语言的词汇

现代语言学术语总结Aabbreviation缩写法acculturation语言文化移入acoustic phonetics声学语言学acronym词首字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话人addressee受话人adjacency毗邻Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦音Afroasiatic非亚语系agreement rule一致关系规则allophone音位变体alveolar齿龈音alveolus齿龈angular gyrus角形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词apocope词尾音脱落aphasia失语症aphasic失语症患者applied linguistics应用语言学arbitrariness任意性argument论元articulatory phonetics发音语音学articulatory variable发音变项aspiration送气assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语音学Austronesian…语系BBabbling咿呀学语back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元音Behaviorism行为主义Behaviorist learning theory行为主义学习理论Behaviorist Psychology行为主义心理学Bilabial双唇音Bilingualism双语现象Black English黑人英语Blending混合法Borrowing借用bound morpheme黏着语素brain lateralization大脑左右半球侧化branching node分叉点broad transcription宽式音标Broca’s area布罗卡区Ccaretaker speech保姆语case格Case Condition格条件case marking格标志causative verb使役动词central vowel中元音cerebral cortex大脑皮层cerebral plasticity大脑弹性channel渠道classical language古典语言clipping略写法closed class word封闭类词code代码code-switching代码切换cognate同源词co-hyponyms并列下义词coinage创新词color word色彩词combinational rule组合规则commissives承诺类communicative competence交际能力comparative reconstruction比较重建法competence语言能力complement补语complement construction补足语complementarity互补性反义现象complementary distribution互补分布complex sentence复合句componential analysis成分分析法components of meaning意义成分compound word复合词compounding复合法computational linguistics计算语言学conceptualist view意念观consonant辅音constituent成分constituent structure成分结构constraint制约construction结构content word实词context语境;上下文contextualism语境论Contrastive Analysis对比分析法conversational implicature会话含义co-operative principle合作原则coordinate sentence并列句creativity创造性critical period关键期;临界期cultural transmission文化传播Ddeclaration宣告类deep structure深层结构dental齿音derivation派生法derivational morpheme派生语素derivative派生词descriptive linguistics描写语言学design feature识别特征determiner限定词diachronic linguistics历时语言学diacritics变音符号dialect方言dialectal synonym方言同义词dichotic listening test两耳分听测试diglossia双言现象diphthong复合元音Directionalilty Parameter方位参数Directives指令类Displacement不受时空限制的特性distinctive feature区别性特征D-structure深层结构duality of structur结构二重性e double articulation结构二重性Eembedded clause子句emotive meaning表情意义entity实体epenthesis插入音Error Analysis错误分析法euphemism委婉语evaluative meaning评价意义expressives表达类Ffactive predicate叙述性谓词family tree谱系树feature symbol特征标记features of meaning意义特征finite clause定式字句finite verb定式动词formalize形式化fossilization语言僵化framework框架free morpheme自由语素fricative擦音front vowel前元音function word虚词functional shift功能性转换functor element起功能作用成分Ggender性Generative Grammar生成语法Generative Semantics生成语义学genetic predispotion基因先天条件genetic relationship亲缘关系glide滑音glottal喉音glottis声门graddabl opposites可分等级的反义词grammaticality语法性grammatical meaning语法意义Great V owel Shift元音大变位Hhard palate硬腭head核心词hemispheric dominance for language大脑半球的语言优势hierarchical structure层次结构high variety高层次变体historical comparative linguistics历史比较语言学historical linguistics历史语言学holophrastic sentence独词句homography同形homonymy同音异义；同形异义homophony同音异义hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词Iidiolect个人语言特点illocutionary act言外形为inconsistency自相矛盾Indo-European印欧语系infinitive marker不定式标记inflection曲折变化inflectional morpheme曲折语素input输入instrumental motivation工具性学习动机intake接受integrativ emotivation介入性学习动机interference干扰interlanguage语际语internalize内在化International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标interpersonmal communication人际交际intuition语调Llabeled (unlabeled) tree diagram加标记树形图labial唇音LAD语言习得机制language acquisition语言习得language behavior语言行为language center语言中枢language faculty语言机制language family语系language perception语言感知language planning语言规划language variation语言变异larynx喉lax vowel松元音level层；平面level of language语言层次lexical category词类lexical structure词汇结构lexicology词汇学lexicon词汇linear structure线性结构linguistic competence语言能力linguistic determinism语言决定论linguistic lateralization语言侧化linguistic performance语言运用linguistic relativism语言相对论linguistic repertoire全部语言变体linguistic taboo禁忌语linguistics语言学liquid流音loan word外来词localization定位locutionary act言内行为low variety低层次变体Mmanner of articulation发音方法matrix clause主句maxim of manner方式准则maxim of quality质量准则maxim of quantity数量准则maxim of relation关联准则meaning意义meaningfulness有意义meaning relation意义关系mentalism心理主义mentalistic theory精神论message信息metathesis语音变位Middle English中世纪英语minimal pair最小对立对Modern English现代英语Monophthong单元音Morpheme词素morphlogical rule形态学规则morphology形态学mother tongue母语Move α移动α规则movement rule移位规则Nnaming theory命名论narrow transcription严式音标narrowing of meaning词义缩小nasal cavity鼻腔nasality鼻音化nasalize鼻音化natural route of development自然发展轨道negator否定词neurolinguist神经语言学家neuron神经元no-place predication空位述谓结构Oobject宾语Old English古英语one-place predication一位述谓结构optimum age最佳学习年龄oral cavity口腔overextension扩展过度overgeneralization概括过度overt thought有声思维Ppalatal腭音paralinguistic副语言学的parameter参数performance语言运用performance error语言运用错误perlocutionary act言后行为pharyngeal cavity咽腔phone音素phoneme音位phonemic contrast音位对立phonetic feature语音特征phonetics语音学phonological rule音位规则phonology音位学phrasal category词组类phrase structure rule短语结构规则pidgin洋泾浜语place of articulation发音部位plosive爆破音polysemy多义性postpone后移prepose前移postvocalic元音后的pragmatics语用学predicate谓语predication述谓结构predication analysis述谓结构分析prefix前缀presprictive (grammar)规定语法presupposition前提proposition命题prepositional content命题内容protolanguage原始语psycholinguistics心理语言学puberty青春期Qqualifying predication修饰性述谓结构RReceived Pronunciation标准发音Recursiveness循环性Reference所指语义referring expression所指名词register语域relational opposites关系反义词representation表达；呈现representatives阐述类response反应retroflex卷舌音rewrite rule重写规则rounded vowel圆唇元音SSAE标准美国英语sapir-Whorf hypothesis…假设second language acquisition第二语言习得segment切分成分semantic anomaly语义异体semantic deviation语义变异semantic broadening语义广义化semantic narrowing语义狭义化semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学semantic structure语义结构semantic triangle语义三角sense意义sequential rule序列规则setting背景；环境sexist language性别歧视语sibilant咝音simple sentence简单句Sino-Tibetan汉藏语系situational dialect语域方言sociolect社会方言sociolinguistics社会语言学soft palate软腭species-specific capacity物种特有能力specifier指示语spectrograph频谱仪speech act言语行为speech community言语社区speech variety言语变体S-structure表层结构standard language标准语stem词干stimulus刺激stop爆破音stress重音structural constituency结构成分性structural linguistics结构主义语言学subject主语subordinate predication主从述谓性结构subscript下标subvocal predication无声言语suffix后缀superordinate上坐标词suprasegmental feature超切分特征surface structure表层结构synchronic linguistics共时语言synonymy同义词syntactic ambiguity句法歧义syntactic category句法类型syntactic rule句法规则syntax句法Ttaboo word禁忌词target language目标语tautology同义反复teeth ridge齿龈隆骨telegraphic speech电报式言语tense and aspect时和体tense vowel紧元音tone音调；声调tone language声调语言topic话题；主题transfer转移Transformational-Generative Grammar转换生成语法transformational rule转换规则tree diagram树形图two-place predication双位述谓结构Uunaspirated不送气underextension扩展不足Universal Grammar普遍语法Utterance话语utterance meaning话语意义uvula小舌Vvalidity有效性variable变项velar软腭音velum软腭vernacular本地话；本国语vocal cord声带voiced浊音化的voiceless不带音的，清音的voicing带音化，浊音化vowel元音WWernicke’s area韦尼克区widening of meaning词义扩大XX-bar theory X标杆理论。

