胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(语音)【圣才出品】

Unit 1 invitations to linguistics1.Design features of language:The design features: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals●Arbitrariness➢The absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer. / The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationshipto their meaning.✓Arbitrariness relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning.(e.g. murmurous / murderous)✓Arbitrariness at the syntactic levelFunctionalists hold that the most strictly arbitrary level of language existed inthe distinctive units of sounds by which we distinguish pairs of words like pinand bin, or fish and dish.(e.g. As the night fell, the wind rose.)✓Arbitrariness and conventionConvention: it is an idiom------it is a convention to say things like this way.(When in Rome, do as romans do.)●Duality:➢The structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (words and phrase) and meaningless segments(sound and letters)➢The secondary units are meaningless and the primary units are meaningful.✓Traffic light system does not have duality: it cannot be divided into meaningless units, so it only has primary level like animals.➢ A large number of meaningful units can be formed out of a small number of elements----productive power.●Creativity➢The speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard.➢It’s potential to create endless sentences. (recursiveness)●DisplacementThe ability of language enable their users symbolize objects, events an d concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.2.Origin of language●The “bow-bow” theory: imitating of animal calls in wild environment●The “pooh-pooh” theory: they utter instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy.●The “yo-he-yo” theory: as primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmicgrunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.3.Functions of language：●Informative function: to tell and to give something out●Interpersonal function: (人际功能) by which people establish and maintain their status ina society.➢For example, the way in which people address others and refer to themselves.Dear Sir……●Performative function: the performative function of language is primarily to change thesocial status of persons, such as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals andcursing of enemies●Emotive function: (also called expressive function) uttered without any purpose ofcommunicating to others, but essentially a verbal response to a person’s own feeling.●Phatic communion:➢It refers to social interaction of language.➢Broadly speaking it refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations, such as slangs, jokes, jargon…….●Recreational function: The use of language for hearty joy of using it.●Metalingual function:➢Our language can be used to talk about itself. (self-reflexive) we human beings can talk about talking and can think about thinking.➢For example: To be honest, to make a long story short, in a word.4.Main branches of linguistics:●PhoneticsIt studies speech sound, including the production of speech, the description andclassification of speech sounds, words and connected speech……●Phonology➢It is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning.➢It studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and shape of syllables.●Morphology➢It is concerned with the internal organization of words.➢For example: The dog sees the rabbit. In English, different order gives different meaning. However, in Latin and also in Russian, dog and rabbit take on somemorphological endings depending on whether they are subject or object. So, differentsentence order did not change its meaning.●Syntax➢It is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences.➢For example:✓The children watched [the firework from the hill].✓The children watched [the firework] [from the hill].●Semantics➢Examine how meaning is encoded in a language.➢It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below words and above it, such as meaning of morphemes and sentences.●PragmaticsThe study of meaning in context.5.Macrolinguistics●Psycholinguistics (心理语言学)It investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producingutterances and in language acquisition for example.●Sociolinguistics （社会语言学）It is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of theirfunctions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact andchange within a speech community.●Anthropological linguistics （人类语言学）Anthropological linguist are concerned with the emergence of language and also thedivergence of language over thousands of years.●Computational linguistics （计算机语言学）The use of computers to process or produce human language.6.Important distinctions in linguistics●Descriptive and descriptive➢The distinction lies in prescribing how things are and how things ought to be.➢Descriptive:✓To make an objective and systematic account of patterns and use of a language or variety.✓People don’t say X.➢Prescriptive:✓To make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language.✓Don’t say X●Synchronic and diachronic➢Synchronic (共时)✓Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” of time.✓For example: the structure of Shakespeare’s English.➢Diachronic （历时）✓Said of the study of development of language and languages over time.✓For example: Pejorative sense development in English●Langue and parole➢Langue✓The language system shared by a “speech community”➢Parole✓The concrete utterances of a speaker.●Competence and performance➢Competence✓Unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language.➢Performance✓The language actually used by people in speaking and writing.Unit 2 phonetics and phonology1.The major branches of phonetics:●Articulatory phoneticsThe study of production of speech sounds●Auditory phoneticsIt studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, that is, the sound perceived by thehearer.●Acoustic phoneticsIt studies the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.2.Speech organs●Inside the throat: pharynx and larynx●Inside the oral cavity: upper lip, upper teeth, the alveolar ridge, the hard palate and thesoft palate, and the uvula.