美国文学(第三部分)专八人文知识英美文学整理总结

英语专八英美文学常识汇总3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。

the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。

"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。

gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。

the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。

lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。

美国文学第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学（1617——1783）Background: 1)The first permanent English settlement in North America at James Town, Virginia in 16172)In 1629 the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.3)Independent War (1776——1783)Personal Literature In Its Various FormsJohn Smith A True Relation of Virginia《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》William Bradford Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯种植园史》He was the first governor of the Plymouth PlantationEarly PoetryAnne Bradstreet Contemplations《沉思集》She was known as the “Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up”inAmerica.Important Writers of American PuritanismJonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will《论意志自由》His endeavors contributed to bringing about the “GreatAwakening（大觉醒）”.他被认为是美国超验主义的先驱。

Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理年鉴》The Autobiography《自传》Authors who call for democratic government and writes for it Thomas Paine Common Sense《常识》The American Crisis《美国危机》The Rights of Man《人的权利》The Age of Reason《理性的时代》Philip Freneau The Indian Burying Ground《印第安人殡葬地》“The Wild Honey Suckle”《野忍冬花》He is “poet of the American Revolution”and the “father ofAmerican Poetry”OthersThomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》第二章浪漫主义时期的美国文学（19世纪上半叶）Early American RomanticismWashington Irving The Sketch Book《见闻札记》marked the beginning ofAmerican Romanticism.Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传说》He has been called the father of the American short story.He is the first American Writer of imaginative literature togain international fame, so he was regarded as father ofAmerican literature.James Fennimore Cooper The Spy《间谍》Leaherstocking Tales《皮袜子五部曲》拓荒者，最后的莫西干人，草原，探路者，杀鹿者他是第一个在大西洋两岸有影响力的美国作家New England Transcendentalism(1840s开始)Ralph Waldo Emerson Nature《论自然》had been called “the manifesto ofAmerican Transcendentalism”美国超验主义的宣言The American Scholar《美国学者》Henry David Thoreau Walden《瓦尔登湖》Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter《红字》He is a master of symbolism. Herman Melville Moby Dick《白鲸》Edgar Allan Poe Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque《怪诞奇异故事集》The Raven《乌鸦》他是侦探小说的鼻祖(In the poetry aspect)Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass《草叶集》Emily Dickinson Because I Could Not Stop for Death《因为我不能等待死神》I Heard a Fly Buzz----When I Died《我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声》New England PoetsWilliam Cullen Bryant To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》是美国第一个赢得国际声誉的本土诗人The Reformers and AbolitionistsHarriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》She is an anti-slavery writer.第三章现实主义时期的美国文学（19世纪后半叶）背景：1861—1865美国内战By the 1870s, the New England Renaissance gradually lost its influence. The age of Romanticism and Transcendentalism was by and large over. Then the age of realism arrived. American realism developed into naturalism.Realism writersWilliam Dean Howells The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》He writers about the rising middle class.Henry James The American《美国人》Daisy Miller《戴茜·米勒》The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇人的画像》He describes the upper class. He is famous forpsychological realism.Local Colorism WritersMark Twain The Adventuress of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnThe Gilded Age《镀金时代》Life on the Mississippi《在密西西比上》Autobiography《自传》The Innocents Abroad《傻子出国记》The Prince and the Pauper《王子与贫儿》Bret Harte The Luck of Roaring Camp《咆哮营的幸运儿》Hamlin Garland Main-Traveled Road《大路条条》Naturalism WritersStephen Crane Maggie: A girl of the Streets《街头女郎马吉》The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》Frank Norris Mcteague《麦克提格》Octopus《章鱼》Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie《嘉丽姐妹》金融家，巨头，斯多噶Jack London The Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》他被认为是心理现实主义的创造者O’Henry The Last Leaf《最后一片叶子》麦琪的礼物Upton Sinclair The Jungle《屠场》Oil《石油》Boston《波士顿》第四章现代时期的美国文学。

专业英语八级人文知识之美国文学第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）概述1、美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学）早在欧洲人闯入北美大陆之前，那里世世代代居住的原始人是印第安人，他们的文化早已在这片土地上流传、存在了几千年之久。

