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不可抗力事件范围界定:根据不可抗力的含义知道它是不可预
见和偶然性的,所以,尽管世界各国都承认不可抗力可以免责,但是 没有一个国家能够确切地规定不可抗力的范围,而且由于习惯和法律
意识不同,各国对不可抗力的范围理解也不同
根据我国实践、国际贸易惯例和多数国 家有关法律的解释,不可抗力事件的范 围主要由两部分构成:一是由自然原因 引起的事件,如火灾、旱灾、地震、风 灾、暴风雪、山崩、海啸、雷电;二是 由政治或社会原因引起的事件,如战争、 动乱、政府干预、罢工、禁运等。 一般来说,把自然现象及战争、严 重的动乱看成不可抗力事件各国是一致 的,而对于上述以外的人为障碍,如政 府干预、罢工等行为归人不可抗力事件 常引发争议。因此,当事人在签订合同 时应具体约定不可抗力的范围。
Part4 Cases Analysis
案例:1995年2月l 3日,中国柔顺公司和马来西亚联邦公司签订了优质
浆板的来和料加工补偿贸易合同。合同的主要内容是中方柔顺公司利用 马来西亚方联邦公司和另外两家马来西亚的金融机构共同提供的设备为 马来西亚方联邦进行来料加工,每生产1吨板材的加工费为1600美元, 马来西亚方联邦负责提供给中方柔顺的来料即优质浆板的数量为:1995 年不少于80吨,1996年不少于150吨,1997年不少于200吨,以后每年不 少于200吨。中方柔顺以来科加工费偿还设备的货款的本息。但在实际 履行中,马来西亚方联邦仅在1995年12月30日提供来料34吨,1996年9 月4日来料17吨,1997年2月l 6日来料1.1吨,合计来料52.1吨。1997 年10月,双方签订补充协议,再次规定了马来西亚方联邦提供来料的义 务和数量。结果该补充协议仍末履行,致使中方引进的设备无法得到充 分利用,只偿还了设备贷款的本息的一小部分。中方提请仲裁,要求马 来西亚方联邦赔偿包括设备贷款在内的经济损失。马来西亚方联邦答辩 称:联邦公司未能履行合同的全部义务,是因为国际市场发生重大变化, 原料价格上涨,数量短缺,无法买到原科所致。最后生产该原料的工厂 停产,联邦更是无法买到。这是不可抗力事故,马来西亚方不应承担责 任。
Force Majeure
经济学院 2014-05-17 第12组
Force Majeure
策划: 演讲: PPT设计: 翻译: 材料收集:
Part2 范围
Part3 几种 规定 方法
Part4 案例 分析
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ结构图示
Part 1. Definition of Force Majeure
Force majeure is an exemption clause refers to the signing of the
force majeure means know it is not to foresee and chance, so, even though the world has admitted the force majeure can escape, but there is no one nation can specifically stipulate the scope of force majeure, and because the habits and legal consciousness is different, the different understanding on the scope of force majeure. According to the practice of international trade practice and the interpretation of the most relevant state law, the scope of force majeure event mainly consists of two parts: one is caused by natural causes, such as fire drought earthquake cyclone storm landslide tsunami lightning; Second is caused due to political or social events, such as war turmoil government intervene in the strike embargo, etc.
In general, the natural phenomena and the war, serious unrest in the countries is the same as a force majeure event, and artificial barriers to the outside of these events, such as government intervention, not licensing, strikes, market volatility, often classified as a force majeure event caused controversy.
(2)具体规定
在合同中一一列举不可抗力事件的办法,凡是发生了合同中罗 列的事件即构成不可抗力,没有 则不构成。 这类规定办法,虽然明确具体,但文字繁琐,且可能出现遗漏情况, 因此,也不是最好的规定方法。
(3)综合规定
列明可能经常发生的不可抗力事件(如战争、洪水、地震、火 灾等)的同时,再加上“以及双方同意的其他不可抗力事件”的文 句,这种规定方法,不仅在合同中概括不可抗力的具体含义,又列 举属于不可抗力事件。 明确具体,又有一定的灵活性,是一种可取的办法。在我国进 出口合同中,一般都采取这种规定方法。
不可抗力事件范围的几种规定方法
(1)概括规定
在合同中,只是笼统的规定:“由于公认的不可抗力的原因, 致使卖方不能交货或延期交货,卖方不负责任”或“由于不可抗力 事件使合同不能履行,发生事件的一方可据此免除责任”。 因为这类规定办法,过于笼统,含义模糊,届时伸缩性大,容易引 起争议,所以我们不宜采用。
When it comes to the force majeure, what do you think of?
Some events of the force majeure
Part2 Define the scope of force majeure events
To define the scope of force majeure event: according to the
sales contract, not due to the fault or negligence of the contracting parties, but because of the occurrence of the parties to a contract can not be foreseen, can not be prevented, and unavoidable events beyond our control, that it can not perform or can not schedule party to perform the contract. Therefore, force majeure is a disclaimer, one unexpected event or natural disaster can be exempted from liability to perform their duties or delay to perform their duties.
Part3 Several provisions of the scope of force majeure event method
On the nature and scope of force majeure, usually are the following provisions ways:
(2) enumerated Set out in the contract, force majeure events, Whatever happened to the events listed in the contract or constitute a force majeure, is no. such enumerate ways, though clear and specific, but the text cumbersome and omissions may occur, therefore, is not the best approach. (3) Mixed Force majeure event may occur frequently stated (such as war, floods, earthquakes, fire, etc.) at the same time, coupled with the "force majeure events and other mutually agreed upon," Not only summarized the specific meaning of force majeure in the contract, and belong to the force majeure event Such provisions ways both clear and specific, but also some flexibility is a desirable approach. In China import and export contracts, in general, have taken such a provision approach.
Force majeure force majeure in international trade implications and it is called is not uniform. In common law, there is "frustration" (Frustration of Contract) principles prescribed. In civil law countries the law, there are provisions of the so-called "change of circumstances" or "contract failure" in principle.