英文版光伏组件生产工艺

光伏行业英文词汇Cell 电池Crystalline silicon 晶体硅Photovoltaic 光伏bulk properties 体特性at ambient temperature 在室温下wavelength 波长absorption coefficient吸收系数electron-hole pairs 电子空穴对photon 光子density 密度defect 缺陷surface 表面electrode 电极p－type for hole extraction p 型空穴型n－type for electron extraction n 型电子型majority carriers 多数载流子minority carriers 少数载流子surface recombination velocity （SRV）表面复合速率back surface field（BSF）背场at the heavily doped regions 重掺杂区saturation current density Jo 饱和电流密度thickness 厚度contact resistance 接触电阻concentration 浓度boron 硼Gettering techniques 吸杂nonhomogeneous 非均匀的solubility 溶解度selective contacts 选择性接触insulator 绝缘体oxygen 氧气hydrogen 氢气Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition PECVDInterface 界面The limiting efficiency reflection 反射light- trapping 光陷intrinsic material 本征材料bifacial cells 双面电池monocrystalline 单晶float zone material FZ －Si Czochralski silicon Cz －Si industrial cells 工业电池a high concentration of oxygen 高浓度氧Block or ribbon 块或硅带Crystal defects 晶体缺陷grain boundaries 晶界dislocation 位错solar cell fabrication太阳能电池制造impurity 杂质P gettering effect 磷吸杂效果Spin －on 旋涂supersaturation 过饱和dead layer 死层electrically inactive phosphorus 非电活性磷interstitial 空隙the eutectic temperature 共融温度boron －doped substrate 掺硼基体passivated emitter and rear locally diffused cells PERL 电池losses 损失the front surface 前表面metallization techniques 金属化技术metal grids 金属栅线laboratory cells 实验室电池the metal lines 金属线selective emitter 选择性发射极photolithographic 光刻gradient 斜度precipitate 沉淀物localized contacts 局部接触point contacts 点接触passivated emitter rear totally diffused PERTsolder 焊接bare silicon 裸硅片high refraction index 高折射系数reflectance 反射encapsulation 封装antireflection coating ARC 减反射层an optically thin dielectric layer 光学薄电介层interference effects 干涉效应texturing制绒alkaline solutions 碱溶液etch 刻蚀/ 腐蚀anisotropically 各向异性地plane 晶面pyramids 金字塔 a few microns 几微米etching time and temperature 腐蚀时间和温度manufacturing process 制造工艺process flow 工艺流程high yield高产量starting material 原材料solar grade 太阳级a pseudo －square shape 单晶型状saw damage removal 去除损伤层fracture 裂纹acid solutions 酸溶液immerse 沉浸tank 槽texturization 制绒极限效率microscopic pyramids 极小的金字塔size 尺寸大小hinder the formation of the contacts 阻碍电极的形成the concentration ，the temperature and the agitation of the solution 溶液的浓度，温度和搅拌the duration of the bath 溶液维持时间alcohol 酒精improve 改进增加homogeneity 同质性wettability 润湿性phosphorus diffusion 磷扩散eliminate adsorbed metallic impurities 消除吸附的金属杂质quartz furnaces 石英炉quartz boats 石英舟quartz tube 石英炉管bubbling nitrogen through liquidP0CL3小氮belt furnaces 链式炉back contact cell 背电极电池reverse voltage 反向电压reverse current 反向电流amorphous glass of phospho －silicates 非晶玻璃diluted HF 稀释HF溶液junction isolation 结绝缘coin －stacked 堆放barrel －type reactors 桶状反应腔fluorine 氟fluorine compound 氟化物simultaneously 同时地high throughput 高产出ARC deposition 减反层沉积Titanium dioxide Ti02Refraction index 折射系数Encapsulated cell 封装电池Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition APCVD Sprayed from a nozzle 喷嘴喷雾Hydrolyze 水解Spin －on 旋涂Front contact print 正电极印刷The front metallization 前面金属化Low contact resistance to silicon 低接触电阻Low bulk resistivity 低体电阻率Low line width with high aspect ratio 低线宽高比Good mechanical adhesion 好机械粘贴solderability 可焊性screen printing 丝网印刷comblike pattern 梳妆图案finger 指条bus bars 主栅线viscous 粘的solvent 溶剂back contact print 背电极印刷both silver and aluminum 银铝form ohmic contact 形成欧姆接触warp 弯曲cofiring of metal contacts 电极共烧organic components of the paste 浆料有机成分burn off 烧掉sinter 烧结perforate 穿透testing and sorting 测试分选I-V curve I-V 曲线Module 组件Inhomogeneous 不均匀的Gallium 镓Degradation 衰减A small segregation coefficient 小分凝系数Asymmetric 不对称的High resolution 高分辨率Base resistivity 基体电阻率The process flow 工艺流程Antireflection coating 减反射层Cross section of a solar cell 太阳能电池横截面Dissipation 损耗Light －generated current 光生电流Incident photons 入射光子The ideal short circuit flow 理想短路电路The depletion region 耗尽区Quantum efficiency 量子效率Blue response 蓝光效应Spectral response 光谱响应Light －generated carriers 光生载流子Forward bias 正向偏压Simulation 模拟Equilibrium 平衡Superposition 重合The fourth quadrant 第四象限The saturation current 饱和电流Io Fill factor 填充因子FF Graphically 用图象表示The maximum theoretical FF 理论上Empirically 经验主义的Normalized Voc 规范化VocThe ideality factor n －factor 理想因子Terrestrial solar cells 地球上的电池At a temperature of 25C 25 度下Under AM1.5 conditions 在AM1.5环境下Efficiency is defined as XX 定义为Fraction 分数Parasitic resistances 寄生电阻Series resistance 串联电阻Shunt resistance 并联电阻The circuit diagram 电路图Be sensitive to temperature 易受温度影响The band gap of a semiconductor 半导体能隙The intrinsic carrier concentration 本征载流子的浓度Reduce the optical losses 减少光损Deuterated silicon nitride 含重氢氮化硅Buried contact solar cells BCSCPorous silicon PS 多孔硅Electrochemical etching 电化学腐蚀Screen printed SP 丝网印刷A sheet resistance of 45-50 ohm/sq 45 到50 方块电阻The reverse saturation current density Job 反向饱和电流密度Destructive interference 相消干涉Surface textingInverted pyramid 倒金字塔Four point probe 四探针Saw damage etchAlkaline 碱的Cut groove 开槽Conduction band 导带Valence band 价带B and O simultaneously in silicon 硼氧共存Iodine/methanol solution 碘酒/ 甲醇溶液Rheology 流变学Spin －on dopants 旋涂掺杂Spray －on dopants 喷涂掺杂The metallic impurities 金属杂质One slot for two wafers 一个槽两片Throughput 产量A standard POCL3 diffusion 标准POCL矿散Back－to －back diffusion 背靠背扩散Heterojunction with intrinsic thin －layer HIT 电池Refine 提炼Dye sensitized solar cell 染料敏化太阳电池Organic thin film solar cell 有机薄膜电池Infra red 红外光Unltra violet 紫外光Parasitic resistance 寄生电阻Theoretical efficiency 理论效率Busbar 主栅线Kerf loss 锯齿损失Electric charge 电荷Covalent bonds 共价键The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) 热膨胀系数Bump 鼓泡Alignment 基准Fiducial mark 基准符号Squeegee 橡胶带Isotropic plasma texturing 各向等离子制绒Block-cast multicrystalline silicon 整铸多晶硅Parasitic junction removal 寄生结的去除Iodine ethanol 碘酒Deionised water 去离子水Viscosity 粘性Mesh screen 网孔Emulsion 乳胶Properties of light 光特性Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射The visible light 可见光The wavelength ，denoted by R 用R 表示波长An inverse relationship between and ..................... given by theequation ：相反关系，可用方程表示Spectral irradiance 分光照度...... i s show n in the figure below. Directly convert electricity into sunlight 直接将电转换成光Raise an electron to a higher energy state 电子升入更高能级External circuit 外电路Meta-stable 亚稳态Light-generated current 光生电流Sweep apart by the electric field Quantum efficiency 量子效率The fourth quadrant 第四象限The spectrum of the incident light 入射光谱The AM1.5 spectrumThe FF is defined as the ratio of to Graphically 如图所示Screen-printed solar cells 丝网印刷电池Phosphorous diffusion 磷扩散A simple homongeneousdiffusion 均匀扩散Blue response 蓝光相应Shallow emitter 浅结Commercial production 商业生产Surface texturing to reduce reflection 表面制绒Etch pyramids on the wafer surface with a chemical solutionCrystal orientationTitanium dioxide TiO2PasteInorganic 无机的Glass 玻璃料DopantCompositionParticle size DistributionEtch SiNxContact pathSintering aidAdhesion 黏合性Ag powderMorphology 形态CrystallinityGlass effect on Ag/Si interface Reference cellOrganicResin 树脂Carrier 载体Rheology 流变性Printability 印刷性Aspect ratio 高宽比Functional groupMolecular weightAdditives 添加剂Surfactant 表面活性剂Thixotropic agent 触变剂Plasticizer 可塑剂Solvent 溶剂Boiling pointVapor pressure 蒸汽压Solubility 溶解性Surface tension 表面张力Solderability Viscosity 黏性Solids contentFineness of grind ，研磨细度Dried thicknessFired thicknessDrying profilePeak firing temp300 mesh screenEmulsion thickness 乳胶厚度StorageShelf life 保存期限Thinning 稀释Eliminate Al bead formation 消除铝珠Low bowingWet depositPattern design: 100um*74 太阳电池solar cell单晶硅太阳电池single crystalline silicon solar cell 多晶硅太阳电池so multi crystalline silicon solar cell 非晶硅太阳电池amorphous silicon solar cell 薄膜太能能电池Thin-film solar cell多结太阳电池multijunction solar cell 化合物半导体太阳电池compound semiconductor solar cell 用化合物半导体材料制成的太阳电池带硅太阳电池silicon ribbon solar cell光电子photo-electron短路电流short-circuit current (Isc)开路电压open-circuit voltage (Voc)最大功率maximum power (Pm)最大功率点maximum power point最佳工作点电压optimum operating voltage (Vn)最佳工作点电流optimum operating curre nt (In)填充因子fill factor(curve factor)曲线修正系数curve correct ion coefficie nt太阳电池温度solar cell temperature 串联电阻series resista nee并联电阻shunt resista nee转换效率cell efficiency暗电流dark current暗特性曲线dark characteristic curve光谱响应spectral response(spectral sen sitivity)太阳电池组件module(solar cell module)隔离二极管blocking diode旁路二极管bypass (shunt) diode组件的电池额定工作温度NOCT ( nominal operati ng cell temperature短路电流的温度系数temperature coefficie nts of Isc开路电压的温度系数temperature coefficie nts of Voc峰值功率的温度系数temperature coefficie nts of Pm组件效率Module efficiency峰瓦watts peak额定功率rated power额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current太阳能光伏系统solar photovoltaic (PV) system并网太阳能光伏发电系统Grid-C onn ected PV system独立太阳能光伏发电系统Sta nd alone PV system太阳能控制器solar controller逆变器inverter孤岛效应islanding逆变器变换效率inv erter efficie ncy方阵(太阳电池方阵)array ( solar cell array)子方阵sub-array (solar cell sub-array)充电控制器charge controller直流/直流电压变换器DC/DCcon verter(i nverter)直流/交流电压变换器DC/ACcon verter(i nverter)电网grid太阳跟踪控制器sun-tracking ontroller 并网接口utility interface 光伏系统有功功率active power of PVpower station 光伏系统无功功率reactive power ofPV power station 光伏系统功率因数power factor of PVpower station公共连接点point of common coupling 接线盒junction box 发电量powergeneration 输出功率output power 交流电Alternating current 断路器Circuitbreaker 汇流箱Combiner box 配电箱Distribution box 电能表Supply meter 变压器Transformer 太阳能光伏建筑一体化Building-integrated PV (BIPV) 辐射radiation太阳辐照度Solar radiation 散射辐照(散射太阳辐照)量diffuseirradiation(diffuse insolation)直射辐照direct irradiation (direct insolation)irradiance (solar global irradiance) 辐射计radiometer 方位角Azimuth angle 倾斜角Tilt angle 太阳常数solar constant 大气质量(AM) air mass 太阳高度角solar elevation angle 标准太阳电池standard solar cell(reference solar cel)l 太阳模拟器solar simulator 太阳电池的标准测试条件为：环境温度25i2C，用标准测量的光源辐照度为1000W/m2 并且有标准的太阳光谱辐照度分布。

