考研英语长难句经典总结。长短句ok啦、
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考研英语真题超精长难句1. In a move that has intellectualproperty lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of businessmethod patents.译文:美国联邦巡回上诉法院宣称,它将利用一项特殊案例对商业方法专利开展广泛复审,这一举措令知识产权律师们议论纷纷,2022考研英语9年真题超精长难句(4)。
2. Curbs on businessmethod claims would be a dramatic aboutface, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the socalled state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutualfund assets.译文:对商业方法专利申请的控制是一个突然的180度大转变,因为正是联邦巡回法院在1998年被称为道富银行案的决议中引入了这类专利,当时法庭对一种汇集各种公有基金资产的方法授予了专利。
3. That ruling produced an explosion in businessmethod patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types ofonline transactions.译文:这项裁决带来了商业方法专利申请案卷的激增,起初是新兴的网络公司试图对特定类型的在线交易方法占得独家权利。
考研英语要掌握的10个经典长难句考研英语要掌握的10个经典长难句考研宝宝们,你们开始看英语长难句了没?无论开始还是没开始,下面为大家整理了40个典型长难句的句子结构分析,收藏下来,据说看完之后再学长难句可以提高学习效率哦!1. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates,Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. (1996.阅读.Text A) 【译文】经过六个月的争论和议会最后十六小时激烈的辩论,澳大利亚北部行政区成为全球第一个允许医生为寻求解脱的绝症患者实行安乐死的法定权威。
【析句】这是一个比较简单的复合长句,句子的主干是Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority。
句中,after引导时间状语从句,表明发生的时间;who wish to die 是patients的定语从句,将patients的范围限定在寻求解脱的患者中;两个不定式结构to allow和to take分别是the first/序数词+to do sth 和allow sb to do sth两个固定搭配的应用。
2. The full import may take a while to sink in... (1996.阅读.TextA)【译文】这份法案的深刻意义或许需要一段时间才能被充分理解。
【析句】句子很简单,但不容易理解,有两个难点:(1)import"进口"的基本含义更为考生熟知,但在此句中语义不通。
考研英语长难句1. While some historians blame the fundamentalist uprising on economic factors, others point to a disaffection with modernity and globalization.2. It is not uncommon for scientists to disagree on the interpretation of experimental results, given the complexity and variability of natural phenomena.3. Despite the substantial progress that has been made in understanding the human brain, much of its functioning remains a mystery.4. The study found that there was a significant correlation between exposure to environmental toxins and the incidence of certain diseases.5. The challenges faced by the international community in addressing climate change are formidable, given the competing priorities of different nations.6. Although the policy was intended to promote economic growth, it had the unintended consequence of exacerbating income inequality.7. The success of the project was due in no small part to the dedication and hard work of the team members, who worked tirelessly to overcome numerous obstacles.8. According to recent research, there is a strong correlation between social support and emotional well-being, particularly in times of stress.9. The government's response to the crisis was widely criticized for its slow and inadequate implementation of relief measures.10. It is difficult to overestimate the impact that technological advancements have had on industries ranging from healthcare to finance.11. The researcher's methodology was thorough and rigorous, ensuring that the results were both reliable and valid.12. Despite the fact that the company had been in operation for many years, it failed to adapt to changing market conditions and ultimately went bankrupt.13. The concept of social justice is multifaceted, encompassing issues of equality, fairness, and the protection of basic human rights.14. The prevalence of mental health disorders has increased significantly in recent years, highlighting the need for greater awareness and resources.15. The study's findings reveal a complex interplay between cultural and environmental factors in shaping individual behavior.16. Although the project was ambitious in scope, the team was able to complete it on time and within budget thanks to their exceptional organizational skills.17. It is not uncommon for political leaders to engage in rhetoric and propaganda in order to sway public opinion in their favor. 