宁波大学研究生第二学期英语答案

08-09(A)1 BCAC B2 DBDAC3 BCACB翻译（英译汉）美国地质勘探局于本周三发布报告称，目前北极圈内可开采石油储量预计为900 亿桶，可满足全球近三年的石油需求量。

另外，据该政府机构介绍，北极圈内的天然气储量为47 万亿立方米。

地质勘探局局长马克·梅尔斯说：“在我们就未来如何使用石油和天然气以及如何保护濒危物种、土著居民和地球健康等问题做出决定之前，要知道那里都有些什么。

”“这一估测让全世界的人们都认识到了目前的形势，所以大家可以一起来做那些艰难的决定。

”非赢利组织“洁净空气观察”主席弗兰克·奥·多尼尔说，如今，北极圈内的极地熊和其它野生动物不仅因全球变暖正面临无处栖息的危险，还会因石油企业的疯狂开采而受到威胁。

北极圈内近900 亿桶的石油储量预计可满足全球近三年的需求，目前全球石油的日需求量为8640 万桶。

地质勘探局称，目前北极地区未探明的石油储量占全球储量的30%，未探明的天然气储量占30%，液态天然气占20%。

这是该机构首次发布有关北极圈内可用油气资源的勘测报告。

翻译（汉译英）Half of the world’s population could face food shortages by the end of this century due to climate change, a new study warned, Thursday. According to researchers, there is a 90 percent probability that by 2100 the minimum temperatures in the tropics and subtropical regions will be higher than the maximum so far recorded in those areas. The effect on crop-growing in those regions world be dire, according to the projections based on direct observations and data culled from 23 computer models on the planet’s evolving climate patterns. “The stresses on global food production from temperature alone are going to be huge and that doesn’t take into account water supplies stressed by the higher t emperatures”, said David Battista, a University of Washington atmospheric sciences professor. In the tropics, the warmest temperatures will cut maize and rice harvests by 20 to 40 percent, the researchers said. The hotter weather will also reduce the moisture in the soil, cutting yields even further. Some three billion people, or half the world’s population currently live in tropical and sub-tropical regions, and their number is set to double by the end of the century. These regions stretch from northern India, southern China to much of Australia area all of Africa, and also extend from the southern United States to northern Argentina and southern Brazil.09-10（A）1 CBDCD2 DBDAC3 ACDBB翻译（英译汉）瑞典一项研究发现，在工作中受到不公正待遇时忍气吞声的男性职员患心脏病或死于该疾病的几率比公开表达不满的人高五倍。