光伏新能源厂的工作中流程英文回答：The workflow in a photovoltaic (PV) renewable energy factory involves several stages from the production of solar panels to the final installation and maintenance. Here is a general overview of the process:1. Raw Material Procurement:The first step is to procure the necessary raw materials for manufacturing solar panels. This includes sourcing silicon wafers, glass, aluminum frames, and other components required for panel assembly. The procurement team ensures the quality and reliability of the materials.2. Panel Production:The production process starts with cutting silicon wafers into individual cells. These cells are thenassembled into a module, which includes encapsulation with a protective layer. The modules are then connected to form a complete solar panel. Quality control measures are implemented at every stage to ensure the panels meet industry standards.3. Quality Testing:Once the panels are manufactured, they undergo rigorous quality testing to ensure their efficiency, durability, and safety. This involves testing their electrical output, thermal performance, and resistance to environmentalfactors such as humidity and temperature fluctuations.4. Packaging and Shipping:After passing the quality tests, the panels are packaged securely to prevent any damage during transportation. The packaging process includes proper labeling and documentation for easy identification and tracking. The panels are then shipped to distributors, installers, or directly to customers.5. Installation:Upon receiving the solar panels, installation teams or contractors are responsible for installing them at the designated sites. This involves mounting the panels on rooftops or ground-mounted structures, connecting them to the electrical system, and ensuring proper wiring and grounding for optimal performance.6. Commissioning and Grid Connection:Once the panels are installed, the system undergoes commissioning to ensure all components are functioning correctly. This includes verifying the electrical connections, conducting performance tests, and ensuring compliance with local regulations. After commissioning, the PV system is connected to the electrical grid to start generating electricity.7. Maintenance and Monitoring:Regular maintenance is essential to ensure the long-term performance and efficiency of the PV system. This includes cleaning the panels, inspecting for any damage or malfunctioning components, and performing necessary repairs or replacements. Monitoring systems are also installed to track the system's performance and identify any issues that may arise.中文回答：光伏新能源厂的工作流程包括从太阳能电池板的生产到最终安装和维护的几个阶段。

太阳能光伏工厂生产流程Building a solar panel factory is a complex process that involves multiple stages. From sourcing raw materials to assembling the final product, each step requires careful planning and execution. The first step in the production process is to select high-quality silicon wafers, which are the primary component of solar panels. These wafers are typically made from crystalline silicon, a material known for its efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity.在太阳能光伏工厂生产过程中，布建工厂是一个复杂的过程，涉及多个阶段。

从原材料的采购到最终产品的装配，每个步骤都需要仔细的规划和执行。

生产过程的第一步是选择高质量的硅晶圆片，这是太阳能光伏板的主要组成部分。

这些圆片通常由晶体硅制成，这种材料以高转化太阳能为电能的效率而闻名。

Once the silicon wafers have been sourced, they are subjected to a series of manufacturing processes to convert them into solar cells. This includes doping the silicon with specific materials to create a positive and negative charge, which is essential for generating electricity. The next step involves assembling the solar cells intomodules, which are then connected to form a solar panel. This process requires precision and attention to detail to ensure that each component functions properly.一旦硅晶圆片被采购，它们将被经过一系列的制造工艺，将它们转化为太阳能电池。

简述太阳能电池组件封装的生产工艺流程Solar photovoltaic (PV) module encapsulation is a crucial step in the production process of solar panels. It involves sealing and protecting the PV cells from external environmental factors such as moisture, dust, and mechanical stress. Let's take a closer look at the production process of solar module encapsulation.太阳能光伏电池组件封装是太阳能电池板生产过程中的重要环节。

它涉及封闭和保护光伏电池，防止外部环境因素如潮湿、灰尘和机械应力对其造成的影响。

让我们更详细地了解太阳能模块封装的生产过程。

1. Laminate Cutting:The first step in the encapsulation process involvescutting the backsheet, which serves as a protective layer on the backside of the solar panel. Automatic cutting machines are used to cut the backsheets into desired sizes according to specific module dimensions.1. 切割背板：封装过程的第一步是切割背板，背板作为太阳能电池板的背面保护层存在。

自动切割机根据具体模块尺寸将背板切割成所需大小。

2. Busbar Soldering:After obtaining appropriately sized backsheets, the next step is busbar soldering. The busbars are thin metal strips that collect electric current generated by the solar cells. Automated soldering machines apply solder paste to connect multiple busbars on each cell precisely.2. 母线焊接：在获得适当尺寸的背板之后，下一步是母线焊接。

太阳能电池组件生产流程英文解说中文：太阳能电池组件生产工艺组件线又叫封装线，封装是太阳能电池生产中的关键步骤，没有良好的封装工艺，多好的电池也生产不出好的组件板。

电池的封装不仅可以使电池的寿命得到保证，而且还增强了电池的抗击强度。

产品的高质量和高寿命是赢得可客户满意的关键，所以组件板的封装质量非常重要。

工艺流程如下：1、电池检测——2、正面焊接—检验—3、背面串接—检验—4、敷设（玻璃清洗、材料切割、玻璃预处理、敷设）——5、层压——6、去毛边（去边、清洗）——7、装边框（涂胶、装角键、冲孔、装框、擦洗余胶）——8、焊接接线盒——9、高压测试——10、组件测试—外观检验—11、包装入库；1.2工艺简介：在这里只简单的介绍一下工艺的作用，给大家一个感性的认识，具体内容后面再详细介绍：1、电池测试：由于电池片制作条件的随机性，生产出来的电池性能不尽相同，所以为了有效的将性能一致或相近的电池组合在一起，所以应根据其性能参数进行分类；电池测试即通过测试电池的输出参数（电流和电压）的大小对其进行分类。

