Assessing Credit Risk in a Financial Institution's Off-Balance Sheet Commitments, pp. 489-501

中考英语投资理财的风险评估单选题40题1. A(n) ____ is a type of investment that represents an ownership share in a company.A. bondB. fundC. stockD. savings account答案解析：C。

本题考查股票的定义。

“stock”（股票）是一种代表对公司所有权份额的投资类型。

选项A“bond”（（债券）是一种债务证券，与公司所有权无关。

选项B“fund”（基金）是汇集众多投资者的资金进行投资的一种形式，并非直接代表公司所有权。

选项D“savings account”（（储蓄账户）是银行储蓄的一种方式，不属于公司所有权投资。

2. Which of the following is a debt security?A. StockB. FundC. BondD. Real estate答案解析：C。

本题考查债券的性质。

“bond”（债券）是一种债务证券。

选项A“stock”（（股票）代表公司所有权，不是债务证券。

选项B“fund”（（基金）是多种投资的组合形式，不是债务证券。

选项D“real estate”（房地产）是一种实物资产，不是债务证券。

3. A mutual ____ is an investment vehicle that pools money from many investors to invest in a diversified portfolio.A. stockB. bondC. fundD. insurance答案解析：C。

本题考查基金的定义。

“mutual fund”（（共同基金）是一种汇集众多投资者资金投资于多元化投资组合的投资工具。

选项A“stock”（（股票）是单个公司的所有权份额，不是汇集资金投资多种资产的形式。

选项B“bond”（（债券）是债务证券，与基金的定义不同。

【简历模板】信用管理简历模板英文回答：As a credit management professional, I have a strong background in analyzing credit reports, assessing credit risk, and developing strategies to minimize bad debt. In my previous role, I was responsible for evaluating the creditworthiness of potential clients and establishing credit limits for them. I also worked closely with sales and finance teams to ensure that credit terms were in line with company policies and industry standards.One of my key accomplishments was implementing a new credit scoring model that resulted in a 20% reduction in bad debt write-offs within the first year. This involved analyzing historical data, identifying trends, and working with IT to develop a customized scoring system tailored to our business needs. The success of this initiative not only improved our bottom line, but also enhanced our reputation with suppliers and financial institutions.In addition to my technical skills, I also have a strong understanding of the importance of building relationships with customers. I believe in the value of open communication and finding mutually beneficialsolutions when dealing with overdue accounts. For example, I once worked with a long-standing client who was experiencing financial difficulties. Instead of immediately cutting off their credit, I met with them to understand their challenges and develop a payment plan that allowed them to stay afloat while still meeting our needs.Overall, my approach to credit management is not just about minimizing risk, but also about fostering positive relationships and contributing to the overall success of the business.中文回答：作为信用管理专业人士，我在分析信用报告、评估信用风险以及制定最小化坏账策略方面有着丰富的经验。

treasury流程-回复Treasury ProcessThe treasury process refers to the entire set of activities involved in managing a company's cash flow, liquidity, and financial risk. It plays a critical role in ensuring an organization's financial stability and growth. This article will provide a step-by-step guide to the treasury process, from cash forecasting to risk management.Step 1: Cash ForecastingThe first step in the treasury process is cash forecasting. This involves predicting the company's cash inflows and outflows over a specific period, typically monthly, quarterly, or annually. Cash forecasting helps to ensure that the company has sufficient funds to meet its financial obligations and make strategic investments. It also enables treasury professionals to identify excess cash that can be invested to generate additional income.To create an accurate cash forecast, treasury professionals gather data from various sources, including sales forecasts, accounts payable and receivables information, historical cash flows, and market trends. Advanced treasury management systems can automate this process by integrating data from multiple sources and applying statistical algorithms to generate accurate and reliable forecasts.Step 2: Cash ManagementOnce the cash forecast is prepared, the treasury team focuses on cash management. This step involves optimizing the company's cash position by efficiently managing cash inflows and outflows. The objective is to ensure that the company has enough liquidity to cover its daily operations while maximizing the return on idle cash.Cash management strategies include:1. Cash Concentration: Consolidating the company's cash into a single account or a small number of accounts to centralize control and minimize banking expenses.2. Payment Automation: Implementing automated payment processes to streamline accounts payable and reduce the risk of errors.3. Cash Pooling: Combining the balances of multiple bank accounts within the organization or its subsidiaries to offset surplus and deficit balances, optimizing interest earnings and reducing borrowing costs.4. Short-term Investments: Investing excess cash in low-risk, high-liquidity instruments such as money market funds orshort-term bonds to generate additional income.Step 3: Funding and Liquidity ManagementIn this step, the treasury team focuses on ensuring thecompany has access to sufficient funds to meet its obligations. The primary objective is to maintain an optimal liquidity position without unnecessarily tying up capital.Treasury professionals achieve funding and liquidity management goals through:1. Working Capital Management: Optimizing the company's cash conversion cycle by managing inventory levels, improving collections, and extending payables.2. Cash Flow Hedging: Using derivative instruments to manage currency and interest rate risks that can impact cash flows.3. Lines of Credit: Establishing credit lines with banks or financial institutions to provide a backup source of funding during periods of cash shortfalls.4. Contingency Planning: Developing contingency plans to manage unexpected disruptions in cash flows, such as economic downturns or natural disasters.Step 4: Risk ManagementThe final step in the treasury process is managing financial risks. Treasury professionals play a crucial role in identifying, measuring, and mitigating risks that can negatively impact the company's financial performance and stability.Key risk management activities include:1. Foreign Exchange Risk Management: Managing the impact of currency fluctuations on the company's cash flows and profitability through hedging strategies.2. Interest Rate Risk Management: Protecting the company against adverse movements in interest rates by utilizing derivative instruments, such as interest rate swaps or options.3. Credit Risk Management: Assessing the creditworthiness of customers, vendors, and financial institutions to minimize the risk of default.4. Market Risk Management: Monitoring and managing risks associated with changing market conditions, such as commodity price volatility or geopolitical events.To effectively manage risks, treasury professionals utilize risk management tools and techniques, including financial derivatives, credit analysis, and internal control procedures.In conclusion, the treasury process is a crucial aspect of managing a company's cash flow, liquidity, and financial risk. By following the step-by-step guide outlined above, companies can effectively manage their treasury operations and ensure their long-term financial stability and growth.。

