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Lesson 6N omenclature of Inorganic Chemistry（无机命名法则）The IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is a systematic method of naming inorganic chemical compounds, as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Ideally, every inorganic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous formula can be determined.译文：无机化学国际纯粹与应用化学联合会命名法是国际纯粹与应用化学联合会（IUPAC）推荐的系统命名无机化合物。
理想上，每一个无机化合物都应该有一个从中可确定的名称的明确的法则。
The names "caffeine" and "3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione" both signify the same chemical. The systematic name encodes the structure and composition of the caffeine molecule in some detail, and provides an unambiguous reference to this compound, whereas the name "caffeine" just names it. These advantages make the systematic name far superior to the common name when absolute clarity and precision are required. However, for the sake of brevity, even professional chemists will use the non-systematic name almost all of the time, because caffeine is a well-known common chemical with a unique structure. Similarly, H2O is most often simply called water in English, though other chemical names do exist.译文：名称“咖啡因”和“3,7 -二氢- 1 ,3,7 -三甲基氢嘌呤- 2 ,6 -二酮”描述着同样的化学物质。
无机物英文命名法则知识讲解无机物英文命名法则Unit 3 The Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds一、元素与单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。
因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。
下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。
IAH Hydrogen [?ha?dr?d??n] 氢Li Lithium [?l?θi?m] 锂Na Sodium [?sodi?m] 钠K Potassium [p?'t?s??m] 钾Rb Rubidium [ru?b?di?m] 铷Cs Cesium ['si:z??m] 铯Fr Francium [?fr?nsi?m] 钫IIABe Beryllium [b??r?li?m] 铍Mg Magnesium [m?g?ni:zi?m] 镁Ca Calcium [?k?lsi?m] 钙Sr Strontium [?strɑnti?m] 锶Ba Barium [?be?ri?m] 钡Ra Radium [?redi?m] 镭IIIAB Boron ['b?:rɑ:n] 硼Al Aluminium [??lj??m?ni?m] 铝Ga Gallium [?ɡ?li?m] 稼In Indium ['?nd??m] 铟Tl Thallium [?θ?li?m] 铊IV AC Carbon ['kɑ:b?n] 碳Si Silicon [?s?l?k?n] 硅Ge Germanium [dmeni?m] 锗Sn Tin [t?n] 锡Pb Lead [lid] 铅V AN Nitrogen [?na?tr?d??n] 氮P Phosphorus [?f?sf?r?s] 磷As Arsenic [?ɑ:sn?k] 砷Sb Antimony [??nt?m?ni] 锑Bi Bismuth [?b?zm?θ]铋VIAO Oxygen [??ks?d??n] 氧S Sulfur ['s?lf?] 硫Se Selenium [s??lini?m] 硒Te Tellurium [te?lj??ri?m] 碲Po Polonium [p??l??ni?m] 钋VIIAF Fluorine [?fl?:ri:n] 氟Cl Chlorine [?kl?:ri:n] 氯Br Bromine [?br??mi:n] 溴I Iodine [?a??di:n] 碘At Astatine [??st?ti:n] 砹He Helium [?hi:li?m] 氦Ne Neon [?ni:ɑ:n] 氖Ar Argon [?ɑ:rgɑ:n] 氩Kr Krypton [?kr?ptɑ:n] 氪Xe Xenon [?zenɑ:n] 氙Rn Radon [?re?dɑ:n] 氡常见过渡金属Fe iron [?a??rn] 铁Cu copper [?k?p?] 铜Hg mercury [?m?:kj?ri] 汞Au gold [g??ld] 金Mn manganese [?m??g?ni:z] 锰Zn zinc [z??k] 锌Ag silver [?s?lv?] 银单质名称H atomic hydrogen [??t?mik ?haidr?d??n] monohydrogen [m?n??'ha?dr?d??n]O2 oxygen [??ks?d??n] dioxygen [da?'?ks?d??n]O3 ozone [z??n] trioxygenP4 phosphorus tetraphosphorus ['tetr??f?sf?r?s]二、阳离子1.单价阳离子单价阳离子直呼其名，即读其元素名称。
Inorganic Chemical Teaching Materials 小组成员：林梅莹、黄旋燕、李淑妍、赖家雄、张锦捷Chapter ⅠInorganic Chemical Terms(无机化学术语)Part 1 periodic table （周期表）这是一个元素周期表，最下边的这两行第一个是Lanthanide Series (镧系)，第二个是Actinide Series (钶系)。
The periodic table groups the elements in order of increasing atomic(原子)number in such a way that elements with simialr properties （性质）fall near each other.元素周期表是按照原子数的增加把性质相似的元素排列在一起的。
As the atomic number increases ,the number of electrons（电子）in eachatom also increases.当元素的原子数增加时，每个原子里的电子数也会随之增加。
