Enterprise life cycle and the enterprise culture choiceN.J:Prentice Hall Journal of Management,2003,(17):191-211.In the 1980s, the American management experts Iraq chuck? Adizes' (IChakAdizes) put forward enterprise dr life-cycle theory, it follows the same with biological enterprise "life cycle" rule, will experience a from birth, growth to aging until death life. Figures show that, 1970 among the fortune global 500 list to 1983, the enterprise should have 1/3 has been extinguished. This list from the enterprise production to decay, average life expectancy is only 40 ~ 50 years old. In Japan and Europe, enterprise's average life cycle of 125 years. In the United States, the enterprise average 62 less than 5 years the life cycle, live can over 20 years of enterprise accounts for only the total enterprises, only two of the 10 businesses can live for 50 years, but the average life expectancy of Chinese enterprises only 7 ~ 8 years old, especially private enterprise, not only average life expectancy is only 2.9 years old, and survival over five years less than 9, more than 8 years of less than 3. Those who once famous enterprise: for this reason, giants, more... After all the brilliance of swamp in acme off bright-coloured, a flash in the pan.Why so many enterprise life cycle is so short? Why then another some enterprise has undergone several hundred years still inheritance evergreen? Scholars have different explain this. Some people think that is the difference, others industrial explanation operational modes for different, still some people find reasons from management system, some people think that entrepreneurs of the pros and cons. Although these claims have certain truth, but seem to have involved in the root of the problem, did not find the enterprise decision. The real reason for heritage evergreen.With the emergence of enterprise culture theory and the unceasing development, the enterprise culture ", "Z theory", "seek advantages", "Japanese enterprise management art" four books published monographs, caused the enterprise culture research upsurge. Enterprise more and more aware of the organizational culture and regulating the important significance of organizational development, more and more profound understanding to an excellent organizational culture on enterprise long-term business and enterprise development plays a potential yet crucial role.Rand corporation, the international management consulting firm McKinsey study found the company, all the achievements are great, the role of enterprise culture is very obvious. Excellent enterprise culture is the world's 500 to the foundation of success. The fundamental causes of longevity and outstanding, is the constant innovation enterprise culture, and maintain its advanced nature. World famous longevity companies have a common feature, which they have a persistent core values, has its unique, enrich and excellent enterprise culture. Enterprise culture is a kind of strength, with the development of knowledge economy, it to enterprise's prosperity and decline will play more and more important role, even the decisive role. Can say, the 21st century enterprise competition between enterprises is the fundamental culture of competition. Who has strength in culture, who has competitive advantage, benefit advantages and development advantage.Although enterprise culture theory is mature and perfect,widely enterprise accepted and us ed.A large enterprise with excellent enterprise culture in the market competition tide the invinci ble position.But,on the other hand is countless companies looking for suits own enterprise cultu re.And some company,because enterprise life cycle and the change of environment,the original enterprise culture has not suitable for enterprise growth,even discourages enterprise from the shackles of sustainable development.Therefore,how to choose conform to the enterprise develo pment needs of the enterprise culture,according to the environment and life cycle changes appr opriate choice of enterprise culture,become a relationship between all enterprises are facing the prosperity of the enterprise major issue.The author thinks that,with inner and outer environment analysis enterprise handhold to gr asp different life cycle,the main contradiction,through the enterprise principal contradiction to c hoose the enterprise culture,is the enterprise culture is the only choice.The marxist handhold the contradiction that things,the law of the unity of opposites laws,is the most fundamental materialist dialectics of rules.The self-contradict reveals the essential contents of the associations with things development intrinsic po wer,is our most basic methods of knowledge.In the enterprise internal,always don't exist countl ess contradiction,these contradictions unceasing development and transformation,formed the e nterprise life cycle goes forward.Contradiction is the enterprise life cycle motivation,the evolutio n of the enterprise life cycle is contradictory results of progressive struggle.On the other hand,e nterprise's various contradictions with enterprise's prosperity and decline