试卷一客观试题Part I Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (48%)Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You shoulddecide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet witha single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:My daughter doesn’t know this, but it was Camels that my father, her grandfather, smoked. But before he smoked cigarettes made by manufacturers – when he was very young and very poor, with glowing eyes – he smoked Prince Albert tobacco in cigarettes he rolled himself. I remember the bright-red tobacco tin, with a picture of Queen Victoria’s partner, Prince Albert, dressed in a black dress coat and carrying a cane.By the late forties and early fifties no one rolled his own anymore (and few women smoked) in my hometown of Eatonton, Georgia. The tobacco industry, coupled with Hollywood movies in which both male and female heroes smoked like chimneys, completely won over people like my father, who were hopelessly hooked by cigarettes. He never looked as fashionable as Prince Albert, though; he continued to look like a poor, overweight, hard-working colored man with too large a family, black, with a very white cigarette stuck in his mouth.I do not remember when he started to cough. Perhaps it was unnoticeable at first, a little coughing in the morning as he lit his first cigarette upon getting out of bed. By the time I was sixteen, my daughter’s age, his breath was a wheeze, embarrassing to hear; he could not climb stairs without resting every third or fourth step. It was not unusual for him to cough for an hour.I doubt he had much lung left at all, after coughing for so many years. He had so little breath that, during his last years, he was always leaning on something. One hard winter when his lung illnesses had left him low, he died from “the poor man’s friend”, pneumonia.1.When “my father” was very young and poor, he smoked ______.A. CamelsB. MarlboroC. Prince Albert tobaccoD. Queen Victoria tobacco2.The underlined “smoked like chimneys” means ______.A. smoking a lotB. smoking littleC. using a chimney to smokeD. that the cigarettes look like chimneys3.Which of the following CANNOT describe what “my father” looked like?A. Poor.B. Overweight.C. Hard-working.D. Fashionable.4.When “my father’s” breath was a wheeze, ______.A. he stopped coughingB. he often coughed for less than an hourC. he felt rather difficult to climb stairsD. his breath was pleasant to hear5.The underlined “left him low” means ______.A. he was left to live in a low placeB. his body was very weakC. he was not very happyD. the speed at which he smoked was very lowPassage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Eventually, however, the second stage of culture shock appears. This is “the hostility stage”. You begin to notice that not everything is as good as you had originally thought it was. You become tired of many things about the new culture. Moreover, people don’t treat you like a guest anymore. Everything that seemed to be so wonderful at first is now awful, and everything makes you feel distressed and tired.Usually at this point in your adjustment to a new culture, you devise some defense mechanisms to help you cope and to protect yourself against the effects of culture shock. One type of coping mechanism is called “repression”. This happens when you pretend that everything is acceptable and that nothing bothers you. Another type of defense mechanism is called “regression”. This occurs when you start to act as if you are younger than you actually are; you act like a child. You forget everything, and sometimes you become careless and irresponsible. The third kind of defense mechanism is called “isolation”. You would rather be home alone, and you don’t want to communicate with anybody. With isolation, you try to avoid the effects of culture shock, or at least that’s what you think. Isolation is one of the worst coping mechanisms you can use because it separates you from those things that could really help you. The last type of defense mechanism is called “rejection”. With this coping mechanism, you think you don’t need anybody. You feel you are coping fine alone, so you don’t try to ask for help.The defense mechanisms you utilize in the hostility stage are not helpful. If you only occasionally use one of these coping mechanisms to help yourself survive, that is acceptable. You must be cautious, however. These mechanisms can really hurt you because they prevent you from making necessary adjustments to the new culture.6.When you are in the hostility stage, you try to feel better by ______.A. becoming tired of many things about the new cultureB. adjusting yourself to the new cultureC. experiencing the negative parts of the new cultureD. devising some defense mechanisms7.Which of the following is NOT the symptom of “the hostility stage” according to the passage?A. You begin to feel upset and tired.B. You start to notice that not everything is marvelous.C. You get bored with many things in the new culture.D. You become angry at many foreigners.8.When does “repression” happen in “the hostility stage”?A. When you pretend that you can accept everything and nothing troubles you.B. When you begin to act as if you are younger than you actually are.C. When you do not want to communicate with anybody.D. When you do not need anybody and never ask anyone for help.9.According to the passage, “isolation”is one of the worst coping mechanisms because you______.A. will be laughed at by foreignersB. will become careless and irresponsibleC. will be separated from those helpful thingsD. will be regarded as a child10.In the writer’s eyes, one must be cautious even when occasionally using one of the defensemechanisms because they prevent one from ______.A. feeling that these mechanisms are usefulB. making necessary adjustments to the new cultureC. being easily affected by cultural differencesD. protecting himself against the effects of culture shockPassage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Each Indian was supposed to keep his birth name until he was old enough to earn one for himself. But his playmates would always give him a name of their own. No matter what his parents called him, his childhood friends would use the name they had chosen. Often it was not pleasing, such as Bow Legs or Bad Boy. But sometimes a name fit so well that the youngster found it difficult to shake it off. If he could not earn a better one from a war later, he could be stuck with a name like Bow Legs for the rest of his life.The Indian earned his real name when he was old enough for his first fight against the enemy. His life name depended on how he acted during this first battle. When he returned from the war, the whole tribe would gather and observe the ceremony in which he would be given his name by the chief. If he had done well, he would get a good name. Otherwise he might be called Crazy Wolf or Man-Afraid-Of-a-Horse. So an Indian’s name told his record or described the kind of man he was.A man was given many chances to improve his name, however. If in a later battle he was brave in fighting against the enemy, he was given a better name. Some of our great fighters had as many as twelve names – all good and each better than the last.An Indian’s names belonged to him for the rest of his life. No one else could use them. Even he himself could not give them away because names were assigned by the tribe, not the family. So no man could pass on his name unless the chief and the tribe asked him to do so.Sometimes an Indian would be asked to give his name to a son who had performed a noticed deed. I know of only three of four times when this happened. It is the rarest honor for a person –the honor of assuming (承担) his father’s name.11.Before an Indian earned his own name, ______ could give him a name besides his birth name.A. his fatherB. the enemyC. the chief of the tribeD. his childhood friendss were important to an Indian because ______.A. their names were given by their fathersB. their names described their recordsC. their names were chosen by their playmatesD. their names were awarded by their chief13.If an Indian had more than ten good names, it meant that ______.A. he was a great fighterB. he had a lot of friendsC. many people in the tribe liked himD. he had fought in fewer than ten battles14.The greatest honor an Indian could earn was ______.A. a name given by the chiefB. the right to use his father’s nameC. a ceremony to get his real nameD. a victory in his first battle against the enemy15.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. The names given by the playmates of an Indian were usually not pleasant.B. The life name of an Indian was earned in battle.C. An Indian had very few chances to better his name.D. The Indians themselves were not allowed to give their names away.Passage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Fred, a close friend of mine, lives with six hundred wild animals on a small island. Ever since he left school, where I first knew him, he has traveled all over Africa collecting animals for his zoo. He hoped to collect at least two animals of each kind on his island, like Noah before the Great Flood. But the flood that my friend was afraid of was a flood not of water, but of people. I expect you have heard of my friend; he writes books about his travels and about the wild and wonderful animals that he collects. The money from the books helps to pay for all the food that those animals eat.Fred told me that when he was out looking for water last week (there is not enough water on the island, though there is plenty all around it), he found oil. He needs money for his travels, and for his zoo, and a little oil will buy enough water for a life time; but he knows that if he tells anybody else about it, it will be the end of his zoo and his life’s work.So, if I know my friend, he will not tell anybody (but you and me) about what he found. 16.The writer got to know Fred when ______.A. Fred was at schoolB. Fred began to write booksC. Fred told him the secretD. Fred began to collect animals17.How many animals of each kind does Fred collect ______.