grammatical structures are unique to each language as well. In English verb tenses express contrast between past, present, and future acts, but in Vietnamese, the same verb reflects all three and the time of action is inferred from the context. Syntax, or theword order and structure of sentences, also varies depending on the language. The normal woes order for simple sentences in Filipino is the reverse of the word order in English. That is, the predicate is followed by the subject. For example, the English sentence “The teacher died” would be “Namatay ang guro” or “died the teacher” in Filipino. In English, the subject is followed by a verb and then an object, but in Korean, the subject is followed by the object and then the verb. So in English we might say, “The cat ate the mouse,” but in Korean, “Cat mouse ate” would be correct.These examples indicate that if we want to communicate in another language, it is important for us to know not only the symbols of that language, but also the rules for using those symbols. As you know language is much more than a symbol and rule system that allows us to communicate with another person-language also shapes the process by which people became introduced to the order of the physical and social environment. As Nanda indicates, “language, therefore, would seem to have major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.”2.2.1Language not only express a person’s meaning but also express a nation’s cultureWe can have different meanings for the same word. For instance, to one person, the woes grass might mean something in front of then house that is green, has to be watered, and must be mowed once a week: to another person, grass may mean something that is rolled in paper and smoked. All people, drawing on their backgrounds, decide what a word means. People have similar meanings only to the experience includes baseball, to us a rope is a line driver. If our background lies in the world of jazz music, the word ax does not indicate something used to chop wood but any horn or woodwind instrument. And it is likely that we and a physician respond differently to the woes cancer.If we include culture as a variable on the process of abstracting meaning, the problems became all the more acute, for culture teaches us both the symbol and what the symbol represents. When you are communicating with someone from your own culture, the process of using words to represent your experience is much easier because within a culture people share many similar experiences. But when communication is between people from distinct cultures, different experiences are involved and the process is more troublesome. Objects, events, experiences, and feelings have the labels or names they do because a community id people arbitrarily decided to so name them. If we extent this notion to the intercultural setting, we can see that diverse cultures can have both different symbols and different responses.There are even differences between British and American usage in word meanings. Although some words are spelled and pronounced the same, they have different meanings. For instance, the words boot, bonnet, lift, and biscuit in British English translate into American English as car trunk, car hood, elevator, and cookie. In the area of business, there are also some interesting differences. For example, the British term annual gunnel meeting translates in American English as annual meeting of shareholders; scheme translates as pension plan. From these examples, we see that culture exerts an enormous influence on language because culture teaches not rules for using those symbols and rules for using those symbols, but more important, the meaning associate with the symbols. Further, culture influences the way people use language.2.2.2 Language and its culture influence are exemplified in the theoretical formulations of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesisLanguage and its culture influence are exemplified in the theoretical formulations of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which in essence states that language is a guide to “social reality.” T his hypothesis implies that language is not simply a means of reporting experience but, more important, it is a way of defining experience. Sapir wrote:Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society …The real world is to a large extent unconsciously built up on the language habits of the group. No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached. Nanda provides an excellent example if the Sapir-Whorf concept in practice: If my language has only one term-brother-in-law- that is applied to my sister’s husband, my husband’s brothers, and my husband’s sisters’ husbands, I am led by my language to perceive all of these relatives in a similar way. Vocabulary, through what it groups together under one label and what it differentiates with different labels, is one way in which language shapes our perception of the world.3. Linguistic evidence of cultural differenceAny linguistic may be simultaneously of a denotative, connotative, or iconic kind of meanings. To begin with, any sign has a meaning that can be found in a dictionary, this is the denotative meaning. For example, “rose” is a flower that has a pleasant smell and is usually red,pink, white, or yellow etc. On most occasions “rose” means more than a flower, it