国际业务常用英语词汇跟单结算及国际保函信用证Documentary credit 跟单信用证Back to back credit 背对背信用证Transferable credit 可转让信用证Un-transferable credit 不可转让信用证Red clause credit 红条款信用证Revolving credit 循环信用证Standby letter of credit 备用信用证Negotiation credit 议付信用证Acceptance credit 承兑信用证Payment credit 付款信用证Irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证Payment credit 付款信用证Deferred payment credit 延期付款信用证Confirmed credit 保兑信用证Usance credit payable at sight 假远期信用证Commercial contract 商务合同Importer 进口商Exporter 出口商Applicant 申请人Beneficiary 受益人Opening bank/issuing bank 开证行Advising bank 通知行Reimbursing bank 偿付行Presenting bank 交单行Confirming bank 保兑行Negotiating bank 议付行Accepting bank 承兑行Drawee bank 付款行Transferring bank 转让行Nominated bank 被指定银行Expiry date and place 有效日期和地点Freely negotiable 自由议付Restricted negotiable 限制议付Cumulative 可累计Non-cumulative 不可累计Deferred payment 延期付款Discounting 贴现Acceptance 承兑Negotiation 议付Discrepancies 不符点Presentation date 交单日期Period for presentation of documents 交单期限托收Collection 托收Collecting bank代收行Remitting bank 托收行Principal 委托人Drawee 付款人Clean collection 光票托收Documentary collection 跟单托收Outward collection 出口托收Collection instruction 托收指示Collection order 托收指令Inward collection 进口代收Financial documents 金融单据Commercial documents 商业单据Documents against acceptance (D/A) 承兑交单Documents against payment (D/P) 付款交单Documents against payment at sight (D/P at sight) 即期付款交单Documents against payment of usance bill 远期付款交单Terms and conditions of collection 托收条款单据Commercial invoice 商业发票Customs invoice 海关发票Consular 领事发票Pro forma invoice 形式发票Insurance policy 保险单Transport documents 运输单据Bill of exchange/draft 汇票Usance bill 远期汇票Packing list 装箱单Weight list 重量单Quantity certificate 数量单Certificate of origin 原产地证明Certificate of quality 品质证明书Bill of lading 提单Blank back bill of lading/short form bill of lading 背面空白/简式提单Charter party bill of lading 租船提单Combined transport bill of lading 多式联运提单Container bill of lading 集装箱提单Airway bill 空运单Postal receipt 邮包收据Cargo receipt 货物收据其它Banking charges 银行费用Presentation of documents 提示单据Reimbursement/claim instructions 索汇路线Payment 付款Advice of payment 付款通知Acceptance 承兑Advice of acceptance 承兑通知Endorsement 背书Blank endorsed 空白背书Carrier 承运人Consignee 收货人Chamber of commerce 商会Shipping mark 唛头Shipment date 装运日Discrepancy 不符点Freight charge 运费Freight payable at destination 运费预付至Correspondent bank 代理行Partial shipment 分批装运Transshipment 转运Port of loading 装货港Port of discharge 卸货港Price terms 价格条款Release documents against payment 付款赎单Release documents against acceptance 承兑赎单EXW(ex works) 工厂交货价FCA( free carrier) 货交承运人价FAS(free alongside ship) 装运港船边交货价FOB(free on board) 装运港船上交货价CFR(cost and freight) 成本加运费价CIF(cost, insurance and freight) 成本、保险费加运费价CPT(carriage paid to) 运费付至……价CIP(carriage and insurance paid to) 运费、保险费付至……价DAF(delivered at frontier) 边境交货价DES( delivered ex ship) 目的港船上交货价DEQ(delivered ex quay) 目的港码头交货价DDU(delivered duty unpaid) 未完税交货价DDP(delivered duty paid) 完税交货价保函Guarantee 保函Tender guarantee/bid bond guarantee 投标保函Performance guarantee 履约保函Advance payment guarantee 预付款保函Warranty guarantee 质量保函Retention money guarantee 留滞金保函Payment guarantee 付款保函Financial standby letter of credit 融资备用信用证Counter guarantee 反担保函Principal 被担保人Guarantor 担保人Written statement 书面声明Multiple drawing 多次索赔Claims under a bank guarantee 保函的索赔Place of jurisdiction 司法管辖地Commission on bond 保函佣金外汇资金Remittance; funds transfer汇款Outward remittance 汇出汇款Inward remittance 汇入汇款Telegraphic communications 电讯方式TELEX 电传CABLE,TELEGRAM 电报Draft票汇Mail transfer信汇Remitter汇款申请人Payee or Beneficiary收款人Remitting bank汇出行Receiving/Paying bank汇入/解付行Customer transfer客户汇款General financial institution transfer银行间汇款Sender's correspondent 帐户行Intermediary bank中间行Drawee bank 汇票付款行Issue of draft 汇票的签发Reimbursement of drafts 汇票的索偿Clearing 清算Trade date 交易日Reference date 参考日Value date起息日Maturity date/Expiry date到期日Basis point基点Buyer’s market买方市场Purchase and sale of foreign exchange 结售汇Foreign exchange surrender结汇Spot即期Forward远期Current account 经常项目Current account convertibility 经常项目可兑换Managed floating exchange rate有管理的浮动汇率Pegged exchange rate钉住汇率Real effective exchange rate实际有效汇率Position头寸Term structure期限结构Capital account资本项目Interest-bearing asset生息资产Foreign direct investment外国直接投资CHIPS (Clearing House Inter-bank Payment System）同业支付清算系统SWIFT (Society for Worldwide International Financial Telecommunication）环球银行间金融电信协会Opening price开盘价Closing price收盘价Bid price 买入价Offer price 卖出价Extension展期Fixed exchange rate固定汇率Floating exchange rate 浮动汇率Premium升水Discount贴水Financial derivative instruments金融衍生工具Futures期货Option期权Option trading 期权的交易Swap掉期In the Money 溢价期权At the Money 平价期权Out of the Money 折价期权Put option看跌期权Call option 看涨期权Long (buyer) 买方Short (seller) 卖方Position买卖角色Long call买入看涨期权Short call卖出看涨期权Long put买入看跌期权Short put卖出看跌期权Out-Of-Money不执行（期权）Interest rate lap利率上限Interest rate floor利率下限Relative value相对价值Pay swap支付互换Option contract期权合约American style option美式期权European style option欧式期权The strike price/the exercise price执行价格Option premium/option price期权费Structured derivatives结构化衍生工具Hedge对冲Dual currency deposit 双币存款USD/CNY linked deposit 美元/人民币挂钩产品Interest rate derivatives 利率衍生产品Interest rate option利率期权Structured interest rate products 结构性利率产品To hedge currency exposures 对冲货币敞口Speculate 投机Yield enhancement products 增值产品Interest basis 计息方式Principal amount 本金Principal guaranteed 本金担保Principal guaranteed deposit 本金担保存款Spot reference 即期参考汇率Short-term view products 短期产品Hedge against套期保值Exchange-rate regime 汇率机制Deposit account 定期存款账户Cheque account 支票账户Clearing bank 清算银行Foreign currency (exchange) reserve 外汇储备Devaluation货币贬值Revaluation货币升值International balance of payment国际收支Cross rate/Arbitrage rate套汇汇率Foreign exchange fluctuation外汇波动信贷基本词汇（包括会计）Accounting convention 会计惯例Accounting for acquisitions 购并的会计处理Accounting for debtors 应收账款核算Accounting for depreciation 折旧核算Accounting for foreign currencies 外汇核算Accounting for goodwill 商誉核算Accounting for stocks 存货核算Accounting policies 会计政策Accounting standards 会计准则Accruals concept 权责发生原则Achieving credit control 实现信用控制Acid test ratio 酸性测试比率Actual cash flow 实际现金流量Adjusting company profits 企业利润调整Advance payment guarantee 提前偿还保金Adverse trading 不利交易Advertising budget 广告预算Advising bank 通告银行Age analysis 账龄分析Aged debtors analysis 逾期账款分析Aged debtors’report 逾期应收款报告Aged debtors’exception report 逾期应收款的特殊报告All—monies clause 全额支付条款Amortization 摊销Analytical questionnaire 调查表分析Analytical skills 分析技巧Analyzing financial risk 财务风险分析Analyzing financial statements 财务报表分析Analyzing liquidity 流动性分析Analyzing profitability 盈利能力分析Analyzing working capital 营运资本分析Annual expenditure 年度支出Anticipating future income 预估未来收入Areas of financial ratios 财务比率分析的对象Articles of incorporation 合并条款Asian crisis 亚洲(金融)危机Assessing companies 企业评估Assessing country risk 国家风险评估Assessing credit risks 信用风险评估Assessing strategic power 战略地位评估Assessment of banks 银行的评估Asset conversion lending 资产转换贷款Asset protection lending 资产担保贷款Asset sale 资产出售Asset turnover 资产周转率Assets 资产Association of British Factors and Discounters 英国代理人与贴现商协会Auditor's report 审计报告Aval 物权担保Bad debt 坏账Bad debt level 坏账等级Bad debt risk 坏账风险Bad debts performance 坏账发生情况Bad loans 坏账Balance sheet 资产负债表Balance sheet structure 资产负债表结构Bank credit 银行信贷Bank failures 银行破产Bank loans．availability 银行贷款的可获得性Bank status reports 银行状况报告Bankruptcy 破产Bankruptcy code 破产法Bankruptcy petition 破产申请书Basle agreement 塞尔协议Basle Agreement 《巴塞尔协议》Behavioral scoring 行为评分Bill of exchange 汇票Bill of lading 提单BIS (Bank for International Settlements) 国际清算银行BIS agreement 国际清算银行协定Blue chip 蓝筹股Bonds 债券Book receivables 账面应收账款Borrowing money 借人资金Borrowing proposition 借款申请Breakthrough products 创新产品Budgets 预算Building company profiles 勾画企业轮廓Business development loan 商业开发贷款Business failure 破产Business plan 经营计划Business risk 经营风险Buyer credits 买方信贷Buyer power 购买方力量Buyer risks 买方风险CAMPARI 优质贷款原则Canons of lending 贷款原则Capital adequacy 资本充足性Capital adequacy rules 资本充足性原则Capital commitments 资本承付款项Capital expenditure (Capex) 资本支出Capital funding 资本融资Capital investment 资本投资Capital strength 资本实力Capital structure 资本结构Capitalization of interest 利息资本化Capitalizing R&D costs/expenditures 研发费用资本化Capitalizing interest costs 利息成本资本化Cascade effect 瀑布效应Cash assets 现金资产Cash collection targets 现金托收目标Cash cycle 现金循环周期Cash cycle ratios 现金循环周期比率Cash cycle times 现金循环周期时间Cash deposit 现金储蓄Cash flows 现金流量Cash flow adjustments 现金流调整Cash flow analysis 现金流量分析Cash flow crisis 现金流危机Cash flow cycle 现金流量周期Cash flow forecasts/projections 现金流量预测Cash flow lending 现金流贷出Cash flow profile 现金流概况Cash flow statements 现金流量表Cash position 现金头寸Cash positive JE现金流量Cash rich companies 现金充足的企业Cash surplus 现金盈余Cash tank 现金水槽Cash-in-advance 预付现金Categorized cash flow 现金流量分类CE 优质贷款原则CEO 首席执行官Chairman 董事长, 总裁Chapter 11 rules 第十一章条款Charge 抵押Charged assets 抵押资产Chief executive officer 首席执行官Collateral security 抵押证券Collecting payments 收取付款Collection activity 收款活动Collection cycle 收款环节Collection procedures 收款程序Collective credit risks 集合信用风险Comfortable liquidity position 适当的流动性水平Commercial mortgage 商业抵押Commercial paper 商业票据Commission 佣金Commitment fees 承诺费Common stock 普通股Common stockholders 普通股股东Company and its industry 企业与所处行业Company assets 企业资产Company liabilities 企业负债Company loans 企业借款Competitive advantage 竞争优势Competitive forces 竞争力Competitive products 竞争产品Complaint procedures 申诉程序Computerized credit information 计算机化信用信息Computerized diaries 计算机化日志Confirmed letter of credit 承兑信用证Confirmed letters of credit 保兑信用证Confirming bank 确认银行Conservatism concept 谨慎原则Consistency concept 一贯性原则Consolidated accounts 合并报表Consolidated balance sheets 合并资产负债表Contingent liabilities 或有负债Continuing security clause 连续抵押条款Contractual payments 合同规定支出Control limits 控制限度Control of credit activities 信用活动控制Controlling credit 控制信贷Controlling credit risk 控制信用风险Corporate banking 公司业务Corporate credit analysis 企业信用分析Corporate credit controller 企业信用控制人员Corporate credit risk analysis 企业信用风险分析Corporate customer 企业客户Corporate failure prediction models 企业破产预测模型Corporate lending 企业贷款Cost leadership 成本领先型Cost of sales 销售成本Costs 成本Country limit 国家限额Country risk 国家风险Court judgments 法院判决Covenant 贷款保证契约Covenants 保证契约Creative accounting 寻机性会计Credit analysis 信用分析Credit analysis of customers 客户信用分析Credit analysis of suppliers 供应商的信用分析Credit analysis on banks 银行信用分析Credit analysts 信用分析Credit assessment 信用评估Credit bureau reports 信用咨询公司报告Credit bureau 信用机构Credit control 信贷控制Credit control activities 信贷控制活动Credit control performance reports 信贷控制绩效报告Credit controllers 信贷控制人员Credit cover 信用风险担保Credit cycle 信用循环Credit decisions 信贷决策Credit deterioration 信用恶化Credit exposure 信用敞口Credit granting process 授信程序Credit information 信用信息Credit information agency 信用信息机构Credit insurance 信贷保险Credit insurance advantages 信贷保险的优势Credit insurance brokers 信贷保险经纪人Credit insurance limitations 信贷保险的局限Credit limits 信贷限额Credit limits for currency blocs 货币集团国家信贷限额Credit limits for individual countries 国家信贷限额Credit line 授信额度Credit management 信贷管理Credit managers 信贷经理Credit monitoring 信贷监控Credit notes 欠款单据Credit period 信用期Credit planning 信用计划Credit policy 信用政策Credit policy issues 信用政策发布Credit proposals 信用申请Credit protection 信贷保护Credit quality 信贷质量Credit rating 信用评级Credit rating agencies 信用评级机构Credit rating process 信用评级程序Credit rating system 信用评级系统Credit reference 信用咨询Credit reference agencies 信用评级机构Credit risk 信用风险Credit risk assessment 信用风险评估Credit risk exposure 信用风险敞口Credit risk insurance 信用风险保险Credit risk of individual customers 个体信用风险Credit risk：bank credit 信用风险：银行信用Credit risk：trade credit 信用风险：商业信用Credit scoring 信用风险评分Credit scoring model 信用评分模型Credit scoring system 信用评分系统Credit squeeze 信贷压缩Credit taken ratio 受信比率Credit terms 信贷条款Credit utilization reports 信贷利用报告Credit vetting 信用审查Credit watch 信用观察Credit worthiness 信誉Creditor days 应付账款天数Cross-default clause 交叉违约条款Currency risk 货币风险Current assets 流动资产Current debts 流动负债Current ratio requirement 流动比率要求Current ratios 流动比率Customer care 客户关注Customer credit ratings 客户信用评级Customer liaison 客户联络Customer