18. The implications of the research are far-reaching, with potential applications in fields ranging from medicine to engineering.19. The debate over the best approach to healthcare reform has been ongoing for decades, with no clear consensus in sight.20. The island's isolation and unique ecosystem make it an ideal location for studying the effects of human activity on biodiversity.21. Despite the setbacks the company faced early on, it was able to rebound thanks to the ingenuity and resilience of its leadership team.22. The central government's efforts to promote economic growth have led to rapid urbanization and industrialization, but at the costof severe environmental degradation.23. The study's results have important implications for policymakers and educators looking to improve the quality of education in low-income communities.24. The rise of social media has transformed the way people interact, with both positive and negative consequences for social cohesion and individual well-being.25. The effectiveness of a public health intervention depends not only on its scientific validity but also on its feasibility and acceptability among the target population.26. The phenomenon of income inequality is a complex one, with factors such as globalization and technological advancements contributing to its rise.27. Despite the efforts of conservationists, many endangered species continue to face threats from habitat loss and poaching.28. The development of renewable energy sources is crucial for mitigating the effects of climate change and reducing our dependence on fossil fuels.29. The debate over the appropriate role of government in regulating the economy has been ongoing for centuries, with various theories and ideologies vying for supremacy.30. The rise of populism in many countries can be attributed to a sense of frustration and disillusionment among ordinary citizens with the political establishment.。
考研英语的长难句考研英语的长难句篇1一、逆序法逆序法即倒置法。
有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语习惯不同,甚至语序完全相反,这就必须从原文的后面译起,逆着原文的顺序翻译。
例如:“There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”该句可分为三部分①“There was little hope”;②“continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose”;③“in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”前两层表结果,第三层表原因。
这句英语长句的叙述层次与汉语逻辑相反,因此要打破原句的结构,按照汉语造句的规律重新加以安排。
译为:这一带我不熟悉,天黑以后继续进行调查,取得结果的希望不大。
二、顺序法有些英语长句按逻辑关系安排,与汉语的表达方式比较一致,或者叙述的一连串动作按发生的时间先后安排,这类句子可按原文顺序译出,相比较要容易一些,大家可以按照正常的思维翻译即可。
三、分译法有些英语长句的主句与从句或主句与修饰语间的关系并不十分密切,为使意思连贯,建议考生们可把长句中的从句或短语化为句子分开来叙述,有时还可适当增加词语。
例如:“He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.”该句有两个介词短语,代表两层意思。
因此,按照分译法,打破原句的结构翻译成:他五岁的时候,生了一场伤寒病,变成了聋子。
四、综合法另有一些英语长句用前三种翻译方法翻译时都有困难,需要用综合法。
即或按时间先后,或按逻辑先后,或按逻辑顺序,有顺有逆地进行综合处理。
例如:“The phenomenon y in which light physically scatters when it passes through particles in the earth’s atmosphere that are1/10 in diameter of the color of the light.”该句可以分解为四个部分①“The phenomenon describes the way”;②“in which light physically scatters”;③“when it passes through particles in the earth‘s atmosphere”;④“that are1/10in diameter of the color of the light.”其中,第一、二和三、四部分之间是修饰与被修饰的关系。
考研英语长难句总结一、定语从句1.The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.2.I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sittingCEOs first.3.In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patentedand not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.4.But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives ofthe founding generation.5.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domesticsituations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.二、名词性从句1.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappychildless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.2.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and morediverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.3.What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast thingsare changing.4.But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warmingseriously.三、状语从句1.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Seniorwrites that ―the ve ry things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources ofintense gratification and delight.‖2.But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – forinstance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.3.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizationsplace their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.四、后置定语1.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.2.Consumers passionate about a product may create ―earned‖ media by willingly promoting itto friends, and a company may leverage ―owned‖ media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.3.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.4.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in theinstitution of the traditional classical concert.5.Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lumptogether information from different research projects.6.It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suitsone to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.7.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed inschool and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg.五、伴随状语1.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.2.But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider theoriginal Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances.3.Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U.S.economic performance.4.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.5.But particularl y when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardlysuggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.六、形式主语1.But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience.2.To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is notnecessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.3.It is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments thatscience can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.4.It’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until w e know for sure.5.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable ofeconomic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.七、形式宾语1.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.2.At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front,to make it easier to remember their names.八、长主语1.The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director hasbeen the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.2.The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministersand political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.3.The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widelymisunderstood by economists and politicians alike.4.The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the onlyMadonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.九、同位语1.Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a jobdatabase on the Internet.2.But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased inheight by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.3.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court ineffect supported the medical principle of ―double effect‖, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.4.Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measurecreativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.十、并列结构1.Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies con cerned.2.Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning thePhilharmonic into ―a markedly different, more vibrant organization.‖3.For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists mustcompete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.4.Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectualdevelopment of these and all other societies.5.This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient,condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.十一、插入语1.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert iscomparatively little known.2.The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to theproper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.3.Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing thebravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.4.The Internet –and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercialpublishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality.5.I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life theactivity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems.十二、比较1.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like anopportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.2.Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating asmuch on technique as on outcome.3.In fact, the more new things we try — the more we step outside our comfort zone — the moreinherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.4.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.5.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct ourown change by consciously developing new habits.6.Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,‖ these were stores ―anyone couldenter, regardless of class or background.