他们创造出了并仍然在创造这优秀的印第安口头文学。

在各种典礼上咏诵的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，世世代代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山间岩壁上的象形史诗，都是印第安传统文学的只要内容和形式，也是人类文明的宝贵遗产之一。

后来，随着殖民地的开拓，移民人数的剧增，印第安文化不断遭受重创，从而在17世纪出现断裂。

18世界末又开始以书面文学的形式开始了新的发展。

Three stages of development：1）traditional literature 2）transitional literature 3）modern literature2、北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末—十七世纪中期）北美殖民文学的开端，以1607年英国在今佛吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立第一个永久性殖民点为标志。

从那时起直到1776年美利坚合众国成立，这半个世纪的北美英语文学的发展是外来文学移植、扎根并本土化的一个准备过程。

这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记随笔等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。

John Smith was considered to be the first author in the history of American literature。

3、清教思想的表述最初从欧洲来到美国的定居者被成为“清教徒”，因为他们迁徙的主要目的之一是为了“净化”教堂中的宗教行为。

他们的作品主要以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主。

第二阶段独立革命时期（17世纪中期—18世纪末）概述独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折，其主要内容和形式与殖民时期文学截然不同：如果说殖民时期文学主要反映的是清教精神，独立革命时期的文学则充满了浓烈的政治性和思辨性。

24、Ambrose Bierce安布罗斯·毕尔斯1842-1914?⼩品集：The Fiend’s Deligh魔⿁的乐趣;Nuggests and Dust Panned out in California在加利福尼亚淘出的⾦块和⾦粉;Cobwebs from an Empty Skull来⾃空脑壳的蜘蛛短篇⼩说集：Tales of Soldiers and Civilians军民故事;In the Midst of Life在⼈⽣中间;Can Such Things Be?这种事情可能吗？The Devil’s Dictionary魔⿁词典(The Applicant申请者)25、Edward Bellamy爱德华·贝拉⽶1850-1898Looking Backward:2000-1887回顾：从2000看1887年；Equality平等；The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay’s Rebellion斯托克布⾥奇的公爵：雪司起义的故事;The Blindman’s World and Other Stories育⼈的世界及其他26、Edwin Charles Markham马卡姆1852-1940The Man With the Hoe荷锄⼈27、Charles Waddell Chesnutt查尔斯·契斯纳特1858-1932The Conjure Woman巫⼥;The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line他青年时代的妻⼦(The Sheriff’s Children 警长的⼉⼥)(the pioneer of the color line);The Marrow of Tradition⼀脉相承28、Hamlin Garland汉姆林·加兰1860-1940Crumbling Idol崩溃的偶像（真实主义veritism）;Man Travelled Roads⼤路(The Return of a Private三等兵归来);Rose of Ducher’s Cooly荷兰⼈⼭⾕中的露斯;A Son of the Middle Border中部边地农家⼦29、O·Henry欧·享利（William Sidney Porter）1862-1910The Man Higher Up黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens七上⼋下30、Edith Wharton伊迪斯·华顿1862-1937The House of Mirth欢乐之家;Ethan Frome;Bunner Sister班纳姐妹;The Age of Innocent天真时代;The Customs of the Country 乡村习俗;A Backward Glance回⾸往事32、George Santayana桑塔亚那1863-1952Scepticism and Animal Faith怀疑主义与动物性信仰;The Realms Being存在诸领域（本质/物质/真理/精神领域：4卷）(Relativity of Knowledge);Three Philosphical Poets三⼤哲学诗⼈；Poems(A Minuet:On Reaching the Age of Fifty⼩步舞曲：五⼗书怀);The Last Puritan最后的清教徒33、William E·B Dubois威廉·艾伯·杜波依斯1868-1963Souls of Black Folk⿊⼈的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others);The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制⽌⾮洲奴⾪贸易进⼊美国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame⿊⾊的⽕焰（三部曲）34、Edgar Lee Masters埃德加·李·马斯特斯1868-1950A Book of Verse诗集;Maximilian马克西⽶连（诗集）;Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河诗集(Lucinda Matlock鲁欣达·马物罗克)35、Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体⼩说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的⼈;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集36、Frank Norris弗兰克·诺⾥斯1870-1902Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫⼈号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of theWheat(realistic)⼩麦诗史(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit⼩麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West ⼩麦交易所及其他新⽼西部故事37、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头⼥郎梅姬（美国⽂学⾸次站在同情⽴场上描写受辱妇⼥的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红⾊英勇勋章；The Open Boat⼩划⼦;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇38、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer⾦融家,The Titan巨⼈,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟⼤的⼩说）;Nigger Jeff⿊⼈杰弗39、Paul Laurence Dumbar保尔·劳伦斯·邓巴1872-1906We Wear the Mask我们带着⾯具他是美国第⼀个有成就的⿊⼈诗⼈，被称为“⿊种⼈的桂冠诗⼈”(Poet Laureate of the Negro Race)40、Jack London杰克·伦敦1876-1916The Son of the Wolf狼之⼦,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang⽩獠⽛;The People of the Abyss深渊中的⼈们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁·伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党⼈;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me⽣命对我意味着什么;Revolution⾰命;Love of Life热爱⽣命;The Mexican墨西哥⼈;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下41、Upton Sinclair厄普顿·⾟克莱尔1878-1968Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发⿊幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭⼤王;Oil⽯油;Boston波⼠顿;Dragon’s Teeth龙齿42、Irving Babbitt欧⽂·⽩壁德1865-1933（新⼈⽂主义主要代表）Literature and the American College⽂学与美国学院（）要求恢复古典⽂学教学;The New Laokoon新拉奥孔;Rousseau and Romanticism卢梭与浪漫主义;Democracy and Leadership民主与领导;On being Creative论创造性。