also triggers many associations mostly good ones such as love, fragrance, passion and beauty etc. These are its connotations or connotative meanings. Moreover, the word “rose” also invok es image to people. The famous line “my love is a red rose” stirs up vividly the imagination if a beautiful young lady. This is the iconic meanings.All these types of meanings are bound with culture encodings from their associations. Each language has its own metaphors that provide semantic cohesion within its boundaries. Motivated by the need and desire to influence others, people choose to use words which emphasize denotative meaning, connotative meaning or iconic meanings or all of them, during the same process its cultural meanings are created.The following are some illustrations of the cultural differences in language use which we may often come across in our daily life.3.1 A Comparison of Chinese and British Hospitality in Treating GuestsIn China, people’s hospitality is shown by the number of the dishes offered as well as by the eagerness to impress the guest with the most expensive and nutritious food.While in Britain, people value equality. Their hospitality is shown by treating the guest as an equal with the host. Believing in simplicity regarding food, they may offer their guest the same type of meal they usually eat. Part of the reason is their egalitarianism and other reason is that the host wants to introduce the foreign guest to British food and eating customs, and make the guest feed comfortable.The foreign guest might think of the saying. “When in Rome, do as the Romans do.”3.2Different Topics between China and West Common topics in China3.2.1Common topic in ChinaSince there is not much privacy that is found in China. People feel free to ask almost any question without being offensive. The most common topics are age, income, property, family life, especially children, politics and religion. Also, when a purchase, is made, Chinese people will often ask or voluntarily tell the item’s price in order to share the happiness of shopping. But most Westerns feel it very inappropriate to talk about the price of products they have purchased. That information is considered private, so question about price should not be asked.Elderly people are highly respected in China, of “old” means wisdom and experience, theolder the better. Males especially will often ask about each other’s age to show respect for the elder one. And the elder one feels very happy to be addressed as “lao” plus surname.Today, more and more Chinese women, who have been influence by the Western cultures, do not want to give their ages.However, it is very rude for person to address the senior or the elder only by their family names. Some topics concerning the death will always be avoided.3.2.2 Common topics in the westPeople in the West like to talk about the weather, sports, news, traveling, interests and hobbies. Do not ask personal questions about age, weight, illness, income, property, religion and politics. In general conversations asking about these political issues. Beware that politics is an “emotionally changed” topic because the people in the conversation may have differing viewpoints within the group.General question about family can be asked to start a conversation. You may ask if a person is single or married. Depending on how the conversation is going, you can either ask directly by saying, “Are you single?” or “Are you married?” or indirectly by saying, “Do yo u have a family?”3.3 Friendship3.3.1 Friendship in ChinaIn China most people expert their friends to do for then when they are in need. There is an obligation to a friendship. People feel obligated and a duty to do for their friends. We have a lot for Chinese sayings concerning friendship:“为朋友两肋插刀”(people can take any risks, even risk of their lives, especially among male friends, to do everything for their friends disregarding whether it’s right or wrong);“有难同当，有福同享” (people can not only share bitterness ,hardships but also happiness with their friends). Other proverb and sayings such as “一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮”(As one fence needs three stakes, a good guy needs three fellows.)“在家靠父母，出门靠朋友”(It is your parents that you can rely on at home, but it is your friends that you can count in when out in the society ), show that friendship really counts or is very important to a person in the society.Having friends reflects having a good personality you have and more sociable you are. Your life will be better if you have more friends, and will be worse without friends. One needs a friend to help him or her out when difficulties occur, and one needs a friend to offer financial supportwhen there is a lack of money. So in other words, one cannot be without friends in his or her life. Actually, there is a lot to say about Chinese friendships, and I am sure you have more explanations you can add to this list because of a better understanding of your own personal friendships.3.3.2Friendship in the United StatesIn general, American has causal, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. Friendship requires time and commitment (The state of being bound emotionally or intellectually to a course of action or to another person or persons) and depending on the American is commitment to family, which is a priority, and time require for work or school, various