以提高电池的利用率，做出质量合格的电池组件。

2、正面焊接：是将汇流带焊接到电池正面（负极）的主栅线上，汇流带为镀锡的铜带，我们使用的焊接机可以将焊带以多点的形式点焊在主栅线上。

焊接用的热源为一个红外灯（利用红外线的热效应）。

焊带的长度约为电池边长的2倍。

多出的焊带在背面焊接时与后面的电池片的背面电极相连。

(我们公司采用的是手工焊接)3、背面串接：背面焊接是将36片电池串接在一起形成一个组件串，我们目前采用的工艺是手动的，电池的定位主要靠一个膜具板，上面有36个放置电池片的凹槽，槽的大小和电池的大小相对应，槽的位置已经设计好，不同规格的组件使用不同的模板，操作者使用电烙铁和焊锡丝将“前面电池”的正面电极（负极）焊接到“后面电池”的背面电极（正极）上，这样依次将36片串接在一起并在组件串的正负极焊接出引线。

4、层压敷设：背面串接好且经过检验合格后，将组件串、玻璃和切割好的EVA 、玻璃纤维、背板按照一定的层次敷设好，准备层压。

柔性BIPV组件生产工艺柔性BIPV（Building Integrated Photovoltaic）组件是在建筑物的外墙、玻璃幕墙等表面集成光伏电池的一种新型电池组件。

与传统硅基光伏电池不同，柔性BIPV组件具有更高的柔韧性和透明度，可以更好地满足建筑物外观设计和能源利用的需求。

下面将介绍柔性BIPV组件的生产工艺。

柔性BIPV组件的生产工艺主要包括材料准备、制备光伏电池、封装和质量检测四个步骤。

首先是材料准备。

柔性BIPV组件的主要材料包括透明导电膜、电池层、保护层和框架。

透明导电膜是用于收集太阳能的关键组件，常用的材料有氧化锌或氧化锡等导电材料。

电池层由光伏电池芯片和背电极组成，常用的光伏电池芯片有染料敏化太阳能电池（DSSC）和有机太阳能电池（OPV）等。

保护层是为了保护光伏电池芯片不受外界环境的影响，常用的材料有有机高分子材料和玻璃等。

框架则用于支撑和固定组件的结构。

接下来是制备光伏电池。

制备光伏电池主要包括制备透明导电膜、制备电池芯片和背电极的涂敷。

制备透明导电膜时，首先将透明导电材料溶液涂覆在基板上，然后利用熔融法或溶胶凝胶法制备出连续的透明导电膜。

制备电池芯片时，将光伏电池芯片和背电极涂敷在透明导电膜上，形成电池层。

涂敷的方法主要有刷涂法、离子束溅射法和旋涂法等。

然后是封装。

封装是将电池层和保护层进行封装，保护光伏电池芯片不受外界环境的影响。

将保护层涂覆在电池层上，形成组件的基本结构。

封装的方法有热压封装和真空封装等。

最后是质量检测。

柔性BIPV组件在生产过程中需要进行多项质量检测，确保组件的性能和质量达到要求。

常用的检测方法有电池效率测试、透明度测试、耐候性测试和安全性测试等。

综上所述，柔性BIPV组件的生产工艺包括材料准备、制备光伏电池、封装和质量检测四个步骤。

这些步骤的完成需要依靠高精密的设备和技术，同时还需要注意材料的选择和组件的质量控制，以确保柔性BIPV组件的性能和质量符合要求。

晶硅太阳能电池组件生产的基本工艺流程1.晶硅太阳能电池组件生产的第一步是选用优质的硅材料。

The first step in the production of crystalline silicon solar cell modules is to select high-quality silicon materials.2.硅材料经过精炼和加工后，制成硅片。

The silicon material is refined and processed to produce silicon wafers.3.硅片经过切割和抛光，形成标准尺寸的太阳能电池片。

The silicon wafers are cut and polished to form solar cell chips of standard size.4.太阳能电池片经过清洗和检验，确保质量达标。

The solar cell chips are cleaned and inspected to ensure quality standards are met.5.经过清洗和检验的电池片被涂覆上导电层和抗反射层。

The cleaned and inspected solar cell chips are coated with conductive and anti-reflective layers.6.经过光刻和腐蚀工艺，形成正负极电极。

Through photolithography and etching processes, positive and negative electrodes are formed.7.电池片经过扩散工艺，形成PN结。

The cell chips are diffused to form PN junctions.8.经过清洗和检验后，电池片被组装成电池组件。

After cleaning and inspection, the cell chips are assembled into solar modules.9.电池组件经过外观检查和性能测试，确保无缺陷。

topcon太阳能电池的制作流程英文回答：The production process of Topcon solar cells involves several key steps. Here is a detailed explanation of each step:1. Silicon Ingot Growth: The first step in the production of Topcon solar cells is the growth of silicon ingots. This is done through a process called Czochralski pulling, where a seed crystal is dipped into molten silicon and slowly withdrawn to form a solid cylindrical ingot.2. Wafer Slicing: Once the silicon ingots are grown, they are sliced into thin wafers using a diamond saw. These wafers serve as the base material for solar cells.3. Surface Texturing: The wafers undergo a process called surface texturing, where the surface is etched to create a rough texture. This texture helps to reduce thereflection of sunlight, increasing the absorption of light by the solar cell.4. Diffusion: The wafers are then subjected to a diffusion process, where they are exposed to phosphorus gas. This creates a layer of phosphorus-doped silicon on the surface of the wafers, creating the n-type layer of thesolar cell.5. Screen Printing: Next, a screen printing process is used to apply a thin layer of silver paste onto the surface of the wafer. This silver paste forms the front grid electrodes of the solar cell.6. Anti-Reflection Coating: An anti-reflection coatingis then applied to the front surface of the solar cell.This coating helps to reduce the reflection of sunlight, further increasing the light absorption.7. Back Surface Field: The back surface of the solarcell is then treated to create a back surface field. This involves the deposition of a thin layer of aluminum oxide,which helps to enhance the efficiency of the solar cell.8. Metallization: The next step is metallization, wherea layer of aluminum paste is applied to the back surface of the solar cell. This forms the back contact of the solar cell.9. Testing and Sorting: Once the solar cells are fabricated, they undergo rigorous testing to ensure their quality and performance. This includes electrical testing to measure their efficiency and output power. The solar cells are then sorted based on their performance characteristics.10. Module Assembly: Finally, the sorted solar cells are assembled into solar modules. These modules consist of multiple solar cells connected in series and encapsulatedin a protective cover. The modules are then ready for installation and use.中文回答：Topcon太阳能电池的制作流程涉及几个关键步骤。

光伏电气的生产流程1.光伏电气的生产从硅原料提炼开始。

The production of photovoltaic electrical equipmentstarts with the refining of silicon raw materials.2.原料经过加工和纯化，生成多晶硅块。

The raw materials are processed and purified to produce polysilicon ingots.3.多晶硅块被切割成薄片，然后进行电池片的制作。

The polysilicon ingots are cut into thin slices and then used for the production of solar cells.4.每个太阳能电池片通过多道工序进行表面处理和电池板的制造。

Each solar cell goes through multiple processes forsurface treatment and the production of solar panels.5.电池板的生产包括组装和封装工艺，以确保组件的耐用度和性能。

The production of solar panels includes assembly and encapsulation processes to ensure the durability and performance of the modules.6.完成的光伏电气组件需要进行严格的测试和质量控制。

The finished photovoltaic electrical components need to undergo rigorous testing and quality control.7.通过测试，保证产品能够符合各种天气条件下的使用要求。

Through testing, the products are ensured to meet the requirements for use in various weather conditions.8.完成的光伏电气产品被包装和运输到客户端。

（1）制绒把原本平整的硅片腐蚀成具有微米大小尺寸的绒面构造，这样可以减少对光的反射，增加光吸收。

In order to reduce the reflection of incident light for enhancing the conversion efficiency of solar cells, a texturing structure needs to be formed at the surface of the wafer by using chemical etching processing.（2）扩散通过磷扩散在P型硅衬底（硅片）上形成一厚度约为0.5微米的磷掺杂层，来形成p-n结。

p-n结可以通过光伏效应将光能转换成电能。

Phosphorus DiffusionIn silicon solar cell production typically from p-type substrates, it is necessary to form an n-type emitter to create the p-n junction for collecting the charge generated by the photos of light. Virtually, all n-type layers are produced via a phosphorous diffusion at high temperature in a furnace. The wafers are placed inside a quartz tube that is surrounded by heating elements.Phosphorous gases i.e. phosphorous oxychloride etc. are introduced into the tube and pass through the wafers so that a layer of phosphorous pentoxide is formed on the wafer surfaces. The following high temperature process drives the phosphorous into the surface areas of the wafers and a p-n junction is formed at the surface region. （3）去PSG在形成PN结的磷扩散过程中，硅片表面形成了一层磷硅玻璃，在太阳电池制造的后序工序开始之前有必要把这层磷硅玻璃除去，去除过程是由氢氟酸腐蚀和烘干的步骤组成。