risks 客户风险Cut-off scores 及格线Cycle of credit monitoring 信用监督循环Cyclical business 周期性行业Daily operating expenses 经营费用Day’s sales outstanding 收回应收账款的平均天数Debentures 债券Debt capital 债务资本Debt collection agency 债务托收机构Debt issuer 债券发行人Debt protection levels 债券保护级别Debt ratio 负债比率Debt securities 债券Debt service ratio 还债率Debtor days 应收账款天数Debtor's assets 债权人的资产Default 违约Deferred payments 延期付款Definition of leverage 财务杠杆率定义Deposit limits 储蓄限额Depositing money 储蓄资金Depreciation 折旧Depreciation policies 折旧政策Development budget 研发预算Differentiation 差别化Direct loss 直接损失Directors salaries 董事薪酬Discretionary cash flows 自决性现金流量Discretionary outflows 自决性现金流出Distribution costs 分销成本Dividend cover 股息保障倍数Dividend payout ratio 股息支付率Dividends 股利Documentary credit 跟单信用证DSO 应收账款的平均回收期Duration of credit risk 信用风险期Eastern bloc countries 东方集团国家EBITDA 扣除利息、税收、折旧和摊销之前的收益Exports Credit Guarantee Department (ECGD) 出口信贷担保局Economic conditions 经济环境Economic cycles 经济周期Economic depression 经济萧条Economic growth 经济增长Economic risk 经济风险Electronic data interchange(EDI) 电子数据交换Environmental factors 环境因素Equity capital 权益资本Equity finance 权益融资Equity stake 股权EU countries 欧盟国家EU directives 欧盟法规EU law 欧盟法律Eurobonds 欧洲债券European parliament 欧洲议会European Union 欧盟Evergreen loan 常年贷款Exceptional item 例外项目Excessive capital commitments 过多的资本承付款项Exchange controls 外汇管制Exchange-control regulations 外汇管制条例Exhaust method 排空法Existing competitors 现有竞争对手Existing debt 未清偿债务Export buyer’s credit出口买方信贷Export collection loan 出口托收贷款Export credit agencies 出口信贷代理机构Export credit insurance 出口信贷保险Export factoring 出口代理Export sales 出口额Export seller’s credit出口买方信贷Export negotiation 出口议付Extending credit 信贷展期External agency 外部机构External assessment methods 外部评估方式External assessments 外部评估External information sources 外部信息来源Extraordinary items 非经常性项目Extras 附加条件Facility account 便利账户Factoring 代理Factoring debts 代理收账Factoring discounting 代理折扣Factors Chain International 国际代理连锁Failure prediction scores 财务恶化预测分值FASB (美国)财务会计准则委员会Faulty credit analysis 破产信用分析Fees 费用Finance, new business ventures 为新兴业务融资Finance, repay existing debt 为偿还现有债务融资Finance, working capital 为营运资金融资Financial assessment 财务评估Financial cash flows 融资性现金流量Financial collapse 财务危机Financial flexibility 财务弹性Financial forecast 财务预测Financial instability 财务的不稳定性Financial rating analysis 财务评级分析Financial ratios 财务比率Financial risk 财务风险Financial risk ratios 财务风险比率Fitch IBCA 惠誉评级Fitch IBCA ratings 惠誉评级Fixed assets 固定资产Fixed charge 固定费用Fixed charge cover 固定费用保障倍数Fixed costs 固定成本Floating assets 浮动资产Floating charge 浮动抵押Floor planning 底价协议Focus 聚焦Forced sale risk 强制出售风险Foreign exchange markets 外汇市场Forfaiting 福费廷Formal credit rating 正式信用评级Forward bill discount 远期信用证项下汇票贴现Forward rate agreements 远期利率协议FRAs 远期利率协议Fund managers 基金经理FX transaction 外汇交易GAAP 公认会计准则Gearing 财务杠杆率Geographical spread of markets 市场的地理扩展Global target 全球目标Going concern concept 持续经营原则Good lending 优质贷款Good times 良好时期Government agencies 政府机构Government interference 政府干预Gross income 总收入Guarantee of payment 支付担保Guaranteed loans 担保贷款Guarantees 担保High credit quality 高信贷质量High credit risk 高信贷风险High default risk 高违约风险High interest rates 高利率High risk regions 高风险区域Highly speculative 高度投机High-risk loan 高风险贷款High-value loan 高价值贷款Historical accounting 历史会计处理Historical cost 历史成本IAS 国际会计准则IASC 国际会计准则委员会IBTT 息税前利润ICE 优质贷款原则Ideal liquidity ratios 理想的流动性比率Implied debt rating 隐含债务评级Importance of credit control 信贷控制的重要性Improved products 改进的产品Improving reported asset values 改善资产账面价值In house assessment 内部评估In house credit analysis 内部信用分析In house credit assessments 内部信用评估In house credit ratings 内部信用评级Income bonds 收入债券Income statement 损益表Increasing profits 提高利润Increasing reported profits 提高账面利润Indemnity clause 赔偿条款Indicators of credit deterioration 信用恶化征兆Indirect loss 间接损失Individual credit transactions 个人信用交易Individual rating 个体评级Industrial reports 行业报告Industrial unrest 行业动荡Industry limit 行业限额Industry risk 行业风险Industry risk analysis 行业风险分析Inflow 现金流入Information in financial statements 财务报表中的信息Initial payment 初始支付Insolvencies 破产Institutional investors 机构投资者Insured debt 投保债务Intangible fixed asset 无形固定资产Inter-company comparisons 企业间比较Inter-company loans 企业间借款Interest 利息Interest cost 利息成本Interest cover ratio 利息保障倍数Interest cover test 利息保障倍数测试Interest holiday 免息期Interest payments 利息支付Interest rates 利率Interim statements 中报(中期报表)Internal assessment methods 内部评估方法Internal financing ratio 内部融资率Internal Revenue Service 美国国税局International Accounting Standards Committee 国际会计准则委员会International Accounting Standards(IAS) 国际会计准则International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会International credit ratings 国际信用评级International Factoring 国际保理International Factoring Association 国际代理商协会International settlements 国际结算Inventory 存货Inverse of current ratio 反转流动比率Investment analysts 投资分析人员Investment policy 投资政策Investment risk 投资风险Investment spending 投资支出Invoice discounting 发票贴现Issue of bonds 债券的发行Issued debt capital 发行债务资本Junk bond status 垃圾债券状况Just-in-time system(JIT) 适时系统Key cash flow ratios 主要现金流量指标Labor unrest 劳动力市场动荡Large scale borrower 大额借贷者Legal guarantee 法律担保Legal insolvency 法律破产Lending agreements 贷款合约Lending covenants 贷款保证契约Lending decisions 贷款决策Lending proposals 贷款申请Lending proposition 贷款申请Lending transactions 贷款交易Letters of credit 信用证Leverage 财务杠杆率London Inter-bank Offered Rate (LIBOR) 伦敦同业拆借利率Lien 留置Liquid assets 速动资产Liquidation 清算Liquidation expenses 清算费Liquidity 流动性Liquidity and working capital 流动性与营运资金Liquidity ratios 流动比率Liquidity run 流动性危机Liquidity shortage 流动性短缺Loan covenants 贷款合约Loan guarantees 贷款担保Loan principal 贷款本金Loan principal repayments 贷款本金偿还Loan review 贷款审查Long-term debt 长期负债Long-term funding 长期融资Long-term risk 长期风险Management 管理层Marginal lending 边际贷款Marginal trade credit 边际交易信贷Market surveys 市场调查Marketing 市场营销Markets 市场Matching concept 配比原则Material adverse-change clause 重大不利变动条款Maximum leverage level 最高财务杠杆率限制Measurement and judgment 计量与判断Measuring risk 风险计量Medium-term loan 中期贷款Microcomputer modeling 计算机建模Minimum current ratio requirement 最低流动比率要求Minimum leverage ratio 最低举债比率Minimum net worth 最低净值Minimum net-worth requirement 最低净值要求Minimum risk asset ratio 最低风险资产比率Monitoring activity 监管活动Monitoring credit 信用监控Monitoring customer credit limits 监管客户信贷限额Monitoring risks 监管风险Monitoring total credit limits 监管全部信贷限额Monthly reports 月报Moody's debt rating 穆迪债券评级Mortgage 抵押M pr’oving balance sheet 改善资产负债表Multiple discriminate analysis 多元分析National debt 国家债务NCI 无信贷间隔天数Near-cash assets 近似于现金的资产Negative cash flow 负现金流量Negative net cash flow 负净现金流量Negative operational cash flows 负的经营性现金流量Negative pledge 限制抵押Net book value 净账面价值Net cash flow 净现金流量Net worth test 净值测试New entrants 新的市场进人者No credit interval 无信贷间隔天数Non-cash items 非现金项目Non-core business 非核心业务Non-operational items 非经营性项目Obtaining payment 获得支付One-man rule 一人原则Open account terms 无担保条款Operating leases 经营租赁Operating profit 营业利润Operational cash flow 营运性现金流量Operational flexibility 经营弹性Optimal credit 最佳信贷Order cycle 订货环节Ordinary dividend payments 普通股股利支付Organization of credit activities 信贷活动的组织Overdue payments 逾期支付Over-trading 过度交易Overview of accounts 财务报表概览Packing loan 打包贷款Parent company 母公司PAT 税后利润Payment in advance 提前付款Payment obligations 付款义务Payment records 付款记录Payment score 还款评分PBIT 息税前利润PBT 息后税前利润Percentage change 百分比变动Performance bonds 履约保证Personal guarantees 个人担保Planning systems 计划系统Pledge 典押Points-scoring system 评分系统Policy setting 政策制定Political risk 政治风险Potential bad debt 潜在坏账Potential credit risk 潜在信用风险Potential value 潜在价值Predicting corporate failures 企业破产预测Preference dividends 优先股股息Preferred stockholders 优先股股东Preliminary assessment 预备评估Premiums 溢价Primary ratios 基础比率Prior charge capital 优先偿付资本Priority cash flows 优先性现金流量Priority for creditors 债权人的清偿顺序Priority payments 优先支付Product life cycle 产品生命周期Product market analysis 产品市场分析Product range 产品范围Products 产品Professional fees 专业费用Profit 利润Profit and loss account 损益账户Profit margin 利润率Profitability 盈利能力Profitability management 盈利能力管理Profitability ratios 盈利能力比率Promissory notes 本票Property values 所有权价值Providers of credit 授信者Provision accounting 准备金会计处理Prudence concept 谨慎原则Public information 公共信息Public relations 公共关系Purpose of credit ratings 信用评级的目的Purpose of ratios 计算比率的目的Qualitative covenants 定性条款Quantitative covenants 定量条款Query control 质疑控制Quick ratio 速动比率Rating exercise 评级实践Rating process for a company 企业评级程序Ratio analysis 比率分析Ratio analysis weaknesses 比率分析的缺陷Real insolvency 真实破产Real sales growth 实际销售收入增长率Realization concept 实现原则Receivables 应收账款Recession 衰退Reducing debtors 冲减应收账款Reducing profits 冲减利润Reducing provisions 冲减准备金Reducing reported profits 冲减账面利润Reducing stocks 减少存货Registrar of Companies 企业监管局Regulatory risk 监管风险Releasing provisions 冲回准备金Relocation expenses 费用再分配Reminder letters 催缴单Repayment on demand clause 即期偿还条款Replacement of principal 偿还本金Report of chairman 总裁／董事长报告Reserve accounting 准备金核算Residual cash flows 剩余现金流量Restricting bad debts 限制坏账Restrictions on secured borrowing 担保借款限制Retention-of-title clauses 所有权保留条款Revenues 总收入Risk analysis reports 风险分析报告Risk and banks 风险与银行Risk and companies 风险与企业Risk and Return 风险与回报Risk capital 风险资本Risk-reward 风险回报Risk-weighted assets 风险加权资产ROCE 资本收益率Romapla clauses “一手交钱一手交货”条款Sales 销售额Secondary ratios 分解比率Secure methods of payment 付款的担保方式Secured assets 担保资产Secured creditors 有担保债权人Secured loans 担保贷款Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (美国)证券交易委员会Security guarantees 抵押担保Security of payment 付款担保Security general principles 担保的一般原则Segmentation 细分Setting and policing credit limits 信用限额的设定与政策制定Settlement discount (提前)结算折扣Settlement terms 结算条款Share price 股价Short-term borrowing 短期借款Short-term creditors 短期负债Short-term liabilities 短期债务Short-termism 短期化SIC 常务诠释委员会Significance of working capital 营运资金的重要性Single credit customer 单一信用客户Single ratio analysis 单一比率分析Size of credit risk 信用风险的大小Slow stock turnover 较低的存货周转率Sources of assessments 评估信息来源Sources of credit information 信用信息来源Sources of risk 风险来源Sovereign rating 主权评级Specialist agencies 专业机构Specific debt issue 特别债券发行Speculative 投机性Speculative grades 投机性评级Split rating 分割评级Spot rate 现价(即期比率)Spreadsheets 电子数据表Staff redundancies 员工遣散费Standard security clauses 标准担保条款Standard & Poor's 标准普尔Standing Interpretations Committee 证券交易委员会Standing starting credit limits 持续更新信用限额Statistical analysis 统计分析Statistical techniques 统计技巧Status reports (企业)状况报告Stock valuations 存货核算Stocks 股票Straight line depreciation method 直线折旧法Strategic positioning 战略定位Surplus assets 盈余资产Surplus rating 盈余评级Supplier power 供应商的力量Supply chain 供应链Support rating 支持评级Swap agreement 换合约Swaps 互换SWOT analysis SWOT分析Symptoms of failure questionnaires 企业破产征兆调查表Takeovers 收购Tax payments 税务支付Technical insolvency 技术破产Technology and change 技术进步Term loan 定期贷款Term of borrowing 借款期限Third party guarantees 第三方担保Tier 1 capital 一类资本Tier 2 capital 二类资本Total credit limit 整体信用限额Total current assets 流动资产总额Trade companies 贸易企业Trade credit 商业信用Trade creditors 应付账款Trade cycle 商业循环Trade cycle times 商业循环周期Trade debt 应收账款Trade debtors 贸易债权人Trade financing 贸易融资Trade Indemnity 贸易赔偿Trade references 贸易参考Trade-off 协定Trading outlook 交易概况Trading profit 营业利润Traditional cash flow 传统现金流量Triple A 三AUCP 跟单信用证统一惯例Uncovered dividend 未保障的股利Uniform Customs & Practice 跟单信用证统一惯例Unpaid invoices 未付款发票Unsecured creditors 未担保的债权人Usefulness of liquidity ratios 流动性比率的作用Uses of cash 现金的使用Using bank risk information 使用银行风险信息Using financial assessments 使用财务评估Using ratios 财务比率的运用Using retention-of-title clauses 使用所有权保留条款Value chain 价值链Value of Z scores Z值模型的价值Variable costs 变动成本Variable interest 可变利息Variety of financial ratios 财务比率的种类Vetting procedures 审查程序Volatile revenue dynamic 收益波动Volume of sales 销售量Warning signs of credit risk 信用风险的警示Working assets 营运资产working capital 营运资本Working capital changes 营运资本变化额Working capital management 营运资本管理working capital ratios 营运资本比率Worldwide credit 统一授信Write-downs 资产减值Write-offs 勾销Z score assessments Z值评估z score models z值模型Z scores z值Z scoring Z值评分系统。