types of friendships will be developed.3.3.3 Different ways of Expressing FriendshipPeople in the west apologize to their friends over things like asking for help in some small matter or telephoning late at night. They tend to use polite forms such as “could you”, and “would you” even with their friends. They may sound cold and distant when they feel perfectly friendly.Chinese people tend to make more direct requests to their friends. They address those they know quite well in a very direct way. They may sound rude and demanding when they intend to sound friendly.3.4 Greetings and term of addressIt is estimated that in English there are at least a dozen different g reetings, from “Hi” and “Hello” to more specific and longer ones like “How are you getting on?” or “How is everything with you?” People choose the proper one to greet different people they meet on different occasions. For example, people greet a new acquai ntance with “How do you do?” and expect the same in answer, but they greet an old friend differently. When friends meet, you may find more than once they are uttering” How are you?” at the same time to each other, and they both answer “Fine, thank you.” Di fferently, a Chinese speaker may greet his friends or new acquaintance with “Nin hao” or “Nihao”, whether they meet for the first time or anytime in the day.Another noticeable difference between the two greeting systems is that most Chinese people tend to greet acquaintances with “have you eaten?” or “Where are you heading for?” Obviously, if we greet the native speakers of English in this way, it will certainly cause misunderstanding.Sometimes different terms of address can be equally misleading for Chinese learners ofEnglish or English learners of Chinese. While in China “Tongzhi” was once used for all people irrespective of sex, position or marital status, in English –speaking communities “Mr.” “Mrs.” “Miss.” “Ms.” would be appropriate in similar situa tions. It is also interesting to note that in recent years “Mr.” and “Miss.” Are picked up again to replace “Tongzhi” with the changes in society. Meanwhile “shifu” is frequently used to show respect for strangers. English speakers, on similar occasions, w ould use “Sir” or “Madam”.The extension of kinship term is another feature of Chinese culture . Term such as “uncle, aunt, grandpa, and granny” are used as honorific titles for senior people or strangers, as in “ Granny Li” and “Uncle “Zhang”. Native spea kers of English would be puzzled if they are addressed in this way by people outside the immediate family. Similarly, the use of respectful titles-Chair-man Jiang, Premier Zhou, Director Ma-to indicate people’s influential status is typical of Chinese culture. Such practice, however, is less common in English –speaking cultures.3.5 Natural environmentIn Chinese, "the east wind" makes one feel warm genial, the grass long hawk flies, mixed peanut tree, but "the west wind" then just right is opposite, some one kind the flavor which sends the human to the bone to inter the body or bones of a monk. Yan Shu had written that “last night the west wind withered the blue tree”, Ma Zhiyuan had written that “ancient road, the west wind and thin horse.” All these are illustrations. However English situation is actually different from Chinese. We can read to Samuel Butler’s poem that” biting east winds”. Charles Dickens had written that “How many winter days have I seen him. Standing blue nosed in the snow and east win d! “About the west wind, then has John Milton’s line from his poem” And west winds with musky wing”. John Masefield had written that “It is a want wind the west wind full of birds ' cries. “The meaning of the two kinds of wind association of summer is so d ifference in Chinese and English people’s mind. The reason is also the geographical position. China is located in the Asian mainland. Because of the continental climate in China, the four seasons are distinct. In summer the most obvious characteristic is a scorching sun and unendurable hot. But England is located in the North temperate zone. Because of the marine climate, the summer in England is so beautiful, temperate and satisfied.3.6 manners and customsIn English there is only a word “cousin” but in Chinese there male cousin, younger male cousin, younger female cousin to express the same meaning. We can find that, Chinese relates unexpectedly the cousin obtains so strictly. It must say the sex and branch out the size. That is different from using only one word in English .The reason of this language phenomenon should attribute to the Chinese 23,000 years long time feudal rule. This kind of feudalism patriarchal society takes the blood relationship relations highly. It emphasized specially rank difference, and advocated the precedence and maintained between seniors and juniors. Westerner’s ideal is everybody pursues equality .They want to obtain the equal standing with the dialogue person. So westerners always directly shout the name of their sisters, brothers even their father and mother.3.7 Thanks and complimentsCulture differences are also evident in the ways gratitude and compliments are expressed. It is noted that people in the West tend to verbalize their gratitude and compliments more than Chinese speakers and that the westerners tend to accept thanks and compliments more directly and frankly than we Chinese do.When a