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矿产勘查学复习资料1、矿床成因类型的概念答：按照矿床的形成作用和成因划分的矿床类型2、矿床工业类型的概念答：在矿床成因类型的基础上，从工业利用的角度来进行的矿床分类3、我国铝土矿床、磷矿床、铁矿床、锰矿床、铜矿床、岩金矿床的工业类型各是如何划分的答：铁矿床：岩浆晚期铁矿床（岩浆晚期分异型铁矿床、岩浆晚期贯入式铁矿床）、接触交代——热液型铁矿床、与火山——侵入有关的铁矿床（陆相、海相）、沉积铁矿床（浅海相、海陆交替—湖相）、受变质铁矿床、风化淋滤型铁矿床、其他类型铁矿床（白云鄂博铁矿、石碌铁矿）。
铜矿床：斑岩铜矿床、矽卡岩型铜矿床、变质岩层状铜矿床、超基性岩铜镍矿床、砂岩铜矿床、火山岩黄铁矿型铜矿床、各种围岩中的脉状铜矿床。
磷矿床：硅质及硅酸盐型磷矿床、混合型磷矿床、碳酸盐型磷矿床。
锰矿床：海相沉积锰矿床、沉积变质锰矿床、层控铅锌锰矿床、风化锰矿床。
铝土矿床：沉积型、堆积型、红土型。
岩金矿床：破碎带蚀变岩型、含金石英脉型、斑岩型、矽卡岩型、角砾岩型、硅质岩层中的含金铁建造型、含金火山岩型、微细粒侵染型。
5、矿产勘查类型的概念，划分目的和划分依据概念：在矿体地质研究和对以往矿床勘查经验总结的基础上，按照矿床的主要地质特点及其对勘查工作的影响，将特点相似的矿床加以理论综合与概括而划分的类型，称矿床的勘查类型。
划分的目的：在于总结矿床勘查的实践经验，以便指导与之相类似矿床的勘查工作，为合理的选择勘查技术手段，确定合理的勘查研究程度及勘查工作部署提供依据。
划分依据：矿体规模的大小，主矿体形态的变化程度、主矿体厚度的稳定性、矿体受构造和脉岩的影响程度以及矿体中主要的有用组份的分布均匀程度等。
6、矿产勘查类型的划分原则追求最佳勘查效益的原则、从实际出发的原则、以主矿体为主的原则、类型三分，允许过度的原则、在实践中验证并及时修正的原则。
7、铝土矿床的勘查类型划分依据8、铁、锰、铬的勘查类型划分依据矿体的规模、矿体的形态复杂程度、构造复杂程度、矿床有用组份的分布均匀程度。
2009学年第二学期09级资源勘查工程专业《土木工程材料》学习辅导中国地质大学（武汉）安徽函授站编印二〇〇九年八月第一章、土木工程材料的基本性质一、学习要点（一）、内容：土木工程材料的定义、分类、作用及发展趋势，本课程的学习方法和要求。
土木工程材料的基本性质：物理性质，力学性质，与水有关性质，热工性质，耐久性以及材料组成、结构及其对材料性质的影响。
土木工程材料的技术标准。
（二）、基本要求：1．了解土木工程材料在工程应用中的重要性。
2．掌握土木工程材料各种性质的基本概念、各种性能指标的数量关系。
3．理解各种因素对材料性质变化的影响及作用。
（三）、重点：材料各种性质的概念，计算及分析。
（四）、难点：材料的微观结构及其对性质的影响。
二、复习题（一）、名词解释1、材料的空隙率2、堆积密度（二）、填空题1、材料的吸湿性是指材料在＿＿的性质。
2、材料的抗冻性以材料在吸水饱和状态下所能抵抗的＿＿来表示。
3、水可以在材料表面展开，即材料表面可以被水浸润，这种性质称为＿＿。
（三）、选择题1、孔隙率增大，材料的＿＿降低。
A 密度B 表观密度C 憎水性D 抗冻性2、材料在水中吸收水分的性质称为＿＿。
A 吸水性B 吸湿性C 耐水性D 渗透性（四）、判断题1、某些材料虽然在受力初期表现为弹性，达到一定程度后表现出塑性特征，这类材料称为塑性材料。
2、材料吸水饱和状态时水占的体积可视为开口孔隙体积。
3、在空气中吸收水分的性质称为材料的吸水性。
（五）、问答题1、生产材料时，在组成一定的情况下，可采取什么措施来提高材料的强度和耐久性？2、决定材料耐腐蚀性的内在因素是什么？（六）、计算题某岩石在气干、绝干、水饱和状态下测得的抗压强度分别为172、MPa、178、MPa、168、MPa。
该岩石可否用于水下工程。
三、参考答案（一）、名词解释1、材料空隙率是指散粒状材料在堆积体积状态下颗粒固体物质间空隙体积(开口孔隙与间隙之和)占堆积体积的百分率。
1、世界上长期应用的五大常规能源？水力、煤炭、石油、天然气、核裂变能。
2、标准煤：发热值为7000大卡/（29 . 27MJ）的任何能源均可折算1kg标准煤。
3、标准油：发热值为10000大卡/（41 . 8MJ）的任何能源均可折算1kg标准油。
4、一次能源：自然界天然存在，直接开采可以利用的能源。
5、二次能源：由一次能源加工转换成另一种形态的能源产品。
6、能源：能源即能量的来源。
可以提供能量和做功的自然资源，称之为能源。
1、简述煤炭的形成过程及成煤条件。
答题要点：、1）煤是古代植物的遗体经成煤作用后转变成的固体可燃矿产。
从植物死亡、堆积到转变为煤的演变过程，以及在这个演变过程中经受的各种作用，称为成煤作用。
成煤作用大致分为两个阶段：第一阶段：泥炭化阶段。
在泥炭沼泽、湖泊及浅海岸生长着茂盛的植物，植物不断的繁殖、生长、死亡，其遗体在微生物的参与作用下，不断分解、化合和聚集，结果高等植物形成泥炭，低等植物形成腐泥。
第二阶段：煤化作用阶段。
随着地壳下沉，已经形成的泥炭或腐泥上面覆盖物越来越厚，泥炭或腐泥经过高温高压作用，压紧失水，碳含量增加，氧、氢、氮含量逐渐减少，经过复杂的物理化学作用，就形成了和褐煤，褐煤再经过高温高压作用，形成烟煤，无烟煤，并进入了变质阶段。
成煤的条件：（1）温暖潮湿利于植物生长和繁育的适宜的气候条件。
（2）植物大量繁殖是成煤的必要条件。
（3）大面积沼泽化的自然地理条件。
（4）地壳运动的良好配合。
2、岩石按成因可分为哪几类及各类含义？简述沉积岩形成过程及特征？1）岩浆岩：岩浆冷凝而形成的岩石。
2）沉积岩：在地表环境中形成的岩石。
3）变质岩：是由原有的沉积岩、岩浆岩或变质岩在受到高温、高压及化学性活泼的气体或液体的作用，岩石的物理化学性质、结构及构造都发生变化，变成一种新的岩石，称为变质岩。
4）形成过程：主要由风化和剥蚀岩石的碎屑及可溶物质等，经搬运、沉积、压紧、胶结而形成的岩石。
可编辑修改精选全文完整版采矿工程复习题一 填空矿井井巷按其作用和服务范围不同 可分为三类，分别是开拓巷道，准 备巷道，回采巷道放顶煤开采中工作面内煤炭损失主 要在有初采损失，末采损失，端头 损失，采煤工艺损失盘区式准备方式的有上山盘区 下 山盘区 石门盘区 单翼盘区 跨多 石门盘区综采工作面端部斜切进刀有两种 方式分别是不留三角煤端部斜切进 刀和留三角煤端部斜切进刀柱式体系采煤法包括房式采煤法， 房柱式采煤法和巷柱式采煤我国按实际应用情况，准备方式可 归纳为采区式，盘区式及带区式三 种 井巷式煤仓分类的是垂直式，倾斜 式，混合式矿井生产的主要系统是运煤系统 通风系统 运料排矸系统 排水系统 综采工作面的主要设备有双滚筒采煤机，可弯曲刮板输送机，液压支架采区下部车场形式按装车站位置不同有大巷装车式，石门装车式，绕道装车式回采巷道的护巷方式有沿空留巷和 沿空掘巷采区上部车场的基本形式有平车 场和甩车场影响顶煤冒放性的主要因素的是 煤层赋存条件，煤层厚度，工作面长度长壁采煤工艺包括破煤， 装煤， 运 煤，支护，采空区处理工序过程 三下一上是：建筑物下 铁路下 水 体下 和承压水上工作面超前支护不小于： 20m 采煤 工作面最大风速为 4m|s井田开拓的发展方向： 开采水平内准备方式的多样化；采（盘、带） 区的大型化；开采水平内生产的高 产高效集中化；水平内开采布置的单层化和全煤巷化等。
三带：跨落带、裂隙带和缓慢下沉 带。
煤层底板的下三带为： 破坏带、 完整岩层带 （或保护带）、地下水导 升带。
煤层按厚度分为：薄厚煤层、中厚煤层、厚煤层。
按倾角分为：近水 平煤层、 缓倾斜煤层、 中倾斜煤层、 急倾斜煤层。
按稳定性分为：稳定 煤层、 中等稳定煤层、 不稳定煤层。
采区的主要参数有： 采区倾斜长度， 采区走向长度，采区生产能力，采 区采出率及采区煤柱尺寸。
二 名词解释1.2.3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.9. 10. 11. 阶段 在井田范围内，沿着煤层的 倾斜方向，按一定标高把煤层划分 为若干个平行于走向的具有独立生 产系统的长条，每个长条成为一个 阶段水平 通常将设有井底车场， 阶段运输大巷并且担负全阶段运输任务的 水平称为开采水平井田 划分给一个矿井或露天开采的那一部分煤在地质历史发展过程中， 由含碳物质沉积形成的大面积含煤地带称为 煤田在井田范围内， 经过地质勘探， 煤层厚度和质量均合乎开采要求，地 质构造比较清楚，目前可供利用的 可列入平衡表内的储量称为矿井工业储量正规循环：在规定的时间内保质保量地完成了循环作业图中规定任务 的循环采煤方法：采煤工艺与回采巷道布置及其在时间上、空间上的相互配 合。
大学采矿概论考试题库大学采矿概论考试题库一、选择题1. 采矿工程的主要任务是什么？A. 提供矿产资源B. 确保矿产资源的可持续利用C. 研究矿产资源的分布规律D. 以上都是2. 以下哪个不是采矿方法的分类？A. 地下开采B. 露天开采C. 混合开采D. 水下开采3. 什么是“三下”采矿？A. 地下、水下、山下B. 地下、水下、矿下C. 地下、水下、矿下开采D. 地下、水下、矿下资源4. 采矿过程中，以下哪项不是主要的采矿设备？A. 钻机B. 装载机C. 起重机D. 挖掘机5. 以下哪个不是矿产资源开发利用的原则？A. 经济性B. 安全性C. 随意性D. 可持续性二、填空题6. 采矿工程学是研究______、______、______以及矿产资源的综合利用的科学。
7. 矿产资源的开采方式主要分为______和______两种。
8. 采矿过程中，必须严格遵守的“三大规程”是______、______和______。
9. 矿产资源的勘探方法主要包括地质勘探、______和______。
10. 矿产资源开发利用的基本原则包括经济性、安全性和______。
三、简答题11. 简述地下开采与露天开采的区别。
12. 描述矿产资源的分类及其特点。
13. 解释什么是矿产资源的综合利用及其重要性。
14. 阐述矿产资源开发过程中的环境保护措施。
15. 讨论矿产资源开发与经济发展之间的关系。
四、论述题16. 论述现代采矿技术在提高矿产资源开发效率和安全性方面的作用。