光伏行业英文词汇Cell 电池Crystalline silicon 晶体硅 Photovoltaic 光伏 bulk properties 体特性at ambient temperature 在室温下wavelength 波长absorption coefficient 吸收系数 electron-hole pairs 电子空穴对 photon 光子 density 密度defect 缺陷surface 表面electrode 电极p －type for hole extraction p型空穴型n －type for electron extraction n 型电子型majority carriers 多数载流子minority carriers 少数载流子surface recombination velocity（SRV ） 表面复合速率back surface field （BSF ） 背场at the heavily doped regions重掺杂区saturation current density Jo饱和电流密度thickness 厚度 contact resistance 接触电阻concentration 浓度boron 硼Gettering techniques 吸杂nonhomogeneous 非均匀的 solubility 溶解度selective contacts 选择性接触insulator 绝缘体oxygen 氧气hydrogen 氢气Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition PECVDInterface 界面The limiting efficiency 极限效率reflection 反射 light- trapping 光陷 intrinsic material 本征材料 bifacial cells 双面电池 monocrystalline 单晶 float zone material FZ －Si Czochralski silicon Cz －Si industrial cells 工业电池 a high concentration o f of oxygen 高浓度氧Block or ribbon 块或硅带 Crystal defects 晶体缺陷 grain boundaries 晶界dislocation 位错 solar cell fabrication 太阳能电池制造impurity 杂质P gettering effect 磷吸杂效果Spin －on 旋涂supersaturation 过饱和 dead layer 死层electrically inactive phosphorus非电活性磷interstitial 空隙the eutectic temperature 共融温度 boron －doped substrate 掺硼基体passivated emitter and rearlocally diffused cells PERL 电池losses 损失the front surface 前表面metallization t echniques techniques 金属化技术metal grids 金属栅线laboratory cells 实验室电池the metal lines 金属线selective emitter 选择性发射极 photolithographic 光刻gradient 斜度precipitate 沉淀物localized contacts 局部接触point contacts点接触 passivated emitter rear totallydiffused PERTsolder 焊接 bare silicon 裸硅片 high refraction index 高折射系数 reflectance 反射 encapsulation 封装antireflection coating ARC 减反射层 an optically thin dielectric layer 光学薄电介层interference effects 干涉效应 texturing 制绒 alkaline solutions 碱溶液 etch 刻蚀/腐蚀 anisotropically 各向异性地 plane 晶面 pyramids 金字塔 a few microns 几微米etching time and temperature 腐蚀时间和温度manufacturing process 制造工艺 process flow 工艺流程 high yield 高产量 starting material 原材料 solar grade 太阳级 a pseudo －square shape 单晶型状 saw damage removal 去除损伤层 fracture 裂纹acid solutions 酸溶液 immerse 沉浸 tank 槽 texturization 制绒 microscopic pyramids 极小的金字塔 size 尺寸大小 hinder the formation of the contacts 阻碍电极的形成 the concentration ，the temperature and the agitation of the solution 溶液的浓度，温度和搅拌 the duration of the bath 溶液维持时间 alcohol 酒精 improve 改进增加 homogeneity 同质性 wettability 润湿性phosphorus diffusion 磷扩散eliminate adsorbed metallic impurities 消除吸附的金属杂质 quartz furnaces 石英炉 quartz boats 石英舟 quartz tube 石英炉管bubbling nitrogen through liquid POCL3 小氮belt furnaces 链式炉 back contact cell 背电极电池 reverse voltage 反向电压 reverse current 反向电流 amorphous glass of phospho －silicates 非晶玻璃 diluted HF 稀释HF 溶液 junction isolation 结绝缘 coin －stacked 堆放barrel －type reactors 桶状反应腔 fluorine 氟fluorine compound 氟化物 simultaneously 同时地 high throughput 高产出 ARC deposition 减反层沉积 Titanium dioxide TiO2 Refraction index 折射系数 Encapsulated cell 封装电池Atmospheric pressure chemicalvapor deposition APCVD Sprayed from a nozzle 喷嘴喷雾 Hydrolyze 水解 Spin －on 旋涂 Front contact print 正电极印刷 The front metallization 前面金属化 Low contact resistance to silicon 低接触电阻 Low bulk resistivity 低体电阻率 Low line width with high aspect ratio 低线宽高比Good mechanical adhesion 好机械粘贴solderability 可焊性 screen printing 丝网印刷 comblike pattern 梳妆图案finger 指条 bus bars 主栅线 viscous 粘的 solvent 溶剂back contact print 背电极印刷 both silver and aluminum 银铝 form ohmic contact 形成欧姆接触 warp 弯曲cofiring of metal contacts 电极共烧organic components of the paste 浆料有机成分 burn off 烧掉 sinter 烧结 perforate 穿透testing and sorting 测试分选 I-V curve I-V 曲线 Module 组件 Inhomogeneous 不均匀的 Gallium 镓 Degradation 衰减 A small segregation c oefficient coefficient 小分凝系数 Asymmetric 不对称的 High resolution 高分辨率 Base resistivity 基体电阻率 The process flow 工艺流程Antireflection coating 减反射层 Cross section of a solar cell 太阳能电池横截面 Dissipation 损耗 Light －generated current 光生电流 Incident photons 入射光子 The ideal short circuit flow 理想短路电路 The depletion region 耗尽区 Quantum efficiency 量子效率 Blue response 蓝光效应 Spectral response 光谱响应 Light －generated carriers 光生载流子Forward bias 正向偏压 Simulation 模拟 Equilibrium 平衡Superposition 重合The fourth quadrant 第四象限 The saturation current 饱和电流Io Fill factor 填充因子FF Graphically 用图象表示 The maximum theoretical FF 理论上 Empirically 经验主义的 Normalized Voc 规范化Voc The ideality factor n －factor 理想因子Terrestrial solar cells 地球上的电池At a temperature of 25C 25度下 Under AM1.5 conditions 在AM1.5环境下Efficiency is defined as ×× 定义为Fraction 分数Parasitic resistances 寄生电阻 Series resistance 串联电阻 Shunt resistance 并联电阻 The circuit diagram 电路图 Be sensitive to temperature 易受温度影响 The band gap of a semiconductor 半导体能隙 The intrinsic carrierconcentration 本征载流子的浓度Reduce the optical losses 减少光损 Deuterated silicon nitride 含重氢氮化硅 Buried contact solar cells BCSC Porous silicon PS 多孔硅 Electrochemical etching 电化学腐蚀 Screen printed SP 丝网印刷 A sheet resistance of 45-50 ohm/sq 45到50方块电阻The reverse saturation current density Job 反向饱和电流密度 Destructive interference 相消干涉 Surface texting Inverted pyramid 倒金字塔Four point probe 四探针Saw damage etch Alkaline 碱的 Cut groove 开槽 Conduction band 导带 Valence band 价带 B and O simultaneously in silicon 硼氧共存 Iodine/methanol solution 碘酒/甲醇溶液 Rheology 流变学 Spin －on dopants 旋涂掺杂 Spray －on dopants 喷涂掺杂 The metallic impurities 金属杂质 One slot for two wafers 一个槽两片Throughput 产量 A standard POCL3 diffusion 标准POCL3扩散Back －to －back diffusion 背靠背扩散Heterojunction w ith with intrinsic thin －layer HIT 电池 Refine 提炼Dye sensitized solar cell 染料敏化太阳电池Organic thin film solar cell 有机薄膜电池 Infra red 红外光 Unltra violet 紫外光 Parasitic resistance 寄生电阻 Theoretical efficiency 理论效率 Busbar 主栅线 Kerf loss 锯齿损失 Electric charge 电荷 Covalent bonds 共价键The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) 热膨胀系数 Bump 鼓泡 Alignment 基准 Fiducial mark 基准符号 Squeegee 橡胶带Isotropic plasma texturing 各向等离子制绒Block-cast multicrystalline silicon 整铸多晶硅 Parasitic junction removal 寄生结的去除 Iodine ethanol 碘酒 Deionised water 去离子水 Viscosity 粘性 Mesh screen 网孔 Emulsion 乳胶 Properties of light 光特性 Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射The visible light 可见光 The wavelength ，denoted by R 用R 表示波长 An inverse relationship between ……and ……given by the equation ：相反关系，可用方程表示 Spectral irradiance 分光照度……is shown in the figure below. Directly convert electricity into sunlight 直接将电转换成光 Raise an electron to a higher energy state 电子升入更高能级 External circuit 外电路 Meta-stable 亚稳态Light-generated current 光生电流Sweep apart by the electric field Quantum efficiency 量子效率 The fourth quadrant 第四象限 The spectrum of the incident light 入射光谱The AM1.5 spectrum The FF is defined as the ratio of ……to …… Graphically 如图所示 Screen-printed solar cells 丝网印刷电池Phosphorous diffusion 磷扩散 A simple homongeneous d iffusion diffusion 均匀扩散Blue response 蓝光相应Shallow emitter 浅结 Commercial production 商业生产 Surface texturing to reduce reflection 表面制绒 Etch pyramids on the wafer surface with a chemical solution Crystal orientation Titanium dioxide TiO2PasteInorganic 无机的 Glass 玻璃料 DopantComposition Particle size Distribution Etch SiNx Contact path Sintering aid Adhesion 黏合性 Ag powderMorphology 形态Crystallinity Glass effect on Ag/Si interface Reference cell OrganicResin 树脂 Carrier 载体Rheology 流变性Printability 印刷性Aspect ratio 高宽比 Functional group Molecular weight Additives 添加剂 Surfactant 表面活性剂Thixotropic agent 触变剂Plasticizer 可塑剂Solvent 溶剂 Boiling point Vapor pressure 蒸汽压 Solubility 溶解性 Surface tension 表面张力 SolderabilityViscosity 黏性 Solids content Fineness of grind ，研磨细度 Dried thickness Fired thickness Drying profile Peak firing temp 300 mesh screen Emulsion thickness 乳胶厚度 Storage Shelf life 保存期限 Thinning 稀释Eliminate Al bead formation 消除铝珠Low bowing Wet depositPattern design: 100um*74 太阳电池 solar cell单晶硅太阳电池single crystalline silicon solar cell 多晶硅太阳电池 so multi crystalline silicon solar cell非晶硅太阳电池 amorphous silicon solar cell薄膜太能能电池 Thin-film solar cell 多结太阳电池 multijunction solar cell 化合物半导体太阳电池compound semiconductor solar cell 用化合物半导体材料制成的太阳电池用化合物半导体材料制成的太阳电池 带硅太阳电池silicon ribbon solar cell光电子 photo-electron短路电流 short-circuit current （Isc） 开路电压 open-circuit voltage （V oc） 最大功率 maximum power (Pm)最大功率点 maximum power point最佳工作点电压 optimum operating voltage (Vn)最佳工作点电流 optimum operating current (In)填充因子 fill factor(curve factor)曲线修正系数 curve correction coefficient太阳电池温度 solar cell temperature串联电阻 series resistance并联电阻 shunt resistance转换效率cell efficiency暗电流 dark current暗特性曲线 dark characteristic curve光谱响应 spectral response(spectral sensitivity)太阳电池组件 module(solar cell module)隔离二极管 blocking diode旁路二极管 bypass (shunt) diode组件的电池额定工作温度NOCT（nominal operating cell temperature）短路电流的温度系数 temperature coefficients of Isc开路电压的温度系数 temperature coefficients of Vcoefficients of Vococ峰值功率的温度系数 temperature coefficients of Pm组件效率 Module efficiency峰瓦 watts peak额定功率 rated power额定电压 rated voltage额定电流 rated current太阳能光伏系统 solar photovoltaic (PV) system并网太阳能光伏发电系统 Grid-Connected PV system独立太阳能光伏发电系统Stand alone PV system太阳能控制器solar controller逆变器 inverter孤岛效应 islanding逆变器变换效率 inverter efficiency方阵(太阳电池方阵) array （solar cell array）子方阵sub-array (solar cell sub-array) 充电控制器 charge controller直流/直流电压变换器 DC/DC converter(inverter)直流/交流电压变换器 DC/AC converter(inverter)电网 grid太阳跟踪控制器 sun-tracking ontroller 并网接口 utility interface光伏系统有功功率 active power of PV power station光伏系统无功功率reactive power of PV power station光伏系统功率因数 power factor of PV power station公共连接点 point of common coupling 接线盒 junction box发电量 power generation输出功率 output power交流电 Alternating current断路器Circuit breaker汇流箱 Combiner box配电箱Distribution box电能表Supply meter变压器Transformer太阳能光伏建筑一体化Building-integrated PV (BIPV)辐射 radiation太阳辐照度 Solar radiation散射辐照（散射太阳辐照）量 diffuse irradiation(diffuse insolation)直射辐照 direct irradiation (direct insolation)总辐射度(太阳辐照度) global irradiance (solar global irradiance)辐射计 radiometer方位角 Azimuth angle倾斜角 Tilt angle太阳常数 solar constant大气质量 (AM) air mass太阳高度角 solar elevation angle标准太阳电池 standard solar cell （reference solar cell）太阳模拟器 solar simulator太阳电池的标准测试条件为：环境温度25±25±22℃，用标准测量的光源辐照度为1000W/m2 并且有标准的太阳光谱辐照度分布。