The elements in a single vertical（垂直）column（纵行）in the periodic table are referred to as members of a group or family.（族）A horizontal（水平）row in the periodic table is called a period.（周期）我们会把元素周期表里的一个垂直纵行叫做族，而水平行的叫周期。
同一个族或者是同一个周期的元素都有相似的性质。
The periodic table have 18 groups and 7 periods.元素同期表还可以分为五个区，有S区、P区、ds区、d区和f区。
Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds无机化合物的命名（Prefix词头,前缀Suffix词尾,后缀Stem词根）1.Trivial Names俗名H2O water不说dihydrogen oxideNH3 ammonia不说nitrogen trihydrideCaO quicklimeCaCO3 limestone2.Systematic Nomenclature系统命名1)Oxide氧化物——先命名非氧元素ZnOzinc oxideCaO calcium oxideCO carbon oxideNa2O2 sodium peroxideH2O2hydrogen peroxide 注：peroxide过氧化物2)Hydroxide氢氧化物（base碱）Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxideKOH potassium hydroxide3)Acid酸Hydro acid氢酸General formula通式:HnX 命名：hydro- + stem of X + -ic acid H2S hydrosulfuric acid(英) hydrosulphuric(美) 氢硫酸S:sulfur(英)、sulphur(美) HBr 氢溴酸hydrobromic acidBr: bromine HCl 氢氯酸(盐酸)hydrochloric acidCl: chlorine HF 氢氟酸hydrofluoric acidF: fluorineOxoacid or Oxyacid含氧酸General formula通式:HnXOm 命名：Stem of X + -ic acid 注：oxo- (oxy-) 含氧, 氧代H2SO4 sulfuric acid(英) sulphuric acid(美)H2CO3 carbonic acidH3PO4 phosphoric acid P: phosphorus H3BO3 boric acid B: boron HNO3 nitric acid N: nitrogen If X has two oxidation states：-ic：the higher oxidation state-ous：the lower oxidation stateH2SO4 sulfuric acidH2SO3 sulfurous acid1/5HNO3 nitric acidHNO2 nitrous acidIf X (such as halogens) has more than two oxidation states：halogen卤素per- (过，高) + -ic：the still higher oxidation statehypo- (次,在…下) + -ous：the still lower oxidation stateHClO3 chloric acidHClO2 chlorous acidHClO4 perchloric acidHClO hypochlorous acidHIO hypoiodous acid4)Salt盐General formula通式:MnXm 命名：Name of M stem of X + -ide（-ide…化物）Oxide、chloride、nitride、hydrideKI potassium iodideAl2S3 aluminum sulfideLiH lithium hydrideOxysalt含氧酸盐Name the metal ion first and then the anionNaming anions:-ate anions derived from the -ic acid(the higher oxidation state of X)-ite anions derived from the -ous acid (the lower oxidation state of X)HNO3 nitric acidNaNO3 sodium nitrateHNO2 nitrous acidNaNO2 sodium nitriteSO42- sulfateSO32- sulfiteAgClO4 silver perchlorateNaIO3 sodium iodateKClO2 potassium chloriteKBrO potassium hypobromiteMnO42- manganateMnO4- permanganateAcid salt 酸式盐Using “hydrogen” to specify “H”NaHSO4 sodium hydrogen sulfateNaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphateNa2HPO4 disodium hydrogen phosphate P: phosphorus phosphate磷酸盐(根) Using prefix bi- + name of anion if only one acid salt existsNaHSO4 sodium bisulfateNaHSO3 sodium bisulfiteKHCO3 potassium bicarbonate5)Metals（M）with more than one oxidation state2/5Two methods:①后缀法: 早期使用stem of M + -ic the higher oxidation state of Mstem of M + -ous the lower oxidation state of MHgI2 mercuric iodideHg2I2 mercurous iodide Hg:mercury Cr2+ chromousCr3+ chromic Cr: chromium注：In most cases, Latin stem is used if the metal has symbol derived from itsLatin name.(mercury is an exception)Cu:cuprum (拉丁),copper (英)Cu+ cuprousCu2+ cupricCuI cuprous iodideCuS cupric sulfideSn:stannum (拉丁), tin (英)SnCl2 stannous chlorideSnO2 stannic oxideFe:ferrum (拉丁), iron (英)Fe(OH)2 ferrous hydroxideFeBr3 ferric bromide②IUPAC Rule 1957年开始使用English name of metal(Roman numeral)CuBr copper(I) bromideCuF2 copper(II) fluorideSnO tin(II) oxideSnS2 tin(IV) sulfideFe(NO3)2 iron(II) nitrateFe2(SO4)3 iron(III) sulfateUse Greek prefixes希腊文前缀Mon（o）一di二tri三tetr（a）四pent（a）五hex（a）六hepta七octa八nona九1．