17. 分析矿产资源开发对环境可能产生的影响，并提出相应的治理措施。
18. 讨论矿产资源的可持续开发策略及其实施的重要性。
19. 阐述矿产资源开发中的法律法规及其对保护矿产资源和促进社会经济发展的作用。
20. 论述矿产资源开发中的科技创新对提高资源利用率和降低开采成本的影响。
五、案例分析题21. 假设你是一名采矿工程师，你所在的矿区即将进行一次大规模的地下开采。
采矿学复习资料汇总一、采矿学基础知识1、采矿学定义：采矿学是研究地下矿产资源开采的理论、技术、经济和管理的一门综合性学科。
2、采矿学的主要研究内容：包括采矿工艺、采矿设备、采矿计划与管理等。
3、采矿的基本步骤：资源勘探、矿体测量、采矿设计、采矿施工、矿石运输与处理、矿山通风与安全等。
二、采矿工艺1、采矿工艺流程：包括落矿、装载、运输、卸载等环节。
2、采矿方法：包括空场采矿法、充填采矿法、崩落采矿法等。
3、采掘设备：包括凿岩机、装载机、运输车、提升机等。
三、采矿技术1、矿产资源品位：指单位体积或单位质量矿石中所需的有用组分或元素含量的多少，通常用质量百分比表示。
2、矿产资源储量：指在目前技术条件下，能够从地下开采出来的有用组分或元素的总量。
3、回采率：指在开采过程中，实际采出的矿石量与理论可采矿石量之比。
四、采矿计划与管理1、矿山生产计划：包括年度计划、季度计划和月度计划。
2、矿山生产组织：包括劳动组织、设备配备、生产调度等。
3、矿山安全管理：包括安全制度建设、安全培训、事故预防与处理等。
五、复习建议1、认真阅读教材，掌握基本概念和理论。
2、梳理知识结构，将知识点归类整理，形成系统化的知识网络。
3、加强实践操作，通过实验或模拟操作等方式，提高实际操作技能。
4、多做习题练习，通过大量的习题练习，加深对知识点的理解和记忆。
5、及时总结复习成果，发现自己的不足之处，及时进行改进和提高。
电工学复习资料汇总一、基础知识1、电路的基本组成：电路由电源、负载、开关和连接导线组成。
2、欧姆定律：欧姆定律是电路的基本定律，它说明了电路中的电流、电压和电阻之间的关系。
3、基尔霍夫定律：基尔霍夫定律是电路的基本定律，它说明了电路中的电流、电压和电阻之间的关系。
4、电容和电感：电容和电感是电路中的基本元件，它们可以存储能量。
5、交流电：交流电是一种随时间变化的电流，它可以在电路中产生电磁场。
二、电路分析方法1、支路电流法：支路电流法是一种常用的电路分析方法，它通过求解支路电流来求解电路中的电压和功率。
矿业工程概论总复习资料绪论1、世界五大常规能源：煤炭、石油、天然气、水力、核能。
2、我国能源的特点：富煤、贫油、少气。
3、煤矿的五大自然灾害：水、火、瓦斯、顶板和粉尘。
第一章煤田地质及矿图知识1、煤的形成过程及具备的条件、成煤作用、煤化作用2、岩石根据成因可分为岩浆岩、沉积岩和变质岩。
3、煤层产状的三要素：走向、倾向、倾角。
4、向斜、背斜、正断层、逆断层5、煤层按倾角、厚度、结构、稳定性各分为哪几类？6、评价煤质的常用指标7、煤田地质勘探分为三个阶段：煤田普查、矿区详查、井田精查8、煤田地质勘探的技术手段主要有遥感地质调查、地质填图、钻探、山地工程和地球物理勘探。
9、以勘探纸质报告为基础，矿井可行性研究和初步设计阶段的资源/储量分为4类（p18）10、正断层、逆断层、向斜、背斜在煤层底板等高线图中如何表示？11、通过煤层底板等高线图能够看出些什么信息？第二章井田开拓1、煤田划分为井田的原则2、划分井田境界的方法3、矿井生产能力、井型划分（大、中、小）4、阶段、水平（用标高表示）、水平高度和阶段垂高的区别5、阶段内划分：采区、带区、盘区、区段、分带6、矿山井巷分类按井巷长轴线与水平面的关系分：垂直巷道、倾斜巷道、水平巷道按巷道的作用及服务范围不同分：开拓巷道、准备巷道、回采巷道、7、给出一个矿井的巷道布置图，能够标出各条巷道的名称，指出哪些巷道是开拓巷道？or准备巷道？or回采巷道？（垂直巷道？or倾斜巷道？or水平巷道？）并描述其运煤系统、运料排矸系统、通风系统。
8、井田开拓方式的分类（按井筒形式、开采水平数目、开采方式、开采水平大巷布置方式）。
给出一个矿井的开拓系统图，能够判断出该矿井的开拓方式。
9、立井开拓、斜井开拓、平硐开拓、综合开拓，分析立井、斜井、平硐三种开拓方式的优缺点和适用条件（P51）。
10、分析上山开采与下山开采的区别（p53）。
11、分煤层大巷、集中大巷、分组集中大巷的特点和适用条件（P55）12、井底车场的形式（环形式、折返式）第三章井巷掘进1、确定井巷断面的形状和尺寸分别考虑哪些因素？2、按照巷道掘进断面中煤、岩所占的比例，可将巷道分为哪几类？3、巷道掘进主要工序：破岩、装岩、运输和支护4、炮眼分类：掏槽眼、辅助眼、周边眼（帮眼、顶眼、底眼）5、锚杆支护作用原理有哪些？第四章准备方式1、准备方式的分类：（1）按煤层赋存条件——采区式、盘区式及带区式。
一、名词解释1）能源：提供能量和做功的自然资源称之为能源。
2）聚煤期：地质历史中形成煤炭资源的时期称为聚煤期。
主要是在石炭纪、二叠纪、侏罗纪、古近纪和新近纪古生代中生代新生代3）基本顶：位于直接顶或者是煤层之上，通常厚度及岩石强度较大，难于垮洛的岩层，又称老顶4）直接顶：位于煤层或者是伪顶之上具有一定的稳定性，采煤时移架或回柱后能自行垮落的岩层。
5）直接底：位于煤层之下，为强度较低的岩层。
6）矿井设计储量：矿井精查地质报告提供的能利用储量减去设计计算的断层、防水、井田境界等煤柱后剩余的储量。
7）矿井可采储量：矿井设计储量减去工业场地、地面建筑物和构筑物、井下主要巷道等报告煤柱后乘以采区采出率所得到的储量。
8）煤田：同一地质时期形成，并大致连续发育的含煤岩系分布区称为煤田。
9）阶段：沿一定标高划分的一部分井田称为阶段；阶段运输大巷及井底车场所在的水平位置及服务的开采范围称为水平。
10）采煤工作面：煤矿开拓和掘进必需的巷道之后，形成了进行采煤作业的场所称为采煤工作面。
最初形成的沿采煤工作面始采线掘进，以供安装采煤设备的巷道称为开切眼；采煤后废弃的空间称为采空区。
11）采煤工艺：采煤工作面各工序所用方法、设备及其在时间、空间上的相互配合称为采煤工艺12）循环图标：表示工作面各工序的时间和空间位置关系13）矿产：矿产是指在各种地质作用下，形成于地壳内的能被国民经济利用的矿物资源。
14）矿石品位：矿石品位是矿石中有用成分的单位含量。
15）矿石损失：矿床开采过程中，造成矿石数量减少的现象。
16）矿石贫化：矿床开采过程中采出矿石品味降低的现象二、填空选择五大常规能源包括水力、煤炭、石油、天然气、核裂变能能源按形式和存在特征分为再生能源和非再生能源成煤作用三阶段：泥炭化阶段、成岩作用、变质作用煤层的顶板分为伪顶、直接顶和基本顶，底板分为直接底和基本底煤层分类：按煤层倾角分类近水平煤层<8°缓（倾）斜煤层8°~25°中斜煤层25°~45°急（倾）斜煤层>45°按煤层厚度分薄煤层<1.3m中厚煤层 1.3~3.5m厚煤层>3.5m煤的元素成分主要包括碳氢氧氮磷硫常用的地质图有钻孔柱状图、地质剖面图、煤层底板等高线图、地形地质图矿井储量：矿井地质储量、矿井工业储量、矿井可采储量矿井类型一般分为大型（>120万）中型（40 60 90）和小型（9 15 21 30）阶段内划分通常有采区式和带区式井巷分为垂直巷道（立井和暗立井）、水平巷道（平硐大巷平巷石门）、倾斜巷道（上下山斜巷）大巷的分类分煤层大巷：在每个煤层中都布置煤层运输大巷，用主石门联系井底车场与各煤层，适用于煤层间距大于70米的条件集中大巷：开采水平没只布置一条集中运输大巷，适用于煤层间距小于50米的条件分组集中大巷：适用于煤组间距大于70米，而煤组内煤层间距小于50米的条件对于服务年限很长的开拓巷道采用混凝土砌壁支护，断面形状为圆形对于服务年限较长的开拓巷道一般采用光爆锚杆支护或混凝土支护，断面形状多为拱形对于服务年限短的开拓巷道一般采用锚杆支护或可缩性金属支架，断面形状多为梯形断面岩巷掘进步骤：设计、破岩、装岩、运岩、支护、通风设计三方面：一是考虑挖煤设备进出方便二是考虑通风三是考虑舒适度破岩炮眼分类（掏槽眼、辅助眼、周边眼）支护：金属支架、装配式钢筋混凝土支架、料石砌碹、锚杆支护立井从上到下是由井颈、井身和井窝组成立井特殊凿井法有：沉井法、注浆法、冻结法采区车场的分类上部车场（平车场、甩车场、转盘车场）中部车场（单向甩车场、双向甩车场）下部车场（石门车场、大巷车场、绕道车场）采区倾斜长度为600~1000米，采区走向长度一般为800~1000米一个回采工作面产量A0（万t/a）A0=L·V0·m·γ·C0工作面回采率一般在93%~97%回采工艺：破煤、装煤、运煤、支护、处理采空区回采工艺分为爆破采煤工艺、普通机械化采煤工艺和综合机械化采煤工艺长壁工作面沿煤层走向推进的采煤方法叫做走向长壁采煤法（采区）长壁工作面沿煤层倾斜推进的采煤方法叫做倾斜长壁采煤法（带区）液压支架的分类：支撑式、掩护式、支撑掩护式进刀方式分为端部斜切进刀和中部斜切进刀放顶煤液压支架分类：高位放顶煤支架、中位放顶煤支架、低位放顶煤支架矿井瓦斯成分：甲烷（主要）、二氧化碳、氮气、少量硫化氢、氢气、稀有气体等甲烷爆炸界限为5%~16%，9.1%~9.5%时爆炸最猛烈矿井根据矿井瓦斯相对涌出量和涌出形式分为低瓦斯矿井（不大于10m3/t）、高瓦斯矿井(大于10m3/t)、煤（岩）与瓦斯突出矿井瓦斯爆炸的三个条件：一定的瓦斯浓度具有高温热源足够的氧气矿井火灾分为外因火灾和内因火灾两类矿井灭火分为直接灭火法隔绝灭火法综合灭火法井下防水的主要措施：探水放水隔水截水堵水非煤固体矿床开采是采矿工业的重要组成部分，开采对象是除煤、石油、天然气以外的所有金属和非金属矿床非煤固体矿床地下开采步骤：矿床开拓矿块才准工作面回采等非煤固体开采方法分为普通机械化采矿法（露天开采和地下开采）和特殊采矿法（溶浸法、水溶法、热熔法、水力法、海洋采矿法）三、简答题1 煤矿常用地质图及各图的作用答：1）钻孔柱状图。