十三、倒装1.According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial Americawas ―s o much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.‖2.Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for otherthings.3.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased ―opportunities‖ forstress.4.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a privateintelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas.十四、强调句1.It was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision.2.It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because theyspend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.十五、That1.As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led bymusicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.2.When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they couldin turn afford more education.。
考研英语必考长难句详解含译文1. At the end of the day, there’s probably little reasonto pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,”Cartwright says.at the end of the day:pay attention to:panic:2. Those suffering from persistent nightmare s should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.suffer from:persistent:nightmare:work through:往下翻,对对答案~~~1. At the end of the day, there’s probably little reasonto pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,”Cartwright says.at the end of the day:说到底,不管怎么说pay attention to:关注panic:n. 恐慌译文:总的来说,我们几乎没有理由在意所做的梦,除非它们使我们无法安睡或“从惊恐中醒来”,卡特赖特认为。
2. Those suffering from persistent nightmare s should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.suffer from:遭受persistent:adj. 持续的nightmare:n. 噩梦work through:克服译文:那些长期遭受噩梦折磨的人应该寻求治疗专家帮助。
1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的,在这种经济中,消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[参考译文] 因此,在美国的经济体系中,个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合,一起决定了什么应该被制造,以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[参考译文] 另一方面,如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降,那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给,而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。
英语长难句分析长句25个1. Although he was tired and hungry, John continued to work late into the night.分析:主句为John continued to work late into the night,although引导让步状语从句,he was tired and hungry为从句主语,tired和hungry为从句谓语补足语。
3. She couldn't find her keys, which she had left on the kitchen counter.分析:主句为She couldn't find her keys,which引导非限制性定语从句,she had left on the kitchen counter为从句谓语。
4. It was not until the storm had passed that the rescue team could begin their work.分析:主句为the rescue team could begin their work,it为形式主语,not until引导倒装的时间状语从句,the storm had passed为从句主语。
6. Having studied for many hours, he felt prepared for the exam.分析:主句为he felt prepared for the exam,having studiedfor many hours为现在分词短语作原因状语。
7. In order to succeed, you must work hard and never give up.分析:主句为you must work hard and never give up,in order to引导目的状语从句。
考研英语常考长难句与典型作文范文例句含译文翻译版1、It doesn't matter if the guy is perfect or the girl is perfect, as long as they are perfect for each other.那个小伙子是否完美,或者那个姑娘是否完美都不重要,只要他们能珠联璧合。
2、If you have great talents, industry will improve them; if you have but moderate abilities, industry will supply their deficiency.如果你很有天赋,勤勉会使其更加完善;如果你能力一般,勤勉会补足其缺陷。
3、It’s not the hours you put in your work that counts, it’s the work you put in the hours.工作效益不在于时间长短,而在于真正做了什么。
4、The man who has made up his mind to win will never say‘impossible.'下决心取得胜利的人绝不会说『不可能』。
5、The more things you do, the more you can do.做的愈多,你会做的就愈多。
6、Enjoy your own life without comparing it with that of another.享受自己的生活,不要和别人比较。
7、Those who can imagine anything, can create the impossible.能够想像任何事的人,可以创造不可能。
8、A lie may take care of the present, but it has no future.说谎可以解决眼前的问题,但它没有未来。
考研英语长难句100句考研英语是所有考研科目中最难的一门,而长难句也是考研英语中最让人头疼的部分。
长难句不仅难以理解,而且难以记忆,因此考生们需要有一定的技巧来应对这些长难句。