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。

the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。

"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。

gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。

the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。

lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。

the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。

"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。

gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。

the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。

lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。

英国文学知识点总结一、中古世纪时期和文艺复兴时期1.The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on theirway to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by ______. (2006)A.William LanglandB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. William ShakespeareD. AlfredTennyson2.______ is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed intofourteen lines. (2006)A.Free verseB. sonnetC. odeD. epigram重要文学术语一句话定义：Ballad 民谣：Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. It was handed down from generation to generation. 代表作：Robin HoodEpic 史诗：Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. 代表作：BeowulfRenaissance 文艺复兴：It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.Humanism 人文主义：Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞诗节：it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter, the last line in iambic pentameter, rhyming ababbcbcc. 代表作：the Faerie QueeneSonnet 十四行诗: A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter. 代表人物：William Shakespeare重要人物和其代表作的一句话评价：Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟：He is regarded as the father of modern English poetry. 英国诗歌之父代表作：Canterbury Tales: A collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims.Philip Sidney 菲利普锡尼：He stands for the spirit of the Elizabeth age. 伊莉莎白时代精神的代表代表作：Defense of Poetry, Arcadia.Edmund Spenser 斯宾塞：the poet s’ poet. He created Spenser Stanza. 诗人中的诗人，斯宾塞诗节的创作者。

专八英美文学总结1 美国概况1. dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is the Mississippi River.（美国最长河，“众河之父”Father of Waters 2. 白人最多Hispanic 第二多，就是拉丁裔的美国人成为美国人数最多的少数民族。

4. America has the world＇s oldest written constitution and political party. 英国没有成文宪法。

7. The New England region＇s cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. 8. California最大洲，人最多。

Rhode Island是最小洲。

9. Which of the following is NOT America＇s newspaper? A. Wall Street Journal B. USA today C. Guardian （英国《卫报》）D. The Milwaukee Journal 10. ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, CNN, MTV, HBO 等都是美国主要的新闻与有线电视网络13. 纽约最大城，最重要港口。

14.washington.D.C是以乔治华盛顿和哥伦布命名的George Washington and Christopher Columbus. 16.第一个共和党总统是林肯。

20. The statue of liberty was given to American people by France as a gift in 1884. 、21. Franklin D. Roosevelt＇s 任期最长（12 years）22. Civil War 1861-1865 24.10月30是万圣节。