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. not mentioned18.Fred is afraid of ______.A. floodB. peopleC. oilD. animals19.Fred pays for the food that the animals eat by ______.A. selling a little oil on his islandB. traveling all over AfricaC. telling people about the secretD. writing books about his travels and animals20.Which of the following can be the best title for the story?A. An Oil FinderB. A Close Friend of MineC. An Animal CollectorD. A Man on an IslandPassage FiveQuestions 21 to 24 are based on the following passage:The United Kingdom could find its full uniqueness in the two traditions – high tea and public houses.The term “high tea” is used as a way to distinguish it from afternoon tea. It is called “high”tea because it was usually taken sitting atop stools in a tea shop or standing at a counter or buffet table. Also, “high” is used in the sense of well-advanced (like high noon, for example) to signify that it was taken later in the day. This ritual was first enjoyed by the English working class during the 1700s as a practical attempt to stave off (击退) hunger pangs between breakfast and supper, because eating just two daily meals was common at the time. Typically the fare of high tea is substantial (丰富的). It consists of a hot dish, followed by cakes and bread, butter and jam. Occasionally there would be cold cuts of meat, such as ham salad.If high tea is about food, a pub which is formally called a public house is concerning the drink. The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns (酒馆). That is why visiting a pub is one of the Britain’s oldest forms of entertainment. The first pubs served only wine, but today they serve mainly beer and ale (麦芽酒). Modern pubs are often controlled by English breweries and only their owner’s products are sold there. To operate a pub in UK, a license which is difficult to obtain is required by law. Pubs open between 11 a.m. and 11 p.m. every day except Sunday,when they must close at 10:30 p.m. The drinking age in Britain is 18, but fourteen-year-olds may enter a pub unaccompanied if they order a meal. Children may enter a pub with their parents until 9 p.m., which lets family enjoy reasonably priced pub meals together, and allows pubs to continue in their traditional roles as community centers.21.Which of the following is NOT true concerning the reason why the first unique tradition isentitled “high tea”?A. The term indicates that it is different from afternoon tea.B. People were sitting atop stools in a tea shop or standing at a counter or buffet table.C. It could make people feel high.D. It was taken later in the day.22.What does the underlined word “fare” (Para.2, Line 6) mean in this passage?A. An agenda of things to do.B. A paying (taxi) passenger.C. The sum of money charged.D. The food and drink that are regularly consumed.23.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Visiting a pub is the best way to talk about working or business in UK.B. The law requires people to have a driving license if they want to open a pub.C. Fourteen-year-olds are allowed to enter a pub for a meal even if they visit a pub alone.D. Pubs close half an hour earlier on Sundays because they are controlled by Englishbreweries.24.Why would families bring their children to the pub?A. The pubs are community centers and the family could have a meal there.B. The meal is substantial in pubs who offer cakes and bread, butter and jam.C. They want children to learn the law that the drinking age is 18 but not their ages.D. The parents cannot find people to babysit their children at home.Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (7%)Directions:In this part, you will read one passage quickly and answer the following 7 questions on the Answer Sheet with A (for YES), B (for NO) or C (for NOT GIVEN). Then markthe corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Deep Blues and Sunny YellowsVincent van Gogh is often remembered as the painter who cut off his ear in a fit (一阵) of passion. He was a lonely man who often went without food in order to buy paints, a man with few friends and a stormy temper. Van Gogh’s strong emotions not only affected his life, but his paintings as well.Many of van Gogh’s paintings were inspired by warm, yellow sunlight because he loved how it could light up the world in different ways. His painting Sunflowers, for example, is filled with vivid yellows and browns. These colors give the painting a feeling of warmth and well-being. However, the sunflowers are actually dead and dying.The result is a painting that mixes the warmth of life that van Gogh loved with the feelings ofsadness that were all around him. It is a painting that is warm, beautiful and sad, all at the same time.Van Gogh’s most famous painting, The Starry Night, takes this mixture of joy and sadness one step further. It is a landscape full of deep blues and shadows which represent the sadness van Gogh was feeling as he was painting, rather than what he was actually seeing.This is why van Gogh’s images in his painting look more imagined than real. The stars and moon in The Starry Night are unusually bright, their light swirling (旋动) above the darkening hills. A tree that looks like black fire cuts through the view of the night, interrupting its beauty.Because of his wild emotions, van Gogh was not understood during his life. He sold only one painting and never found true love. However, people today who stand in front of Sunflowers or The Starry Night can experience the same joy and sadness van Gogh once did, as he painted those deep blues and sunny yellows.Famous works of Vincent van Gogh:(1885) The Potato Eaters(1888) Bedroom in Arles(1888) Café Terrace at Night(1888) The Red Vineyard(1889) The Starry Night(1889) Irises(1889) Still Life: Vase with Twelve Sunflowers(1889) Portrait de l’artiste sans barbe(1890) Portrait of Doctor Gachet25.Van Gogh cut off his ear in order to attract attention from his friends. This statement is______.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given26.According to the text, deep blues and sunny yellows reflect the joy and sadness van Goghonce experienced. This statement is ______.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given27.Because of Van Gogh’s stormy temper, his wife left him when he was in trouble. Thisstatement is ______.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given28.The Starry Night was finished four years later than The Potato Eaters. This statement is______.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given29.Van Gogh’s Sunflowers, filled with vivid yellows and browns, was a painting of healthy plants.This statement is ______.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given30.Van Gogh’s works tend to be imaginary because his paintings revealed what he felt rather thanwhat he saw in a real sense. This statement is ______.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given31.Van Gogh’s talent was not well recognized during his life. This statement is ______.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not GivenPart III Vocabulary and Structure (10%)Directions:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes thesentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center.32.The boy broke the window, for ______ he was criticized by the teacher.A. thatB. thisC. whichD. what33.I am very grateful ______ you ______ everything you have done for me.A. for; inB. to; inC. for; toD. to; for34.Tom has a tense expression on his face, ______ he were expecting trouble to come at anymoment.A. as thoughB. even ifC. even thoughD. in case35.He had a pen in his hand when he came to the door to open it for me. He must ______something.A. be writingB. have been writingC. writeD. have been written36.I am supposed to be resting and relaxing, but it is just a whole ______ of different things thathave happened.A. bunkB. bunchC. bushD. bump37.Every day the manager has to ______ to the chairman for how he spends the company’smoney.A. accuseB. countC. accountD. accord38.The football star seemed at his ______. He simply missed several chances to score.A. worstB. mostC. bestD. least39.The discovery seems to ______ that people lived here over 10,000 years ago.A. counselB. compromiseC. confirmD. congratulate40.It is a real honor to have the opportunity of meeting the well-known artist ______ person.A. atB. toC. inD. for41.Scientists have warned that the human race will run ______ the fresh water supply one day.A. overB. out ofC. acrossD. after42.It is a matter of that male businesspeople usually wear suits on formal occasions.A. conventionB. conductC. conversationD. consequence43.My sole object was to get ______ from the snow, to get myself covered and warm.A. shellB. shelterC. shelfD. sheer44.The old lady stopped and ______ the wall to rest for a moment.A. held onB. lived onC. counted onD. leaned on45. It is a shame, ______ my viewpoint, that the article was copied instead of written by the authorhimself.A. inB. forC. fromD. as46.A good photograph can often ______ far more than words.A. denyB. depressC. conferD. convey47.They tortured the man to make him ______ his crime.A. confessB. commentC. commitD. conduct48.In manufacturing, cheaper materials are constantly being ______ for the more expensive kind.A. stimulatedB. stereotypedC. specializedD. substituted49.______ the desert is like a sea, ______ is camel like a ship.A. As, asB. Such, asC. As, soD. Such, that50.______ the war lasts, ______ the people there will suffer.A. The more; the moreB. The longer; the lessC. The sooner; the lessD. The longer; the more51.The proposals deserve support as they give______ to the needs of children.A. orderB. targetC. priorityD. requirementPart IV Cloze (20%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following two passages. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best fits into the passages. Thenmark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.Passage OneGail and I had no 52 about what the future held 53 us as a married, mixed couple in America. The continual 54 of our strength was our mutual trust and respect.We wanted to 55 the mistake made by many couples of marrying for the wrong reasons, and only 56 ten, twenty, or thirty years later that they were 57 , that they hardly took the time to know each other, that they 58 serious personality conflicts in the expectation that marriage was an automatic way to make everything 59 right. That point was emphasized by the fact that Gail’s parents, after thirty-five years of marriage, were 60 a bitter and painful divorce, which had destroyed Gail and for a time had a negative effect 61 our budding relationship.52. A. hope B. informationC. beliefD. illusions53. A. on B. toC. forD. with54. A. source B. resourceC. originD. initiative55. A. copy B. conveyC. forbidD. avoid56. A. find out B. finding outC. find forD. finding for57. A. independent B. incompleteC. insignificantD. incompatible58. A. overviewed B. oversawC. overlookedD. overcame59. A. work out B. work inC. work onD. work at60. A. going along B. going downC. going withD. going through61. A. at B. toC. onD. inPassage TwoOne aspect of American culture is a great belief in independence and self-reliance. Children are 62 to be independent. Many children are given 63 Americans call a “weekly allowance” and are inspired to have part-time jobs at young ages: for boys, newspaper routes, as for girls, baby-sitting. Parents often encourage their children to open 64 accounts, and some high school and college students have their own credit cards.Although American families stress 65 , America is also a youth-oriented nation. In America, a great deal of public 66 is paid to children. In many American families, husband and wife will give up their own plans to go to a vacation 67 in order to please their children 68 choosing amusement parks like Disney World and Disneyland. The 69 industry in America is large and growing rapidly. Americans buy expensive toys for their children. For an American family, Christmas, Easter, and a child’s birthday are 70 events. All of these holidays 71 on the children.62. A. forced B. consideredC. encouragedD. born63. A. what B. whichC. whereD. when64. A. school B. stockC. businessD. bank65. A. independence B. affectionC. happinessD. enjoyment66. A. notice B. considerationC. attentionD. care67. A. spot B. areaC. parkD. zone68. A. in B. byC. forD. with69. A. food B. toyC. clothingD. housing70. A. major B. familyC. familiarD. domestic71. A. fall B. dependC. waitD. center试卷二主观试题Part V Writing (15%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On the Generation Gap. You should write at least 120 words following the outline givenbelow in Chinese:1. 父母和孩子之间普遍存在代沟；2. 代沟形成的原因（年龄，观点，缺少沟通等）；3. 如何解决代沟问题On the Generation Gap。