success or failure too cl osely.Due to the contradictory nature of the complexity of status,and conditions,the solution of the problem varied also.Only found the right solution,solve the contradictions of the principal co ntradiction,enterprise can unceasingly develop,eventually inheritance evergreen.Different life cycles,each stage the enterprise internal conflict,interest is different,the facin g problems and pressure is different,the main inconsistencies also vary wildly,therefore enterpri se have different also,must choose match different enterprise culture.But because enterprise lif e cycle,each phase of the inherent regularity of enterprise culture of normal performance has ge nerality,although as a means of implement cultural kernel with manifestation can vary,but as the core value orientation and management style still have rules.The life cycle analysis of enterprise pointed out the different stages of the main contradiction formation,conversion and integration,and explains the different stages the features of enterprise culture,thus for enterpris e culture choice the establishment of complete pattern laid a foundation.Enterprise culture choice must follow some principles,can correctly development and imple mentation.There are usually has the following four principles:enterprise life cycle associated wit h enterprise culture choice of principle,the enterprise culture selection and enterprise strategic i nterrelated principle,universality and individuality,carry forward the principle of combining the t radition and the principle of combining the development innovation.Because enterprise life cycle changes is a long-term incremental process,in order to guarantee the enterprise culture choice of maneuverability, achieve successful culture choice,therefore,it is necessary to find some specific timing.Choose t he things change timing reflects the degree.There is a clear changes in the enterprise,mainly in t he enterprise's survival and development of external politics,economy,culture,science and tech nology,and environment that significant changes have occurred,the enterprise quantitative chan ge to qualitative changes conversion,thus mastered the degrees,is something the best timing ch oice of enterprise ually have the following three time:enterprise business performanc e materially changes,enterprise management efficiency is low,the increased examing enterprise external environment materially changes.Enterprise culture choice is a systematic project,pinpoint the breakthrough,is the guarantee success choice.The author thinks that point of enterprise culture,choose from the enterprise,must present roughly as follows three based.Starting from the main contradiction,starting from th e enterprise the fine tradition of the major change,from the enterprise forward.Enterprise culture choice of content including spiritual culture,system culture,material cult ure choice.Enterprise culture spirit layer,system layer and physicality is inseparable,they influen ce each other,interaction,so in enterprise culture when the choice but also from grasping.Enterprise culture type selection is an important link of choice of enterprise culture.Enterpri se culture type varied,according to statistics,the existing scholars put forward about200species of cultural types.How in the dime found in the enterprise culture type suitable enterprise culture type,principal contradiction is a key.In the initial,enterprises are faced with the main contradiction weak strength.Exploration c ulture promotes cautious capital management and bold exploit the competition strategy,and is c haracterized by considering risk/benefit conversion between,clear enterprise this where action, be willing to accept change,dares to innovate,therefore appropriate strength weak start-ups make limited capital investment and a lot of new market development.Meanwhile,explorati on culture emphasize consider risk,advocate through careful explore avoid enterprise,its fickle in to various traps the character also suitable for enterprise flexible coping market risk.In growing up,the enterprise strength has achieved great growth,market share,but increas ed competition,looking around at the a inadvertent,easily lead to enterprise die young.The gro wth of this enterprise faster than the ascension of enterprise entrepreneurs ability,enterprise ma nagement level is low speed has become a major conflict.Often leads to low level management e nterprise decision makers and,on the other hand,even in a bad year successively on market dev elopment,on the other hand,often fall into trap or reckless expansion of diversification.Attackin g culture emphasize struggle and offensive spirit,take"simple foremost",in a variable system cha nges,measures,and continued to speed leap to winning,the first,win in attack.In addition,attac king culture also advocate the dovish,emphasize the orderly development of enterprise,against blind offense,avoid enterprise by hot heads blind investment.At maturity,enterprise management level abundant funds,mature,enterprise function prop erly.But because the enterprise system