信贷基本词汇英汉对照2m method 2m法3m method 3m法a scores a值accounting convention 会计惯例accounting for acquisitions 购并的会计处理accounting for debtors 应收账款核算accounting for depreciation 折旧核算accounting for foreign currencies 外汇核算accounting for goodwill 商誉核算accounting for stocks 存货核算accounting policies 会计政策accounting standards 会计准则accruals concept 权责发生原则achieving credit control 实现信用控制acid test ratio 酸性测试比率actual cash flow 实际现金流量adjusting company profits 企业利润调整advance payment guarantee 提前偿还保金adverse trading 不利交易advertising budget 广告预算advising bank 通告银行age analysis 账龄分析aged debtors analysis 逾期账款分析aged debtors’exception report 逾期应收款的特殊报告aged debtors’exception report 逾期账款特别报告aged debtors’report 逾期应收款报告aged debtors’report 逾期账款报告all—monies clause 全额支付条款amortization 摊销analytical questionnaire 调查表分析analytical skills 分析技巧analyzing financial risk 财务风险分析analyzing financial statements 财务报表分析analyzing liquidity 流动性分析analyzing profitability 盈利能力分析analyzing working capital 营运资本分析annual expenditure 年度支出anticipating future income 预估未来收入areas of financial ratios 财务比率分析的对象articles of incorporation 合并条款asian crisis 亚洲(金融)危机assessing companies 企业评估assessing country risk 国家风险评估assessing credit risks 信用风险评估assessing strategic power 战略地位评估assessment of banks 银行的评估asset conversion lending 资产转换贷款asset protection lending 资产担保贷款asset sale 资产出售asset turnover 资产周转率assets 资产association of british factors and discounters 英国代理人与贴现商协会auditor's report 审计报告aval 物权担保bad debt 坏账bad debt level 坏账等级bad debt risk 坏账风险bad debts performance 坏账发生情况bad loans 坏账balance sheet 资产负债表balance sheet structure 资产负债表结构bank credit 银行信贷bank failures 银行破产bank loans.availability 银行贷款的可获得性bank status reports 银行状况报告bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy code 破产法bankruptcy petition 破产申请书basle agreement 塞尔协议basle agreement 《巴塞尔协议》behavorial scoring 行为评分bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading 提单bis 国际清算银行bis agreement 国际清算银行协定blue chip 蓝筹股bonds 债券book receivables 账面应收账款borrowing money 借人资金borrowing proposition 借款申请breakthrough products 创新产品budgets 预算building company profiles 勾画企业轮廓bureaux (信用咨询)公司business development loan 商业开发贷款business failure 破产business plan 经营计划business risk 经营风险buyer credits 买方信贷buyer power 购买方力量buyer risks 买方风险campari 优质贷款原则canons of lending 贷款原则capex 资本支出capital adequacy 资本充足性capital adequacy rules 资本充足性原则capital commitments 资本承付款项capital expenditure 资本支出capital funding 资本融资capital investment 资本投资capital strength 资本实力capital structure 资本结构capitalization of interest 利息资本化capitalizing development costs 研发费用资本化capitalizing development expenditures 研发费用资本化capitalizing interest costs 利息成本资本化cascade effect 瀑布效应cash assets 现金资产cash collection targets 现金托收目标cash cycle 现金循环周期cash cycle ratios 现金循环周期比率cash cycle times 现金循环周期时间cash deposit 现金储蓄cash flow adjustments 现金流调整cash flow analysis 现金流量分析cash flow crisis 现金流危机cash flow cycle 现金流量周期cash flow forecasts 现金流量预测cash flow lending 现金流贷出cash flow profile 现金流概况cash flow projections 现金流预测cash flow statements 现金流量表cash flows 现金流量cash position 现金头寸cash positive je现金流量cash rich companies 现金充足的企业cash surplus 现金盈余cash tank 现金水槽cash-in-advance 预付现金categorized cash flow 现金流量分类ce 优质贷款原则ceo 首席执行官chairman 董事长，总裁chapter 11 rules 第十一章条款charge 抵押charged assets 抵押资产chief executive officer 首席执行官collateral security 抵押证券collecting payments 收取付款collection activitv 收款活动collection cycle 收款环节collection procedures 收款程序collective credit risks 集合信用风险comfortable liquidity positi9n 适当的流动性水平commercial mortgage 商业抵押commercial paper 商业票据commission 佣金commitment fees 承诺费common stock 普通股common stockholders 普通股股东company and its industry 企业与所处行业company assets 企业资产company liabilities 企业负债company loans 企业借款competitive advantage 竞争优势competitive forces 竞争力competitive products 竞争产品complaint procedures 申诉程序computerized credit information 计算机化信用信息computerized diaries 计算机化日志confirmed letter of credit 承兑信用证confirmed letters of credit 保兑信用证confirming bank 确认银行conservatism concept 谨慎原则consistency concept 一贯性原则consolidated accounts 合并报表consolidated balance sheets 合并资产负债表contingent liabilities 或有负债continuing security clause 连续抵押条款contractual payments 合同规定支出control limits 控制限度control of credit activities 信用活动控制controlling credit 控制信贷controlling credit risk 控制信用风险corporate credit analysis 企业信用分析corporate credit controller 企业信用控制人员corporate credit risk analysis 企业信用风险分析corporate customer 企业客户corporate failure prediction models 企业破产预测模型corporate lending 企业贷款cost leadership 成本领先型cost of sales 销售成本costs 成本country limit 国家限额country risk 国家风险court judgments 法院判决covenant 贷款保证契约covenants 保证契约creative accounting 寻机性会计credit analysis 信用分析credit analysis of customers 客户信用分析credit analysis of suppliers 供应商的信用分析credit analysis on banks 银行信用分析credit analysts 信用分析credit assessment 信用评估credit bureau reports 信用咨询公司报告credit bureaux 信用机构credit control 信贷控制credit control activities 信贷控制活动credit control performance reports 信贷控制绩效报告credit controllers 信贷控制人员credit cycle 信用循环credit decisions 信贷决策credit deterioration 信用恶化credit exposure 信用敞口credit granting process 授信程序credit information 信用信息credit information agency 信用信息机构credit insurance 信贷保险credit insurance advantages 信贷保险的优势credit insurance brokers 信贷保险经纪人credit insurance limitations 信贷保险的局限credit limits 信贷限额credit limits for currency blocs 货币集团国家信贷限额credit limits for individual countries 国家信贷限额credit management 信贷管理credit managers 信贷经理credit monitoring 信贷监控credit notes 欠款单据credit period 信用期credit planning 信用计划credit policy 信用政策credit policy issues 信用政策发布credit proposals 信用申请credit protection 信贷保护credit quality 信贷质量credit rating 信用评级credit rating agencies 信用评级机构credit rating process 信用评级程序credit rating system 信用评级系统credit reference 信用咨询credit reference agencies 信用评级机构credit risk 信用风险credit risk assessment 信用风险评估credit risk exposure 信用风险敞口credit risk insurance 信用风险保险credit risk.individual customers 个体信用风险credit risk：bank credit 信用风险：银行信用credit risk：trade credit 信用风险：商业信用credit scoring 信用风险评分credit scoring model 信用评分模型credit scoring system 信用评分系统credit squeeze 信贷压缩credit taken ratio 受信比率credit terms 信贷条款credit utilization reports 信贷利用报告credit vetting 信用审查credit watch 信用观察credit worthiness 信誉creditor days 应付账款天数cross-default clause 交叉违约条款currency risk 货币风险current assets 流动资产current debts 流动负债current ratio requirement 流动比率要求current ratios 流动比率customer care 客户关注customer credit ratings 客户信用评级customer liaison 客户联络customer risks 客户风险cut-off scores 及格线cycle of credit monitoring 信用监督循环cyclical business 周期性行业daily operating expenses 经营费用day’s sales outstanding 收回应收账款的平均天数debentures 债券debt capital 债务资本debt collection agency 债务托收机构debt issuer 债券发行人debt protection levels 债券保护级别debt ratio 负债比率debt securities 债券debt service ratio 还债率debtor days 应收账款天数debtor's assets 债权人的资产default 违约deferred payments 延期付款definition of leverage 财务杠杆率定义deposit limits 储蓄限额depositing money 储蓄资金depreciation 折旧depreciation policies 折旧政策development budget 研发预算differentiation 差别化direct loss 直接损失directors salaries 董事薪酬discretionary cash flows 自决性现金流量discretionary outflows 自决性现金流出distribution costs 分销成本dividend cover 股息保障倍数dividend payout ratio 股息支付率dividends 股利documentary credit 跟单信用证dso 应收账款的平均回收期duration of credit risk 信用风险期eastern bloc countries 东方集团国家ebitda 扣除利息、税收、折旧和摊销之前的收益ecgd 出口信贷担保局economic conditions 经济环境economic cycles 经济周期economic depression 经济萧条economic growth 经济增长economic risk 经济风险electronic data interchange(edi) 电子数据交换environmental factors 环境因素equity capital 权益资本equity finance 权益融资equity stake 股权eu countries 欧盟国家eu directives 欧盟法规eulaw 欧盟法律eurobonds 欧洲债券european parliament 欧洲议会european union 欧盟evergreen loan 常年贷款exceptional item 例外项目excessive capital commitments 过多的资本承付款项exchange controls 外汇管制exchange-control regulations 外汇管制条例exhaust method 排空法existing competitors 现有竞争对手existing debt 未清偿债务export credit agencies 出口信贷代理机构export credit insurance 出口信贷保险export factoring 出口代理export sales 出口额exports credit guarantee department 出口信贷担保局extending credit 信贷展期external agency 外部机构external assessment methods 外部评估方式external assessments 外部评估external information sources 外部信息来源extraordinary items 非经常性项目extras 附加条件facility account 便利账户factoring 代理factoring debts 代理收账factoring discounting 代理折扣factors chain international 国际代理连锁failure prediction scores 财务恶化预测分值fasb (美国)财务会计准则委员会faulty credit analysis 破产信用分析fees 费用finance，new business ventures 为新兴业务融资finance，repay existing debt 为偿还现有债务融资finance,working capital 为营运资金融资financial assessment 财务评估financial cash flows 融资性现金流量financial collapse 财务危机financial flexibility 财务弹性financial forecast 财务预测financial instability 财务的不稳定性financial rating analysis 财务评级分析financial ratios 财务比率financial risk 财务风险financial risk ratios 财务风险比率fitch ibca 惠誉评级fitch ibca ratings 惠誉评级fixed assets 固定资产fixed charge 固定费用fixed charge cover 固定费用保障倍数fixed costs 固定成本floating assets 浮动资产floating charge 浮动抵押floor planning 底价协议focus 聚焦forced sale risk 强制出售风险foreign exchange markets 外汇市场forfaiting 福费廷formal credit rating 正式信用评级forward rate agreements 远期利率协议fras 远期利率协议fund managers 基金经理fx transaction 外汇交易gaap 公认会计准则gearing 财务杠杆率geographical spread