2005年宁波大学外国语学院312基础英语考研真题及详解I. English Phonetics (20×1=20 points)Instructions: Give the phonetic transcriptions of the following words and write out the word spellings of the given phonetic transcriptions on the Answer Sheet. Remember to mark out the stressed syllable whenever necessary.1. shepherd【答案】/ˈʃepəd/2. limb【答案】/lɪm/3. crumble【答案】/ˈkrʌmbl/4. writhe【答案】/raɪð/5. cylinder【答案】/ˈsɪlɪndə/6. exhausted【答案】/ɪgˈzɔ:stɪd/7. disillusion【答案】/dɪsɪˈlu:ʒn/8. miracle【答案】/ˈmɪrəkl/9. cellar【答案】/ˈselə/10. alternative【答案】/ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv/11. /sistiˈmætikəli/ 【答案】systematic12. /ˈʌltimit/【答案】ultimate13. /imˈba:k / 【答案】embark14. /kəˈriə/【答案】career15. /kəˈlaid/【答案】collide16. /əˈkwaiə/ 【答案】acquire17./ˈlitərəl/【答案】literal18./iˈkwivələnt/ 【答案】equivalent19. /ˈkə:nl/【答案】colonel20. /kəˈmju:niti/【答案】communityⅡ. Error Detection and Correction (20 points)Instructions: There are 21 errors in the following passage. The first one has been identified and taken for example. Identify each of the rest and correction the Answer Sheet.No place in the English-speaking world is more breathtaking replete with dialects than the Great Britain. According to Robert Claiborne, there are “not less than thirteen” quite distinct dialects in Britain. Mario Pei puts the number of dialects at forty-two in Scotland, three in Ireland and thirty in England and Wales, and even that was probably an overestimate. If we define dialect as a way of speaking that fixes a person geographically, then it is scarce an exaggeration to say that in Britain there are as many dialects as there are hills and valleys. In the six northernmost countries of England alone, seventeen separate pronunciations just for the word house has been recorded.Professor Higgins boasted of Pygmalion that he could place any man in London within two miles, “sometimes within two streets”, but others claim even more specifically than that. I live in a dale in Yorkshire that is just five miles along, but locals insist they cannot tell whether a person comes from up the dale or down the dale by how they speaks. In a nearby village that lie half in Lancashire and half in Yorkshire, people claim to be able to tell which side of the high street a personwas born. There may be some exaggeration attaching to that, certainly Yorkshire people can tell in an instant where someone comes from Bradford or Leeds, ever though the two cities are contiguous. Certain features of British dialects can remarkably localize. In Trust an Englishman, John Knowler notices that he once knew a man whose odd pronunciation of letter r he took to be a speech impediment until he happened to visit the man’s child village in an isolated part of Northumberland and discovered that everyone there pronounced r in the same way.Example: breathtaking→breathtakingly【答案与解析】No place in the English-speaking world is more breathtaking replete with dialects than the Great Britain. According to Robert Claiborne, there are “(21)not less than thirteen” quite distinct dialects in Britain. Mario Pei (22)puts the number of dialects (23)at forty-two in Scotland, three in Ireland and thirty in England and Wales, and even that was probably an (24)overestimate. If we define dialect as a way of speaking that (25)fixes a person geographically, then it is (26)scarce an exaggeration to say that in Britain there are as many dialects as there are hills and valleys. In the six northernmost countries of England alone, seventeen separate pronunciations just for the word house(27)has been recorded.Professor Higgins boasted of Pygmalion that he could place any man in London within two miles, “sometimes within two streets”, but others (28)claim even more specifically than that. I live in a dale in Yorkshire that is just five miles(29)along, but locals insist they cannot tell whether a person comes from up the dale or down the dale by how (30)they speaks. In a nearby village that (31)lie half in Lancashire and half in Yorkshire, people claim to be able to tell (32)which side of the high street a person was born. (33)There may be some (34)exaggeration attaching to that, certainly Yorkshire people can tell in an instant (35)where someone comes from Bradford or Leeds, (36)ever though the two cities are contiguous. Certain features of British dialects can remarkably (37)localize. In Trust an Englishman, John Knowler (38)notices that he once knew a man whose odd pronunciation of letter r he (39)took to be a speech impediment until he happened to visit the man’s (40)child village in an isolated part of Northumberland and discovered that everyone there pronounced r in the same way.21.not→no（此处根据句意为不少于，强调数量之多。