Chapter1an introduction to geology1.Igneous rocks are produced primarily by the deposition and consolidation of surface materials such as sand and mud.BA.true;B.false2.Which statement is NOT correct?AA.metamorphic rocks always melt and become magmaB.igneous rocks may undergo metamorphismC.sedimentary rocks can be weatheredD.when magma crystallizes,it becomes igneous rock3.Materials deposited by turbidity currents contribute to the formation of __A_.A.deep-sea fans;B.alluvial fansC.floodplains;D.beaches4.All three parts (spheres)of Earth's physical environment areinteracting in this scene.AA.true;B.false 5.Earth’s physical environment is traditionally divided into three parts:the solid Earth,the hydrosphere,and the ____C______.A.ecosphere;B.metasphereC.atmosphere;D.thermosphere6.Earth's gaseous envelope is the ____C______.A.hydrosphere;B.lithosphereC.atmosphere;D.biosphere7.Which is the thinnest of Earth's differentlayers?CA.mantle;B.outer coreC.crust;D.stratosphere8.Which one of the following is NOT one of the three broad subdivisions of the ocean floor?DA.ocean basin floor;B.continental marginC.oceanic ridgeD.coastal plain9.Mountain belts are one part or subdivision of regions called shields.BA.true;B.false10.The crust and mantle have about the same thickness.BA.true;B.false11.The__________is the zone within Earth that includes the crust and uppermost mantle.BA.paleosphere;B.lithosphereC.outer core;D.asthenosphere12.This basic rock type forms when already existing rock is subjected to great pressures and/or intense heat.AA.metamorphicB.sedimentaryC.igneous13.The____D______system is a broad,rugged,elevated feature on the ocean floor that formsa continuous belt that winds around the globe.A.Emperor chainB.asthenosphereC.deep-ocean trenchD.mid-ocean ridgeE.continental rise14.Which portion of the continental margin is steepest?AA.continental slopeB.continental shelfC.continental rise15.This diagram represents a ___A_______continental margin.A.activeB.riftingC.abyssalD.passive16.Oceans blanket about ___A_______percent of Earth's surface.A.70%B.10%C.90%D.50%E.30%17.Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust.AA.trueB.false18.This term is used to describe the totality of all life on Earth.BA.phytosphereB.biosphereC.zoosphereanosphere19.Regions consisting of large,relatively flat expanses of ancient metamorphic rocks within the continental interior are called __A________.A.shieldsB.stable platformsC.mountain beltsD.abyssal plains20.On the ocean side of the continental shelf,the steep continental slope merges into a more gradual incline known as the ___D_______.A.abyssal plainB.deep-ocean trenchC.seamountD.continental rise21.What are the three basic classes of rocks described in the rock cycle?BA.crustal,lithospheric,transitionalB.sedimentary,igneous,metamorphicC.volcanic,continental,lithosphericD.weathered,sedimentary,volcanic22.The asthenosphere is a very important zone within Earth's upper mantle.AA.trueB.false23.Which one of the following is NOT a principal division of the solid Earth?BA.crustB.troposphereC.outer coreD.mantleE.inner core24.The two types of continental margins are passive and active.AA.trueB.false25.Which of the following is NOT one of the three major geological regions of continents?BA.stable platformsB.abyssal plainsC.shieldD.mountain belts26.Deep-ocean trenches are associated with passive continental margins.BA.trueB.false27.One-half of the atmosphere lies below an altitude of_D__kilometers.A.3.7B.7.5C.1.4D.5.6Chapter2plate tectonic:a scientific revolution unfolds1.Convergent plate margins occur where two plates are moving toward one another and the movement is accommodated by:DA.Earth getting larger.B.one plate sliding horizontally past the other.C.new material being added at transform fault boundaries.D.one plate descending beneath the other.2.Most volcanic island arcs are located near____D______.A.an oceanic ridgeB.a transform faultC.a rift valleyD.a deep-oceanic trench3.Which of these plates is the largest?BA.NazcaB.PacificC.Australian-IndianD.African4.According to the theory of plate tectonics,plates interact mainly______A____.A.along plate boundariesB.near the center of each plate where stress is greatestC.on the underside of each plate5.As plates move apart,the gap between them is filled with molten rock called___C_______.A.graniteB.silicaC.magmaD.gooze6.New oceanic crust is created at divergent boundaries at a rate of about:BA.5centimeters per centuryB.5centimeters per yearC.5meters per yearD.5kilometers per year7.At