AAcS (actor Subject), ReS (Receptor Subject) and DaS (dative vesubject) P85Active deposit 活性沉积P393adaptability制宜原则P39adjustment 调整P135AdjMr：Ajective Modifier 定语修饰语P19Affixing morpheme of fixed position 定位性附加语素P342Affixation 缀合法P29All encompassing 无所不包P ixAphasic 失语症患者P386ApoP 同位短语式P188Approximative system 近似体系P58arbitrariness任意性; selectiveness 选择性P181Aspect 体（tentative尝试体, inchoative开始体, successive继续体, perfect完成体, progressive 进行体）P114Autonomy 自主权P53Bbackshift后移P370/372bilingualism 双语学P522Blending 拼缀法P29Bottom-up perception自下而上的感知，top-down perception自上而下的感知P493CCart Fames1980 对比分析P xcirculativeness 周遍性P86categorization范畴化, grouping 归为类P487category word 范畴词P418/474/513cleft sentence 分裂句P230cognate equivalence同源对应P134/468，词根对应P478cognitive schema认知图示P386Cohesion 粘着性P62Cohesion and coherence接应与连贯P74Cohesive tie 联结关系接应词，additive 增补连接词，adversative 对比连接词，causal conjunction因果连接词，temporal conjunction 时间连接词P436Combination (虚词功能)组合P452Total combination完全结合，formal combination形式结合P464Common value （语言）共同价值；special value 特征价值P47Complement 补语P126Composition 合成法P29Compactness of meaningful morpheme有义语素结合紧密度P299Compressed predicate 紧缩式谓语P120Compound （汉语）合成词P443Conversion 转化法P29Constant 常数（ie. tertium comparationis中间比较项）；variable变数；tertium 中间项P50Context-sensitive rule 受上下文制约的规则P362Convertness and overtness 隐含性与外显性P61Copula 系词；copulative object 判断宾语；quasi-copulas 准判断动词P217Coverb 前置动词（能愿、意向、规劝动词）和后置动词的统称；operator基本助动词/功能词P114DDative case与事格P159defiguration还原法, figuration 形象描写P472Description and Prescription 描写与规定P41descriptive approach描写态度P39determinative premodifier 限制性前置定语，descriptive premodifier 描绘性前置定语，classifying premodifier 分类性前置定语P298Diachronic and synchronic/ diachronism and synchronism 历时与共时P2Diachronic experience and synchronic performance 历时经验和共时运用P314Dichotomic 二分性，可切分为二P167Differentiating ability 分辨力P361Diffuse 扩散型；compact聚集型P235Directness 直接性，indirectness间接性，explic itness鲜明性, specificness重实，non-specificness反虚P417Disintegration 解体P28dismantle拆除P28Disorganization 瓦解P28Disposal form动词处置式(把字句) P213; pre-transitive V erb 前及物动词(赵元任：把字句)P233 Diversiform 多样性P85Divide 长句切分；contract 长句紧缩P208Doer and receptor 行为者与承受者P89Doublet/ word pair谐音叠词P426EEnd-focus 短语后焦点；front-focus 弱化前焦点P175End-weight词尾重心P229Epicene通性名词P82Equivalence 对应P58evolution演进P28Explanation 解释; Interpretation 阐释P41Explication 演绎法P469Expletive 先行词P74Expletive subject 形式主语P92FFamily resemblances 维根斯坦：家族相似；Dissimililarilies 非相似性PvFinite verb 定式动词；non-finite verb 非定式动词P236Formal or inflexional linkage 形式或形态对接P26Formal indication 形式的标定P62-3Frame of word词语联立关系P466Functional compensation 功能互补P154Functional expansion 功能扩大化P191Functional redress, functional compensation 功能代偿法P33Function test 话题性的测试P90Functional word (form word, structural word) 结构词（英语），empty word虚词（汉语）, P449 closed classes 封闭性词类，P449determiner 限定词，auxiliary助动词，pronoun代词，P449，preposition介词，qualifier 修饰词，coordinator 并列连接词，subordinator 从属连接词，interrogative 疑问词，negative 否定词P450full word 实词（汉语）P450GGiven-new contract已知-新知信息默契P372HHead word 中心词P296Heterology 异质性/特殊素质P95/202HW：head word中心词P19Hypotaxis and parataxis 形合与意合P75IIcon 图像性，iconization图像化, indexization索引化P455identity等同（是字句功能）P219Ideographicand semipronouncing 单体形意音文字P viIdeational pvotal, idea-centered 意念主轴；formal-pivotal, formal-centered 形式主轴P18idea-centered structure意念主轴结构；formal-centered structure形式主轴结构P18idiom 成语/习语；a single unit一个单位P166image code 象码；Souund code音码P68immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法P232impersonal subject非人称主语P498implication 暗示法P22Inbreak of the modernity 葛兆光：现代性入侵P ivIndicator 指示器P47indispensability不可或缺性P47infiltration 渗透性，intrinsicness固有性，peculiarity特性P476Inflectional devices 无形态程式P viiiInflexional formation 形态构性P453Inflexional system 形态体系P52Inflexionalization 形态化P154Inner speech 内部言语，speech 外部言语P387Intentional word意向词语P163intensifier加强词P378Interlingua 中介语P58Interlingual comparability 语际可比性P51Interpretation 解释法P22Intraflexion 内部屈折P396Introducer 引导性结构P302JJohn Stuart Mill 1806-1873 功利追求P xJuxtaposing 联合短语式P183KKernel (句法结构) 核心P84Kinship 与原亲属关系P468Llanguage game 语言游戏P39Latin Grammar马建忠：泰西格朗玛PvLexicalization 词汇化P312，inflexion 形态化P368Linearization对接；formation成型；aggregation聚集P69Linguistic determinism语言决定论，language relativity语言相对论P525LocWP 方位短语式P187LR (linear reverse???) 顺序线性P62；RL (reversed linear) 逆线性P69MMapping 映射P68/371/492Masculine 阳性P397Matching 配对P52Maximized implicitness 最大化隐含；information focus信息焦点P191mean中数；overlap语义场界重叠；outlap非重叠P183means of generalization实义虚化手段，affixational means词缀虚化手段P446，inflexional means 形态虚化手段P447, specified 实化P449Misplacement and breach 错位和缺位P ixMissing link 缺环P518MnS(Means Subject) 方式主语P102Mode of expression表现法，relativity相关性，instrumentality实用性，generality通用性P391 Moderate adaptation 适度的适应，adaptationby通过adjustment调整来适应P429Mood 语气，indicative mood直陈式, imperative mood祈使式, subjunctive mood虚拟式, Intrinsic and extrinsic 内在和外在语言结构机制，factualsupposition事实假设, counterfactual supposition 反事实假设deficit 欠缺的观点P369morpheme for morpheme义素对义素P468Mr-Md (modifier-modified) 修饰语前置式,偏正词组；Md-Mr (modified-modifier)；hyphenated adjectives 连字符连接的多词形容词P167MrS（Modifier Subject）修饰语主语P102Mutual compensatory 互为补充代偿P308NN.Machiavelli 1459-1527 马基尔维利，15世纪‘欧洲最著名政论、史论家之一P iv Nominal 名词性P91Nominal phrase名词性短语P188Nominative 主格，genitive 所有格，dative 与格，accusative 宾格P396Non-SP sentence非主谓句P203nucleus（语音）调核P304OOnomatopoeia 象声，拟声P5Open beginning 句首开放性；contracting ending/closed ending 句尾收缩性P205Operating and orientating mechanism 支配与定势作用P487Operator 功能词P118Ordering 序列P70Orientation 导向P391Outwardness 外象（包括：表象、形象、现象、物象）P26PPattern （形态体系的）结构形式P396pair成对词P184Paradox 悖理P182PC of extend/ degree表程度的述补结构P131PC of movement 表行为态势活动向的述补结构：direction趋向；progress继续；completion 完成P128PC of possibility表可能的述补结构P128PC of result表结果的述补结构P129PC of state表状态的述补结构P130Pejoration 贬义化Perceptive language 感性语言P xPeriodic sentence 掉尾句P310Phonograph 表音文字P418Phonetic morpheme 语义语素，form morpheme 构形语素，reduplication morpheme复叠语素，full morpheme 完全语素P460/461Phrasal verb and particle 短语动词与小品词/介副词P？？/154pictograph/ hieroglyph 象形文字P2pivot/axle主轴P236PlS (Place Subject) P86Polar contrast 正反两面合二为一的复合词P473Polarization 两极化P87Pragmatic motivation语用理据P175Pragmatic presupposition 语用预设P164Predicate-complete construction述补结构P128predication谓词性；sub-predication次谓词性P189Predicative phrase 谓词性短语P188PrepOP 介词短语式P187Pre-position coverb 前置助动词P377Principle of cause and result sequence 因果律P299Principle of compactness of meaningful morpheme 语素结合紧密度律P299Principle of exterior-interior sequence 表里律P296Principle of spatial sequence 范围律P294Principle of subject-object sequence 主客律P295Principle of temporal sequence 时序律P291Principles of SV concord 主谓一致原则: Grammatical principle 语法原则, Logical principle逻辑原则, Principle of Proximity 靠近原则, Principle of Idiomaticness 惯用法原则P115 Presupposed statement and concluding statement, PS and CS 前述与结述P57/309QQrQd (qualifier-qualified) 附加式P202QunWP 量词短语式P188Rrecipiency受事性；recipiency 施授关系；affection 受到影响的关系P158Redress/ compensation （语法功能的）代偿法P22Reduplication（构词法）重叠法，adjunction附加法，affixation加缀法，compound 合成法P444-445Refinement 提炼；Gradation 提升P41Relative comparability 相对可比性P51Reflective 反映式的，折射式的P456equivalence对应式(correspondence契合式)，inclusion涵盖式P457，intersection 交叉式P458，substitution替代式，conflict 冲突式(exclusion 语义相悖) P459 kinship term P457，borrowing借用P459reflection 反映P496relativity 相关性，instrumentality实用性，generality通用性，familiarization通晓性P392 Repetition 重叠手段，anaphora句首反复，epiphora句尾反复P427Reversed Linear Expansion逆线性延伸；Natural Linear Expansion顺线性延伸P205 reversibility 可反逆性P174/276reversion 对接的反转P464reversing and synchronizing 顺译与反逆翻译P105R.Philippson 2002: 英语帝国主义PvRunning sentence 流水句P235SSA V P62Selective and critica 选择性和批判性P xSemantic combination 语义结合，grammatical combination 语法结合P441Semantic relevance 语义关涉性P181Semantic structuring 语义结构过程，form structuring 形式结构过程P387Sense morpheme义素，meaningful morpheme有义语素，free morpheme自由语素，boundmorpheme黏着语素P441Sentence starter句首起词P110/503Sequence 顺序，inverse/reverse 抵触逆序，mixed order混合序P409Shift 转换P100Shortening 缩略法P29Sign language手语P386Signifying 意指; analogizing类比P47Situationally defined语境化P479Space between words词间距P80Staccato 断续P421Stratification 层次结构P232Stress domain 重音范域P75Stressed position 强调位P279Structural analogy 结构类比P81Structural inversion 结构性倒装functional inversion 功能性倒装stylistic inversion文体性倒装P277Structural order-shift 结构性位移P279Structural word 结构性词语，substantial word 实质性词语，presupposed information 预知性信息，replenished information 补足性信息，base挤出前述，climax递进叙述P305 StrWP 助词短语式P188SV concord/agreement 主谓一致P88/115SV Device主语-谓动机制P88SVOC P61subcategorization（语义特征）次范畴化（转换生成语法）P368Substitution替代法P22Sub-subject次主语P95Supplement 补充P106Syntagmatic device组合手段P404Syntagmatic ordering of element 组合型序列P275Syntagmatic pivot 形态组合主轴P237；paradigmatic pivot 意念聚合主轴P239TTautology 重复, sysmetry对仗P424TDC Expansion (topic-development-coda expansion) 命题-发展-结语语段扩展P257 Temporal sequence时序律P121Temps opératif (G. Guillaume)活动时间, system de representation 反应系统，system d’expression 观念P387Tense 语法的“时”，time自然概念的“时间”P340, tense particle 时态助词P342Tensity 紧张感，importunity 短促感，monotonounsness单调感P424Text 语段；logical expansion 逻辑扩展式；basic level 基础层级；logical level逻辑层级P234 Thematic 主位性P284/ 句首主题P315Thematization主题化，thematic fronting 宾语主题前置，topicality 话题性P316The relative 关系语P86TmS（time subject）P85Topic, theme, 话题（主语句）comment, rheme 述题P37-38Topic subject 话题主语P92transfer 迁移P522Transferability 可转换性P386Transformation 转型P28 转换式P214TR device 话题-述题机制P88typological 类型学体系P60VV alence/valency价（可以带什么宾语）P152/154V ertical 历时比较；horizontal共时比较P49Visual differentiation 视觉分辨率P404Visual recognizibility 视觉可辨性P449V ocalicending元音字尾P425voice in covertness 隐性语态P313, inflictive voice 不幸语态P318 volitional future 强于是将来时（表意志等）P453WWalter Benjamin; historical duress, geschichtlich Zwang: 历史的裹挟P xiZZero 零位P87ZeS-VP 零位主语结构P106。