to specify the number of each atom in the chemical formula.NO2 nitrogen dioxidePCl5 phosphorus pentachlorideCO2 carbon dioxide2．to specify the number of identical central atoms in condensed acids and their corresponding anions.condensed acid缩酸H3PO4 (mono)phosphoric acidH4P2O7 diphosphoric acid3/5H2SO4 sulfuric acidH2S3O10 trisulfuric acidCrO42- 铬酸盐(根) chromateCr2O72- 重铬酸盐(根)dichromate3. to indicate extent of substitutionPO43- phosphatePS2O23- dithiophosphate thio-硫代…,硫的,含硫的注：The prefixes ortho- and meta- have been used to distinguish acids differingin the “content of water.”ortho- [希腊词头] 正、原（无机酸用）邻（位）（有机化合物命名）meta- [希腊词头] 偏（无机酸用）间（位）（有机化合物命名）ortho-acid 原酸；meta-acid 偏酸H3BO3 orthoboric acid(or boric acid)（原）硼酸(HBO3)n metaboric acid偏硼酸H4SiO4 orthosilicic acid(or silicic acid)原硅酸H2SiO3 metasilicic acid 硅酸（习惯上不叫偏硅酸）H3PO4 orthophosphoric acid (or phosphoric acid)（正）磷酸(HPO3)n metaphosphoric acid 偏磷酸。
Elements(元素)碳carbon氢hydrogen硫sulfur, sulphur氮nitrogen氧oxygen氟fluorine氯chlorine溴bromine碘iodine砷arsenic硅silicon磷phosphorus金gold银silver铁iron钴cobalt镍nickel钒vanadium铜copper铝aluminum, aluminium 钾potassium钠sodium镁magnesium钙calcium铅lead锌zinc铂platinum非含氧酸（尾缀-ic acid）氢氟酸hydrofluoric acid 氢氯酸，盐酸hydrochloric acid氢溴酸hydrobromic acid氢碘酸hydroiodic acid氢硫酸hydrosulfuric acid含氧某酸（尾缀-ic acid）碳酸carbonic acid硝酸nitric acid硫酸sulfuric acid磷酸phosphoric acid硼酸boric acid硫代硫酸thiosulfuric acid氯酸chloric acid溴酸bromic acid碘酸iodic acid铬酸chromic acid重铬酸dichromic acid含氧亚某酸（尾缀-ous acid）亚硝酸nitrous acid亚硫酸sulfurous acid亚磷酸phosphorous acid亚硼酸borous acid亚氯酸chlorous acid亚溴酸bromous acid含氧次某酸（前缀hypo-, 尾缀-ous acid）次磷酸hypophosphorous acid次氯酸hypochlorous acid次溴酸hypobromous acid次碘酸hypoiodous acid次硝酸nitroxylic acid次硫酸sulfoxylic acid含氧偏某酸（前缀meta-, 尾缀-ic acid）偏硼酸metaboric acid偏磷酸metaphosphoric acid偏硅酸metasilicic acid偏钒酸metavanadic acid含氧高某酸（前缀per-, 尾缀-ic acid）高氯酸perchloric acid高碘酸periodic acid高锰酸permanganic acid高铁酸ferric acid无机酸对应的盐（以-ic acid结尾的，-ate；以-ous acid结尾的，-ite）硫酸钠sodium sulfate亚硫酸钠sodium sulfite次硫酸钠sodium sulfoxylate次磷酸钠sodium hypophosphite偏磷酸钠sodium metaphosphateThe nomenclature of inorganic substances（无机物的命名）某化物（尾缀-ide）氧化物oxide硫化物sulfide氮化物nitride碳化物carbide氢氧化物hydroxide氟化物fluoride氯化物chloride溴化物bromide碘化物iodide氧化物一氧化碳carbon monoxide二氧化碳carbon dioxide二氧化硫sulfur dioxide三氧化硫sulfur trioxide五氧化二氮dinitrogen pentoxide氧化铜copper oxide, cupric oxide, copper monoxide氧化亚铜cuprous oxide, copper(I) oxide, copper hemioxide氧化铁iron oxide, ferric oxide 氧化亚铁ferrous oxide硫化物硫化氢hydrogen sulfide 二硫化碳carbon disulfide硫化钠sodium sulfide氧化亚铁ferrous sulfide氯化物氯化氢hydrogen chloride四氯化碳carbon tetrachloride,tetrachloromethane氯仿，三氯甲烷trichloromethane, chloroform氯化钠sodium chloride氯化铵ammonium chloride氯化铝aluminium chloride,aluminium trichloride氯化银silver chloride氯化亚铁ferrous chloride,iron(II) chloride, irondichloride氢氧化物氢氧化钠sodium hydroxide氢氧化铝aluminium hydroxide氢氧化镁magnesium hydroxide氢氧化铜cupric hydroxide, copperhydroxide, copper(II)hydroxideNomenclature of derivative（命名的衍生）醇（尾缀-ol, ~ alcohol）甲醇methanol, methyl alcohol乙醇ethanol, ethyl alcohol2-丙醇2-propanol1,3-丁二醇1,3-butanediol1,2,3-丁三醇1,3-butanetriol1,2-乙二醇1,2-ethanediol,glycol, ethylene glycol醚（~ ether）甲醚methyl ether乙醚ethyl ether异丙醚isopropyl ether叔丁醚tert-butyl ether甲乙醚methyl ethyl ether二苯醚diphenyl ether醛（~ aldehyde, 尾缀-al）甲醛methanal, formaldehyde乙醛ethanal, acetic aldehyde丙醛propanal, propyl