下面列出了100个经典的考研英语长难句,希望对考生们有所帮助:1. The city, which was once a bustling metropolis, now lies in ruins.2. The book, whose author is unknown, has become a bestseller.3. The teacher, who has been teaching for over 20 years, is highly respected by her students.4. The company, which was founded in 1990, has grown intoa multinational corporation.5. The film, which was directed by Steven Spielberg, won several awards at the Cannes Film Festival.6. The team, which had won the championship last year, was defeated in the first round this year.7. The man, who had been missing for several days, was found alive and well.8. The project, which had been delayed for months, finally got underway.9. The painting, which was created by Picasso, is worth millions of dollars.10. The woman, who had just given birth, was exhausted but happy.11. The child, who had been lost in the woods, was found by a search party.12. The car, which had been parked illegally, was towed away by the police.13. The restaurant, which serves delicious food, is always crowded with customers.14. The company, which is known for its innovative products, has filed for bankruptcy.15. The book, which was written by a Nobel laureate, is considered a masterpiece of literature.16. The city, which is located on the coast, is a popular tourist destination.17. The building, which was built in the 19th century, isa historic landmark.18. The man, who had been drinking heavily, was arrested for drunk driving.19. The project, which was funded by the government, is aimed at reducing poverty in rural areas.20. The movie, which was based on a true story, has inspired many people.21. The woman, who had just retired, was looking forward to traveling around the world.22. The team, which had been training hard for months, was confident of winning the championship.23. The company, which had been struggling to survive, was acquired by a larger corporation.24. The city, which had been hit by a severe earthquake, was in a state of emergency.25. The book, which had been banned in several countries, was finally published in China.26. The man, who had been diagnosed with cancer, decided to fight the disease with all his strength.27. The project, which had been approved by the government, was expected to create thousands of jobs.28. The movie, which had been released in over 50 countries, was a box office success.29. The woman, who had been studying abroad for several years, returned to her hometown.30. The team, which had been working on the project for months, finally completed it on time.cleared of all charges.32. The city, which had been plagued by crime, saw a significant reduction in crime rates.33. The book, which had been translated into 20 languages, was a bestseller around the world.34. The man, who had been living in poverty, won the lottery and became a millionaire overnight.35. The project, which had been criticized by environmentalists, was eventually scrapped.36. The movie, which had been directed by a famous Hollywood director, received mixed reviews from critics.37. The woman, who had been abused by her husband, finally found the courage to leave him.38. The team, which had been working overtime for weeks, was rewarded with a bonus.39. The company, which had been struggling to attract customers, launched a new marketing campaign.40. The city, which had been devastated by a hurricane, received aid from other countries.41. The book, which had been adapted into a movie, was a box office success.guilty and sentenced to life in prison.43. The project, which had been delayed due to budget constraints, was finally completed.44. The movie, which had been nominated for several awards, won the Best Picture Oscar.45. The woman, who had been suffering from a rare disease, was cured by a new treatment.46. The team, which had been struggling to win games, finally turned things around and won the championship.47. The company, which had been criticized for its labor practices, improved its working conditions.48. The city, which had been experiencing a population boom, faced challenges in providing services to its residents.49. The book, which had been published anonymously, was later revealed to have been written by a famous author.50. The man, who had been struggling with addiction, finally overcame his demons and got his life back on track.51. The project, which had been opposed by local residents, was eventually abandoned.52. The movie, which had been shot on location in a remote area, faced many logistical challenges.53. The woman, who had been living in poverty, was givena job and a place to live by a charitable organization.54. The team, which had been underestimated by its opponents, surprised everyone by winning the championship.55. The company, which had been accused of polluting the environment, took steps to reduce its carbon footprint.56. The