动名词

动名词
动名词是非限定动词，由动词原形加词尾ing构成。

它具有动词的特征和名词的特征。

主动一般式doing 主动完成式having done
被动一般式being done 被动完成式having been done
1.作主语
作主语时，通常位于句首。

Swimming is the best exercise in summer.
Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
*动名词和动词不定式都可以作主语，一般可以互换。

但稍有区别。

动名词作主语往往表示一般或抽象的行为，而不定式往往表示具体或一次的动作。

Playing with fire is dangerous.(泛指玩火)
To play with fire is dangerous.(指具体一次动作)
2.作表语
*动名词和动词不定式都可以做表语，但稍有区别。

参考1。

My job is teaching English.
My today’s job is to teach you how to learn English.
*动名词作表语时不可与进行时态相混。

进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的，动名词则不是。

He is collecting stamps.
His hobby is collecting stamps.
*动名词和现在分词都可以作表语，其区别是：动名词说明主语的内容，而且可以转换到句首作主语；现在分词说明主语的特征，而且不能转换到句首作主语。

His favourite sport is running.
The film is moving.
3.作动词的宾语
常见的只能以动名词作宾语的动词有：
acknowledge allow advise avoid appreciate consider delay deny enjoy endure fancy finish forbid feel like give up help imagine mind permit postpone practice report risk resist suggest
be worth
4.作介词宾语
Peter is fond of playing soccer.
5.下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号，所以后边必须接名词或动名词：
in addition to devote oneself to be familiar to look forward to pay attention to be opposed to be/get used to get down to keep to
6.有些动词既可用动名词作宾语也可用动词不定式作宾语，但意思有明显的区别。

*forget, remember, regret之后跟动名词，表示动名词的动作先于谓语动词发生。

I remember reading the book.(已做)
I remember to read the book.(未做)
The old lady forgot telling us the story and told us a second time.(已做)
I forgot to lock the door this morning.(未做)
He regretted saying that to her face.(已做)
I regret to tell you that I won’t go with you.(未做)
*mean后边接动名词，作“表明，意味着”解释，接不定式作“打算”解释。

Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
I mean to come early today.
*try后面接动名词作“试试看”解释，接动词不定式作“试图”解释。

Why not try knocking at the back door, even if nobody hears you at the front door.
He’ll try to improve his spoken English.
*go on doing/go on to do
stop doing/stop to do
*need, want, require后面接动名词表被动意义，接不定式的主动语态表_______
The house needs/wants/requires repairing.
We all need to work.
7.动名词作定语
动名词作定语时不以短语的形式出现，而且总是位于所修饰的名词之前。

reading materials swimming pool teaching method sleeping car reading room getting-up ring playing field washing line sleeping pill wirting class living condition sewing machine washing machine boiling point
*动名词作定语和现在分词作定语是有区别的。

动名词作定语时，和它修饰的名词没有主谓关系，而分词则有。

a sleeping car a sleeping baby
8.动名词的否定结构
它的否定结构由not+动名词组成。

I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going.
He hated himself for not having worked hard.
9.动名词的复合结构
它的复合结构由名词所有格+动名词或名词普通格+动名词组成。

Do you think my going there will be of any help?
The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning English.
Is there any hope of our team winning the match?
She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
10.动名词的形式
主动式doing, having done 被动式being done, having been done
(1)用doing表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。

We are interested in collecting.
His coming will be of great help to us.
(2)用having done表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生。

He regrets not having taken part in the work.
We were praised for having finished the work in advance.
(3)being done, having been done的用法类似于（1），（2）的用法。

I like being given hard work.
She is proud of being admitted into the university.
He doesn’t mind having been criticized.。