⽆忧考好词好句频道为⼤家整理了《描写⼈物语⾔的词语》，供⼤家学习参考!讲说谈喊叫呼吟读诵问答训斥责骂吼劝告评议论述赞夸辩叙话颂⽈呓语梦话怪语⿊话傻语胡话俗话废话发⾔婉⾔危⾔谎⾔谣⾔谰⾔恶⾔狂⾔流⾔巧⾔忠⾔疾⾔直⾔预⾔诺⾔诤⾔说理说服略说评说详说据说传说劝说相劝劝谏劝告规劝怒斥驳斥批驳狂吠辱骂诅骂疾呼狂叫⾼叫号叫⼤喊怒吼笑谈倾谈报告汇报演说演讲指⽰训⽰教导教诲教育称赞称颂称誉颂扬表扬赞扬朗诵朗读阅读控诉揭发控告哭诉申诉责问责骂责备指责呵斥叫嚣诅咒诋毁诽谤谣传扯淡聊天唠叨拉呱叙旧寒暄问候安抚叮嘱告诫解答解释语调语声声调声⾳话⾳腔调谈天闲扯闲谈闲聊唠嗑哕唆噜苏赘⾔赘述废话夸⼝夸张夸⼤虚夸浮夸夸耀吹嘘吹⽜⾃夸说嘴说谎撒谎扯谎谎话胡说胡扯乱说瞎说瞎诌嚼⾆诙谐幽默滑稽风趣含糊吞吐⽀吾嗫嚅答应应允应许应诺应承发问提问查问询问盘问追问争辩争论争议争执计较辩解语⾔流畅语⾔鲜明语⾔精巧语⾔朴实语⾔通俗语⾔华丽语⾔含蓄语⾔幽默语⾔丰富词汇丰富语⽓坚定语⽓亲切语⾔⽣动语⾔形象语⾔贴切语⾔精练语⾔简洁语⾔通顺⾔语谦和语⾔⽆味语⾔⼲瘪语⾔于巴语⾔枯燥语⾔冗长词汇贫乏语汇贫乏语句重复语句不通词句粗俗语⽓不顺语⽓闪烁语⽓苍凉语声瑟索⾔语寡淡⾔语粗鲁声⾳低沉声⾳低弱声⾳清脆声⾳响亮声⾳清晰声⾳很尖声⾳宏亮声⾳圆润声⾳硬咽声如洪钟声如宏钟声若笙簧声似银铃声⾼⽓壮声低语重声⾊俱厉语调平淡语调轻柔语调柔和语调柔缓语调低沉语调严肃声嘶⼒竭⾳似洪钟⾳吐如钟⾳吐宏亮南腔北调洋腔怪调歪腔斜调⽼腔⽼调怪腔⾼调油腔滑调阳腔阴调拖腔拉调拉腔拖调变腔换调哭腔悲调侉腔野调荒腔野调变腔变调蛮腔蛮调贼腔贼调拖腔拿调没腔没调拿腔拿调拿腔捏调拿腔作调轻腔作调轻贱腔调尖声尖调细声尖调细声⾼调拿样撇腔轻声细⽓细声细⽓温声细⽓慢声细⽓悄声细⽓偷声细⽓娇声细⽓尖声细⽓钝⼝拙腮笨⼝拙⾆笨嘴拙⾆拙嘴笨腮⼝齿拙笨颠来倒去颠三倒四语⽆伦次语不成句⾔不达意辞不达意词不达意藏头露尾少头⽆尾有头没脑张⼝结⾆闭⼝结⾆缄⼝藏⾆缄⼝结⾆钳⼝结⾆尖嘴薄⾆贫嘴薄⾆贫嘴贼⾆贫嘴寡⾆贫嘴恶笑瞠⽬结⾆嘴尖⾆滑张⼝欲⾔欲⾔⼜⽌欲⾔⽆词欲⾔⽆声碍⼝识羞难于启齿难以启齿难⾔之隐难伸之隐念念有词振振有词滔滔不绝绘声绘⾊绘声绘影有声有⾊有板有眼谈吐从容话语轩昂侃侃⽽谈正⾔厉⾊义正辞严⼀字千钧情深意浓意味深长平⼼静⽓⼼平⽓和津津乐道话重⼼长蛮和⽓地挺郑重地兴致勃勃兴奋异常喜形于⾊笑嘻嘻地⼀字定句⼀字⼀顿⼀语双关⼀语道破⼀声不吭不慌不忙慢条斯理说话迟缓苦⼝婆⼼谆谆告诫再三叮嘱好说⽍说死说活磨⼝⼲⾆燥⾔辞婉转词钝意虚语⽓闪烁游辞巧饰满嘴斯⽂端腔拿架⼝讲⼿画指天画地指名道姓连说带嚷⾔之凿凿⾔近指远⾔约旨远⾔为⼼声⾔不尽意⾔不中听⾔不由衷⾔听计从⾔者谆谆不可名状不可⾔状不可名貌不可⾔宣不堪⾔状不谋同辞不在话下不赞⼀辞不知所云不根之论不易之论⼀⾔难尽⼀语破的⼀迭连声⼀时允⾔⼀⼝咬定⼀⾔九⿍⼀⾔蔽之出⼝⼊⽿出⾔⽆状出⼝僭⾔出⼝伤⼈出⾔不逊⼤⾔不惭⼤⾔弗作话⾥有话话中有话话中带刺巧发其中搔到痒处负薪之⾔。