city, which had been in the midst of an economic downturn, saw signs of recovery.57. The book, which had been translated into Chinese, wasa bestseller in China.58. The man, who had been stranded on a deserted island, was rescued by a passing ship.59. The project, which had been praised for its innovative design, won an award.60. The movie, which had been adapted from a popular novel, was criticized for deviating from the original story.61. The woman, who had been a victim of domestic violence, sought help from a support group.62. The team, which had been plagued by injuries, struggled to stay competitive.63. The company, which had been accused of discrimination, implemented diversity and inclusion policies.64. The city, which had been known for its high crime rates, saw a decline in violent crime.65. The book, which had been banned by the government, was smuggled into the country and distributed illegally.66. The man, who had been diagnosed with a terminal illness, decided to make the most of his remaining time.67. The project, which had been funded by a private foundation, had a significant impact on the local community.68. The movie, which had been filmed in black and white, was praised for its artistic vision.69. The woman, who had been a victim of sexual harassment, filed a complaint with her employer.70. The team, which had been struggling to find a sponsor, finally secured one and was able to compete in the tournament.71. The company, which had been embroiled in a scandal, hired a public relations firm to improve its image.72. The city, which had been hit by a severe drought, implemented water conservation measures.73. The book, which had been written by a controversial author, sparked a heated debate.74. The man, who had been working as a journalist, was imprisoned for reporting on government corruption.75. The project, which had been praised for its social impact, received funding from a philanthropic organization.76. The movie, which had been directed by a first-time filmmaker, received critical acclaim.77. The woman, who had been living with a disability, became an advocate for disability rights.78. The team, which had been struggling to win games, madea comeback and reached the playoffs.79. The company, which had been accused of price gouging, lowered its prices in response to public pressure.80. The city, which had been hit by a natural disaster, received aid from the international community.81. The book, which had been published in multiple volumes, became a literary sensation.82. The man, who had been a victim of police brutality, filed a lawsuit against the police department.83. The project, which had been funded by a government grant, had a significant impact on the local economy.84. The movie, which had been produced by a major studio, was criticized for its lack of originality.85. The woman, who had been a victim of human trafficking, was rescued by law enforcement.86. The team, which had been considered an underdog, surprised everyone by winning the championship.87. The company, which had been struggling to stay afloat, filed for bankruptcy.88. The city, which had been experiencing a housing crisis, implemented policies to increase affordable housing.89. The book, which had been adapted into a TV series, wasa ratings success.90. The man, who had been wrongly convicted of a crime, was exonerated after new evidence came to light.91. The project, which had been criticized for its high cost, was eventually completed within budget.92. The movie, which had been directed by a foreign filmmaker, was praised for its cultural significance.93. The woman, who had been a victim of cyberbullying, sought help from a mental health professional.94. The team, which had been struggling to attract fans, launched a marketing campaign to increase its visibility.95. The company, which had been accused of insider trading, faced legal action from the Securities and Exchange Commission.96. The city, which had been experiencing a spike in crime, increased police presence in high-crime areas.97. The book, which had been written by a reclusive author, became a cult classic.98. The man, who had been a victim of a hit-and-run accident, was left with permanent injuries.99. The project, which had been praised for its sustainable design, received a LEED certification.100. The movie, which had been released in 3D, was a technological breakthrough in filmmaking.这些长难句不仅涵盖了不同的主题和语境,而且涉及不同的语法结构,例如定语从句、状语从句、主语从句等等。