convergent plate boundaries_______B___.A.new lithosphere is formingB.old lithosphere is being destroyedC.neither a or bD.both a and b8.At convergent plate boundaries,two plates______A____.A.move togetherB.grind past each otherC.reverse directionD.move apart9.Collision mountain belts form because continental crust is too buoyant to undergo appreciable subduction,and results in a collision between continental fragments.AA.trueB.false10.Subduction occurs because:CA.forces created at spreading centers are causing plates to move togetherB.the sediment that caps the oceanic crust acts as a lubricant to aid subductionC.the subducting lithosphere has a greater density that the underlying asthenosphereD.the lithosphere is warm and weak11.The region where oceanic lithosphere descends into the asthenosphere is called___D__.A.an accretionary wedgeB.a hot spotC.a mantle plumeD.a subduction zone12.Earth's rigid outer layer overlies a zone of weaker and hotter material known as the:CA.cryosphereB.lithosphereC.asthenosphereD.mesosphere13.Along the San Andreas Fault,the Pacific plate is moving toward the northwest,relative to the North American plate.AA.trueB.false14.At divergent plate boundaries,two plates__D________.A.move togetherB.grind past each otherC.join to produce a larger plateD.move apart15.When an oceanic plate and a continental plate converge,a(n)____B______is formed alonga subduction zone.A.asthenospheric riseB.oceanic trenchC.oceanic ridgeD.transform faultE.rift16.Transform faults occur where plates slide past one another and generate new lithosphere.BA.trueB.false17.Earth's rigid outer layer is called:BA.cryosphereB.lithosphereC.asthenosphereD.mesosphere18.Great earthquakes can be generated at transform fault boundaries.AA.trueB.false19.The lithosphere is thickest under the oceans and thinnest beneath the continents.BA.trueB.false20.What is the main factor that triggers the formation of magma when a cold slab of oceanic lithosphere is subducted?AA.the subducting slab supplies water to a wedge of hot mantle rock thereby lowering its melting temperatureB.friction between the subducting slab and the mantle rock generates enough heat to trigger meltingC.the subducting slab carries sediment deep into Earth where it meltsD.the subducting plate displaces hot mantle rock which rises to form magma21.Most volcanic island arcs are located in the_____A_____.A.western PacificB.Gulf of MexicoC.Caribbean SeaD.South Atlantic22.When divergent plate boundaries continue to operate within a continent,the landmass may _____CD_____.Select ALL that apply.A.get much thickerB.begin to subduct into the mantleC.develop a rift valleyD.split into two smaller continents23.Volcanoes associated with continental volcanic arcs generally_____C_____.A.are located on islands like HawaiiB.emit mainly lava flowsC.erupt explosivelyD.erupt on the average of every1000years24.What layer of Earth allows the plates to move?CA.cryosphereB.lithosphereC.asthenosphereD.mesosphere25.Older oceanic lithosphere is cooler,thicker,and denser than young oceanic lithosphere.AA.trueB.false26.At transform fault boundaries,two plates_____B_____.A.move togetherB.grind past each otherC.join to produce a larger plateD.move apart27.The theory of plate tectonics holds that the outer rigid layer of Earth is broken into about a dozen major segments called shields.BA.trueB.false28.The Aleutian Islands,Tonga Islands,and Japan are examples of_____C_____.A.continental volcanic arcsB.continental platformsC.volcanic island arcsD.a chain of seamounts29.Which one of these mountain belts was NOT formed by a continental collision?BA.HimalayasB.AndesC.AppalachiansD.Urals30.The mechanism that has generated the floors of the world's oceans is called_______D___.A.ocean floor convergenceB.ocean floor constructionC.seafloor constructionD.seafloor spreading31.Most divergent boundaries are located:CA.in mountain regions such as the Alps and HimalayasB.in deep-ocean trenchesC.along oceanic ridgesD.in the center of large continents32.The mechanism that has generated the floors of the world's oceans is called____D______.A.ocean floor convergenceB.ocean floor constructionC.seafloor constructionD.a deep-oceanic trench33.The Andes and Cascades exemplify which of these features?DA.deep-oceanic trenchB.oceanic ridgeC.forearc basinD.continental volcanic arc34.Whenever a slab of oceanic