native English speaker expresses to us his gratitude, a Chinese speaker may feel embarrassed and would sometimes say “no, no” t o decline whatever expressions of gratitude. However, English speakers, in a similar situation , would say something like “I am glad to hear it “ or “I am glad to be of help “ to acknowledge and accept the thanks. To native speakers of Chinese, expressions like “Not at all” or “It is nothing” which are sometimes used by Englishmen to turn down thanks may sometime lead to misunderstanding.Similarly, many native Chinese speakers will feel embarrassed when they hear compliments like “you speak excellence English” or “You have acquired a native English speaker accent.” To show their modesty and that they do not deserve a compliment, is sincere, they tend to use an emphatic “no”. English speaking people, unlike Chinese, will accept compliment. Therefore, they think it is inappropriate to show false humility, or pretended modesty.3.8 Privacy and taboosAlthough people of different culture have many common areas of privacy or taboos, there are also areas where our culture differs from western culture. As the sa ying goes “A man’s home is high value on privacy. It is not appropriate for us to ask questions about personal information like age, family background, salary, or questions on personal activities. It is advisable we shouldnot talk about such things, when conversing with English –speaking people unless they indicate clearly that they do not mind or they talk about them first themselves. Some of these questions are listed below:How old are you?What are your wages?How much do you earn?You make a lot of mo ney, don’t you?What’s you name?How much did that pair of shoes cost you?Moreover, we should be careful to avoid expressions related sexual intercourse, some organ of human body, four-letter words and racism etc.In China when two people first meet each other, they will ask many questions to each other. After three minutes, they will know each other very well. They have got much privacy information clearly from each other. Include family situation, individual condition. This also is the different cultural context which both sides locates is having an effect. The English beautiful women pay great attention to individual privacy specially. They thought individual matter shouldn’t let others know. And they wouldn’t others to intervene. Since 1100 years Chines e people live in a village near to each other and contact each other very often. So their privacy affair was difficult to let other persons know. Therefore they very are willing to understand others good and bad in life, others also want honestly to consider.3.9 Culture –relate idioms, proverbs and metaphorsDifferent languages may reflect different culture, different cultures entail different language expressions. Idioms, proverbs and saying and metaphors in different languages, derived from different origins, also demonstrate cultural differences. Different languages may have different idioms owing to different living environments, social conventions and literature tradition etc. A constellation of examples could be picked up from different levels of language analysis to illustrate the interplay of language and culture.When you get your hands dirty, it does not necessarily mean in the American culture that you have done some manual work and need to wash your hand.When you have enough dumbbells, it does not necessarily mean that you keep pair if this instrument for regular physical practices.Another example that since English people view dog as human being’s best friend, we can find more English people view dog as human being’s best friend, we can find more English expressions with dog than in Chinese.Luck dog: a luck personClever dog: a clever boy or smart ladDumb dog: silent person or a person who keeps secretsLead a dog’s life: to live an exhausted and unhappy lifePut on the dog: put in airAnd some proverbs and saying with dogs are listed as fellows.Every dog has his day.Dog does not eat dog.Give a dog an ill name and hang him.Barking dogs seldom bite.Beware of a silent dog and still water.Love me, love my dog.As to metaphor, we can easi ly find that in Chinese anger id compared with “liquid” or “qiti” as in “wo qi si le”(I am anger to death)while in English anger is more compared with “fire” as in “he is outraged.” “His face turned red with anger.” “She lost her temper.”, to mention just a few.3.10 Color wordThere are many color words in our language, such as red, white, black, yellow, purple and so forth, which are used frequently. In the first place, I’d like to introduce the common usages of the color words.English abounds with phrases containing color words. Colors may convey different messages to people of different cultures. Due to the respective cultural background and tradition, some phrases containing color words have far surpassed their original meanings, forming different connotations.What does see red mean? If he is in a blue mood, what kind of mood is he in? Is he happy, sad, or what? Obviously, red and blue do not mean just the color. Each has additional meanings-certain cultural associations-that are hidden behind the word. The following part will be devoted to the discussion of cultural differences of certain color words.In both Chinese and English, red is usually associated with happy occasions. On calendar,。