aldehyde丁醛butyl aldehyde, butanal戊醛pentanal, valeraldehyde己醛hexanal, hexaldehyde苯甲醛benaldehyde, benzoicaldehyde酮（~ ketone, 尾缀-one）丙酮propanone, acetone丁酮butanone, methyl ethyl ketone戊酮pentanone, methyl propyl ketone2,4-己二酮2,4-hexanedione 1,4-环己二酮1,4-cyclohexanedione羧酸（尾缀-ic acid）甲酸methanoic acid, formic acid乙酸ethanoic acid, acetic acid 丙酸propanoic acid, propionic acid, ethylformic acid异丁酸i-butanoic acid, isobutyric acid, 2-methyl…戊二酸pentanedioic acid苯甲酸benzoic acid苯乙酸phenylacetic acid苯丙酸benzenepropanoic acid 对氯苯丙酸p-chlorophenyl propionic acid,p-chlorobenzenepropanoic acid 对羟基苯乙酸p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid羧酸盐（~ ester, 尾缀-ate）甲酸乙酯ethyl formate乙酸异丙酯isopropyl acetate 丙酸钙calcium propionate丁酸丁酯butyl butanate, butylbutyrate苯甲酸乙酯benzoic acid ethylester, ethyl benzoate异丁酸钠sodium isobutyrate酚（尾缀-ol）苯酚phenol1,3-苯二酚1,3-benzenediol,1,3-dihydroxybenzene1,2,4-苯三酚1,2,4-benzenetriol邻、间、对- ortho-, meta-, para-萘酚naphthol醇与酚的盐（尾缀-olate）甲醇钠sodium methanolate乙醇钾potassium ethanolate三异丙醇铝aluminumtriisopropanolate苯酚钠sodium phenolateNomenclature ofHydrocarbon（烃的命名）Meth：1Eth：2Prop：3But：4Pent：5Hex：6Hept：7Oct：8Non：9Dec：10正构normal, n-异构isomery, iso-, i-伯primary, pri-仲secondary, sec-叔tertiary, tert-季quaternary, quat-正丁基normal butyl, n-butyl异丁基isomery butyl, iso-butyl仲丁基secondary butyl,sec-butyl叔丁基tertiary butyl, tert-butyl叔戊基tertiary pentyl,tert-pentyl二甲基dimethyl三甲基trimethyl四甲基tetramethyl五乙基pentaethyl六丙基hexapropyl三叔丁基tri-tertbutyl二异丁基di-isobutyl烯烃（尾缀-ene）乙烯ethene, ethylene丙烯propene, propylene丁烯butene, butylene异丁烯iso-butene2-丁烯2-butene戊烯pentene2,4-二甲基-2-己烯2,4-dimethyl-2-hexene多烯烃（尾缀-adiene, -atriene）1,3-丁二烯1,3-butadiene1,4-戊二烯1,4-pentadiene2-甲基- 1,3-戊二烯2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene2-甲基-1,3,5-庚三烯2-methyl-1,3,5-heptatriene乙炔ethyne丙炔propyne2-丁炔2-butyne4-甲基-2-戊炔4-methyl-2-pentyne环丙烷cyclopropane环己烷cyclohexane甲基环戊烷methyl-cyclopentane3-甲基环己烯3-methyl-cyclohexene1,4-环己二烯1,4-cyclohexadiene2-甲基-1,3-环己二烯2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene Petroleum refining(石油炼制)原油蒸馏petroleum distillation热转化thermal conversion催化裂化catalytic cracking催化加氢catalytichydroprocessing催化重整catalytic reforming气体加工gas processing油品精制oil refining原油蒸馏过程闪蒸flash distillation初馏primary distillation常压蒸馏atmospheric distillation减压蒸馏vacuum distillation闪蒸塔flasher, flashdistillation column, flash(ing)tower初馏塔primary distillationtower, primary fractionator常压塔atmospherictower/column减压塔vacuum tower/column汽提塔stripping tower, stripper再沸器reboiler加热炉heater, heating furnace换热器heat-exchanger热转化过程热裂化thermal cracking减粘裂化visbreaking蒸汽裂解steam pyrolysis焦化/焦炭化coking延迟焦化delayed coking, DC流化焦化fluid coking灵活焦化flexicoking焦化反应器coker, cokingreactor焦化汽油coker gasoline焦化柴油coker diesel焦化蜡油coker gas oil, CGO催化裂化过程流化催化裂化fluid catalyticcracking, FCC提升管反应器riser再生器regenerator沉降器disengager汽提段stripper zone催化裂化装置catalyticcracking unit催化裂化汽油FCC gasoline,catalytic gasoline催化裂化柴油FCC diesel催化裂化油浆FCC slurry裂化催化剂cracking catalyst催化剂失活deactivation ofcatalyst催化剂再生regeneration ofcatalyst待生催化剂spent catalyst再生催化剂regenerated catalyst催化加氢过程加氢处理hydrotreating, hydrotreatment加氢裂化hydrocracking加氢精制hydrofining加氢脱硫hydrodesulfurization, HDS加氢脱硫hydrodenitrogenation, HDN加氢脱氧hydrodeoxygenation, HDO加氢脱金属hydrodementallization, HDM加氢脱芳hydrodearomatization加氢异构hydroisomerization 部分加氢partial hydrogenation 选择性加氢selective hydrogenation循环氢recycle hydrogen补充氢make-up hydrogen新氢fresh hydrogen高压分离器high pressure