光伏行业英文词汇Cell 电池Crystalline silicon 晶体硅Photovoltaic 光伏bulk properties 体特性at ambient temperature 在室温下wavelength 波长absorption coefficient 吸收系数electron-hole pairs 电子空穴对photon 光子density 密度defect 缺陷surface 表面electrode 电极p－type for hole extraction p型空穴型n－type for electron extraction n 型电子型majority carriers 多数载流子minority carriers 少数载流子surface recombination velocity （SRV）表面复合速率back surface field （BSF）背场at the heavily doped regions 重掺杂区saturation current density Jo 饱和电流密度thickness 厚度contact resistance 接触电阻concentration 浓度boron 硼Gettering techniques吸杂nonhomogeneous 非均匀的solubility 溶解度selective contacts 选择性接触insulator 绝缘体oxygen 氧气hydrogen 氢气Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition PECVDInterface 界面The limiting efficiency 极限效率reflection 反射light- trapping 光陷intrinsic material 本征材料bifacial cells 双面电池monocrystalline 单晶float zone material FZ－Si Czochralski silicon Cz－Si industrial cells 工业电池a high concentration of oxygen 高浓度氧Block or ribbon 块或硅带Crystal defects 晶体缺陷grain boundaries 晶界dislocation 位错solar cell fabrication 太阳能电池制造impurity 杂质P gettering effect 磷吸杂效果Spin－on 旋涂supersaturation 过饱和dead layer 死层electrically inactive phosphorus 非电活性磷interstitial 空隙the eutectic temperature 共融温度boron－doped substrate 掺硼基体passivated emitter and rear locally diffused cells PERL电池losses 损失the front surface 前表面metallization techniques 金属化技术metal grids 金属栅线laboratory cells 实验室电池the metal lines 金属线selective emitter 选择性发射极photolithographic 光刻gradient 斜度precipitate 沉淀物localized contacts 局部接触point contacts 点接触passivated emitter rear totally diffused PERTsolder 焊接bare silicon 裸硅片high refraction index 高折射系数reflectance 反射encapsulation 封装antireflection coating ARC减反射层an optically thin dielectric layer 光学薄电介层interference effects 干涉效应texturing 制绒alkaline solutions 碱溶液etch 刻蚀/腐蚀anisotropically 各向异性地plane 晶面pyramids 金字塔a few microns 几微米etching time and temperature 腐蚀时间和温度manufacturing process 制造工艺process flow 工艺流程high yield 高产量starting material 原材料solar grade 太阳级a pseudo－square shape 单晶型状saw damage removal 去除损伤层fracture 裂纹acid solutions 酸溶液immerse 沉浸tank 槽texturization 制绒microscopic pyramids 极小的金字塔size 尺寸大小hinder the formation of the contacts 阻碍电极的形成the concentration，the temperature and the agitation of the solution 溶液的浓度，温度和搅拌the duration of the bath 溶液维持时间alcohol 酒精improve 改进增加homogeneity 同质性wettability 润湿性phosphorus diffusion 磷扩散eliminate adsorbed metallic impurities 消除吸附的金属杂质quartz furnaces 石英炉quartz boats 石英舟quartz tube 石英炉管bubbling nitrogen through liquid POCL3 小氮belt furnaces 链式炉back contact cell 背电极电池reverse voltage 反向电压reverse current 反向电流amorphous glass of phospho－silicates 非晶玻璃diluted HF 稀释HF溶液junction isolation 结绝缘coin－stacked 堆放barrel－type reactors 桶状反应腔fluorine 氟fluorine compound 氟化物simultaneously 同时地high throughput 高产出ARC deposition 减反层沉积Titanium dioxide TiO2Refraction index 折射系数Encapsulated cell 封装电池Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition APCVDSprayed from a nozzle 喷嘴喷雾Hydrolyze 水解Spin －on 旋涂Front contact print 正电极印刷The front metallization 前面金属化Low contact resistance to silicon 低接触电阻Low bulk resistivity 低体电阻率Low line width with high aspect ratio 低线宽高比Good mechanical adhesion 好机械粘贴solderability 可焊性screen printing 丝网印刷comblike pattern 梳妆图案finger 指条bus bars 主栅线viscous 粘的solvent 溶剂back contact print 背电极印刷both silver and aluminum 银铝form ohmic contact 形成欧姆接触warp 弯曲cofiring of metal contacts 电极共烧organic components of the paste 浆料有机成分burn off 烧掉sinter 烧结perforate 穿透testing and sorting 测试分选I-V curve I-V曲线Module 组件Inhomogeneous 不均匀的Gallium 镓Degradation 衰减A small segregation coefficient 小分凝系数Asymmetric 不对称的High resolution 高分辨率Base resistivity 基体电阻率The process flow 工艺流程Antireflection coating 减反射层Cross section of a solar cell 太阳能电池横截面Dissipation 损耗Light－generated current 光生电流Incident photons 入射光子The ideal short circuit flow 理想短路电路The depletion region 耗尽区Quantum efficiency 量子效率Blue response 蓝光效应Spectral response 光谱响应Light－generated carriers 光生载流子Forward bias 正向偏压Simulation 模拟Equilibrium 平衡Superposition 重合The fourth quadrant 第四象限The saturation current 饱和电流Io Fill factor 填充因子FF Graphically 用图象表示The maximum theoretical FF 理论上Empirically 经验主义的Normalized Voc 规范化VocThe ideality factor n－factor 理想因子Terrestrial solar cells 地球上的电池At a temperature of 25C 25度下Under AM1.5 conditions 在AM1.5环境下Efficiency is defined as ××定义为Fraction 分数Parasitic resistances 寄生电阻Series resistance 串联电阻Shunt resistance 并联电阻The circuit diagram 电路图Be sensitive to temperature 易受温度影响The band gap of a semiconductor 半导体能隙The intrinsic carrier concentration 本征载流子的浓度Reduce the optical losses 减少光损Deuterated silicon nitride 含重氢氮化硅Buried contact solar cells BCSC Porous silicon PS 多孔硅Electrochemical etching 电化学腐蚀Screen printed SP 丝网印刷A sheet resistance of 45-50 ohm/sq 45到50方块电阻The reverse saturation current density Job 反向饱和电流密度Destructive interference 相消干涉Surface textingInverted pyramid 倒金字塔Four point probe 四探针Saw damage etchAlkaline 碱的Cut groove 开槽Conduction band 导带Valence band 价带B and O simultaneously in silicon 硼氧共存Iodine/methanol solution 碘酒/甲醇溶液Rheology 流变学Spin－on dopants 旋涂掺杂Spray－on dopants 喷涂掺杂The metallic impurities 金属杂质One slot for two wafers 一个槽两片Throughput 产量A standard POCL3 diffusion 标准POCL3扩散Back－to－back diffusion 背靠背扩散Heterojunction with intrinsic thin －layer HIT电池Refine 提炼Dye sensitized solar cell 染料敏化太阳电池Organic thin film solar cell 有机薄膜电池Infra red 红外光Unltra violet 紫外光Parasitic resistance 寄生电阻Theoretical efficiency 理论效率Busbar 主栅线Kerf loss 锯齿损失Electric charge 电荷Covalent bonds 共价键The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) 热膨胀系数Bump 鼓泡Alignment 基准Fiducial mark 基准符号Squeegee 橡胶带Isotropic plasma texturing 各向等离子制绒Block-cast multicrystalline silicon 整铸多晶硅Parasitic junction removal 寄生结的去除Iodine ethanol 碘酒Deionised water 去离子水Viscosity 粘性Mesh screen 网孔Emulsion 乳胶Properties of light 光特性Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射The visible light 可见光The wavelength，denoted by R 用R 表示波长An inverse relationship between……and……given by the equation：相反关系，可用方程表示Spectral irradiance 分光照度……is shown in the figure below. Directly convert electricity into sunlight 直接将电转换成光Raise an electron to a higher energy state 电子升入更高能级External circuit 外电路Meta-stable 亚稳态Light-generated current 光生电流Sweep apart by the electric field Quantum efficiency 量子效率The fourth quadrant 第四象限The spectrum of the incident light 入射光谱The AM1.5 spectrumThe FF is defined as the ratio of ……to……Graphically 如图所示Screen-printed solar cells 丝网印刷电池Phosphorous diffusion 磷扩散A simple homongeneous diffusion 均匀扩散Blue response 蓝光相应Shallow emitter 浅结Commercial production 商业生产Surface texturing to reduce reflection 表面制绒Etch pyramids on the wafer surface with a chemical solutionCrystal orientationTitanium dioxide TiO2PasteInorganic 无机的Glass 玻璃料DopantCompositionParticle sizeDistributionEtch SiNxContact pathSintering aidAdhesion 黏合性Ag powderMorphology 形态CrystallinityGlass effect on Ag/Si interface Reference cellOrganicResin 树脂Carrier 载体Rheology 流变性Printability 印刷性Aspect ratio 高宽比Functional groupMolecular weightAdditives 添加剂Surfactant 表面活性剂Thixotropic agent 触变剂Plasticizer 可塑剂Solvent 溶剂Boiling pointVapor pressure蒸汽压Solubility 溶解性Surface tension 表面张力Solderability Viscosity 黏性Solids contentFineness of grind ，研磨细度Dried thicknessFired thicknessDrying profilePeak firing temp300 mesh screenEmulsion thickness 乳胶厚度StorageShelf life 保存期限Thinning 稀释Eliminate Al bead formation 消除铝珠Low bowingWet depositPattern design: 100um*74太阳电池solar cell单晶硅太阳电池single crystalline silicon solar cell多晶硅太阳电池so multi crystalline silicon solar cell非晶硅太阳电池amorphous silicon solar cell薄膜太能能电池Thin-film solar cell多结太阳电池multijunction solar cell 化合物半导体太阳电池compound semiconductor solar cell用化合物半导体材料制成的太阳电池带硅太阳电池silicon ribbon solar cell光电子photo-electron短路电流short-circuit current （Isc）开路电压open-circuit voltage （V oc）最大功率maximum power (Pm)最大功率点maximum power point最佳工作点电压optimum operating voltage (Vn)最佳工作点电流optimum operating current (In)填充因子fill factor(curve factor)曲线修正系数curve correction coefficient太阳电池温度solar cell temperature串联电阻series resistance并联电阻shunt resistance转换效率cell efficiency暗电流dark current暗特性曲线dark characteristic curve光谱响应spectral response(spectral sensitivity)太阳电池组件module(solar cell module)隔离二极管blocking diode旁路二极管bypass (shunt) diode组件的电池额定工作温度NOCT（nominal operating cell temperature）短路电流的温度系数temperature coefficients of Isc开路电压的温度系数temperature coefficients of V oc峰值功率的温度系数temperature coefficients of Pm组件效率Module efficiency峰瓦watts peak额定功率rated power额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current太阳能光伏系统solar photovoltaic (PV) system并网太阳能光伏发电系统Grid-Connected PV system独立太阳能光伏发电系统Stand alone PV system太阳能控制器solar controller逆变器inverter孤岛效应islanding逆变器变换效率inverter efficiency方阵(太阳电池方阵) array （solar cell array）子方阵sub-array (solar cell sub-array)充电控制器charge controller直流/直流电压变换器DC/DC converter(inverter)直流/交流电压变换器DC/AC converter(inverter)电网grid太阳跟踪控制器sun-tracking ontroller 并网接口utility interface光伏系统有功功率active power of PV power station光伏系统无功功率reactive power of PV power station光伏系统功率因数power factor of PV power station公共连接点point of common coupling 接线盒junction box发电量power generation输出功率output power交流电Alternating current断路器Circuit breaker汇流箱Combiner box配电箱Distribution box电能表Supply meter变压器Transformer太阳能光伏建筑一体化Building-integrated PV (BIPV)辐射radiation太阳辐照度Solar radiation散射辐照（散射太阳辐照）量diffuse irradiation(diffuse insolation)直射辐照direct irradiation (direct insolation)总辐射度(太阳辐照度) global irradiance (solar global irradiance)辐射计radiometer方位角Azimuth angle倾斜角Tilt angle太阳常数solar constant大气质量(AM) air mass太阳高度角solar elevation angle标准太阳电池standard solar cell （reference solar cell）太阳模拟器solar simulator太阳电池的标准测试条件为：环境温度25±2℃，用标准测量的光源辐照度为1000W/m2 并且有标准的太阳光谱辐照度分布。