2016年宁波大学外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Grammar (30 points: 20pts. for Section A, and 10pts. for Section B)Section A: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1. Even though he was guilty, the _____ judge did not send him to prison.A. mercifulB. impartialC. conscientiousD. conspicuous【答案】A【解析】句意：虽然他犯了罪，这位仁慈的法官并没有判他进监狱服刑。

merciful仁慈的。

impartial中立的，不偏不倚的。

conscientious认真的。

conspicuous显眼的。

故选A。

2. The education _____ for the coming year is about $4 billion, which is much more than what people expected.A. allowanceB. reservationC. budgetD. finance【答案】C【解析】句意：下一年的教育预算达到约40亿美元，远远高于人们期望的数额。

budget 预算。

allowance补贴。

reservation保留；预约。

finance财政，金融。

故选C。

3. They had fierce _____ as to whether their company should restore the trade relationship which was broken years ago.A. debateB. clashC. disagreementD. context【答案】A【解析】句意：关于公司应不应该恢复数年前破裂的贸易关系，他们展开了激烈的辩论。

考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学第2页共8页12.Piquette must have been seventeen then,although she looked about twenty.I stared at her,astounded that anyone could have changed so much.A.overwhelmed B.greatly surprised C.worried D.frightened13.Hitler’s blood lust and the hateful appetites have impelled him on his Russian adventure.A.ambition B.stomach C.belly D.intestines14.Burne-Wilke’s cabin had the dark,warm,comfortable look of a library den.“I say,Henry,what is your position on shipboard drinking?I have a fair bottle of cherry here.”A.much-contented B.just C.nice D.beautiful15.No one would anticipate that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in history.A.evolve B.run C.develop D.roll16.Mr.President,I second the proposal!(A silence;Hancock swats a fly.)A.succeed B.propose C.support D.stand17.The house detective’s gaze moved on to sweep the spacious,well-appointed room.A.clean B.mop C.clear D.examine18.They rise out of the earth,they sweat and starve for a few years,and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard.A.work hard B.feel hot C.fall ill D.feel hungry19.Sitting in her chair,she clasped her hands in order to conceal their trembling.A.pretend B.uncover C.prevent D.disguise20.I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.A.imposed B.described C.inscribed D.subscribedSection B.Lexical interpretation.There are ten words or phrases underlined in the following sentences.You are required to use other English words or phrases to explain them with the meanings that best suit those sentences (1×10points).For example:Johnny Carson has much to do to keep up with my quick and witty tongue.Answer:great eloquence1.Quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil as the beam sinks earthwards,taut and protesting.2.I went back to my room with a heavy heart.I had gravely underestimated the size of my task.3.Here you can find beautiful pots and bowls engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs,or the simple,everyday kitchenware used in this country.考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学第3页共8页4.Barring the catastrophe of nuclear war,it will continue to shape both modern culture and the consciousness of those who inhabit that culture.5.The Nazi regime excels all forms of human wickedness in the efficiency of its cruelty and ferocious aggression.6.It was familiar ground;boy and man,I had been through it often before.But somehow I had never quite sensed its appalling desolation.7.This is a war in which the whole nation is engaged without distinction of race,creed,or party.8.Ever-increasing production,the drive to make bigger and better things,have become aims in themselves,new ideals.Work has become alienated from the working person.9.I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.10.What they had wanted was an America more sensitive to art and culture,less avid for material gain.II.Cloze (20points)Directions:There are twenty blanks in the following passage.You are required to fill the words or phrases in them that best complete the passage to make a smooth and logical reading semantically,syntactically and textually.The words that you use to fill in the blanks can be any that you think are suitable and able to make the passage smooth in meaning and grammar.Radical feminists,however,remained hostile to the temptations of consumer capitalism.Drawing inspiration from the civil rights slogan “The Personal is Political,”movement activists (1)_______as Casey Hayden and Mary King began (2)_______organize women against the male domination (3)_______SNCC (Students for a Democratic Society),and (4)_______groups.Despite the radical community’s support (5)_______equal rights,they asserted,New Left men reflected the establishment culture by assigning women office duties (6)_______other minor tasks.Feminists also complained (7)_______the male-oriented sexual revolution degraded women (8)_______treating them (9)_______playthings and objects (10)_______conquests.While their male colleagues greeted their efforts with ridicule and open hostility,New Left women introduced “rap”sessions to share (11)_______complaints and address gender identity issues.(12)_______1968,200(13)_______feminists organized (14)_______first women’s liberation demonstration.Calling themselves the Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell (WITCH),activists projected (15)_______“sexism”and capitalism’s “objectification”of women’s bodies.They picketed the Miss America Pageant and threw “instruments of torture”such as brassieres考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学第4页共8页and high-heeled (16)_______into a “freedom trash can.”Feminists focused (17)_______women’s control of their (18)_______bodies with an agenda (19)_______included the right to legal abortions,distribution of birth control literature,and passage of tougher laws (20)_______rape and spousal abuse.III.Error Detection and Correction (20points)Directions:There are twenty-one errors in the following passage.You may detect and correct either twenty of them or more than that.When you get more than twenty correct answers,your scores will not surpass twenty.Remember to write your answers on the Answer Sheet.As a human beings,you have maintained across time a core sense of self,thanks in good part as memory.Nevertheless,the I that is you is daily modified by what you experience,by what you were learning and coming to know.Five year ago,you were not the same person you are today;ten years hence,you will not precisely the person you now are.As you are age,you steadily accumulate knowledge,some of it formally,some of it informally.Considering some of the things you know in present—about history,about people,about work,about etiquette,about science,about style.Then think about what you garnered that knowledge.Chances is that some of it you acquired formally in school:what you to know about the contribution of Ancient Greece of modern democracy,your understanding of photosynthesis or Euclidean geometry,you ability to differentiate satire from irony.Some things you may have learn through a combination of formally instruction,observation and practice:how to work successful in a group,how to wait on customers efficiently and courteously,how to apply brakes skillfully in traffics,how to cut food with a knife,what clothes to wear to the prom.And some knowledges you probable acquired almost exclusively from extended experience:what acquaintances to trust and not to trust,what writers and musicians appeal or do not appeal to you,what aptitudes your possess or lack for particular fields of study.(1)_______________(2)_______________(3)_______________(4)_______________(5)_______________(6)_______________(7)_______________(8)_______________(9)_______________(10)______________(11)______________(12)______________(13)______________(14)______________(15)______________(16)______________(17)______________(18)______________(19)______________(20)______________(21)______________考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学第5页共8页IV.Sentence Paraphrase (10points)Directions:There are five long or difficult sentences underlined in the following passage.You are required to paraphrase them in your own words according to the context.Remember to write your answers on the Answer Sheet.(1)Britain’s merchant navy seldom grabs the headlines these days;it is almost a forgotten industry.Yet shipping is the essential lifeline for the nation’s economy.Ninety-nine per cent of our trade in and out of the country goes by ship—and over half of it in British ships.(2)Shipping is also a significant British success story.It earns over £1000million a year in foreign exchange earnings:without our merchant fleet,the balance of payments would be permanently in deficit,despite North Sea oil.But,today this vital British industry is more in peril than ever before.