separator低压分离器low pressure separator循环压缩机recycle compressor 催化重整过程重整装置/器reformer重整汽油reformed gasoline,reformate芳烃抽提aromatic extraction脱氢环化dehydrocyclization重整催化剂reforming catalyst气体加工过程烷基化alkylation碳四烷基化isobutanealkylation烷基化油alkylate醚化etherification聚合polymerization异构化isomerization油品精制过程溶剂精制solventrefining/treating溶剂精制油solvent-refined oil加氢精制hydrofining萃取脱硫desulfurization byextraction溶剂脱蜡solvent dewaxing溶剂脱沥青过程溶剂脱沥青solvent deasphalting脱沥青油deasphalted oil, DAO脱油沥青deoiled asphalt, DOA丙烷脱沥青propane deasphalting超临界溶剂脱沥青supercritical solventdeasphalting加工过程分类脱碳carbon rejection加氢hydrogen additionUnit1. The roots of chemistry（化学的起源）Atomism: 原子学说，原子论Derived from: 由…而来，起源于Be familiar with: 熟悉Be traced back: 追踪Bronze: 青铜Consist of: 由…组成Cube: 立方体Flammable: 易燃物，可燃的Geometry: 几何Mercury: 水银，汞Metric: 公制的Molecule: 分子Particle: 微粒，粒子Speculation: 思索，推测Theorem: 定理，原则Treatise: 论述，论文Benzene: 苯Isomer: 异构体Unit 6. the periodic table（元素周期表）Proton: 质子Electron: 电子Neutron: 中子Isotope: 同位素Element: 元素Indicate: 指出Periodicity: 周期性Tabulate: 制表V ertical: 垂直的Unit 7. acids, bases and salts （酸、碱、盐）Acid 酸Base 碱Salt 盐Citric acid 柠檬酸Lactic acid 乳酸Sour 酸性的Vinegar 醋Hydrochloric HCl Hydrogen 氢Carbon dioxide CO2Ion 离子Cation 阳离子Anion 阴离子Polar极性Hydronium水合氢离子Neutralization reaction 中和反应Alkaline 碱溶液Hydroxide OH-Unit 8. Chemical Bonds(化学键)Compound化合物Bond化学键—Ionic bond离子键—Covalent bond共价键—Polar covalent bond极性共价键Fiber纤维Cation (cat-ion) 阳离子Anion (ann-ion) 阴离子Nucleus原子核toxic有毒的affinity亲和力Unit 9. Chemical Kinetics:Basic concepts化学动力学：基本概念Kinetics 动力学Equilibrium (-bria)平衡Dynamic动态Forward reaction正向反应Reverse reaction逆向反应Reaction mechanism反应机理Activation energy活化能Rate of reaction反应速率Rate equation速率方程Concentration浓度Partial pressure分压Rate-determining step速率控制步骤Combustion燃烧Pre-exponential factor指前因子Reciprocal倒数Free energy自由能Enthalpy焓Entropy熵Parameter参数Differential微分Integrate整合Coefficient系数Unit 17. Crystallisation（晶体）Saturate饱和Supersaturate过饱和Solute溶质Solvent溶剂Solution溶液Solubility溶解度Yield产率Evaporation蒸发Labile不安定的metastable亚稳态Isomorphous同形的Homologues同族体Magma乳浆剂Diluent稀释剂Precipitant沉淀剂Unit 19. Solvent Extraction （溶剂萃取）Funnel 漏斗Chelates 螯合物Association 配位化合物Chromatography 色谱Terms 术语Hydrophilic 亲水性Hydrophobic 憎水性Electrostatic 静电Unit 21. Reactor Types（反应器类型）均相反应homogeneous reaction非均相反应heterogeneous reaction吸热反应endothermic reaction放热反应exothermic reaction 基元反应elementary reaction 宏观反应macroscopic reaction 微观反应microscopic reaction 分子反应molecular reaction 可逆反应reversible reaction不可逆反应irreversible reaction,non-reversible reaction主反应main reaction副反应side reaction理想反应ideal reaction非理想反应non-ideal reaction一次反应primary reaction二次反应secondary reaction简单反应simple reaction复杂反应complex reaction平行反应parallel reaction顺序反应sequential reaction歧化反应disproportionationreaction氧化反应oxidation reaction还原反应reduction reaction加成反应addition reaction重排反应rearrangementreaction裂化反应cracking reaction链/连锁反应chain reaction反应动力学reaction kinetics反应速率reaction rate快速反应quick reaction慢反应slow reaction瞬间反应instant reaction反应级数reaction order一级反应first order reaction二级反应second order reaction准/拟一级反应pseudo-firstorder reaction零级反应zero order reaction活化能activation energy频率因子，指前因子frequencyfactor, pre-exponential factor反应速率常数reaction rateconstant表观活化能apparentactivation energy阿累尼乌斯Arrheniusequation反应温度reaction temperature反应时间reaction time反应压力reaction pressure反应物浓度reactantconcentration原料转化率conversion of feed反应选择性reaction selectivity反应机理reaction mechanism反应途径reaction pathway自由基free