of markets 市场的地理扩展global target 全球目标going concern concept 持续经营原则good lending 优质贷款good times 良好时期government agencies 政府机构government interference 政府干预gross income 总收入guarantee of payment 支付担保guaranteed loans 担保贷款guarantees 担保high credit quality 高信贷质量high credit risks 高信贷风险high default risk 高违约风险high interest rates 高利率high risk regions 高风险区域highly speculative 高度投机high-risk loan 高风险贷款high-value loan 高价值贷款historical accounting 历史会计处理historical cost 历史成本ias 国际会计准则iasc 国际会计准则委员会ibtt 息税前利润ice 优质贷款原则idealliquidity ratios 理想的流动性比率implied debt rating 隐含债务评级importance of credit control 信贷控制的重要性improved products 改进的产品 iimproving reported asset values 改善资产账面价值in house assessment 内部评估in house credit analysis 内部信用分析in house credit assessments 内部信用评估in house credit ratings 内部信用评级income bonds 收入债券income statement 损益表increasing profits 提高利润increasing reported profits 提高账面利润indemnity clause 赔偿条款indicators of credit deterioration 信用恶化征兆indirect loss 间接损失individual credit transactions 个人信用交易individual rating 个体评级industrial reports 行业报告industrial unrest 行业动荡industry limit 行业限额industry risk 行业风险industry risk analysis 行业风险分析inflow 现金流入information in financial statements 财务报表中的信息in-house credit ratings 内部信用评级initial payment 初始支付insolvencies 破产institutional investors 机构投资者insured debt 投保债务intangible fixed asset 无形固定资产inter-company comparisons 企业间比较inter-company loans 企业间借款interest 利息interest cost 利息成本interest cover ratio 利息保障倍数interest cover test 利息保障倍数测试interest holiday 免息期interest payments 利息支付interest rates 利率interim statements 中报(中期报表)internal assessment methods 内部评估方法internal financing ratio 内部融资率internal revenue service 美国国税局international accounting standards committee 国际会计准则委员会international accounting standards(ias) 国际会计准则international chamber of commerce 国际商会international credit ratings 国际信用评级international factoring association 国际代理商协会international settlements 国际结算inventory 存货inverse of current ratio 反转流动比率investment analysts 投资分析人员investment policy 投资政策investment risk 投资风险investment spending 投资支出invoice discounting 发票贴现issue of bonds 债券的发行issued debt capital 发行债务资本junk bond status 垃圾债券状况just-in-time system(jit) 适时系统key cash flow ratios 主要现金流量指标labor unrest 劳动力市场动荡large.scale borrower 大额借贷者legal guarantee 法律担保legal insolvency 法律破产lending agreements 贷款合约lending covenants 贷款保证契约lending decisions 贷款决策lending proposals 贷款申请lending proposition 贷款申请lending transactions 贷款交易letters of credit 信用证leverage 财务杠杆率libor 伦敦同业拆借利率lien 留置liquid assets 速动资产liquidation 清算liquidation expenses 清算费liquidity 流动性liquidity and working capital 流动性与营运资金liquidity ratios 流动比率liquidity run 流动性危机liquidity shortage 流动性短缺loan covenants 贷款合约loan guarantees 贷款担保loan principal 贷款本金loan principal repayments 贷款本金偿还loan review 贷款审查london inter-bank offered rate 伦敦同业拆借利率long’term debt 长期负债long-term funding 长期融资long-term risk 长期风险management 管理层marginal lending 边际贷款marginal trade credit 边际交易信贷market surveys 市场调查marketing 市场营销markets 市场matching concept 配比原则material adverse-change clause 重大不利变动条款maximum leverage level 最高财务杠杆率限制measurement and judgment 计量与判断measuring risk 风险计量medium-term loan 中期贷款microcomputer modelling 计算机建模minimum current ratio requirement 最低流动比率要求minimum leverage ratio 最低举债比率minimum net worth 最低净值minimum net-worth requirement 最低净值要求minimum risk asset ratio 最低风险资产比率monitoring activity 监管活动monitoring credit 信用监控monitoring customer credit limits 监管客户信贷限额monitoring risks 监管风险monitoring total credit limits 监管全部信贷限额monthly reports 月报moody's debt rating 穆迪债券评级mortgage 抵押mpr’oving balance sheet 改善资产负债表multiple discriminate analysis 多元分析national debt 国家债务nci 无信贷间隔天数near-cash assets 近似于现金的资产negative cash flow 负现金流量negative net cash flow 负净现金流量negative operational cash flows 负的经营性现金流量negative pledge 限制抵押net book value 净账面价值net cash flow 净现金流量net worth test 净值测试new entrants 新的市场进人者no credit interval 无信贷间隔天数non-cash items 非现金项目non-core business 非核心业务non-operational items 非经营性项目obtaining payment 获得支付one-man rule 一人原则open account terms 无担保条款operating leases 经营租赁operating profit 营业利润operational cash flow 营性现金流量operational flexibility ~营弹性optimal credit 最佳信贷order cycle 订货环节ordinary dividend payments 普通股股利支付organization of credit activities 信贷活动的组织overdue payments 逾期支付over-trading 过度交易overview of accounts 财务报表概览·parent company 母公司pat 税后利润payment in advance 提前付款payment obligations 付款义务payment records 付款记录payment score 还款评分pbit 息税前利润pbt 息后税前利润percentage change 百分比变动performance bonds 履约保证personal guarantees 个人担保planning systems 计划系统pledge 典押points-scoring system 评分系统policy setting 政策制定political risk 政治风险potential bad debt 潜在坏账potential credit risk 潜在信用风险potential value 潜在价值predicting corporate failures 企业破产预测preference dividends 优先股股息preferred stockholders 优先股股东preliminary assessment 预备评估premiums 溢价primary ratios 基础比率prior charge capital 优先偿付资本priority cash flows 优先性现金流量priority for creditors 债权人的清偿顺序priority payments 优先支付product life cycle 产品生命周期product market analysis 产品市场分析product range 产品范围products 产品professional fees 专业费用profit 利润profit and loss account 损益账户profit margin 利润率profitability 盈利能力profitability management 盈利能力管理profitability ratios 盈利能力比率promissory notes 本票property values 所有权价值providers of credit 授信者provision accounting 准备金会计处理prudence concept 谨慎原则public information 公共信息public relations 公共关系purpose of credit ratings 信用评级的目的purpose of ratios 计算比率的目的qualitative covenants 定性条款quantitative covenants 定量条款query control 质疑控制quick ratio 速动比率rating exercise 评级实践rating process for a company 企业评级程序ratio analysis 比率分析ratio analyst weaknesses ~l率分析的缺陷real insolvency 真实破产real sales growth 实际销售收入增长率realization concept 实现原则receivables 应收账款recession 衰退reducing debtors 冲减应收账款reducing profits 冲减利润reducing provisions 冲减准备金reducing reported profits 冲减账面利润reducing stocks 减少存货registrar of companies 企业监管局regulatory risk 监管风险releasing provisions 冲回准备金relocation expenses 费用再分配reminder letters 催缴单repayment on demand clause 即期偿还条款replacement of principal 偿还本金report of chairman 总裁/董事长报告reserve accounting 准备金核算residual cash flows 剩余现金流量restricting bad debts 限制坏账restrictions on secured borrowing 担保借款限制retention-of-title clauses 所有权保留条款revenues 总收入risk analysis reports 风险分析报告risk and banks 风险与银行risk and companies 风险与企业risk and return 风险与回报risk capital 风险资本risk-reward 风险回报risk-weighted assets 风险加权资产roce 资本收益率romapla clauses “一手交钱一手交货”条款sales 销售额secondary ratios 分解比率secure methods of payment 付款的担保方式secured assets 担保资产secured creditors 有担保债权人secured loans 担保贷款securities and exchange commission (美国)证券交易委员会security guarantees 抵押担保security of payment 付款担保security general principles 担保的一般原则segmentation 细分setting and policing credit limits 信用限额的设定与政策制定settlement discount (提前)结算折扣settlement terms 结算条款share price 股价short-term borrowing 短期借款short-term creditors 短期负债short-term liabilities 短期债务short-termism 短期化sic 常务诠释委员会significance of working capital 营运资金的重要性single credit customer 单一信用客户single ratio analysis 单一比率分析size of credit risk 信用风险的大小slow stock turnover 较低的存货周转率sources of assessments 评估信息来源sources of credit information 信用信息来源sources of risk 风险来源sovereign rating 主权评级specialist agencies 专业机构specific debt issue 特别债券发行speculative 投机性speculative grades 投机性评级split rating 分割评级spot rate 现价(即期比率)spreadsheets 电子数据表staff redundancies 员工遣散费standard and poor 标准普尔standard security clauses 标准担保条款standard&poor's 标准普尔standby credits 备用信用证standing interpretations committee 证券交易委员会standing starting credit limits 持续更新信用限额statistical analysis 统计分析statistical techniques 统计技巧status reports (企业)状况报告stock valuations 存货核算stocks 股票straight line depreciation method 直线折旧法strategic positioning 战略定位suplus assets 盈余资产suplus rating 盈余评级supplier power 供应商的力量supply chain 供应链support rating 支持评级swap agreement 换合约swaps 互换swot analysis swot分析symptoms of failure questionnaires 企业破产征兆调查表takeovers 收购tax payments 税务支付technical insolvency 技术破产technology and change 技术进步term loan 定期贷款term of borrowing 借款期限third party guarantees 第三方担保tier 1 capital 一类资本tier 2 capital 二类资本total credit limit 整体信用限额total current assets 流动资产总额trade companies 贸易企业trade credit 商业信用trade creditors 应付账款trade cycle 商业循环trade cycle times 商业循环周期trade debt 应收账款trade debtors 贸易债权人trade indemnity 贸易赔偿trade references 贸易参考trade-off 协定trading outlook 交易概况trading profit 营业利润traditional cash flow 传统现金流量triple a 三aucp 跟单信用证统一惯例uncovered dividend 未保障的股利uniform customs&practice 跟单信用证统一惯例unpaid invoices 未付款发票unsecured creditors 未担保的债权人usefulness of liquidity ratios 流动性比率的作用uses of cash 现金的使用using bank risk information 使用银行风险信息using financial assessments 使用财务评估using ratios 财务比率的运用using retention-of-title clauses 使用所有权保留条款value chain 价值链value of z scores z值模型的价值variable costs 变动成本variable interest 可变利息variety of financial ratios 财务比率的种类vetting procedures 审查程序volatitle revenue dynamic 收益波动volume of sales 销售量warning signs of credit risk 信用风险的警示working assets 营运资产working capital 营运资本working capital changes 营运资本变化额working capital management 营运资本管理working capitalratios 营运资本比率write-downs 资产减值write-offs 勾销z score assessments z值评估z score models z值模型z scores z值z scoring z值评分系统。