lithosphere converges with a slab of continental lithosphere ______C____.A.the continental lithosphere descends into the asthenosphereB.the continental lithosphere gets pushed toward the ridgeC.the oceanic lithosphere descends into the asthenosphereD.the oceanic lithosphere gets pushed toward the ridge35.When two oceanic plates converge,and one plate descends to form a trench,material from the melting plate often forms a(n)_____B_____at the surface.A.continental riftB.volcanic island arcC.oceanic ridgeD.mountain range36.Which of these water bodies was once a rift valley?Bke MichiganB.Red SeaC.Caspian SeaD.Black Sea37.At divergent plate boundaries_____A_____.A.new lithosphere is formingB.old lithosphere is being destroyedC.neither a or bD.both a and b38.Most of the largest plates____C______.A.consist primarily of oceanic crustB.are dominated by continental crustC.contain large amounts of both oceanic and continental crustChapter 3matter and minerals1.The ratio of silicon atoms to oxygen atoms is the same in each of the various silicate structures.B A.trueB.false2.What is the luster of the mineral illustrated in the following photograph?A A.glassy B.pearly C.earthyD.metallic3.Most rocks are aggregates of minerals.A A.trueB.false4.Identify the components of the following building block of most minerals.A A.A is silicon,B is oxygen B.A is oxygen,B is silicon C.A is silicon,B is silicon D.A is oxygen,B is oxygen5.All minerals have a crystal form.A A.trueB.false6.When minerals break evenly in more than one direction,cleavage is described by the number of planes exhibited and the angles at which they meet.A A.trueB.false7.This mineral exhibits cleavage.B A.trueB.false8.The most common group of rock-forming minerals is the ____B___.A.oxidesB.silicatesC.carbonatesD.sulfides9.Which one of the following is NOT included in the definition of a mineral?B A.inorganic B.unordered internal structure C.solidD.definite chemical composition10.Granite is a common mineral.B A.trueB.false11.Which of the minerals illustrated in the following photograph exhibits cubic cleavage?B A.left B.center C.right12.A cubic centimeter of quartz and gold weighs 2.7and about 20grams respectively.This indicates that __A_.A.gold has a much higher specific gravity than quartzB.gold is much harder than quartzC.gold is much more elastic than quartzD.gold has a greater luster than quartz13.All silicate minerals contain which of the following two elements?C A.iron,magnesium B.iron,silicon C.silicon,oxygenD.magnesium,silicon14.Which one of the following sets of two terms describes how a mineral responds to mechanical impact?C A.luster,hardness B.hardness,cleavage C.cleavage,fractureD.fracture,crystalform15.Which one of the following is NOT a silicate mineral?DA.feldsparB.quartzC.olivineD.calcite16.All ferromagnesian minerals contain one or both of these elements:AA.iron,magnesiumB.magnesium,potassiumC.sodium,siliconD.potassium,sodium17.Which one of the following is NOT a property used to identify minerals?CA.hardnessB.streakC.textureD.crystal form18.The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a complex ion.AA.trueB.false19.Which of these mineral properties may be of minimal value in identifying the mineral quartz?CA.lusterB.hardnessC.colorD.crystal form20.Which of these silicate minerals exhibits a sheet structure?BA.quartzB.muscoviteC.olivineD.feldsparChapter4igneous rocks1.Igneous rock originates when hot,molten material called_D__cools and crystallizes.A.sedimentB.skarnC.firnD.magma2.Rocks that contain voids left by gases that escape as lava solidifies are said to exhibit a(n) __B___texture.A.phaneriticB.vesicularC.aphaniticD.porphyritic3.Which of these rocks is composed almost entirely of ferromagnesian minerals?DA.graniteB.basaltC.rhyoliteD.peridotite4.Igneous rocks that form from the last minerals to crystallize from magma will have a(n) ____D_composition consisting of quartz,potassium feldspar,and sodium-rich plagioclase feldspar.A.andesitic(intermediate)B.basaltic(mafic)C.mafic(felsic)D.granitic(felsic)5.Igneous rocks rich in dark silicate minerals with about50percent silica are said to have a(n) _____B__composition.A.aphaniticB.basalticC.rhyoliticD.granitic6.An igneous rock with less than15percent dark minerals would have a(n)____D_ composition.A.basaltic(mafic)B.detrital(lithic)C.andesitic (intermediate)D.granitic (felsic)7.In