consummation,the enterprise leaders of the lesser,techn ical personnel and other reasons,the conservative enterprise innovation spirit gradually disappea r.At this time,transformational culture is to solve this principal contradiction best choice.Transfo rmational culture emphasize break existing pattern,praise highly technical innovation and thoug ht innovation,reform the previous system and hierarchy.Through the transformational cultural in tegration,mature can often heavy calls vitality and vigor.In a recession,the enterprise usually suffer from"big enterprise disease",management seri ous rigidity.At the same time,because of long time lost innovation and don't improve,so the pro ducts and technology seriously outdated,losing their competitive ually the enterprise or die,recession or change.Metamorphosis to type culture emphasize aggressive spirit of enterpris e layer,system layer,behavior level and physical comprehensive metamorphosis,through the bod y eliminate enterprise old abuses of reasonable advanced composition,reserves,to create an ent irely new enterprises.Because of the circumstance of the enterprise different,so we can't take some enterprise cu lture type derivative in one type of enterprise.True sense of enterprise culture type choice for ea ch enterprise,it would be the only.Other enterprise successful experience for reference,and can not copy only.Enterprise culture type of choice is more the core competitiveness,management concept,management concept,innovation consciousness choice,suitable for all firms enterprise c ulture type is not exist.Therefore,the enterprise culture type of choice is a dynamic and flexible working,which don't get bogged down in any form and rules,also cannot copy others successful experience.Enterprise culture selection process is a grey hazy set four states of the evolutionary process .In this process,the potential matching enterprise culture type of relevant information constantl y replenish and whiting,finally picked the most appropriate enterprise culture,this evolution cha racteristics based on enterprise life cycle determines the choice of enterprise culture is more tha n a stage decision-making process,gradual.The author put enterprise culture choice can be grouped into,featured, optimization,enterprise culture flexibility management four stages.The first stage:the ly,to many potential enterprise culture for fast filtering,d etermine the candidate goal evaluation.In this phase,the enterprise according to realize the spec ific situation in life cycle,main contradictions analysis to determine the enterprise to the problem s of the enterprise culture,and so as to determine the scope of domain with main the solution of the problem for the principle,according to enterprise culture type matching strategy for prelimin ary screening.Based on the main conflict resolution of potential enterprise culture search strateg y is the key to the stage.Second stage:the selection.According to the first phase of each candidate determined by th e nature of enterprise culture and the contradiction between solution oriented quantified compa re integratedly,further narrowing the scope of candidate enterprise culture.This one phase key li es in the life cycle according to specific principal contradiction,establishing enterprises with the e valuation index system and the characteristic of choice appraisal method.This phase is mainly ai med at specific index system,adopting effective algorithm to evaluate candidate enterprise cultur e,and the candidate with similar evaluation value filter of enterprise culture.Stage3:optimization.According to the life cycle,the main contradiction multi-objective optimization decision analysis,the enterprise culture to integrate different optimization ,finally discovers the optimal enterprise culture.Fourth step:elastic management enterprise culture.This one phase mainly is establishing th e enterprise culture management mechanism,according to the selected enterprise culture in ent erprise operations of the contribution and principal contradiction,the change of dynamic adjust ment to reduce because the opportunism behavior and damage and reduce the current enterpris e culture choice of opportunity cost.To the enterprise culture follow-up assessment and management is the emphasis.In the actual enterprise culture choice process,the enterprise culture choice of process and mode is vary.The author establish the four-stage model is usually sense the steps necessary to enterprise culture choice.In fact,a successful enterprise culture choice and innovation must be a long-term systematic project,must include the following aspects:seize enterprise life cycle and enterp rise principal contradiction this masterstroke,pinpoint opportunity and the breakthrough,deter mine the enterprise culture choice of content,with enterprise actual situation choose enterprise culture type,and according to the four-steps model selection of concrete steps,finally choosing and establish a good enterprise culture.企业生命周期与企业文化选择上个世纪八十年代，美国管理学家伊查克？爱迪思（IChakAdizes）博士提出了企业生命周期理论，认为企业同生物一样都遵从“生命周期”规律，都会经历一个从出生、成长到老化直至死亡的生命历程。