●The bottom part of the mouth contains the lower lip, lower teeth, the tongue and themandible(下颔).●In phonetics: the tongue is divided into five parts: the tip, the blade, the front, the backand the root.●In phonology: the tongue is divided into coronal(tip and blade), dorsal(front and back)and radical(root)3.Manner of articulation (a picture is added here)●Stops:The sound is produced when the obstruction is complete, and the sound is produced whenthe obstruction audibly released and the air passing out against.●NasalsThe sound is produced by lowing the soft palate and the air pass through the nose.●Fricatives:It refers to sound produced when an obstruction is partial and the air is forced through anarrow passage in the mouth, so as to cause definite local frication at the point.●AffricativesIt refers to the sound produced when obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly withthe frication resulting from partial obstruction.●ApproximantsOne articulator is close to another but without the vocal tract narrow to cause a turbulent.●LateralsThe obstruction of airstream is at a point along the center of oral tract, with incompleteclosure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth.●TrillIt is produced when an articulator is set vibrating by air stream, such as /r/ in red.●TapWhen the tongue makes a single tap against the alveolar ridge to produce only one vibrate.●FlapIt is produced when the tip of the tongue curled up and back in a retroflex gesture an thenstriking the roof of the mouth in the post-alveolar region as it returns to its position behindthe lower front teeth.4.Place of articulation:It refers to wherein the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing or the obstruction of the air.5.Vowels:V owels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.6.The criteria of the vowel ( a picture is added here)●The height of the tongue raising: high, mid, low●The position of highest part of the tongue: front, central, back●The length or tenseness of the tongue: long or short; tense or lax●The shape of the lips: rounded and unrounded7.Monophthongs diphthongs and tripthongs●They are those pure vowels with unchanging quality●If a single movement from one element of the tongue is involved, the combining vowel iscalled diphthongs●If two movements from one element to second, from the second to the third of the tongueis involved, the combining vowel is called tripthongs.8.CoarticulationIt refers to the process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations when sounds show the influence of their neighbors.●Anticipatory coarticulation: the sound becomes more like the following sound, such as inthe case lamb●Preservative coarticulation: the sound becomes more like the preceding sound, such as inthe case of map9.Narrow transcription and broad transcription:●Narrow transcription: we try to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including eventhe minutest shades of pronunciation. It contains a set of diacritics.10.Phonological theory:●Minimal pairs➢When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment in the same place in strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair ➢For example, pin and pen; tip and tap●Phone, phoneme, and allophones➢Phone: it is a basic unit of phonetic study, and it is a minimal sound segment that human speech organs can produce.➢Phoneme: it is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features. For example, /t/ /d/……➢The different realization of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, [p h]●Complementary distribution➢When two or more than two allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguishen meaning and never occur in the same context, then the allophones are said to be incomplementary distribution.➢[p] and [p h]; [l] and [l]●Free variation➢If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution for another does not produce a different word form, but merely adifferent pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.➢For example, in cup the /p/ and /p/●Phonemic contrast and distinctive features➢Phonetic contrast: if two phonemes occurs in a minimal pair occur in the same place and distinguish meaning, these two phonemes are said to be in phonemic contrast.➢Distinctive features: they are those features which are phonologically revant properties and can distinguish meaning, for example, plosiveness, bilabiality, andvoicelessness in English phonology. Some of the major distinctions includeconsonantal, sonorant, nasal and voiced. These are known as binary features whichhave two values denoted by “+” and “-”11.Phonological process●Any phonological process must has aspects to it:➢ A set of sound to undergo the process➢ A set of sound produced by the process➢ A set of situation in which the process applies●Assimilation:➢Regressive assimilation: a following sound is influencing a preceding sound➢Progressive assimilation: a preceding sound is influencing a following sound●Devoicing:Voiced sounds become voiceless●Epenthesis:Insertion of a sound●Nasalization: a sound in a word is influenced by a nasal sound●Dentalization: a sound in a word is influenced by a dental sound●Velarization: it refers to the process in which a sound in a word takes on the features of avelar segment.●Deletion rule:➢ A sound is deleted although it is orthographically represented➢For example: sign: delete a /g/ in this word.12.Suprasegmental featuresThe features that occur above the level of segments and can distinguish meaning are called suprasegmental features.●Syllable structure: a syllable can be divided into two parts, the rhyme and the onset. Asthe vowel within the rhyme is nucleus, the consonants after it will be termed coda.➢Maximal onset principle➢On set: at most 3; coda: at most 4●Stress: it refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.●Tones: tones are pitch variations, which are caused by differing rates of vibration of vocalcords.●Intonation: when pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than theword in isolation, they are collectively as intonation.➢Falling tone➢Rising tone➢The fall-rise tone.。