a rock with a porphyritic texture,the large crystals are referred to as ____C__.A.groundmass B.erratics C.phenocrystsD.orthoblasts8.Which one of the following is NOT a possible product of a volcanic eruption?D A.ash B.pyroclastic debris C.cindersD.marble9.When the minerals in an igneous rock cannot be identified,the composition can be estimated based on the percentage of phenocrysts present in the rock.B A.trueB.false10.Which one of the following greatly affects both the size and arrangement of mineral crystals in an igneous rock?Dposition of the rock surrounding the magmaB.specific gravity of the magma or lavaC.rate of tectonic upliftD.rate of cooling of the magma or lava11.Examine the following close-up of an igneous rock.The rock has a(n)___A_texture.A.phaneriticB.aphaniticC.porphyriticD.glassy12.Examine this aphanitic igneous rock which has a granitic (felsic)composition.The rock's name is ___B__.A.dioriteB.rhyoliteC.graniteD.basalt13.In a rock with a porphyritic texture,the smaller crystals are referred to as ______A____.A.groundmass B.erratics C.phenocrystsD.orthoblasts14.Igneous rocks are classified based on their texture and mineral composition.A A.falseB.true15.What is the texture of this rock?B A.aphaniticB.glassyC.porphyriticD.andesite16.Igneous rocks that form when lava solidifies are classified as extrusive or volcanic igneous rocks.A A.trueB.false17.Basalt makes up the ocean crust as well as lava flows and volcanic structures on land.A A.trueB.false18.This rock most likely formed in which of these environments?C A.a submarine lava flowB.the top portion of a surface lava flowC.a large,deep intrusive bodyD.a very thin and shallow intrusivebodyChapter 5volcanoes and other igneous activity1.Intrusive igneous bodies are classified according to their shape and orientation with respect to the host rock.A A.trueB.false2.What type of volcano may produce a nu ardente or lahar?C A.shield volcano B.cinder cone posite cone3.What type of volcano is composed of interbedded lavas and pyroclastic deposits?C A.shield volcano B.cinder coneposite cone4.What type of intrusive feature is this?B A.dike B.sill ccolith D.batholith5.What type of intrusive feature is this?C A.dike B.sillccolithD.batholith6.What type of volcano is typically thelargest?AA.shieldvolcanoB.cinder coneposite cone7.Magmas thatproduce _A__rock contain about 50percent silica and tend to be quite ____.A.basaltic;fluid B.rhyolitic;viscous C.rhyolitic;fluidD.basaltic;viscous8.Which one of the following is NOT a primary factor of magma that directly determines the nature of a volcanic eruption?D A.temperature B.amount of dissolved gases positionD.volume9.What type of volcano is composed mostly of basaltic lava flows?A A.shield volcano B.cinder coneposite cone10.What type of volcano has the steepest slopes?B A.shield volcano B.cinder coneposite cone11.What type of intrusive feature is this?D A.dike B.sill ccolith D.batholith12.What type of volcano produces the most violent eruptions?C A.shield volcanoB.cinder coneposite cone13.A volcano that takes the shape of a broad,domed structure is called a _B___volcano.A.cinderB.shieldposite14.What type of intrusive feature is this?A A.dike B.sill ccolithD.batholith15.What type of intrusive feature is this?A A.dike B.sill ccolithD.batholith16.Exemplified by the Hawaiian Islands,this type of volcano tends to be the largest on Earth.B A.cinderB.shieldposite17.__A_cones,such as Sunset Crater,Arizona,tend to have very steep slopes.A.cinderB.shieldposite18.This type of magma,with a silica content of about 70percent,has the greatest tendency to form pyroclastics.A A.rhyolitic B.andesitic C.migmaticD.basaltic19.This type of magma,with about a 60percent silica content,tends to form composite cones.B A.rhyolitic B.andesitic C.migmaticD.basaltic20.What type of volcano is typically the smallest?B A.shield volcano B.cinder conepositeconeChapter6weathering and soil1.The atmospheric gas that forms a weak acid when dissolved in water is__D___.A.oxygen;B.argon;C.nitrogen;D.carbon dioxide2.When a rock undergoes___B_______,such as frost wedging,it is broken into smaller and smaller pieces.A.chemical weathering;B.mechanical weathering;C.dissolution;D.lithification3.In which climate would the rate of chemical weathering likely be highest?AA.warm and moist;B.cold and dry;C.cold and moist;D.warm and dry4.Which one of