描写人物语言的词语讲说谈喊叫呼吟读诵问答训斥责骂吼劝告评议论述赞夸辩叙话颂曰呓语梦话怪语黑话傻语胡话俗话废话发言婉言危言谎言谣言谰言恶言狂言流言巧言忠言疾言直言预言诺言诤言说理说服略说评说详说据说传说劝说相劝劝谏劝告规劝怒斥驳斥批驳狂吠辱骂诅骂疾呼狂叫高叫号叫大喊怒吼笑谈倾谈报告汇报演说演讲指示训示教导教诲教育称赞称颂称誉颂扬表扬赞扬朗诵朗读阅读控诉揭发控告哭诉申诉责问责骂责备指责呵斥叫嚣诅咒诋毁诽谤谣传扯淡聊天唠叨拉呱叙旧寒暄问候安抚叮嘱告诫解答解释语调语声声调声音话音腔调谈天闲扯闲谈闲聊唠嗑哕唆噜苏赘言赘述废话夸口夸张夸大虚夸浮夸夸耀吹嘘吹牛自夸说嘴说谎撒谎扯谎谎话胡说胡扯乱说瞎说瞎诌嚼舌诙谐幽默滑稽风趣含糊吞吐支吾嗫嚅答应应允应许应诺应承发问提问查问询问盘问追问争辩争论争议争执计较辩解语言流畅语言鲜明语言精巧语言朴实语言通俗语言华丽语言含蓄语言幽默语言丰富词汇丰富语气坚定语气亲切语言生动语言形象语言贴切语言精练语言简洁语言通顺言语谦和语言无味语言干瘪语言于巴语言枯燥语言冗长词汇贫乏语汇贫乏语句重复语句不通词句粗俗语气不顺语气闪烁语气苍凉语声瑟索言语寡淡言语粗鲁声音低沉声音低弱声音清脆声音响亮声音清晰声音很尖声音宏亮声音圆润声音硬咽声如洪钟声如宏钟声若笙簧声似银铃声高气壮声低语重声色俱厉语调平淡语调轻柔语调柔和语调柔缓语调低沉语调严肃声嘶力竭音似洪钟音吐如钟音吐宏亮南腔北调洋腔怪调歪腔斜调老腔老调怪腔高调油腔滑调阳腔阴调拖腔拉调拉腔拖调变腔换调哭腔悲调侉腔野调荒腔野调变腔变调蛮腔蛮调贼腔贼调拖腔拿调没腔没调拿腔拿调拿腔捏调拿腔作调轻腔作调轻贱腔调尖声尖调细声尖调细声高调拿样撇腔轻声细气细声细气温声细气慢声细气悄声细气偷声细气娇声细气尖声细气钝口拙腮笨口拙舌笨嘴拙舌拙嘴笨腮口齿拙笨颠来倒去颠三倒四语无伦次语不成句言不达意辞不达意词不达意藏头露尾少头无尾有头没脑张口结舌闭口结舌缄口藏舌缄口结舌钳口结舌尖嘴薄舌贫嘴薄舌贫嘴贼舌贫嘴寡舌贫嘴恶笑瞠目结舌嘴尖舌滑张口欲言欲言又止欲言无词欲言无声碍口识羞难于启齿难以启齿难言之隐难伸之隐念念有词振振有词滔滔不绝绘声绘色绘声绘影有声有色有板有眼谈吐从容话语轩昂侃侃而谈正言厉色义正辞严一字千钧情深意浓意味深长平心静气心平气和津津乐道话重心长蛮和气地挺郑重地兴致勃勃兴奋异常喜形于色笑嘻嘻地一字定句一字一顿一语双关一语道破一声不吭不慌不忙慢条斯理说话迟缓苦口婆心谆谆告诫再三叮嘱好说歹说死说活磨口干舌燥言辞婉转词钝意虚语气闪烁游辞巧饰满嘴斯文端腔拿架口讲手画指天画地指名道姓连说带嚷言之凿凿言近指远言约旨远言为心声言不尽意言不中听言不由衷言听计从言者谆谆不可名状不可言状不可名貌不可言宣不堪言状不谋同辞不在话下不赞一辞不知所云不根之论不易之论一言难尽一语破的一迭连声一时允言一口咬定一言九鼎一言蔽之出口入耳出言无状出口僭言出口伤人出言不逊大言不惭大言弗作话里有话话中有话话中带刺巧发其中搔到痒处负薪之言。