(3)On almost all the major sea routes of the world,the British fleet risks being elbowed out by stiff foreign competition.The threat comes from two main directions:from the Russians and the Eastern bloc countries (4)who are now in the middle of a massive expansion of their merchant navies,and carving their way into the international shipping trade by severely undercutting Western shipping companies;and from the merchant fleets of the developing nations,(5)who are bent on taking over the lion’s share of the trade between Europe and Africa,Asia and the Far East—routes in which Britain has a big stake.V.Reading Comprehension (30points)Directions:There are three sections in this item with a passage in each section.Section A requires you to read a passage and provide a brief answer to each of the given questions.Section B requires you to read and judge whether the relevant statements are true or false.Section C requires you to read and then write a summary of it.Remember to write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Section A.Read the following passage and provide a brief answer to the questions after the passage (2.5×4points).If someone says to you ‘Our car has broken down’,your reaction may simply be to feel sorry.For the linguist,though,even such a simple utterance calls for quite an elaborate explanation.As far as the meaning and the grammar of the sentence are concerned,a traditional description would try to paraphrase the meanings of the words used;it would analyze the clause pattern (here a simple combination of subject and verb or predicate),and would probably go on to discuss the use of the present perfect tense.Modern linguists have on the whole not been satisfied with the traditional explanation of grammatical structures and word meanings.Indeed much work in modern linguistics has been devoted to constructing rules that would produce our initial sentence,but would exclude sentences like We car has考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学第6页共8页broken down or Our car has jumped up as not well-formed.The ultimate goal of this endeavor has been to establish a body of logical rules for generating the sentences of a language that are grammatically correct and semantically acceptable.For the individual words a set of ‘objective’semantic features has been proposed which would guarantee that the words are inserted appropriately into the grammatical structure.Thus the meaning of car would be described with the semantic features ‘inanimate’,‘concrete’,‘movable’and ‘self-propelled’.Assuming that the logical rules and objective semantic features which generate language are stored in our memory,it seems only natural to claim that they are of a mental nature.This approach is therefore also ‘cognitive’in the original sense of the word (i.e.‘related to knowledge’).However,it is not the kind of ‘cognitive linguistics’that our topic is about.To distinguish this approach from what we have in mind when we talk about ‘cognitive linguistics’,we will characterize it as the logical view in cognitive linguistics.As we understand the term,cognitive linguistics is today chiefly represented by the experiential view.Its main claim is that instead of postulating logical rules and objective definitions on the basis of theoretical considerations and introspection,a more practical and empirical path should be pursued.For example,one can ask language users to describe what is going on in their minds when they produce and understand words and sentences.As experiments have shown,people will not only state that a car has a box-like shape,that it has wheels,doors,and windows,that it is driven by an engine and equipped with a steering wheel,an accelerator and brakes,and that it has seats for the driver and the passengers.More likely than not,it will also be mentioned that a car is comfortable and fast,that it offers mobility,independence and perhaps social status.Some people may connect the notion of car with their first love affair,or with injury if they were once involved in an accident.1.What would a traditional linguist do with ‘Our car has broken down’?2.What would a modern linguist do with ‘Our car has broken down’?3.How is the logical view related to ‘cognitive linguistics’?4.What is the claim of the experiential view?Section B.Read the following passage and decide whether the statements after it are true or false (2.5×4points).It is strange and disturbing to watch the straight (i.e.,mainstream)community’s angry,sometimes violent reaction to the hippies.There are many reasons for this.The principal one is appearance.The hippies dress strangely.They dress this way because they have thrown a lot of middle-class notions out of the window and with them the most sensitive middle-class dogma:the neutral appearance.The straight world is a jungle of taboos,fears,and personality games.People in that jungle prey on each other mercilessly.Therefore,to survive in any jungle requires good protective coloring:the camouflage of respectable appearance.The anonymity of middle-class dress is like a flag of truce.It means (whether true or not):“I’m not one of the predators.”It is in the nature of an assurance of harmlessness.Unusual or bright-colored clothing then becomes an alarm,a danger signal to the fearful and their armed truce with the rest of mankind.They see it as a challenge.They are fearful,unsure of themselves,and fear sours into anger.It is but a step to thinking that the anger is “good.”The oldest fallacy in the world is that anything that makes you angry must be mad.考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学第7页共8页The sin of the hippies is that they will not play the straight game of camouflage.Their non-participation,in effect,exposes them as another tribe,whose disregard of straight taboos of dress makes them seem to be capable of anything,and therefore a danger.That danger moreover is felt clear up to city hall,that shrine of Squaredom.Why else,I submit,does the Health Department of this city have such a tender solitude about the living conditions of human beings at the Haight when they have ignored the conditions at Hunter’s Point,the Mission and the Fillmore?Many people cannot understand the hippies’rejection of everything that is commonly expected of the individual in regard to employment and life goals:steady lucrative employment,and the accumulation through the years of possessions and money,building (always building)security for the future.It is precisely this security hypochondria,this checking of bank book rather than pulses,this worrying over budgets instead of medicine cabinets,that drive the youth of today away.It is this frantic concern with money that also drives the young into the Haight-Ashbury.They have seen their parents slave for years,wasting away a lifetime to make sure that the house was paid off,that the kids got through school in order to get “good”jobs so that they could join the frantic scramble,later on.The parents’reward for this struggle is that they wind up old and tired,alienated from their children,and just as often each parent from the other.1.The hippies dress strangely because they have defied the dressing values of the middle class.()2.For middle class,to survive in the straight world is to protect themselves by the camouflage of respectable appearance.()3.The hippies belong to another tribe of people because they have a different custom of dresses.()4.The hippies understand their parents struggling their way all their lives and sympathize them.()Section C.Read the following passage and then write a summary of it within 100words (1×10points).The vast majority of books on the English language take British English as their starting point.There are many reasons for this:British English is the old variety,and traditionally British English has enjoyed more prestige,at least in Europe and in former English colonies,than American English.Until not so long ago,American English was considered less educated,less cultured,less beautiful than British English.Teachers in many European countries were not allowed to have an American accent,and high-school students who returned from a year in the United States were sometimes punished with low grades by conservative teachers.This attitude seems mostly to have disappeared even if there are still traces of it.Another reason for the predominance of British English is simply one of publishing traditions:Britain has a long tradition of producing textbooks and dictionaries and of marketing them all over the world,whereas there have been relatively few American textbooks or dictionaries written for audiences worldwide.The result is a curious situation:The majority of the world’s native speakers of English are Americans,about 240million people.They make up the majority of the 400million native speakers,compared with about 57million speakers in Britain.They speak English with American pronunciation,vocabulary,and grammar.Much more American than British English is heard in films and on television,and more American English is used in international business,computing,and science.宁波大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学Yet the textbooks for non-native speakers that are used in schools in many countries are still mostly oriented toward British English,sometimes presenting American English as an aberration,often just in the form of a collection of words to learn.There are some useful books on American English,mostly designed for college or university use,that deal with vocabulary,spelling and pronunciation,but they usually give very little information concerning grammar or practical language use in the United States. Nor do they make any attempts to explain why there are differences between the two major varieties.SummaryVI.Writing(50points)Directions:Now in universities or colleges,some BA students want to work and earn money after graduation while other BA students plan to continue their education as MA students.The chief reasons for those BA students who intend to further their study can be either that it is hard to find a good job as BA students or that they love study and make greater contribution for their country.That is,the former read for MA just to get a higher degree so as to find a better job;the latter read for MA just to give a full expression to their academic ability and do research work.What is your purpose to read for MA?Or what kind of BA students do you belong to when you are taking this MA entrance exam?In the following topic of writing,please clarify your purpose to read for MA and give your reasons.You are suggested to make your argument in three major paragraphs with introduction,argumentation and conclusion in about400words.Remember to write your essay on the Answer Sheet.My Purpose to Read for MA科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学I.Vocabulary(30points)This part consists of two sections.Section ADirections:Choose one of the four alternatives which is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase and mark the corresponding letter.Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.