化繁为简—破解英语长难句一长难句基本句型特征考研英语长难句的是如何构成的?命题人员在英语原文基础上进行改造时,主要从结构上通过四种方式来使句子更加复杂:1、复合从句2、成分省略3、使用插入成分4、改变句序这四种方式往往相互结合,形成错综复杂的句子,即混合型句子。
目的是提高难度,增强干扰,打断和打乱考生的思维,从而达到检验考生阅读能力和的目标。
下面分别对这四种方式进行解析。
我们要时刻牢记的一点是,考试中的长难句绝大多数为主谓宾或主系表结构,其它成分都是围绕这三个主要成分其中之一。
这就是所有长难句的核心和本质。
必须牢记。
最常见的是围绕主语和宾语(表语)我们要根据这些次要成分的位置和字面意义来推测它们和主干意群的逻辑关系。
在切分意群时,意群的大小根据自己实际理解能力来分解。
标准就是看一眼就能理解的信息(短语或者句子)。
经过训练后,我们看一眼就能把握的意群会越来越多,从而完成从菜鸟到“大虾”的转变。
请看下面例句:The fact that these people live near famous caves, which contain vivid paintings from Europe‟s early humans, leads him to the conclusion that they are extremely likely to be the most direct relatives of the first modern humans in Europe, who supposedly migrated from Africa. (46 words)我们需要做的就是把句子意群切开,化繁为简,分而治之。
目前大多数同学会看到后面的信息就忘掉前面的信息,一句话反复读,但总理不清头绪,浪费大量时间。
通过训练,我们将学会如何快速解开错综复杂的意群,避免信息杂乱无章,清晰地把握句子的含义。
在这里强调,在初级阶段一定要动手做标记,不迈出这一步,我们会永远停留在看到长难句就头脑混乱直到短路的阶段。
整个处理过程是从点到线再到面的,也就是要求我们必须按照信息的复杂程度来处理。
即单词→意群→句子。
万万不能尝试一下子理解或者翻译全句。
再次强调一下,理解句子不同于做翻译题。
一、复合从句在考研中,复合从句中的从句最常见的是定语从句。
此类句子就像一棵信息树,树上生枝,枝上生杈,杈上生叶。
必须找出树的主干从哪里分出枝,枝上哪里分杈,依此类推。
只要抓住句子的各个连接点,就能理出句子层次,才能完全把握整个句子。
遇到长难句时,需要根据题型来决定处理的深度。
如果是阅读理解通读文章时,抓大放小,抓主放次。
即抓住主谓宾或主系表。
如果是阅读理解问题相关句,需要快速罗列理顺主次意群,如果是翻译,则需要进一步处理意群的顺序,润色汉语的选词。
如果从句长,可以借助汉语的代词来加快理解过程。
尤其是连续出现的从句里套从句,可以反复利用这些汉语代词做节点,这样就能很快理清思路。
后面会有详细讲解。
二、成分省略句子成分省略是为了避免重复。
考研中一般难度大的省略不是主语和谓语的语法省略,而是为了某种具体表达目的省略。
在这里列出一些出现频率高的类型。
要求我们必须根据上下文判断并补充省略的成分,否则理解句子时可能漏掉重要信息。
例1:It is quite uneasy not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others, even though we have learnt to talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone.意群直译:很不自在,看不见也无法直接联系对方,即使我们已学会跟看不见的人交谈,就好像打电话一样。
例2:In their hearts, women think it is men‟s business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their husband‟s life, but, at any rate, after his death.意群直译:女人们从心底认为:挣钱是男人的事情,她们只管花钱——如果可能,在丈夫活着的时候花;但,(实在不行的话),那就在丈夫去世后再花。
三、使用插入成分插入语和同位语都是常见的插入成分,一般为主谓结构、介宾结构、或名词短语。
插入成分使句子主要成分(主谓宾或主系表)直接的联系被切断,(如真题中频繁在主谓之间插入干扰成分)。
因而句子的信息连贯性遭到破坏,干扰了考生获取信息的思路,从而使考生无法顺利理解句子。
插入成分为主谓结构的时候,一般都是“sb say/reason/suggest”这种格式,(阅读理解文章不必理会,做翻译时需要前置到句首)。
插入成分是介宾结构可以同样处理。
定语从句和分词做定语时,如果出现在主谓之间也可以看作是插入语。
插入成分时同位语时,阅读理解不需细读,考研阅读不会考查这些成分的信息。
牢记一切从简的原则。
翻译句子中出现才需要考虑。
1、第一种情况:插入成分做主语的同位语。
这经常是一些人物的身份或姓名,非限制性定语从句,但从逻辑上都是为了主语(或其它名词性句子成分)服务的。
经常出现这样的句子:注意下划线的部分。
例1:Frank Smith, Professor of the Economics Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Nowhere University, discovered that…例2:Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who…例3:Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada.2、第二种情况:插入成分做主语的定语Those people,unaware of what is happening in society today, may be surprised to learn that few academic philosophers study death, happiness and so on.意群直译:(那些人)不知道当今社会正在发生的事,(可能会吃惊)。
3、第三种情况:插入成分做其它名词同位语Most experts see in this a paradox -- an endless conflict between the desire to conform and the desire to remain apart.意群直译:不断的冲突,在从众的欲望和试图保持独立的欲望之间。
四、改变语序考研长难句改变语序,通常是倒装形式,分为语法倒装和修辞倒装。
考研难点多为修辞倒装。
修辞倒装主要是为了加强语气。
以往的长难句常以某些连词或副词(如nor,so,only,never,until等)引导倒装。
例1:Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of this program, has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.意群直译:只有当研究提供证据,证据是这个节目有不良影响,电视节目的播放政策才可能有所改变。
例2:And never before has it been so undeniable that mutually beneficial international institutions of cooperation are a vital global necessity.意群直译:过去从来没有这么不容置疑,各国互利的国际合作机构是全球必需品。
二长难句复杂成分解析在考试中,任何一个句子成分都有可能挂上各种形式的意群结构,(谓语部分外挂比较少)如短语(尤其是介词短语和分词短语)和句子,干扰视线,增加难度。
为方便归类,我们按照各个句子成分所能出现的复杂情况逐一举例说明。
刚刚讲过的四类增加句子难度的方式都将在其中体现,并指出破解的简单技巧。
切记切记!为了快速准确理解句子,在快速分拆过程中,我们需要对句子进行直译,但务必记住,直译基本就是逐字逐句译,所见所想所得,不要浪费时间在咬文嚼字上!一、复杂主语常见的是复杂主语成分会以短语、从句等形式出现。
注意主谓之间经常出现的干扰成分(如同位语)在逻辑上仍属于主语部分。
(一)、短语类复杂主语1、介词短语例1:Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and …主语识别:介宾短语from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors,对主语Numerous other commercial enterprises作进一步说明。
主语直译:许多其他商业企业,从剧院到杂志出版(商)社、从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂,(带来更好的…)例2:Our hope for creative living in this world that we have inherited from our ancestors lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives.主语识别:快速略读,寻找独立的谓语动词。
此处为lies.主语直译:我们的希望,创造性地生活在这个世界这个世界是我们从祖先那里继承来的,(存在于)2:分词短语例句:Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is …主语识别:在这个句子里面,分词位于句子开头,往往可以作主语和状语,需要迅速判断这个句子发现第一个独立的动词,之前的所有分词短语点明了this指代的内容。