金融领域中基于文本挖掘的事件预测与风险分析Chapter 1: Introduction to Event Prediction and Risk Analysis in the Financial SectorThe financial sector is a dynamic and complex industry that relies on accurate predictions and risk analysis to make informed decisions. One tool that has gained prominence in recent years is text mining, a technique that allows for the extraction of valuable insights from large volumes of unstructured textual data. In this article, we will explore the application of text mining in event prediction and risk analysis within the financial sector.Chapter 2: The Role of Text Mining in Event PredictionText mining involves extracting relevant information from a variety of texts, such as news articles, social media posts, and financial reports. In event prediction, text mining can be used to identify and analyze patterns and trends that may indicate future events or market movements. For example, by analyzing news articles and social media sentiment, text mining algorithms can predict shifts in public opinion that might impact stock prices.Chapter 3: Text Mining Techniques for Event PredictionThere are several text mining techniques that can be employed for event prediction in the financial sector. One popular approach issentiment analysis, which involves analyzing the sentiment expressedin textual data to predict market movements. Another technique is topic modeling, which can categorize news articles or social media posts into different topics and identify trends within each topic. These techniques can aid in predicting events such as market crashes, mergers and acquisitions, or regulatory changes.Chapter 4: Case Study: Event Prediction in Stock MarketTo understand the practical application of text mining in event prediction, let us consider the stock market. By analyzing news articles and social media posts related to specific stocks or companies, text mining algorithms can identify key events or sentiments that may affect stock prices. For instance, if there is a sudden surge in negative sentiment regarding a particular stock, it could indicate a potential decline in its value. Predictive models can also be built based on historical data to forecast future market movements.Chapter 5: Risk Analysis Using Text MiningText mining can also be used for risk analysis in the financial sector. By aggregating and analyzing news articles and financial reports, text mining algorithms can identify potential risks or vulnerabilities within a company or industry. This can include identifying fraud, assessing credit risk, or monitoring compliance with regulations. By identifying risks early on, companies can take proactive measures to mitigate potential losses and minimize their exposure to risk.Chapter 6: Case Study: Fraud DetectionFraud is a significant risk in the financial sector, costing companies billions of dollars each year. Text mining techniques can play a vital role in fraud detection by identifying patterns or anomalies in textual data that might indicate fraudulent activities. By analyzing financial transactions, customer complaints, or employee communications, text mining algorithms can flag suspicious activities, helping companies detect and prevent fraudulent behavior.Chapter 7: Limitations and ChallengesWhile text mining offers valuable insights for event prediction and risk analysis, there are limitations and challenges that should be considered. One limitation is the inherent subjectivity of textual data, as the same piece of information can be interpreted differently by different individuals. Additionally, there may be biases in the data, such as the underrepresentation of certain demographics or sources. Furthermore, the sheer volume of textual data can pose challenges in terms of computational power and storage.Chapter 8: ConclusionIn conclusion, text mining is a powerful tool for event prediction and risk analysis in the financial sector. By leveraging valuable insights from unstructured textual data, companies can gain a competitive advantage in making informed decisions and mitigating risks. However, it is important to recognize the limitations and challenges associatedwith text mining and continually refine and improve the techniques used to ensure accurate predictions and robust risk analysis in the financial industry.。