第1章语言学导论1.1复习笔记本章要点：1.The definition and the design features of language语言的定义与特征2.The origin and the function of language语言的起源和功能3.Main branches of linguistics study语言学研究的范围和内容4.Important distinctions in Linguistics语言学的一些重要区分本章考点：1.有关语言的常考考点语言的定义；语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、文化传递和互换性)；语言的功能(提供信息、人际交往、施为、表达情感、寒暄、娱乐、元语言)；语言的起源(神授说，人造说(“汪汪”，“噗噗”，“哟-嘿-吼”理论)，进化说)等。

2.有关语言学的常考考点(1)语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别。

(2)语言学研究的四个原则及其简要说明。

语言学中几组重要区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。

(3)普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。

(4)宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。

本章内容索引：I.Definition of languageII.Design features of language1.Arbitrariness2.Duality3.Creativity4.Displacement5.Cultural Transmission6.InterchangeabilityIII.Origin of language1.The Biblical account2.The bow-wow theory3.The pooh-pooh theory4.The yo-he-ho theory5.The evolution theoryIV.Functions of languagermative function2.Interpersonal function3.Performative function4.Emotive function5.Phatic function6.Recreational function7.Metalingual functionV.Definition of linguisticsVI.Branches of linguistics1.Microlinguistics2.MacrolinguisticsVII.Important concepts and their distinctions1.Descriptive vs.Prescriptive2.Synchronic vs.Diachronicngue vs.Parolepetence vs.Performance5.Etic vs.Emic6.Traditional Grammar vs.Modern Grammar7.Linguistic Potential vs.Actual Linguistic BehaviorI.The definition of language(语言的定义)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.This definition has revealed five essential factors of language:systematic,arbitrary,vocal,symbolic语言是人类以口头交流的任意的符号系统。

语言学教程胡壮麟第5版考研笔记和题库答案在考研的征程中，语言学这一学科对于许多考生来说既充满魅力又颇具挑战。

胡壮麟的《语言学教程》第 5 版作为经典教材，更是备受关注。

为了在考试中取得优异成绩，精心整理的考研笔记和准确的题库答案无疑是通向成功的重要法宝。

首先，让我们来谈谈考研笔记的重要性。

一份好的考研笔记能够帮助我们梳理教材中的知识点，将复杂的内容变得清晰易懂。

对于胡壮麟第5 版的《语言学教程》，笔记应该涵盖语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学等各个核心板块。

在语音学部分，笔记可以记录不同语音的发音特征、分类以及语音的产生机制。

比如元音和辅音的区别，国际音标系统的运用等。

音系学方面，重点关注音位的概念、音位变体以及音系规则。

对于形态学，要总结词汇的构成方式，如词缀法、复合法和转化法等。

句法学的笔记则应着重于各种句子结构的分析，包括简单句、复合句和复杂句，以及不同的句法理论和分析方法。

语义学中，关于词汇意义、句子意义以及语义关系的理解和归纳必不可少。

而在语用学部分，要记下言语行为理论、会话含义、预设等重要内容。

接下来，说说题库答案的价值。

题库答案为我们提供了检验知识掌握程度的标准，同时也让我们熟悉考试的题型和答题思路。

在面对选择题时，答案不仅要给出正确选项，还应该对每个选项进行详细的分析，解释为什么对为什么错。

对于简答题，答案要条理清晰，分点作答，将关键要点阐述清楚。

例如，当被问到“语言的功能有哪些”时，答案可以这样组织：语言具有交际功能，使人们能够交流思想和信息；具有表达功能，帮助个人表达情感、意愿和想法；具有认知功能，有助于人类认识世界和思考问题；还有社会功能，如确立社会身份、维系社会关系等。