光伏行业英文词汇Cell 电池Crystalline silicon 晶体硅Photovoltaic 光伏bulk properties 体特性at ambient temperature 在室温下wavelength 波长absorption coefficient 吸收系数electron-hole pairs 电子空穴对photon 光子density 密度defect 缺陷surface 表面electrode 电极p－type for hole extraction p型空穴型n－type for electron extraction n 型电子型majority carriers 多数载流子minority carriers 少数载流子surface recombination velocity （SRV）表面复合速率back surface field （BSF）背场at the heavily doped regions 重掺杂区saturation current density Jo 饱和电流密度thickness 厚度contact resistance 接触电阻concentration 浓度boron 硼Gettering techniques吸杂nonhomogeneous 非均匀的solubility 溶解度selective contacts 选择性接触insulator 绝缘体oxygen 氧气hydrogen 氢气Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition PECVDInterface 界面The limiting efficiency 极限效率reflection 反射light- trapping 光陷intrinsic material 本征材料bifacial cells 双面电池monocrystalline 单晶float zone material FZ－Si Czochralski silicon Cz－Si industrial cells 工业电池a high concentration of oxygen 高浓度氧Block or ribbon 块或硅带Crystal defects 晶体缺陷grain boundaries 晶界dislocation 位错solar cell fabrication 太阳能电池制造impurity 杂质P gettering effect 磷吸杂效果Spin－on 旋涂supersaturation 过饱和dead layer 死层electrically inactive phosphorus 非电活性磷interstitial 空隙the eutectic temperature 共融温度boron－doped substrate 掺硼基体passivated emitter and rear locally diffused cells PERL电池losses 损失the front surface 前表面metallization techniques 金属化技术metal grids 金属栅线laboratory cells 实验室电池the metal lines 金属线selective emitter 选择性发射极photolithographic 光刻gradient 斜度precipitate 沉淀物localized contacts 局部接触point contacts 点接触passivated emitter rear totally diffused PERTsolder 焊接bare silicon 裸硅片high refraction index 高折射系数reflectance 反射encapsulation 封装antireflection coating ARC减反射层an optically thin dielectric layer 光学薄电介层interference effects 干涉效应texturing 制绒alkaline solutions 碱溶液etch 刻蚀/腐蚀anisotropically 各向异性地plane 晶面pyramids 金字塔a few microns 几微米etching time and temperature 腐蚀时间和温度manufacturing process 制造工艺process flow 工艺流程high yield 高产量starting material 原材料solar grade 太阳级a pseudo－square shape 单晶型状saw damage removal 去除损伤层fracture 裂纹acid solutions 酸溶液immerse 沉浸tank 槽texturization 制绒microscopic pyramids 极小的金字塔size 尺寸大小hinder the formation of the contacts 阻碍电极的形成the concentration，the temperature and the agitation of the solution 溶液的浓度，温度和搅拌the duration of the bath 溶液维持时间alcohol 酒精improve 改进增加homogeneity 同质性wettability 润湿性phosphorus diffusion 磷扩散eliminate adsorbed metallic impurities 消除吸附的金属杂质quartz furnaces 石英炉quartz boats 石英舟quartz tube 石英炉管bubbling nitrogen through liquid POCL3 小氮belt furnaces 链式炉back contact cell 背电极电池reverse voltage 反向电压reverse current 反向电流amorphous glass of phospho－silicates 非晶玻璃diluted HF 稀释HF溶液junction isolation 结绝缘coin－stacked 堆放barrel－type reactors 桶状反应腔fluorine 氟fluorine compound 氟化物simultaneously 同时地high throughput 高产出ARC deposition 减反层沉积Titanium dioxide TiO2Refraction index 折射系数Encapsulated cell 封装电池Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition APCVDSprayed from a nozzle 喷嘴喷雾Hydrolyze 水解Spin －on 旋涂Front contact print 正电极印刷The front metallization 前面金属化Low contact resistance to silicon 低接触电阻Low bulk resistivity 低体电阻率Low line width with high aspect ratio 低线宽高比Good mechanical adhesion 好机械粘贴solderability 可焊性screen printing 丝网印刷comblike pattern 梳妆图案finger 指条bus bars 主栅线viscous 粘的solvent 溶剂back contact print 背电极印刷both silver and aluminum 银铝form ohmic contact 形成欧姆接触warp 弯曲cofiring of metal contacts 电极共烧organic components of the paste 浆料有机成分burn off 烧掉sinter 烧结perforate 穿透testing and sorting 测试分选I-V curve I-V曲线Module 组件Inhomogeneous 不均匀的Gallium 镓Degradation 衰减A small segregation coefficient 小分凝系数Asymmetric 不对称的High resolution 高分辨率Base resistivity 基体电阻率The process flow 工艺流程Antireflection coating 减反射层Cross section of a solar cell 太阳能电池横截面Dissipation 损耗Light－generated current 光生电流Incident photons 入射光子The ideal short circuit flow 理想短路电路The depletion region 耗尽区Quantum efficiency 量子效率Blue response 蓝光效应Spectral response 光谱响应Light－generated carriers 光生载流子Forward bias 正向偏压Simulation 模拟Equilibrium 平衡Superposition 重合The fourth quadrant 第四象限The saturation current 饱和电流Io Fill factor 填充因子FF Graphically 用图象表示The maximum theoretical FF 理论上Empirically 经验主义的Normalized Voc 规范化VocThe ideality factor n－factor 理想因子Terrestrial solar cells 地球上的电池At a temperature of 25C 25度下Under AM1.5 conditions 在AM1.5环境下Efficiency is defined as ××定义为Fraction 分数Parasitic resistances 寄生电阻Series resistance 串联电阻Shunt resistance 并联电阻The circuit diagram 电路图Be sensitive to temperature 易受温度影响The band gap of a semiconductor 半导体能隙The intrinsic carrier concentration 本征载流子的浓度Reduce the optical losses 减少光损Deuterated silicon nitride 含重氢氮化硅Buried contact solar cells BCSC Porous silicon PS 多孔硅Electrochemical etching 电化学腐蚀Screen printed SP 丝网印刷A sheet resistance of 45-50 ohm/sq 45到50方块电阻The reverse saturation current density Job 反向饱和电流密度Destructive interference 相消干涉Surface textingInverted pyramid 倒金字塔Four point probe 四探针Saw damage etchAlkaline 碱的Cut groove 开槽Conduction band 导带Valence band 价带B and O simultaneously in silicon 硼氧共存Iodine/methanol solution 碘酒/甲醇溶液Rheology 流变学Spin－on dopants 旋涂掺杂Spray－on dopants 喷涂掺杂The metallic impurities 金属杂质One slot for two wafers 一个槽两片Throughput 产量A standard POCL3 diffusion 标准POCL3扩散Back－to－back diffusion 背靠背扩散Heterojunction with intrinsic thin －layer HIT电池Refine 提炼Dye sensitized solar cell 染料敏化太阳电池Organic thin film solar cell 有机薄膜电池Infra red 红外光Unltra violet 紫外光Parasitic resistance 寄生电阻Theoretical efficiency 理论效率Busbar 主栅线Kerf loss 锯齿损失Electric charge 电荷Covalent bonds 共价键The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) 热膨胀系数Bump 鼓泡Alignment 基准Fiducial mark 基准符号Squeegee 橡胶带Isotropic plasma texturing 各向等离子制绒Block-cast multicrystalline silicon 整铸多晶硅Parasitic junction removal 寄生结的去除Iodine ethanol 碘酒Deionised water 去离子水Viscosity 粘性Mesh screen 网孔Emulsion 乳胶Properties of light 光特性Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射The visible light 可见光The wavelength，denoted by R 用R 表示波长An inverse relationship between……and……given by the equation：相反关系，可用方程表示Spectral irradiance 分光照度……is shown in the figure below. Directly convert electricity into sunlight 直接将电转换成光Raise an electron to a higher energy state 电子升入更高能级External circuit 外电路Meta-stable 亚稳态Light-generated current 光生电流Sweep apart by the electric field Quantum efficiency 量子效率The fourth quadrant 第四象限The spectrum of the incident light 入射光谱The AM1.5 spectrumThe FF is defined as the ratio of ……to……Graphically 如图所示Screen-printed solar cells 丝网印刷电池Phosphorous diffusion 磷扩散A simple homongeneous diffusion 均匀扩散Blue response 蓝光相应Shallow emitter 浅结Commercial production 商业生产Surface texturing to reduce reflection 表面制绒Etch pyramids on the wafer surface with a chemical solutionCrystal orientationTitanium dioxide TiO2PasteInorganic 无机的Glass 玻璃料DopantCompositionParticle sizeDistributionEtch SiNxContact pathSintering aidAdhesion 黏合性Ag powderMorphology 形态CrystallinityGlass effect on Ag/Si interface Reference cellOrganicResin 树脂Carrier 载体Rheology 流变性Printability 印刷性Aspect ratio 高宽比Functional groupMolecular weightAdditives 添加剂Surfactant 表面活性剂Thixotropic agent 触变剂Plasticizer 可塑剂Solvent 溶剂Boiling pointVapor pressure蒸汽压Solubility 溶解性Surface tension 表面张力Solderability Viscosity 黏性Solids contentFineness of grind ，研磨细度Dried thicknessFired thicknessDrying profilePeak firing temp300 mesh screenEmulsion thickness 乳胶厚度StorageShelf life 保存期限Thinning 稀释Eliminate Al bead formation 消除铝珠Low bowingWet depositPattern design: 100um*74太阳电池solar cell单晶硅太阳电池single crystalline silicon solar cell多晶硅太阳电池so multi crystalline silicon solar cell非晶硅太阳电池amorphous silicon solar cell薄膜太能能电池Thin-film solar cell多结太阳电池multijunction solar cell 化合物半导体太阳电池compound semiconductor solar cell用化合物半导体材料制成的太阳电池带硅太阳电池silicon ribbon solar cell光电子photo-electron短路电流short-circuit current （Isc）开路电压open-circuit voltage （V oc）最大功率maximum power (Pm)最大功率点maximum power point最佳工作点电压optimum operating voltage (Vn)最佳工作点电流optimum operating current (In)填充因子fill factor(curve factor)曲线修正系数curve correction coefficient太阳电池温度solar cell temperature串联电阻series resistance并联电阻shunt resistance转换效率cell efficiency暗电流dark current暗特性曲线dark characteristic curve光谱响应spectral response(spectral sensitivity)太阳电池组件module(solar cell module)隔离二极管blocking diode旁路二极管bypass (shunt) diode组件的电池额定工作温度NOCT（nominal operating cell temperature）短路电流的温度系数temperature coefficients of Isc开路电压的温度系数temperature coefficients of V oc峰值功率的温度系数temperature coefficients of Pm组件效率Module efficiency峰瓦watts peak额定功率rated power额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current太阳能光伏系统solar photovoltaic (PV) system并网太阳能光伏发电系统Grid-Connected PV system独立太阳能光伏发电系统Stand alone PV system太阳能控制器solar controller逆变器inverter孤岛效应islanding逆变器变换效率inverter efficiency方阵(太阳电池方阵) array （solar cell array）子方阵sub-array (solar cell sub-array)充电控制器charge controller直流/直流电压变换器DC/DC converter(inverter)直流/交流电压变换器DC/AC converter(inverter)电网grid太阳跟踪控制器sun-tracking ontroller 并网接口utility interface光伏系统有功功率active power of PV power station光伏系统无功功率reactive power of PV power station光伏系统功率因数power factor of PV power station公共连接点point of common coupling 接线盒junction box发电量power generation输出功率output power交流电Alternating current断路器Circuit breaker汇流箱Combiner box配电箱Distribution box电能表Supply meter变压器Transformer太阳能光伏建筑一体化Building-integrated PV (BIPV)辐射radiation太阳辐照度Solar radiation散射辐照（散射太阳辐照）量diffuse irradiation(diffuse insolation)直射辐照direct irradiation (direct insolation)总辐射度(太阳辐照度) global irradiance (solar global irradiance)辐射计radiometer方位角Azimuth angle倾斜角Tilt angle太阳常数solar constant大气质量(AM) air mass太阳高度角solar elevation angle标准太阳电池standard solar cell （reference solar cell）太阳模拟器solar simulator太阳电池的标准测试条件为：环境温度25±2℃，用标准测量的光源辐照度为1000W/m2 并且有标准的太阳光谱辐照度分布。