投资计划英文作文Title: Investment Plan for Future Financial Growth。

In today's dynamic economic landscape, investing wisely is crucial for securing future financial stability and growth. Crafting a comprehensive investment plan tailored to individual goals and risk tolerance is essential. Inthis essay, I will outline an investment plan aimed at achieving long-term financial objectives while managingrisk effectively.1. Establishing Investment Objectives:The first step in developing an investment plan is defining clear objectives. These objectives serve as guiding principles and help align investment strategies with personal financial goals. Objectives may include wealth accumulation for retirement, funding higher education, or achieving specific financial milestones.2. Assessing Risk Tolerance:Understanding one's risk tolerance is vital in determining the appropriate asset allocation. Risk tolerance is influenced by factors such as age, investment experience, financial obligations, and psychological disposition. By assessing risk tolerance accurately, investors can construct a diversified portfolio that balances risk and return.3. Asset Allocation Strategy:Asset allocation is the cornerstone of any investment plan. Diversification across asset classes such as stocks, bonds, real estate, and alternative investments canmitigate risk and enhance returns. The allocation should be adjusted periodically to reflect changes in market conditions, investment goals, and risk tolerance.4. Investment Selection:Once the asset allocation is determined, the next stepis selecting specific investments within each asset class. For equities, investors may choose individual stocks or opt for diversified mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Fixed-income investments like bonds can range from government bonds to corporate bonds with varying maturities and credit ratings. Alternative investments such as real estate, commodities, and private equity offer additional diversification opportunities.5. Regular Monitoring and Rebalancing:Monitoring the performance of investments is essential to ensure they remain aligned with the investment objectives. Periodic review of portfolio holdings allows investors to identify underperforming assets or asset classes that may need rebalancing. Rebalancing involves buying or selling assets to restore the target asset allocation, thereby maintaining the desired risk-return profile.6. Tax Efficiency:Minimizing tax liabilities is an integral part of investment planning. Strategies such as investing in tax-advantaged accounts like IRAs, 401(k)s, and HSAs can defer or reduce taxes on investment gains. Additionally, tax-loss harvesting, where capital losses are used to offset capital gains, can optimize after-tax returns.7. Long-Term Perspective:Successful investing requires patience and discipline, with a focus on long-term objectives rather than short-term market fluctuations. By staying committed to the investment plan and avoiding emotional reactions to market volatility, investors can harness the power of compounding and achieve sustainable growth over time.In conclusion, an effective investment plan isessential for achieving long-term financial success. By establishing clear objectives, assessing risk tolerance, diversifying across asset classes, selecting suitable investments, monitoring portfolio performance, optimizing tax efficiency, and maintaining a long-term perspective,investors can navigate the complexities of the financial markets and work towards realizing their financial goals.。