the following is NOT a product of the chemical weathering of granite?BA.clay;B.sulfur dioxide;C.potassium ions;D.silica in solution5.Which term is used to describe chemical weathering processes?DA.disintegration;B.sheeting;C.thermal expansion;D.decomposition6.Which“tough”mineral is most likely to survive extensive chemical weathering and form sand grains on beaches or dunes?DA.clay;B.sheeting;C.olivine;D.quartz7.When some rocks weather more rapidly or more slowly than others,it is called:Cpound weathering;B.spheroidal weathering;C.differential weathering;D.sheeting8.Unloading and sheeting are associated with:DA.thermal expansion;B.frost wedging;C.talus slopes;D.exfoliation domes9.If granite and basalt were exposed in an area with a hot and humid climate:BA.the granite would weather most rapidly;B.the basalt would weather most rapidly;C.both rocks would weather at the same rate;D.there is no way of knowing which rock type would weather most rapidly10.The formation of caves is associated with this form of chemical weathering.AA.dissolution;B.oxidation;C.hydrolysis;D.exfoliation11.Which list of silicate minerals shows the order in which they would weather from least resistant to most resistant?CA.quartz,olivine,potassium feldspar,amphibole;B.amphibole,olivine,quartz,potassium feldspar;C.olivine,amphibole,potassium feldspar,quartz;D.potassium feldspar,quartz,olivine,amphibole;12.The rate of weathering is influenced by:DA.climate;B.mineral composition of the rock;C.number of joints;D.all of the above;E.both A and C but not A13.Which statement regarding mechanical weathering is NOT true?DA.allows for faster rates of chemical weathering;B.is important in the formation of talus slopes;C.breaks rocks into smaller pieces;D.causes a major change in mineral composition;14.Which one of the following is NOT a product of the complete chemical weathering of the mineral potassium feldspar?DA.potassium ion(in solution);B.kaolinite(clay);C.bicarbonate ion(in solution);D.sodium hydroxide;E.silica;15.Which of the following is NOT associated with an external process?Bndslide;B.earthquake;C.weathering;D.glacier;E.stream16.Which of the following is NOT a mechanical weathering process?CA.frost wedging;B.unloading;C.hydrolysis;D.thermal expansion17.Breaking a rock into smaller pieces decreases the rate of chemical weathering.BA.true;B.false;18.Iron oxide is the product of which one of these weathering processes?AA.oxidation; C.hydrolysis;C.dissolution;18.When water freezes,its volume:BA.decreases;B.increases;C.remains unchanged;20.The feature pictured here is a(n)_____C_____.A.delta;B.exfoliation dome;C.talus slope;ccolith21.Two headstones,one marble and the other granite,were erected in the same New England cemetery150years ago.Which headstone is likely to have the least weathered,easiest to read inscription?BA.the marble headstone;B.the granite headstone;C.there should be little or no difference between the two headstones;Chapter7sedimentary rocks1.Angular pieces in a detrital sedimentary rock indicates the particles were not transported very far from their source prior to deposition.AA.true;B.false;2.Sedimentary rocks form when the products of_____E_____are transported to a new location where they are deposited and eventually__________into solid rock.A.melting;crystallized;B.deposition;eroded;C.crystallization;metamorphosed;D.tectonism;weathered;E.weathering;lithified3.Which common mineral found in igneous rocks is most abundant in detrital sedimentary rocks?DA.amphibole;B.biotite;C.plagioclase feldspar;D.quartz;4.The most common minerals in detrital sedimentary rocks are_A____.A.clay and quartz;B.clay and limonite;C.limonite and hematite;D.olivine and pyroxene;5.The sizes of particles in detrital sedimentary rocks often indicates the energy of the transporting medium.AA.true;B.false;6.Which rock type is most likely associated with a high-energy environment such as a turbulent stream?AA.conglomerate;B.shale;C.rock salt;D.Chert;7.Rock salt and rock gypsum are examples of__C__sedimentary rocks.A.detrital;B.biochemical;C.evaporate;8.The presence of abundant feldspar in a sedimentary rock suggests that advanced stages of chemical weathering have taken place.BA.true;B.false;9.Which accumulation of sediment would most likely exhibit good cross-bedding?Cndslide debris;B.cave deposits of travertine limestone;C.windblown sand(sand