对于论述题，答案需要更加深入和全面。

比如“论述语言与文化的关系”，不仅要说明语言是文化的载体，反映文化的各个方面，还要举例论证，从词汇、语法、语用等多个角度进行分析，并探讨文化对语言发展和使用的影响。

第11章语言学与语言教学I. Fill in the blanks.1. ______ is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities. 【答案】Grammar-translation Method【解析】语法翻译法即在外语教学中主要运用翻译和语法学习为教学活动的方法。

2. ______ is formed when the leaner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither.【答案】Interlanguage【解析】当学习者学习一种新语言时，就产生了中介语。

中介语具有第一语言和第二语言的特征，但中介语是一个动态的语言系统，我们不能把中介语看成是母语和二语的过渡阶段或者是二者的简单混合。

3. Hymes’theory leads to nation/function-based syllables, and a step further, ______ syllabuses.【答案】communicative【解析】海姆斯提出的交际教学大纲以功能—意念大纲为基础，它教授表达和理解不同语言功能时所需要的语言，并且强调交际的过程。

4. Error is the grammatically incorrect form; ______ appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context.【答案】mistake【解析】错误通常指由于学习者不知道正确的形式或者不能正确地使用语言而出现的错误。

第6章语言与认知6.1 复习笔记本章要点:1. Psycholinguistics心理语言学2. Language acquisition, language comprehension, language production 语言习得，语言的理解，语言的生成3. First language acquisition第一语言习得4. Cognitive linguistics认知语言学常考考点：语言习得；第一语言习得；语言的理解和生成；范畴；隐喻；整合理论等。

本章内容索引：I. Definition of cognitionII. Definition of PsycholinguisticsIII. Language acquisition1. The Behaviorist Approach2. The Innateness HypothesisIV. Language comprehension1. Sound Comprehension2. Word recognition3. Comprehension of sentences4. Comprehension of textV. Language Production1. Access to words2. Generation of sentences3. Written language productionVI. Cognitive Linguistics1. Definition2. Construal and Construal Operations(1) Attention/ Salience(2) Judgment/ Comparison(3) Perspective/ Situatedness3. Categorization(1) Basic level(2) Superordinate level(3) Subordinate level4. Image Schemas5. Metaphor(1) Ontological metaphors(2) Structural metaphors(3) Orientional metaphors6. Metonymy7. Blending TheoryI. Definition of cognition (认知的定义)Cognition is used in several different loosely related disciplines. In psychology it is used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be understood as information processing, especially when much abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition” is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.“认知”一词既可用于不同学科也可用于相关学科。

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题详解目录第1章语言学导论1.1复习笔记1.2考研真题与典型题详解第2章语音2.1复习笔记2.2考研真题与典型题详解第3章词和形态学3.1复习笔记3.2考研真题与典型题详解第4章句法：从语词到篇章4.1复习笔记4.2考研真题与典型题详解第5章意义5.1复习笔记5.2考研真题与典型题详解第6章语言与认知6.1复习笔记6.2考研真题与典型题详解第7章语言文化社会7.1复习笔记7.2考研真题与典型题详解第8章语言的使用8.1复习笔记8.2考研真题与典型题详解第9章语言与文学9.1复习笔记9.2考研真题与典型题详解第10章语言和计算机10.1复习笔记10.2考研真题与典型题详解第11章第二语言和外语教学11.1复习笔记11.2考研真题与典型题详解第12章现代语言学理论与流派12.1复习笔记12.2考研真题与典型题详解内容简介作为《语言学教程》（第5版）（胡壮麟主编，北京大学出版社）的学习辅导书，全书完全遵循该教材的章目编排，共分12章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。

本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。

每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。

2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。

本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。

3．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。

本书精选名校考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。

所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但又不完全局限于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。

另外，在笔记部分，对于在《语言学教程》第三版或第四版提到而第五版删减的知识点我们也予以保留，并用“＊”标明，部分院校考研真题依旧会涉及这些知识点的考查。

（完整版）胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点全解《语言学教程》重难点学习提示第一章语言的性质语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。

第二章语言学语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。

第三章语音学发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。

第四章音位学音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。

第五章词法学词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。

第六章词汇学词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。

第七章句法句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。

第八章语义学语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。

第九章语言变化语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）；第十章语言、思维与文化语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。