语言学词汇分类汇总语言学词汇分类汇总（按字母顺序排列）abbreviation缩写法acculturation语言文化移入acousticphonetics声学语言学acronym词首字母缩略词addressterm称谓语addresser发话人addressee受话人adjacency毗邻adjacencycondition紧邻条件adjacencyparameter紧邻参数affix词缀affixation加词缀法affricate塞擦音afro-asiatic非亚语系agreementrule一致关系规则allophone音位变体alveolar齿龈音alveolus齿龈angulargyrus角形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym夏斯利词apocope词尾音脱落aphasia失语症aphasic失语症患者appliedlinguistics应用领域语言学arbitrariness任意性argument论元articulatoryphonetics发音语音学articulatoryvariable发音变项aspiration送气assimilation同化approximation近似化auditoryphonetics听觉语音学austronesian…语系babbling咿呀学语back-formation逆向构词法backvowel后元音behaviorism行为主义behavioristlearningtheory行为主义自学理论behavioristpsychology行为主义心理学bilabial双唇音bilingualism双语现象blackenglish黑人英语blending混合法borrowing借予boundmorpheme黏着语素brainlateralization大脑左右半球侧化branchingnode锯齿点broadtranscription宽式音标broca’sarea布罗卡区caretakerspeech保姆语case格casecondition格条件casemarking格标志causativeverb使役动词centralvowel中元音cerebralcortex大脑皮层cerebralplasticity大脑弹性channel渠道classicallanguage古典语言clipping略读法closedclassword封闭类词code代码code-switching代码转换cognate同源词co-hyponyms并列下义词coinage创新词colorword色彩词concept概念conceptualistview意念观consonant辅音constituent成分constituentstructure成分结构constraint制约construction结构contentword实词context语境;上下文contextualism语境论contrastiveanalysis对比分析法conversationalimplicature会话含义co-operativeprinciple合作原则coordinatesentence并列句creativity创造性criticalperiod关键期;临界期culturaltransmission文化传播declaration宣告类deepstructure深层结构dental齿音derivation衍生法derivationalmorpheme派生语素derivative派生词descriptivelinguistics描绘语言学designfeature辨识特征determiner限定词diachroniclinguistics历时语言学diacritics变音符号dialect方言dialectalsynonym方言同义词dichoticlisteningtest两耳分听测试diglossia双言现象diphthong复合元音directionaliltyparameter方位参数directives指令类displacement不受时空限制的特性distinctivefeature区别性特征d-structure深层结构dualityofstructur结构二重性edoublearticulation结构二重性embeddedclause子句emotivemeaning表情意义entailment含义entity实体epenthesis填入音erroranalysis错误分析法euphemism直截了当语evaluativemeaning评价意义expressives表达类factivepredicate叙述性谓词familytree谱系树featuresymbol特征标记featuresofmeaning意义特征finiteclause定式字句finiteverb定式动词formalize公理化fossilization语言理性化framework框架freemorpheme民主自由语素fricative擦音frontvowel前元音functionword虚词functionalshift功能性转换functorelement起功能作用成分gender性generativegrammar分解成语法generativesemantics分解成语义学geneticpredispotion基因先天条件geneticrelationship亲缘关系glide滑音glottal 喉音glottis声门graddablopposites可分等级的反义词grammaticality语法性grammaticalmeaning语法意义greatvowelshift元音小变位hardpalate硬腭head核心词hemisphericdominancelanguage大脑半球的语言优势hierarchicalstructure层次结构highvariety高层次变体historicallinguistics历史语言学holophrasticsentence独词句homography同形homonymy同音异义；同形异义homophony同音异义hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词idiolect个人语言特点illocutionaryact言外形为inconsistency自相矛盾indo-european印欧语系infinitivemarker不定式标记inflection曲折变化inflectionalmorpheme坎坷语素input输出instrumentalmotivation工具性学习动机intake接受integrativemotivation介入性学习动机interference干扰interlanguage语际语internalize内在化internationalphoneticalphabet国际音标labeled(unlabeled)treediagram加标记树形图labial唇音lad语言习得机制languageacquisition语言习得languagebehavior语言犯罪行为languagecenter语言中枢languagefaculty语言机制languagefamily语系languageperception语言认知languageplanning语言规划languagevariation语言变异larynx喉laxvowel松元音level层；平面leveloflanguage语言层次lexicalcategory词类lexicalstructure词汇结构lexicology词汇学lexicon词汇mannerofarticulation发音方法matrixclause主句maximofmanner方式准则maximofquality质量准则maximofquantity数量准则maximofrelation关联准则meaning 意义meaningfulness有意义meaningrelation意义关系mentalism心理主义mentalistictheory精神论message信息metathesis语音变位middleenglish中世纪英语minimalpair最小对立对modernenglish现代英语monophthong单元音morpheme词素morphlogicalrule形态学规则morphology形态学mothertongue母语moveα移动α规则movementrule移位规则namingtheory命名论narrowtranscription严式音标narrowingofmeaning词义缩小nasalcavity鼻腔nasality鼻音化nasalize鼻音化naturalrouteofdevelopment自然发展轨道negator否定词neurolinguist神经语言学家neuron神经元no-placepredication空位述谓结构object宾语oldenglish古英语one-placepredication一位述谓结构optimumage最佳自学年龄oralcavity口腔overextension拓展过度overgeneralization归纳过度overtthought有声思维palatal腭音paralinguistic副语言学的parameter参数performance语言运用performanceerror语言运用错误perlocutionaryact言后行为pharyngealcavity咽腔phone音素phoneme音位phonemiccontrast音位矛盾phoneticfeature语音特征phonetics语音学phonologicalrule音位规则phonology音位学phrasalcategory词组类phrasestructurerule短语结构规则pidgin洋泾浜语placeofarticulation发音部位plosive爆破音polysemy多义性postpone后移prepose前移postvocalic元音后的pragmatics语用学predicate谓语predication述谓结构predicationanalysis述谓结构分析prefix前缀presprictive(grammar)规定语法presupposition前提proposition命题prepositionalcontent命题内容protolanguage原始语psycholinguistics心理语言学puberty青春期qualifyingpredication润色性述谓结构receivedpronunciation标准发音recursiveness循环性reference所指语义referringexpression所指名词register语域relationalopposites关系反义词representation抒发；呈现出representatives阐述类response反应retroflex卷舌音rewriterule重写规则roundedvowel圆唇元音sae标准美国英语sapir-whorfhypothesis…假设secondlanguageacquisition第二语言习得segment切分成分semanticanomaly语义异体semanticdeviation语义变异semanticbroadening语义广义化semanticnarrowing语义狭义化semanticshift语义演变semantics语义学semanticstructure语义结构semantictriangle语义三角sense意义sequentialrule序列规则setting背景；环境sexistlanguage性别歧视语sibilant咝音simplesentence简单句sino-tibetan汉藏语系situationaldialect语域方言sociolect社会方言sociolinguistics社会语言学softpalate软腭species-specificcapacity物种特有能力structuralconstituency结构成分性structurallinguistics结构主义语言subject主语subordinatepredication主从述谓性结构subscript下标subvocalpredication无声言语suffix后缀superordinate上坐标词suprasegmentalfeature逊于切割特征surfacestructure表层结构synchroniclinguistics共时语言synonymy同义词syntacticambiguity句法歧义syntacticcategory句法类型syntacticrule句法规则syntax句法tabooword禁忌词targetlanguage目标语tautology同义反复teethridge齿龈隆骨telegraphicspeech电报式言语tenseandaspect时和体tensevowel紧元音tone音调；声调tonelanguage声调语言topic话题；主题transfer转移transformational-generativegrammar切换分解成语法transformationalrule转换规则treediagram树形图two-placepredication双位述谓结构unaspirated不声母underextension拓展严重不足universalgrammar广泛语法utterance话语utterancemeaning话语意义uvula小舌validity有效性variable变项velar软腭音velum软腭vernacular本地话；本国语vocalcord声带voiced浊音化的voiceless不拎音的，清音的voicing拎音化，浊音化vowel元音wernicke’sarea韦尼克区wideningofmeaning词义扩大x-bartheoryx标杆理论。