n型太阳能电池制作工艺流程英文回答：The manufacturing process of n-type solar cellsinvolves several steps. Let me walk you through the process.1. Substrate Preparation: The first step is to prepare the substrate, which is usually made of silicon. Thesilicon wafer is cleaned and polished to remove any impurities and defects.2. Doping: In order to create n-type silicon, the substrate is doped with a group V element such as phosphorus. This is done by exposing the silicon wafer to a gas containing the dopant, which diffuses into the crystal lattice of the silicon.3. Diffusion: The doped silicon wafer is then heated toa high temperature, which allows the dopant atoms todiffuse into the crystal lattice and form a thin layer ofn-type silicon. This layer will serve as the base for the solar cell.4. Anti-Reflection Coating: To minimize reflection and increase light absorption, an anti-reflection coating is applied to the surface of the n-type silicon layer. This coating is usually made of a thin layer of silicon nitrideor silicon oxide.5. Front Contact Formation: The next step is to create the front contact, which is responsible for collecting the electrons generated by the absorption of sunlight. This is typically done by depositing a thin layer of metal, such as silver or aluminum, onto the surface of the anti-reflection coating.6. Passivation: To reduce surface recombination and improve the efficiency of the solar cell, a passivationlayer is applied to the surface of the n-type silicon layer. This layer helps to minimize the loss of charge carriers at the surface.7. Back Contact Formation: Finally, a back contact is created to collect the holes generated by the absorption of sunlight. This is done by depositing a thin layer of metal, such as aluminum or silver, onto the back surface of the silicon wafer.Once all these steps are completed, the n-type solarcell is ready for testing and integration into solar panels.中文回答：制作n型太阳能电池的工艺流程包括几个步骤。