美国文学笔记整理完整版1607-1776北美殖民时期Colonial Settlements约翰·史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》（美国文学第一本书）乔纳森·爱德华兹清教徒主义作家（Puritanism）Jonathan Edwards1776-1783独立革命时期Revolution of Independence （启蒙运动）本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书；Benjamin Franklin The Way to Wealth致富之道；1706-1790 The Autobiography自传(记录作者从穷到成功的经历，“美国梦”反映，体现启蒙倡导的理性主义和有序、教育的观点)托马斯·潘恩美国独立之父the father of American revolutionThomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets）1737-1809American Crisis美国危机（鼓励人民抵抗英军，共16小册）Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命）The Age of Reason理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响）菲利普·弗伦诺独立诗人a poet of the American Revolution，美国诗歌之父Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲1752-1832 The British Prison Ship英国囚船The Wild Honey suckle野生的金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士--同类诗中最佳托马斯·杰斐逊独立宣言Declaration of IndependenceThomas Jefferson18世纪末-19世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism1. 早期浪漫主义华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉)Washington Irving 以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor1783-1859 The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始）A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国第1个获国际声誉作家-----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔(李伯大梦)The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀frontier novel边疆传奇小说sea novelJames Fenimore Cooper The Spy间谍（独立战争间谍对抗英国）1789-1851 The Pilot领航者（sea novel）Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五步曲（frontier novel）The Pioneer拓荒者（the first true romance of the frontier in American literatureThe Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人（主角：Natty Bumppo 纳蒂班波）The Prairie大草原The Pathfinder探路者The Deerslayer杀鹿者2. 超验主义New England Transcendentalism拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书manifesto Ralf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者;1803-1882 Self-reliance论自立The Transcendentalist超验主义者Representative Men代表人物School Address神学院演说Days日子-首开自由诗之先河free verse亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden瓦尔登湖Henry David Thoreau A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德河和梅里麦克河上的一周1817-1862 Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从纳撒尼尔·霍桑subject: human soul first great American writer of fiction 象征主义大师Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter红字1804-1864 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Marble Faun玉石雕像The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇Young Goodman Brown年轻的布朗The Birthmark胎记赫尔曼·迈尔维尔擅长航海奇遇和异域风情Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale白鲸（first American prose epic史诗）1819-1891 Typee泰比Omoo奥穆Mardi玛地White Jacket白外衣Pierre皮尔埃; Billy Budd比利·巴德沃尔特·惠特曼Father of free verse自由诗之父Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集（the birth of truly American poetry and the endof romanticism）(共和圣经Democratic Bible美国史诗American Epic)1819-1892 Song of Myself自我之歌Democratic Vistas民主的前景埃米莉·迪金森她的诗大量破折号dash,主题love, nature, death, immortality; 语言plain, brevity, directEmily Dickinson This is My Letter to the World这是我给世界的一封信1830-1886I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died我死时听到一只苍蝇叫Because I could not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I’m Nobody. Who Are You?我是无名小卒。

专八考试人文知识考试内容的总结涉及到三个方面的内容:英美文学,英语语言学和英语国家概况。

其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。

英国文学主要分为六个时期:1. Old and Medieval English Literature(中古英国文学)。

2. The Renaissance Period(文艺复兴时期)。

3. The Neoclassical Period(新古典主义时期)。

4. The Romantic Period(维多利亚时期)。

5. The Victorian Period(维多利亚时期)。

6. The Modern Period(现代时期)。

美国文学主要分为四个时期:1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence(独立革命前后的文学)。

2. American Romanticism(美国浪漫主义文学)。

3. American Realism(美国现实主义文学)。

4. American Modernism(美国现代主义文学)。

语言学,考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学,音位学,形态学,句法学,语义学和语言学的知识。

关于英语国家概况,英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程,但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况,不光包括英国和美国,还有其他一些说英语的地区,包括爱尔兰概况,加拿大概况,澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。

了解了专业八级考试人文知识的内容以后,下一步我们要做的就是好好学习,抓紧时间去掌握这些必需的知识了。

祝愿大家都能适应新的考试题型,都能考出理想的成绩。

1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学；在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学，音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym :首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NA TO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是Initialism。