语言学词汇分类汇总（按字母顺序排列）abbreviation缩写法acculturation语言文化移入acoustic phonetics声学语言学acronym词首字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话人addressee受话人adjacency毗邻Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦音Afro-asiatic非亚语系agreement rule一致关系规则allophone音位变体alveolar齿龈音alveolus齿龈angular gyrus角形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词apocope词尾音脱落aphasia失语症aphasic失语症患者applied linguistics应用语言学arbitrariness任意性argument论元articulatory phonetics发音语音学articulatory variable发音变项aspiration送气assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语音学Austronesian…语系Babbling咿呀学语back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元音Behaviorism行为主义Behaviorist learning theory行为主义学习理论Behaviorist Psychology行为主义心理学Bilabial双唇音Bilingualism双语现象Black English黑人英语Blending混合法Borrowing借用bound morpheme黏着语素brain lateralization大脑左右半球侧化branching node分叉点broad transcription宽式音标Broca’s area布罗卡区caretaker speech保姆语case格Case Condition格条件case marking格标志causative verb使役动词central vowel中元音cerebral cortex大脑皮层cerebral plasticity大脑弹性channel渠道classical language古典语言clipping略写法closed class word封闭类词code代码code-switching代码切换cognate同源词co-hyponyms并列下义词coinage创新词color word色彩词combinational rule组合规则commissives承诺类communicative competence交际能力comparative reconstruction比较重建法competence语言能力complement补语complement construction补足语complementarity互补性反义现象complementary distribution互补分布complex sentence复合句componential analysis成分分析法components of meaning意义成分compound word复合词compounding复合法computational linguistics计算语言学concept概念conceptualist view意念观consonant辅音constituent成分constituent structure成分结构constraint制约construction结构content word实词context语境;上下文contextualism语境论Contrastive Analysis对比分析法conversational implicature会话含义co-operative principle合作原则coordinate sentence并列句creativity创造性critical period关键期;临界期cultural transmission文化传播declaration宣告类deep structure深层结构dental齿音derivation派生法derivational morpheme派生语素derivative派生词descriptive linguistics描写语言学design feature识别特征determiner限定词diachronic linguistics历时语言学diacritics变音符号dialect方言dialectal synonym方言同义词dichotic listening test两耳分听测试diglossia双言现象diphthong复合元音Directionalilty Parameter方位参数Directives指令类Displacement不受时空限制的特性distinctive feature区别性特征D-structure深层结构duality of structur结构二重性e double articulation结构二重性embedded clause子句emotive meaning表情意义entailment含义entity实体epenthesis插入音Error Analysis错误分析法euphemism委婉语evaluative meaning评价意义expressives表达类factive predicate叙述性谓词family tree谱系树feature symbol特征标记features of meaning意义特征finite clause定式字句finite verb定式动词formalize形式化fossilization语言僵化framework框架free morpheme自由语素fricative擦音front vowel前元音function word虚词functional shift功能性转换functor element起功能作用成分gender性Generative Grammar生成语法Generative Semantics生成语义学genetic predispotion基因先天条件genetic relationship亲缘关系glide滑音glottal喉音glottis声门graddabl opposites可分等级的反义词grammaticality语法性grammatical meaning语法意义Great Vowel Shift元音大变位hard palate硬腭head核心词hemispheric dominance for language大脑半球的语言优势hierarchical structure层次结构high variety高层次变体historical comparative linguistics历史比较语言学historical linguistics历史语言学holophrastic sentence独词句homography同形homonymy同音异义；同形异义homophony同音异义hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词idiolect个人语言特点illocutionary act言外形为inconsistency自相矛盾Indo-European印欧语系infinitive marker不定式标记inflection曲折变化inflectional morpheme曲折语素input输入instrumental motivation工具性学习动机intake接受integrativ emotivation介入性学习动机interference干扰interlanguage语际语internalize内在化International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标interpersonmal communication人际交际intuition语调labeled (unlabeled) tree diagram加标记树形图labial唇音LAD语言习得机制language acquisition语言习得language behavior语言行为language center语言中枢language faculty语言机制language family语系language perception语言感知language planning语言规划language variation语言变异larynx喉lax vowel松元音level层；平面level of language语言层次lexical category词类lexical structure词汇结构lexicology词汇学lexicon词汇linear structure线性结构linguistic competence语言能力linguistic determinism语言决定论linguistic lateralization语言侧化linguistic performance语言运用linguistic relativism语言相对论linguistic repertoire全部语言变体linguistic taboo禁忌语linguistics语言学liquid流音loan word外来词localization定位locutionary act言内行为low variety低层次变体manner of articulation发音方法matrix clause主句maxim of manner方式准则maxim of quality质量准则maxim of quantity数量准则maxim of relation关联准则meaning意义meaningfulness有意义meaning relation意义关系mentalism心理主义mentalistic theory精神论message信息metathesis语音变位Middle English中世纪英语minimal pair最小对立对Modern English现代英语Monophthong单元音Morpheme词素morphlogical rule形态学规则morphology形态学mother tongue母语Move α移动α规则movement rule移位规则naming theory命名论narrow transcription严式音标narrowing of meaning词义缩小nasal cavity鼻腔nasality鼻音化nasalize鼻音化natural route of development自然发展轨道negator否定词neurolinguist神经语言学家neuron神经元no-place predication空位述谓结构object宾语Old English古英语one-place predication一位述谓结构optimum age最佳学习年龄oral cavity口腔overextension扩展过度overgeneralization概括过度overt thought有声思维palatal腭音paralinguistic副语言学的parameter参数performance语言运用performance error语言运用错误perlocutionary act言后行为pharyngeal cavity咽腔phone音素phoneme音位phonemic contrast音位对立phonetic feature语音特征phonetics语音学phonological rule音位规则phonology音位学phrasal category词组类phrase structure rule短语结构规则pidgin洋泾浜语place of articulation发音部位plosive爆破音polysemy多义性postpone后移prepose前移postvocalic元音后的pragmatics语用学predicate谓语predication述谓结构predication analysis述谓结构分析prefix前缀presprictive (grammar)规定语法presupposition前提proposition命题prepositional content命题内容protolanguage原始语psycholinguistics心理语言学puberty青春期qualifying predication修饰性述谓结构Received Pronunciation标准发音Recursiveness循环性Reference所指语义referring expression所指名词register语域relational opposites关系反义词representation表达；呈现representatives阐述类response反应retroflex卷舌音rewrite rule重写规则rounded vowel圆唇元音SAE标准美国英语sapir-Whorf hypothesis…假设second language acquisition第二语言习得segment切分成分semantic anomaly语义异体semantic deviation语义变异semantic broadening语义广义化semantic narrowing语义狭义化semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学semantic structure语义结构semantic triangle语义三角sense意义sequential rule序列规则setting背景；环境sexist language性别歧视语sibilant咝音simple sentence简单句Sino-Tibetan汉藏语系situational dialect语域方言sociolect社会方言sociolinguistics社会语言学soft palate软腭species-specific capacity物种特有能力specifier指示语spectrograph频谱仪speech act言语行为speech community言语社区speech variety言语变体S-structure表层结构standard language标准语stem词干stimulus刺激stop爆破音stress重音structural constituency结构成分性structural linguistics结构主义语言学subject主语subordinate predication主从述谓性结构subscript下标subvocal predication无声言语suffix后缀superordinate上坐标词suprasegmental feature超切分特征surface structure表层结构synchronic linguistics共时语言synonymy同义词syntactic ambiguity句法歧义syntactic category句法类型syntactic rule句法规则syntax句法taboo word禁忌词target language目标语tautology同义反复teeth ridge齿龈隆骨telegraphic speech电报式言语tense and aspect时和体tense vowel紧元音tone音调；声调tone language声调语言topic话题；主题transfer转移Transformational-Generative Grammar转换生成语法transformational rule转换规则tree diagram树形图two-place predication双位述谓结构unaspirated不送气underextension扩展不足Universal Grammar普遍语法Utterance话语utterance meaning话语意义uvula小舌validity有效性variable变项velar软腭音velum软腭vernacular本地话；本国语vocal cord声带voiced浊音化的voiceless不带音的，清音的voicing带音化，浊音化vowel元音Wernicke’s area韦尼克区widening of meaning词义扩大X-bar theory X标杆理论11。