光伏电池生产工艺流程英文介绍Photovoltaic (PV) cells, or solar cells, are semiconductor devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity. The production of these cells is a complex process that involves several steps, each critical to the performance and efficiency of the final product. This article will delve into the intricate production process of photovoltaic cells, highlighting the precision and technological innovation that powers this renewable energy source.The journey of creating a photovoltaic cell begins with the selection of raw materials. Silicon, the primary element in most PV cells, is derived from quartzite gravel or crushed quartz. The purification of silicon is a pivotal step, as it must reach a semiconductor-grade level, which is 99.9999% pure. This is achieved through a reduction process where the material is reacted with hydrogen and chlorine to form trichlorosilane, which is then distilled and reacted with hydrogen to produce polysilicon.The polysilicon is then melted in a crucible at temperatures exceeding 1,400°C. In the Czochralski process, a seed crystal of silicon is dipped into the molten polysilicon and slowly withdrawn, pulling a cylindrical crystal of silicon, or ingot, from the melt. The ingot is then carefully cooled and cut into thin wafers using a wire saw. These wafers are the foundation of the photovoltaic cell.Once cut, the wafers undergo surface treatment to remove any damage from the cutting process and to create a textured surface that enhances the cell's ability to capture light. After cleaning, the wafers are doped with impurities like phosphorus or boron to create a positive-negative (p-n) junction, which is essential for converting sunlight into electricity. This is done through a process called diffusion, where the wafers are exposed to gases at high temperatures, allowing the dopants to penetrate the silicon.The next phase involves the application of anti-reflective coating, typically silicon nitride, to the surface of the wafers. This coating reduces the reflection of sunlight, ensuring that more light is absorbed and converted into electrical energy. Following this, metal contacts are added to the front and back of the wafer. The front contacts arecarefully designed to allow maximum light exposure while providing an efficient pathway for the flow of electric current.The individual cells are then tested for efficiency and sorted accordingly. Cells with similar performance characteristics are assembled into modules, commonly known as solar panels. This assembly process involves soldering the cells together in series and parallel configurations to achieve the desired voltage and current. The interconnected cells are encapsulated with a durable, transparent material, such as ethylene-vinyl acetate, to protect them from environmental factors while allowing light to pass through.The final step in the production process is the framing and packaging of the modules. An aluminum frame is typically used to provide structural support and ease of installation. The completed modules undergo rigorous testing to ensure they meet industry standards and performance specifications. Once approved, they are ready to be shipped and installed, where they will harness the power of the sun to generate clean, sustainable energy.The production of photovoltaic cells is a testament to human ingenuity and the quest for sustainable energy solutions. Through meticulous engineering and continuous innovation, the photovoltaic industry strives to improve the efficiency and affordability of solar technology, paving the way for a brighter, greener future.。

Appendix 1 Work instruction on how to put EVA stripes附件1 EVA 垫片的铺设方法Manual instruction when Sanivic/Solutia EVA foil is being used for module A/S18 production: -1. A short stripe EVA-foil on the backside of the barcode label. Sanvic/Solutia EVA 膜在组件A/S18生产中的使用：If the EVA foil is being used in the production of modules, it is required to put 2 additional stripes into the module:在生产组件时，应注意放入两块EVA 条。

- 一块短的EVA 条放在条形码的后面- 2. On top of the small stripe 1, another long stripe of EVA-foil is being layed square over the module. -另一块长的EVA 条盖在EVA 条1上，沿组件短边横放在组件上Appendix 2 the cross-soldering work-instruction on soldering附件2 横向焊接工序关于焊接的工作说明Appendix 2 is being used for the module S16、A/S18 production. 附件2适用于S16、 A/S18组件The range of the temperature used at the square-soldering: 焊台的温度选用：The temperature used at the square-soldering is (450±50)℃. 焊台温度选择(450±50)℃。

光伏柱子制造工艺流程英文回答:The manufacturing process of photovoltaic (PV) panels involves several steps to ensure the production of high-quality solar panels. Here, I will explain the general process in detail.1. Silicon Ingot Production: The first step is to produce silicon ingots, which are the building blocks of PV cells. This is done by melting high-purity silicon and then slowly cooling it to form a solid ingot. The ingot is then sliced into thin wafers.2. Wafer Cleaning: The wafers are cleaned to remove any impurities or contaminants that may affect the performance of the solar cells. This is typically done using a combination of chemical and mechanical cleaning methods.3. Doping: Doping is the process of introducingimpurities into the silicon wafers to create a p-n junction, which is essential for the functioning of a solar cell. Phosphorous is commonly used as a dopant for the n-type side, while boron is used for the p-type side.4. Anti-Reflective Coating: To enhance the absorptionof sunlight, an anti-reflective coating is applied to the surface of the silicon wafers. This coating reduces the reflection of light and increases the amount of light that can be converted into electricity.5. Cell Assembly: The doped wafers are then assembled into solar cells. This involves the placement of metal contacts on the front and back surfaces of the cells toallow for the flow of electricity. The cells are interconnected using soldering or conductive adhesive.6. Encapsulation: To protect the solar cells from environmental factors such as moisture and UV radiation, they are encapsulated in a transparent, weather-resistant material. This is typically done using a lamination or encapsulation process.7. Module Assembly: The encapsulated solar cells are then assembled into PV modules. This involves the placement of the cells onto a backing material, such as glass or plastic, and connecting them in series or parallel to achieve the desired voltage and current output.8. Testing and Quality Control: Before the PV modules are shipped out, they undergo rigorous testing and quality control procedures to ensure that they meet the required specifications and performance standards. This includes electrical testing, visual inspection, and performance evaluation.中文回答：光伏板的制造过程涉及多个步骤，以确保生产高质量的太阳能电池板。