radical正碳离子carbonium ion气相反应gas phase reaction气-液反应gas-liquid reaction气-液-固反应gas-liquid-solidreaction液-液反应liquid-liquidreaction平推流/活塞流piston/plugflow reactor全混流perfect mixing flow串联反应器reactors in series 并联反应器reactors in parallel 连续搅拌反应釜/槽式反应器continuous stirred tank reactor, CSTR固定床反应器fixed bed reactor流化床fluidized/fluid bed固定流化床confined fluidized bed移动床moving bed鼓泡床ebullated bed悬浮床/浆态床slurry/suspension bed滴流床trickle bed快速床fast bed输送床transport bed管式反应器tubular reactor塔式反应器column/tower reactorUnit operations（单元操作）传质过程蒸馏distillation吸收absorption吸附adsorption萃取extraction离子交换ion exchange膜分离membrane separation 传热过程换热heat exchange/transfer蒸发evaporation, vaporization传质、传热过程干燥dry, drying, desiccation 结晶crystallization增湿humidification减湿dehumidification动量传递沉降sedimentation, settlement 过滤filtration, filtering搅拌stir, agitate, mixing流态化fluidization塔类型气泡塔bubble column喷雾塔spray tower填料塔packed/filled column 板式塔plate/tray tower。
The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substance You will meet compounds in this text and will learn their name as you go along. However, it is useful from the outset to know something about how to form their names. Many compounds were given common names before their compositions were known. Common names include water, salt, sugar, ammonia, and quartz. A systematic name, on the other hand, reveals which elements are present and,in some cases, how their atoms are arranged.The systematic name of table salt, for instance,is sodium chloride, which indicates at once that it is a compound of sodium and chlorine. The systematic naming of compounds, which is called chemical nomenclature, follows a set of rules, so that the name of each compound need not be memorized, only the rules.Names of CationsThe names of monatomic cations are the same as the name of the element, with the addition of the word ion, as in sodium ion for Na+. When an element can form more than one kind of cation, such as Cu+ and Cu2+ from copper, we use the Stock number, a Roman numeral equal to the charge of the cation. Thus, Cu+ is a copper (Ⅰ) ion and Cu2+ is a copper (Ⅱ) ion. Similarly, Fe2+ is an iron (Ⅱ) ion and Fe3+ is an iron (Ⅲ) ion. Most transition metals form more than one kind of ion, so it is usually necessary to include a Stock number in the names of their compounds.An older system of nomenclature is still in use. For example, some cations were once denoted by the endings –ous and –ic for the ions with lower and higher charges, respectively. In this system, iron (Ⅱ) ions are called ferrous ions and iron (Ⅲ) ions are called ferric ions.Names of AnionsMonatomic anions are named by adding the suffix –ide and the word ion to the first part of the name of the element ( the “stem”of its name ). There is no need to give the charge, because most elements that form monatomic anions form only one kind of ion.The ions formed by the halogens are collectively called halide ions and includefluoride (F-), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), and iodide ions (I-).The names of oxoanions are formed by adding the suffix –ate to the stem of the name of the element that is not oxygen, as in the carbonate ion, CO32-. However, many elements can form a variety of oxoanions with different numbers of oxygen atoms; nitrogen, for example, forms both NO2- and NO3-. In such cases, the ion with the larger number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix –ate, and that with the smaller number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix –ite. Thus, NO2- is nitrate and NO3- is nitrite.Some elements-particularly take for the halogens—form more than two oxoanions. The name of the oxoanion with the smallest number of oxygen atoms is formed by adding the prefix hypo- to the –ite form of the name, as in the hypochlorite ion, ClO-. The oxoanion with a higher number of oxygen atoms than the –ate oxoanion is named with the prefix per- added to the –ate form of the name.An example is the perchlorate ion, ClO4-.Some anions include hydrogen, such as HS-and HCO3-. The names of these anions begin with “hydrogen”. Thus, HCO3-is the hydrogen carbonate ion.In an older system of nomenclature, an anion containing a hydrogen atom was named with the prefix bi-, as in bicarbonate ion for HCO3-.The oxoacids are molecular compounds that can be regarded as the parents of the oxoanions. The formulas of oxoacids are derived from those of the corresponding oxoanions by adding enough hydrogen ions to balance the charges. This procedure is only a formal way of building the chemical formula, because oxoacids are all molecular compounds.For example, the sulfate ion, SO42-, needs two H+ions to cancel its negative charge, so sulfuric acid is the molecular compound H2SO4.Similarly, the phosphate ion, PO43-, needs these H+ ions, so its parent acid is the molecular compound H3PO4, phosphoric acid.As these examples illustrate, the names of the parent oxoacids are derived from those of the corresponding oxoanions by replacing the –ate suffix with –ic acid. In general, -ic oxoacids are the parents of –ate oxoanions and –ous oxoacids are the parents of –ite oxoanions.Names of Ionic CompoundsAn ionic compound is named with the cation name first, followed by the name of the anion;the word ion is omitted in each case. Typical names include potassium chloride (KCl),a compound containing K+and Cl-ions, and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), which contains NH4+and NO3-ions. The copper chloride that contains Cu+ions (CuCl) is called copper (Ⅰ) chloride, and the chloride that contains Cu2+ ions (CuCl2) is called copper (Ⅱ) chloride.Some ionic compounds form crystals that incorporate a definite proportion of molecules of water as well as the ions of the compound itself.These compounds are called hydrates. For example, copper (Ⅱ) sulfate normally occurs as blue crystals of composition CuSO4·5H2O. The raised dot in this formula is used to separate the water of hydration from the rest of the formula. This formula indicates that there are five H2O molecules for each CuSO4 formula unit. Hydrates are named by first giving the name of the compound, then adding the word hydrate with a Greek prefix indicating how many molecules of water are found in each formula unit. For example, the name of CuSO4·5H2O is copper (Ⅱ) sulfate pentahydrate.Names of Molecular CompoundsMany simple molecular compounds are named by using the Greek prefixes to indicate the number of each type of atom present. Usually, no prefix is used if only one atom of an element is present; an important exception to this rule is carbon monoxide, CO. Most of the common binary molecular compounds—molecular compounds built from two elements—have at least one element from Group 16 or 17. These elements are named second, with their endings changed to –ide.phosphorus trichloride PCl3 dinitrogen oxide N2Osulfur hexafluoride SF6 dinitrogen pentocxide N2O5Metals with Ions of Only One ChargeIt is not difficult to recognize metals with only one charge because all except oneare in two groups in the periodic table (There are also several transition metals that form only one cation charge, but they are not included in this discussion.). Representative element metals in GroupⅠA (alkali metals) form +1 cations exclusively. Likewise, the metals in Group ⅡA (alkaline earth metals) form +2 ions exclusively.Aluminum in Group ⅢA form +3 ion exclusively, but other metals in this group also form a +1 ion. When present in metal-nonmetal binary compounds, the nonmetals form -1 one type of anion. Hydrogen and Group ⅦA (halogens) form -1 ions, Group ⅥA elements forms -2 ions, and N and P in Group ⅤA form -3 ions.In both naming and writing the formula for a binary ionic compound, the metal comes first and the nonmetal second. The unchanged English name of the metal is used. (if a metal cation is named alone, the word “ion”is also included to distinguish it from the free metal.) The name of the anion includes only the English root plus ide. For example, chlorine as an anion is named chloride and oxygen as an anion is named oxide. So the names for NaCl and CuO are as follows.Formula Metal Nonmetal Compound nameNaCl sodium chlorine sodium chlorideCaO calcium oxygen calcium oxideWriting formulas from names can be a somewhat more challenging task since we must then determine the number of each element present in the formula. What is important to remember is that the formulas represent neutral compounds where the positive and negative charges add to zero. In other words, the total positive charge is cancelled by the total negative charge. Thus, NaCl is neutral because one Na+is balanced by one Cl- [i.e.,+1+(-1)=0] and CaO is neutral because one Ca2+ is balanced by one O2- [i.e.,+2+(-2)=0].The formula for magnesium chloride, however, requires two Cl- ions to balance the one Mg2+ ion, so it is written as MgCl2.Naming Compounds with polyatomic IonsMost of us are somewhat familiar with names of polyatomic ions. We use bicarbonates and carbonates for indigestion, as well as sulfites and nitrites to preserve foods.Most of the compounds containing polyatomic ions are ionic, as were the compounds discussed in the previous section. Thus we follow essentially the same rules as before. That is, the metal is written and named first. If the metal forms more than one cation, the charge on the cation is shown in parentheses. The polyatomic anion is then named or written.In many cases, the anions are composed of oxygen and one other element. Thus these anions are called oxyanions. When there are two oxyanions of the same element (e.g., SO42-and SO32-), they, of course, have different names. The anion with the smaller number of oxygens uses the root of the element plus ite. The one with the higher number uses the root plus ate.SO32-sulfiteSO42-sulfateThere are four oxyanions containing Cl. The middle two are named as before. The one with one less oxygen than the chlorite has a prefix of hypo. The one with one more oxygen than chlorate has a prefix of per.ClO-hypochloriteClO2-chloriteClO3-chlorateClO4-perchlorateCertain anions are composed of more than one atom but behave similar to monatomic anions in many of their chemical reactions.。