dune);D.salt flats in a desert basin;10.Evaporites are examples of biochemical sedimentary rocks.BA.true;B.false;11.This detrital sedimentary rock consists primarily of rounded gravel-size particles.DA.breccia;B.coquina;C.shale;D.conglomerate;12.The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is___E_______.A.shale;B.conglomerate;C.sandstone;D.chert;E.none of the above;13.Which sedimentary rock listed below has a biochemical origin?CA.rock gypsum;B.travertine;C.coquina;D.shale;paction is a very important lithification process for which sediment?AA.mud;B.sand;C.gravel;15.Agate,jasper,and flint are all forms of chert.AA:true; B.false;16.Which one of the following is NOT a variety of limestone?DA.chalk;B.travertine;C.coquina;D.chert;17.Sediments precipitated by processes such as temperature change,evaporation,and chemical activity are called biochemical sediments.BA.true;B.false18.The common name for sediment consisting of particles between1/16mm and2mm is __D_.A.clay;B.silt;C.cobble;D.sand;E.gravel19.The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is____C______.A.their composition;B.their color;C.strata or beds;D.mineral crystals20.Detrital sedimentary rocks are made primarily of the products of mechanical weathering.BA.true;B.false21.Precipitation of dissolved material by the life processes of water-dwelling organisms produces material called____A______sediment.A.biochemical;B.secondary;C.detrital;D.clastic;22.Detrital sediments would predominate in all of the following environments except:BA.swamp;B.salt flat;C.river floodplain;D.delta;paction and cementation are examples of this process.BA.crystallization;B.lithification;C.weathering;D.fusion24.Which one of the following is NOT a sedimentary structure or feature that helps geologists interpret past geological conditions?AA.vesicles;B.mud cracks;C.particle sorting;D.ripple marks25.Limestone is composed chiefly of the mineral:AA.calcite;B.halite;C.feldspar;D.quartz;26.Geologists use____A_to distinguish among detrital sedimentary rocks.A.particle size;B.method of formation;C.color;D.the location of the source material;27.When substantial quantities of feldspar are present in sandstone,the rock is called:CA.agate;B.rock gypsum;C.arkose;D.travertine limestone;28.Which sedimentary rock consists of materials that originated and were transported as solid particles?AA.sandstone;B.rock salt;C.chert;D.travertine limestone;Chapter8metamorphic rocks1.Metamorphic rocks can form from other metamorphic rocks.AA.trueB.false2.During metamorphism,elongated crystals tend to recrystallize with an orientation that is ___B_______to the direction of greatest stress.A.parallelB.perpendicular3.The most common chemically active fluid involved in the metamorphic process is hot water containing ions in solution.AA.trueB.false4.Rocks subjected to intense heat when they are intruded by magma undergo a process called _C_.A.tectonic metamorphismB.searingC.contact metamorphismD.thermal modification5.Which one of the following is NOT an agent of metamorphism?CA.pressure(stress)B.heatC.crystallizationD.chemically active fluids6.Which of the following is least likely to occur during metamorphism?AA.formation of cross-beddingB.an increase in densityC.growth of larger crystalsD.development of a foliated texture7.When stress is applied unequally in different directions,it is termed______D____.A.confining pressureB.confining stressC.differential pressureD.differential stress8.Which one of the following metamorphic rocks is generally nonfoliated?A。
采矿工程师复习资料复习资料一、名词解释1. 房柱式采煤法：在柱式体系采煤法中，在煤层内开掘一系列宽度在 5 ~ 7 米摆布的煤房，煤房间用联络巷相连，形成长方形或者块状煤柱，煤柱宽度 10 ~ 20 米，采煤在煤房中进行，煤柱根据实际情况，在采完煤房后，将煤柱尽量采出，这种采煤法叫房柱式采煤法。
2. 三“下一上”开采：指的是在建造物上、铁路上、水体上和承压含水层上的煤层的开采。
3. 矿井设计可采储量：矿井设计资源/储量减去工业场地和主要井巷煤柱的煤量后乘以采区回采率的资源/储量。
4. 采区生产能力：采区内同时生产的采煤工作面和掘进工作面产量之和，单位普通是万吨/年。
5. 矿石品位：指矿石中实用成份(元素、化合物或者矿物) 的单位含量。
普通指矿石中实用成份的质量与矿石质量之比，用百分数表。
6. 矿石的损失率：开采过程中损失的矿石量与工业储量的百分比。
7. 金属矿床：一定区域内金属矿体的总称。
8. 地表下沉盆地主断面：通过挪移盆地内的最大下沉点沿煤层走向的垂直断面。
9. 开辟掘进率：开辟巷道掘进总进尺/(矿井产量+工程出煤) (m/万 t)。
10. 滞后支护：割煤后，先推移刮板输送机后移架。
11. 矿井采掘关系：矿井采煤与掘进(开辟、准备和回采巷道掘进) 的配合关系。
12. 采场：用来直接采取煤炭的场所。
13. 采区：阶段内沿走向方向划分的具有独立生产系统的开采块段。
14. 矿石的坚固性：是指矿石反抗外力(机械、爆破) 的能力，常用普氏系数 f表示。
15. 倾斜长壁工作面：沿煤层走向布置沿倾向推进的长壁工作面。
16. 变质岩：是地壳内已经形成的岩浆岩，变质岩，沉积岩受到高温，高压或者岩浆侵入，使原有岩石的矿物成份结构发生部份或者全部变化而形成的一种新岩石。
17. 背斜：是岩层层面凸起的弯曲。
18. 采煤循环：采煤工作面完成落煤装煤运煤支护和采空区处理的周而复始的过程。
19. 采煤机割煤方式：指割煤与其它工序配合方式。