(1×20points).1.He avowed his commitment to those ideals.A.acknowledgedB.convertedC.conformedD.renounced2.The political dissident was accused of instigating a plot to overthrow the government.A.devisingB.supportingC.fundingD.provoking3.I wish you two would stop bickering.plaining B quarreling C.bargaining D murmuring4.The defendant is facing severe verdict despite the appeal for clemency by his lawyer.A.forgivingB.releaseC.leniencyD.impartiality5.The little boy listened,enthralled by the Captain’s story.A.fascinatedB.swindledC.shockedD.bored6.I was impressed by his expertise on landing craft.A.encouragementB.special skillC.shrewdnessD.eloquence7.Your action is a breach of our university regulations.A.observationB.violationC.creationD.attack8.Subsequent events vindicated his policy.A.predicateB.swingC.dilateD.verify9.Drug smuggling carries a mandatory death penalty in most countries in the world.A.impulsiveB.multicoloredC.obligatoryughable10.Morality,for him,was doing what is expedient.A.undesirableB.unavailable C advantageous D.inappropriate11.“The giant was big”is a tautological statement,to say the least.A.tightB.redundantC.illogicalD.relative科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学III.Error Detection and Correction(20points)Directions:There are twenty errors in the following passage.You should detect and correct all the errors.Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Marxist Criticism is a criticism based on the historical,economic,and sociology1 theory of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.According to Marxism,the conscious2of a given class in a given historical moment derives modes of material production.3The set of beliefs,values,attitudes,and ideas that constitute the consciousness of this4 class forms a ideological superstructure,and this ideological superstructure is5 shaped and determined by the material infrastructure and economic base.Hence the6 term"historic materialism."Marxism assumes the ontological priority of matter7 above mind and sees mind as the product of historical forces.There is thus a dialectical8 relationship between the literature work and its socio-historical background.9 Dialectical criticism focuses on the causal connections of the content or form10of the work and the economic,class,social,or ideological factors that shape and11 determines that content and form.Bourgeois writers,for example,inevitably propagate a12 bourgeois ideology that seeks to universalizing the status quo,to see it as natural rather13 than historical.The notion that there is a one-to-one correspondence to the class14 consciousness of the writer,the ideology of the work,and the society-historical15 background out of which it emerges is often labeled vulgarly Marxism,even by16 Marxists themselves.Sophisticated Marxism,however,like Fredric Jameson17 points out,is concerned with"the influence of the given social raw material,not only18on the content,but on the very form of the work themselves....[The dialectical19 interaction of work and background],this fact of sheer interrelationship,is prior of20any of the conceptual categories,such as causality,reflection,or analogy,subsequently evoked to explain it."科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学IV.Reading Comprehension(30points)Directions:There are three sections in this item with a passage in each section. Section A requires you to read a passage and provide a brief answer to each of the given questions.Section B requires you to read and judge whether the relevant statements are true or false.Section C requires you to read and then write a summary of it.Remember to write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Section A.(10points)By the mid-century there emerged a trend in writing that favored a new approach to constructing the novel that abandoned many of the time-honored traditions of form.Indeed,there has been debate about whether many of the works of the times should rightly be considered novels at all.Although not all writers of the period pursued experimental methods,two of them,William Burroughs and Henry Miller,served as exemplary figures.William Burroughs published journals depicting his travels through South America and North Africa.He was heavily influenced by his encounter with foreign languages and associations with strange customs.The impact of his experiences on his writing led to a uniquely detached style.Often it is difficult to determine who is telling the stories,or where the characters have come from.In his most celebrated work Naked Lunch,Burroughs is said to have physically cut up the manuscript and pasted it back together,to further disturb the conventional notion of narration.Although these writing techniques did not boost initial sales of his works,American academia accepts him as an important practitioner of literary theory.Henry Miller wrote about his personal life in a depth that previous authors had avoided.In order to better expose compulsive desires,he used very graphic language to describe the details of his intimate relationships.His books Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer were banned in some states when they were first published.Although there are disagreements about Miller's moral positions,he is acknowledged as an important contributor to mid-twentieth century American fiction.1.What is the main topic of this passage?2.What did the passage preceding this one probably discuss?3.What can we assume about Burroughs'earlier works?4.What is the most difficult aspect of reading the book Naked Lunch?5.What can we infer about the works of the two men?科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F).1.According to this passage,Shakespeare’s sonnets might have contained a continuity of love story.2.The speaker of Shakespeare’s sonnets is perfectly happy with both the young noble man and the“dark lady”,according to the passage.3.Shakespeare’s sonnets were dedicated to a“W.H.”,who must be Henry Wriothesley,the Earl ofSouthampton.4.It could be inferred from the passage that most life stories about Shakespeare are conjectures.5.Shakespeare wrote153sonnets,all of which have the feel of autobiographical poems.Section C(10points)Read the following passage and write a summary of it within200words.Knowing that Mrs.Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble,great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband's death.It was her sister Josephine who told her,in broken sentences;veiled hints that revealed in half concealing.Her husband's friend Richards was there,too,near her.It was he who had been in the newspaper office when intelligence of the railroad disaster was received,with Brently Mallard's name leading the list of"killed."He had only taken the time to assure himself of its truth by a second telegram, and had hastened to forestall any less careful,less tender friend in bearing the sad message.She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same,with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance.She wept at once,with sudden,wild abandonment,in her sister's arms.When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone.She would have no one follow her.There stood,facing the open window,a comfortable,roomy armchair.Into this she sank,pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul.She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life.The delicious breath of rain was in the air.In the street below a peddler was crying his wares. The notes of a distant song which someone was singing reached her faintly,and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves.There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window.She sat with her head thrown back upon the cushion of the chair,quite motionless,except when a sob came up into her throat and shook her,as a child who has cried itself to sleep continues to sob in its dreams.科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学She was young,with a fair,calm face,whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength. But now there was a dull stare in her eyes,whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky.It was not a glance of reflection,but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought.There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it,fearfully.What was it?She did not know;it was too subtle and elusive to name.But she felt it,creeping out of the sky,reaching toward her through the sounds,the scents,the color that filled the air.Now her bosom rose and fell tumultuously.She was beginning to recognize this thing that was approaching to possess her,and she was striving to beat it back with her will--as powerless as her two white slender hands would have been.When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips.She said it over and over under the breath:"free,free,free!"The vacant stare and the look of terror that had followed it went from her eyes.They stayed keen and bright.Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body.She did not stop to ask if it were or were not a monstrous joy that held her.A clear and exalted perception enabled her to dismiss the suggestion as trivial.She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind,tender hands folded in death;the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead.But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely.And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome.There would be no one to live for during those coming years;she would live for herself.There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature.A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of illumination.And yet she had loved him--sometimes.Often she had not.What did it matter!What could love,the unsolved mystery,count for in the face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being!"Free!Body and soul free!"she kept whispering.Josephine was kneeling before the closed door with her lips to the keyhole,imploring for admission."Louise,open the door!I beg;open the door--you will make yourself ill.What are you doing, Louise?For heaven's sake open the door."。