C语言常用基本词汇及其他提示语运算符与表达式：1.constant 常量2. variable 变量3. identify 标识符4. keywords 关键字5. sign 符号6. operator 运算符7. statement语句8. syntax 语法9. expression 表达式10. initialition 初始化11. number format 数据格式12 declaration 说明13. type conversion 类型转换14.define 、definition 定义条件语句：1.select 选择2. expression 表达式3. logical expression 逻辑表达式4. Relational expression 关系表达式5.priority优先6. operation运算7.structure 结构循环语句：1.circle 循环2. condition 条件3. variant 变量4. process过程5.priority优先6. operation运算数组：1. array 数组2. reference 引用3. element 元素4. address 地址5. sort 排序6. character 字符7. string 字符串8. application 应用函数：1.call 调用2.return value 返回值3.function 函数4. declare 声明5. `parameter 参数6.static 静态的7.extern 外部的指针：1. pointer 指针2. argument 参数3. array 数组4. declaration 声明5. represent 表示6. manipulate 处理结构体、共用体、链表：1 structure 结构2 member成员3 tag 标记4 function 函数5 enumerate 枚举6 union 联合（共用体）7 create 创建8 insert 插入9 delete 删除10 modify 修改文件：1、file 文件2、open 打开3、close 关闭4、read 读5、write 写6、error 错误序号主要章节常用英汉对照词汇备注1 运算符与表达式（operator and expression ）汉语英语常量constant变量variable标识符identify关键字keywords符号sign运算符operator语句statement语法syntax表达式Expression初始化Initialization数据格式number format说明Declaration类型转换type conversion定义Define 、definition2 条件语句（conditionstatement) 选择select表达式expression逻辑表达式logical expression关系表达式Relational expression 优先priority运算operation结构structure3 循环语句(circle statement) 循环circle条件condition变量variant过程process优先priority运算operation4 函数(function) 调用call返回值return value函数function声明declare参数parameter静态的static外部的extern5 数组和指针(array and pointer) 数组array 引用reference元素element地址address排序sort字符character字符串string应用application指针pointer参数argument数组array声明declaration表示represent处理manipulate6 结构体、共用体(structures 、union ）结构structure 成员member标记tag函数function枚举enumerate联合( 共用体) union创建create插入insert删除delete修改modify7 文件（file) 文件file打开open关闭close读read写write错误errorProgram Design 程序设计writing program 编写程序standardize vt.使标准化coding the program 编程simplify vt.单一化，简单化programming 程序revision n.校订，修正programmer n.程序员occupy vt.占领，住进logic n.逻辑，逻辑学BASIC 初学者通用符号指令代码machine code 机器代码teaching language 教学语言debug n.DOS命令，调试simplicity n.单纯，简朴compactness a.紧凑的，紧密的timesharing system 分时系统description n.描述，说明interactive language 交互式语言break n.中断manufacturer n.制造业者structure chart 结构图dialect n.方言，语调the program flow 程序流expense n.费用，代价manager module 管理模块uniformity n.同样，划一worder module 工作模块archaic a.己废的，古老的mainmodule 主模块sufficient a.充分的，足够的submodule 子模块data processing 数据处理modify v.修正，修改business application 商业应用outline n.轮廓，概要scientific application 科学应用compose分解lexical a.字典的，词汇的code 代码non-programmer n.非编程人员node vt改为密码notation n.记号法，表示法，注释pseudocode n.伪代码verbosity n.唠叨，冗长commas n.逗点逗号record n.记录documentation 文档subrecord n.子记录flowchart/flow 程表／流程data division 数据部visual a.视觉的procedure division 过程部represent vt.表现，表示，代表comprise vt.包含构成structured techniques结构化技术operator n.运算符，算子straightforward a.笔直的，率直的commercial package 商业软件包subroutine n.子程序generator n.产生器，生产者driver module 驱动模块mathematician n.专家line by line 逐行operator n.作符translate vt.翻译，解释forerunner n.先驱modular 摸块化ancestor n.祖宗cumbersome a.讨厌的，麻烦的teaching programming 编程教学lengthy a.冗长的，漫长的alter vi./vt.改变flaw n.缺点裂纹devclop vt.发达separate a.各别的recompile v.编译assist n.帮助cycle n.循环technician n.技师remove vt.移动，除去straight line 直线category n.种类，类项rectangle n.长方形,矩形P-code p代码virtrally ad.事实上symology n.象征学象征的使用register n.寄存器to summaries 总之，总而言之by convention 按照惯例cyptic n.含义模糊的，隐藏的diamond-shaped a,菱形的bracket n.括号decision n判断obviate 除去，排除terminal n. a终端机，终端的keyword n.关键字card reader 阅读器underline vt.下划线translator program 译程序monadic a. monad(单位)的Programming 程序设计dec/binary n.二进制source language 源语shift 变化，转移，移位machine language 机器overflow n.溢出machine instruction 机器指令arithmetic n.算术，算法computer language 计算机语composite symbol 复合型符号．assembly language 汇编语assignment n.赋值floating point number浮点数proliferation n.增服high-level language高级语pointer n.指针natural language 自然语言array n.数组矩阵，source text 源文本subscript n.下标intermediate language 中间语言type conversion 类型转换software development 软件开发address arithmetic 地址运算map vt.映射，计划denote vt.指示，表示maintenance cost 维护费用subprogram n.子程序legibility n.易读性，易识别separate compilation 分离式编泽amend vt.修正，改善alphabetic a.照字母次序的consumer n.消费者digit n.数字位数enormous a.巨大的，庞大的numeric expression 数值表达式reliability n.可信赖性，可信度tap n.轻打，轻敲，选择safety n.安全，安全设备print zone 打印区property n.财产，所有权column n.列correctness n.正确，functionality n.机能semicolon n.分号portable a.叮携带的，可搬运的survey n.概观．altoggle n.肘节开关task n.作，任务declaration n.宣告说明source program 源程序mufti-dimension array 多维数组object program 目标程序其他提示语：CPU(Center Processor Unit)中央处理单元mainboard主板RAM(random accessmemory)随机存储器(内存)ROM(Read Only Memory)只读存储器Floppy Disk软盘Hard Disk硬盘CD-ROM光盘驱动器(光驱)monitor监视器keyboard键盘mouse鼠标chip芯片CD-R光盘刻录机HUB集线器Modem= MOdulator-DEModulator,调制解调器P-P(Plug and Play)即插即用UPS(Uninterruptable Power Supply)不间断电源BIOS(Basic-input-OutputSystem)基本输入输出系统CMOS(Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)互补金属氧化物半导体setup安装uninstall卸载wizzard向导OS(Operation Systrem)操作系统OA(Office AutoMation)办公自动化exit退出edit编辑copy复制cut剪切paste粘贴delete删除select选择find查找select all全选replace替换undo撤消redo重做program程序license许可(证)back前一步next下一步finish结束folder文件夹Destination Folder目的文件夹user用户click点击double click双击right click右击settings设置update更新release发布data数据data base数据库DBMS(Data Base Manege System)数据库管理系统view视图insert插入object对象configuration配置command命令document文档POST(power-on-self-test)电源自检程序cursor光标attribute属性icon图标service pack服务补丁option pack功能补丁Demo演示short cut快捷方式exception异常debug调试previous前一个column行row列restart重新启动text文本font字体size大小scale比例interface界面function函数access访问manual指南active激活computer language计算机语言menu菜单GUI(graphical user interfaces )图形用户界面template模版page setup页面设置password口令code密码print preview打印预览zoom in放大zoom out缩小pan漫游cruise漫游full screen全屏tool bar工具条status bar状态条ruler标尺table表paragraph段落symbol符号style风格execute执行graphics图形image图像Unix用于服务器的一种操作系统Mac OS苹果公司开发的操作系统OO(Object-Oriented)面向对象virus病毒file文件open打开colse关闭new新建save保存exit退出clear清除default默认LAN局域网WAN广域网Client/Server客户机/服务器ATM( AsynchronousTransfer Mode)异步传输模式Windows NT微软公司的网络操作系统Internet互联网WWW(World Wide Web)万维网protocol协议HTTP超文本传输协议FTP文件传输协议Browser浏览器homepage主页Webpage网页website网站URL在Internet的WWW服务程序上用于指定信息位置的表示方法Online在线Email电子邮件ICQ网上寻呼Firewall防火墙Gateway网关HTML超文本标识语言hypertext超文本hyperlink超级链接IP(Address)互联网协议(地址)SearchEngine搜索引擎TCP/IP用于网络的一组通讯协议Telnet远程登录IE(Internet Explorer)探索者(微软公司的网络浏览器) Navigator引航者(网景公司的浏览器)multimedia多媒体ISO国际标准化组织ANSI美国国家标准协会able 能activefile 活动文件addwatch 添加监视点allfiles 所有文件allrightsreserved 所有的权力保留altdirlst 切换目录格式andfixamuchwiderrangeofdiskproblems 并能够解决更大范围内的磁盘问题andotherinFORMation 以及其它的信息archivefileattribute 归档文件属性assignto 指定到autoanswer 自动应答autodetect 自动检测autoindent 自动缩进autosave 自动存储availableonvolume 该盘剩余空间badcommand 命令错badcommandorfilename 命令或文件名错batchparameters 批处理参数binaryfile 二进制文件binaryfiles 二进制文件borlandinternational borland国际公司bottommargin 页下空白bydate 按日期byextension 按扩展名byname 按名称bytesfree 字节空闲callstack 调用栈casesensitive 区分大小写causespromptingtoconfirmyouwanttooverwritean 要求出现确认提示,在你想覆盖一个centralpointsoftwareinc central point 软件股份公司changedirectory 更换目录changedrive 改变驱动器changename 更改名称characterset 字符集checkingfor 正在检查checksadiskanddisplaysastatusreport 检查磁盘并显示一个状态报告chgdrivepath 改变盘/路径node 节点npasswd UNIX的一种代理密码检查器，在提交给密码文件前，它将对潜在的密码进行筛选。