第十一章语用学语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。

第10章语言和计算机10.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Computer-assisted language learning计算机辅助语言学习2. Machine translation机器翻译3. Corpus linguistics语料库语言学4. Computer mediated communication计算机中介交际常考考点CALL的定义；CALL和CAI、CAL的区别；机器翻译的定义；计算机语料库的定义；计算机中介交际的定义及其形式等。

本章内容索引：I. Introduction to Computational Linguistics1. Computer Literacy2. Computational LinguisticsII. Computer-assisted Language Learning1. CAI/CAL vs. CALL2. Phases of CALL Development3. TechnologyIII. Machine Translation (MT)1. Definition and Categories2. History of Development of MT3. Research Methods(1) The linguistic approach(2) The transfer approach(3) The interlingual approach(4) The knowledge-based approach4. MT and the Internet5. Speech Translation6. MT and Human TranslationIV. Corpus Linguistics1. Corpus and Corpus Linguistics2. Criticisms and Revival3. Concordance4. The Roles of Corpus DataI. Introduction to Computational Linguistics (计算机语言学简介)1. Computer Literacy (计算机操作能力)It refers to people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer software.特指那些能使用计算机并具有大量计算机软件知识和技巧的人。

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解（语音）【圣才出品】第2章语音2.1 复习笔记本章要点:1. Speech Organs发音器官2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则3. Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions协同发音和语音转写4. Phonemes and Allophones音位和音位变体5. Phonological Processes, Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features音系过程、音系规则和区别特征6. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation音节结构、重音和语调常考考点：1. 语音学语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法。

2. 音系学音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系和区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；音位理论；自由变异；音位的对立分布与互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音）；音高和语调。

本章内容索引：I. The Definition of Phonetics and Phonology1. Phonetics2. Three Major Research Fields of Phonetics3. PhonologyII. Speech Organs1. Speech organs2. Voiceless sounds3. Voiced sounds4. IPAIII. Consonants and Vowels1. Definition2. Consonants(1) Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation(2) Classification of Consonants3. Vowel(1) Cardinal vowels(2) Criteria of vowel description(3) Monophthongs, Diphthongs and TriphthongsIV. Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions1. Coarticulation2. Phonetic TranscriptionV. Phonemes and Allophones1. Phoneme2. AllophonesVI. Phonological Processes and Distinctive Features1. Phonological processes2. Assimilation3. Distinctive featuresVII. Suprasegmentals1. Suprasegmental features2. The Syllable Structure3. Stress4. Intonation and ToneI. The Definition of Phonetics and Phonology (语音学和音系学的定义)1. Phonetics (语音学)Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。

第2章语音2.1 复习笔记本章要点:1. Speech Organs 发音器官2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则3. Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions协同发音和语音转写4. Phonemes and Allophones音位和音位变体5. Phonological Processes, Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features音系过程、音系规则和区别特征6. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation音节结构、重音和语调常考考点：1. 语音学语音学的定义；音姿的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法。

2. 音系学音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系和区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；音位理论；自由变异；音位的对立分布与互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音(词重音、句子重音)；音高和语调。

本章内容索引I. The Definition of Phonetics and Phonology1. Phonetics2. Three Major Research Fields of Phonetics3. PhonologyII. Speech Organs▼1. Gestures2. Speech organs3. Voiceless sounds4. Voiced sounds5. IPAIII. Consonants and Vowels1. Definition2. Consonants(1) Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation(2) Classification of Consonants3. Vowel(1) Cardinal vowels(2) Criteria of vowel description(3) Monophthongs, Diphthongs and Triphthongs IV. Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions＊1. Coarticulation＊2. Phonetic TranscriptionV. Phonemes and Allophones1. Phoneme2. AllophonesVI. Phonological Processes and Distinctive Features1. Phonological processes2. Assimilation＊3. Distinctive featuresVII. Suprasegmentals1. Suprasegmental features2. The Syllable Structure▼3. Sonority Scale▼4. Stress(1) Change of the stresses due to suffixes(2) Stresses in compounds and phrases5. Intonation and ToneI. The Definition of Phonetics and Phonology (语音学和音系学的定义)1. Phonetics (语音学)Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。