2018年宁波大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解一、词语互译（2×20＝40分）说明：本部分共20个词语，汉语和英语各10个，或选自国内外时事新闻，或选自翻译理论术语。

请将汉语词语翻译为英语，英语词语翻译为汉语。

1. 脸部识别技术【答案】face recognition technology2. 美国总统对中国的国事访问【答案】a state visit to China by the president of the United States3. 供给侧改革【答案】supply-side reform4. 国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划【答案】the 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China5. 激发创新活力【答案】stimulate innovation vitality6. 社会主义核心价值观【答案】the core values of socialism7. 不忘初心【答案】stay true to the mission8. 房地产市场【答案】real estate market9. 经济全球化【答案】economic globalization10. 软实力【答案】soft power11. translation process【答案】翻译过程12. functional equivalence【答案】功能对等13. source language【答案】源语14. communicative translation 【答案】交际翻译15. target text【答案】目标语16. domestication【答案】归化17. informative text type【答案】信息文本类型18. literary translation【答案】文学翻译19. translator’s subjectivity【答案】译者主体性20. the invisibility of the translator【答案】译者的隐形二、英汉篇章翻译（1×60＝60分）Middle-aged, unemployed, single and my money spent, I’m an utter failure in comparison to many of my college peers.I graduated from an elite university in the 1980s. My class of approximately 1550 has generated a Nobel Prize winner, a Pulitzer Prize winner, a World Bank chief, a few ambassadors, at least one current governor and several mayors. I know former classmates who are university presidents, college professors, CEOs and so on.What a load of over-achievers!Meanwhile, the rest of us remain uncelebrated, absent from the public eye, not courted by private bankers, nosy paparazzi (狗仔队), respected charities, luxury real estate agents or art auction houses.Post-graduate achievement is usually measured in degrees earned and awarded, class rankings, corporate titles, magazine covers and social media popularity, and money made. At elite institutions’ alumni gatherings, the bar for storytelling is set high, with summary biographies of our most luminous graduates shared in hushed murmurs. How can we compare ourselves to our peer’s stupendously visible achievements and not think ourselves failures?In the 1800s, Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard (克尔凯郭尔) addressed the same question with his own story: “The Lily in the Field and the Bird of the Air”. Init, Kierkegaard describes a little bird that loves to gossip to its friend the lily. The bird, he writes, has a bad habit of saying “all sorts of things, true and untrue, about o ther places where lilies far more splendid were found in great abundance”. The listening lily, in turn, becomes troubled. Seeing its own unsplendid existence in comparison to the bird’s fantastic tales of other and better lilies, the lily begins to doubt whether it deserves to call itself a lily at all.In the distress of comparison, the troubled person may go at last so far that in view of the difference he forgets that he is a man. In despair, he conceives himself so different from other men, that he even conceives he is different from what is meant by being a man, just as the lily was so inconspicuous that it was questionable if it was really a lily.In other words, it’s not just painful to doubt. T o measure success in any way but from the inside is to rock the foundations of your identity.Most of us are already busy enough trying to get by. We are busy with the practical tasks of everyday living, doing and redoing, learning and changing, and sometimes staying the course. We might compare our performance on an examination, or a recent grant proposal; but to compare ourselves against others in the totality of being a successful adult is odious and futile.Many of us are not the kind of successful that’s easy to see. Many of us who have enjoyed financial success were extremely fortune, but perhaps not so lucky in love. Many of us understand now that no matter how hard you work or how brilliant y ou might be, luck has far more to do with “success” than one mightimagine.【参考译文】中年，失业，单身，破产，我与许多大学同学们相比是一个完完全全的失败者。

宁波大学年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语教学论科目代码：837 适用专业: 学科教学(英语)1.Traditional language teaching methods and communicative language teaching approach: dichotomyor continuum? (20 points)2.What is communicative competence(CC)? How to develop the learners’CC according to yourteaching or learning experience? (20 points)3.How do you assume the post-method era? Does it indicate we can abandon the language teachingmethods or approaches? (20 points)4.In terms of task-based language teaching and learning, Nunan, Feez(1998), Ellis gave differentaccounts. Please define the concept of TBLT according to Nunan and list some basic principles of. You can also show your own opinions.task-based language teaching according to Feez’s claims(20 points)5.如何理解“强任务”（strong version）和“弱任务”(weak version)。

（只有本题可用中文回答，其他各题必须用英文回答。

2012年宁波大学244英语（二外）考研真题及详解（A卷）Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure (1*20=20 points)Directions:There are twenty incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark the answer on the Answer Sheet.1. He greatly resented the publication of this book, which he saw as an embarrassing invasion of his _____.A. privacyB. moralityC. dignityD. secrecy【答案】A【解析】句意：他极不愿意接受出版这本书，因为这违反了他的隐私。

privacy隐私。

morality 道德。

dignity尊严。

secrecy秘密色彩。

因此，本题的正确答案为A。

2. These were stubborn men, not easily _____ to change their mind.A. tiltedB. convertedC. persuadedD. suppressed【答案】C【解析】句意：他们都是非常固执的人，想要劝说他们改变想法很困难。

persuade说服，劝说。

tilt攻击。

convert转换。

suppress镇压。

因此，本题的正确答案为C。

3. The police set a _____ to catch the thieves.A. planB. deviceC. trapD. trick【答案】C【解析】句意：警察为了抓住小偷，设了一个陷阱。

2018年宁波大学244英语（二外）考研真题及详解（A卷）Part Ⅰ Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part you are required to read the given passages carefully, and then fill in each blank with an appropriate word given in the boxes. Each word is allowed to be used only once. You should not change the form of the word but you can capitalize the initial letter if the word is used at the beginning of the sentence. Write your choices in the Answer Sheet.Passage OneLiving in a culture that is different from your own can be both an exciting and challenging experience. You have to learn different cultural practices and try to adapt to them. Here are the top six cultural differences 1______ China and the US to help promote mutual understanding.Chinese people do not have the same concept of privacy as Americans do. They talk about topics such as ages, income or marital status, 2______ Americans think is annoying and intrusive.In China, elders are traditionally treated with enormous respect and dignity 3______ the young are cherished and nurtured. In America, the goal of the family isto encourage independence, particularly that of the children. 4______ the Chinese, older Americans seldom live with their children.Chinese people have different meanings to define friends. Just hanging out together time to time is not friendship. Friendship means lifelong friends who feel deeply obligated to give each other 5______ help might seem required. Americans always call people they meet friends, so the definition of friends is general and different. There are work friends, playing friends, school friends and drinking friends.6______ is well known, the Chinese like to save. They are always conservative when they are planning to spend money. It is different in the USA, 7______ far fewer families are saving money for emergencies and education than their Chinese counterparts.Chinese people value education and career more than Americans, 8______ in turn put more emphasis on good character and faith.9______ China values the community and the US values the individual. If you achieve something in the US, it’s because you were great. While in China, if you achieve something in China it’s 10______ the team, or family, or the company is great. Everything you do gets attributed to the greater whole, while in America individual merits are celebrated.【答案与解析】1. between（由前面的“difference”可推测此处填“between”，此处是说“中美两国的六大文化差异”。