与language有关的词汇语言是人类沟通交流的工具，它是一种复杂的符号系统，通过语音、文字或手势来表达思想和感情。

在我们日常生活中，语言无处不在，它影响着我们的思维方式、文化传承和社会交往。

下面将介绍与language有关的一些词汇。

一、语言类型1. 书面语言（Written language）：以文字形式表达的语言，如中文、英文等。

2. 口头语言（Spoken language）：以口头形式表达的语言，如汉语、英语等。

3. 外语（Foreign language）：非本族群的语言，如对于中国人来说，英语、法语等都属于外语。

二、语言学派1. 语言学（Linguistics）：研究语言的科学，包括语音学、语法学、语义学等分支。

2. 结构主义（Structuralism）：强调语言结构和规则的学派，着重研究语言的形式和内部关系。

3. 生成语法（Generative grammar）：一种语法理论，试图揭示语言生成的规则和机制。

4. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言使用的学科，关注语言在具体语境中的意义和效果。

三、语言发展1. 语言起源（Origin of language）：研究语言起源和演化的学科，相关理论包括“口头语起源论”和“神话论”等。

2. 语言变迁（Language change）：语言在漫长的发展过程中发生的变化，如语音、词汇、语法等方面的变迁。

3. 语言传承（Language acquisition）：人类习得和掌握语言的过程，包括儿童语言习得和成人语言学习。

四、语言特点1. 语音（Phonetics）：研究语音的学科，包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。

2. 语法（Grammar）：语言的组织规则，包括词汇、句法和语义等方面的规律。

3. 词汇（Vocabulary）：语言中的基本单位，包括词和词组等。

4. 语义（Semantics）：研究语言意义的学科，探讨词义、句义和篇章意义等方面的问题。