Banking is a complex industry that is fraught with various types of risks,which can have significant impacts on the stability of the financial system and the economy at large. Effective risk management is therefore crucial for banks to ensure their longterm viability and to protect the interests of their stakeholders.Here are some key aspects of managing bank risks in English:1.Understanding the Types of Risks:Banks face several types of risks including credit risk,market risk,operational risk,liquidity risk,and reputational risk.Understanding these risks is the first step in managing them effectively.2.Establishing a Risk Management Framework:Banks should have a comprehensive risk management framework that outlines the roles and responsibilities of various departments, the processes for identifying,assessing,monitoring,and controlling risks,and the mechanisms for reporting riskrelated information.3.Credit Risk Management:This involves assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers and setting appropriate lending policies.Banks use credit scoring models and credit ratings to evaluate the likelihood of default.4.Market Risk Management:Market risk arises from fluctuations in market prices,such as interest rates,equity prices,and foreign exchange rates.Banks use tools like ValueatRisk VaR models to quantify market risk and implement hedging strategies to mitigate it.5.Operational Risk Management:Operational risk includes risks arising from internal processes,people,systems,or external events.Banks need to have robust internal controls,IT systems,and disaster recovery plans to manage operational risks.6.Liquidity Risk Management:Banks must ensure they have sufficient liquid assets to meet shortterm obligations without affecting their longterm solvency.They manage liquidity risk through cash flow forecasting,maintaining a diversified funding base,and setting aside contingency funds.7.Reputational Risk Management:Banks must be proactive in managing their public image and trustworthiness.This includes transparent communication,ethical business practices,and swift response to crises.8.Regulatory Compliance:Banks must adhere to regulatory requirements set by financial pliance helps in avoiding legal penalties and maintaining the banks reputation.9.Risk Appetite and Capital Adequacy:Banks should define their risk appetite and ensure that they have adequate capital to absorb potential losses.Capital adequacy ratios, such as the Basel III frameworks capital requirements,are crucial for this purpose.10.Stress Testing and Scenario Analysis:Banks conduct stress tests to evaluate how they would perform under adverse economic conditions.Scenario analysis helps in understanding the impact of different economic events on the banks financial health.11.Risk Reporting and Communication:Regular risk reporting to the board of directors, senior management,and other stakeholders is essential for transparency and accountability.12.Continuous Monitoring and Improvement:Risk management is not a onetime process but requires continuous monitoring and improvement.Banks should regularly review and update their risk management strategies to adapt to changing market conditions and regulatory environments.13.Training and Awareness:Employees play a critical role in risk management.Banks should invest in training programs to increase awareness about risk management practices and to ensure that staff understand their roles in managing risks.14.Technology and Data Analytics:Leveraging technology and data analytics can enhance risk management by providing realtime insights,automating risk assessments, and improving decisionmaking processes.15.Cultural Aspects:Fostering a riskaware culture within the bank is essential.This involves encouraging a mindset where risk management is seen as an integral part of the banks operations rather than a separate function.In conclusion,managing bank risks is a multifaceted task that requires a combination of strategic planning,technological tools,regulatory compliance,and a strong risk management culture.By effectively managing risks,banks can safeguard their financial stability and contribute positively to the overall health of the economy.。

2018年12月六级英语听力原文（完整版）Conversation 1A: Hey I just read a great book about physics. I think you’d like it. It’s called the physics of the world. It‘s written by a scientist named Sylvia Mendez.B: Oh I read that book. It was great. The writer is a warm and competent guide to the mysteries of physics. I think it promises enrichment for any reader from those who know little about science to the career physicist.A: And it‘s refreshing to see a strong curious clever woman adding her voice to the scientific discourse and a field that has been traditionally dominated by men. I think she has to be commended for making an effort to include anecdotes about little known female scientists. You know they were often victims of a generation firmly convinced that the woman’s place was in the home.B: I like how the book is clearly written with each chapter brought to life by pieces of fascinating knowledge. For example in one chapter she exposes a myth that I‘ve heard taught by university physics professors. I’ve often heard that medieval glass windows are thicker at the bottom because glass flows like a fluid. This, she shows, is not true. The distortion is actually thanks to a peculiarity of the glassmakers process.A: Yeah I like how she cultivates scientific engagement by providing a host of Do It Yourself experiments that bring the same foundational principles of classical physics that govern everything from the solar system to your kitchen table. From using complex laws of physicsto test whether a spinning egg is cooked to measuring atmospheric pressure by lifting a piece of cardboard. Her hands-on examples make her book a truly interactive read.B: Yes, I must say this, a equation-free book is an ideal read for scientists of all stripes, anyone teaching science and even people who dislike physics.Question 1: What does the woman say about the book the man recommended? Question 2: What can we find in the book the man recommended?Question 3: How does the author bring her book to life?Question 4: How does the book cultivate readers interest in physics.Conversation 2A:Hi professor. I was hoping I could have a moment of your time if you‘re not too busy. I’m having some problems getting started on my dissertation and I was hoping you could give me some advice on how to begin.B:Sure. I have quite a few students though.So can you remind me what your topic is?A:The general topic I chose is aesthetics, but that‘s as far as I’ve got I don‘t really know where to go from there.B:Yeah, that‘s much too large a topic. You really need to narrow it down in order to make it more accessible. Otherwise you’ll be writing a book.A:Exactly. That‘s what I wanted to ask you about. I was hoping it would be possible for me to change topics. I’m really more interested in nature than beauty.B:I‘m afraid you have to adhere to the assigned topic. Still, If you’re interested in nature, then that certainly can be worked into your dissertation. We‘ve talked about Hume before in class right.A:Oh yeah, he‘s the philosopher who wrote about where our ideas of beauty come from. B:Exactly. I suggest you go to the library and get a copy of his biography. Start from there. But remember to stick to the parameters of the assignment. This paper is a large part of your cumulative grade. So make sure to follow the instructions. If you take a look at his biography. You can get a good idea of how his life experiences manifest themselves in his theories of beauty, specifically the way he looked towards nature as the origin of what we find beautiful.A:Great. Thanks for taking the time to answer my questions, Professor. I‘ll let you get back to class now.B:If there‘s anything else you need, please come see me in my office any time. Question 5: What is the man‘s problem?Question 6: What does the professor think of the man‘s topic?Question 7: What’s the man really more interested in?Question 8: What does the professor say the man has to do?Passage 1During the arctic winter from October to March, the average temperature in the frozen north typically hovers around minus 20 degrees Celsius. But this year the Arctic is experiencing much higher temperatures. On February the 20th the temperature in Greenland climbed above freezing or zero degrees Celsius and it stayed there for over 24 hours. Then on February the 24th the temperature on Greenland‘s northern tip reached six degrees Celsius. Climate scientists describe the phenomenon as stunning. Weather conditions that drive this bizarre temperature surge have visited the Arctic before. They typically appear about once in a decade. However, the last such increase in temperature took place two years ago. This is troubling as climbing arctic temperatures combined with rapid sea ice loss are creating a new type of climate feedback loop which could accelerate Arctic warming. Indeed, sea ice cover in the Arctic is melting faster than expected. Without those masses of cooling sea ice, warm air brought to the Arctic can penetrate further inland than it ever did before. The air can stay warmer longer too. This drives additional melting. Overall earth is warming at a rapid pace. 2014 through 2017 rank as the hottest years on record and the Arctic is warming twice as fast as any place else on earth. This raises unique challenges for Arctic wildlife and indigenous people who depend on Arctic ecosystems to survive. Previously climate forecasts predicted that Arctic summer ice would disappear entirely by around 2060, but based on what scientists are seeing now the Arctic may be facing summers without ice within 20 years.Question 9: What did climate scientists describe as stunning?Question 10: What does the passage say about that temperature surge in the Arctic? Question 11: What may occur in 20 years according to scientists’recent observations? Passage 2A good dose of willpower is often necessary to see any task through whether it‘s sticking to a spending plan or finishing a great novel. And if you want to increase that willpower. A new study suggests you just simply have to believe you have it. According to this study, what matters most is what we think about our willpower. If we believe it’s a finite resource, we act that way, we feel exhausted and need breaks between demanding mental tasks. However, people who view their willpower as a limitless resource get energized instead. The researchers used a psychological assessment tool to test the validity of the study. They asked 1100 Americans and 1600 Europeans to grade different statements such as after a challenging mental activity, my energy is depleted and I must rest to get it refueled again or I can focus on a mental task for long periods without feeling tired.Although there was little difference between men and women overall. Americans were more likely to admit to needing breaks after completing mentally challenging tasks European participants on the other hand claimed they were able to keep going. Based on the findings, the researchers suggest that the key to boosting your willpower is to believe that you have an abundant supply of it. Your feelings about your willpower affect the way you behave. But these feelings are changeable, they said. Changing your beliefs about the nature of your self-control can have positive effects on character development. This leads to healthier behaviors and perceptions of other people.Question 12: What is often necessary for carrying through a task?Question 13: What is the finding of the new study?Question 14: What do we learn about European participants as compared with their American counterparts?Question 15: What do the research say concerning people‘s feelings about willpower? Lecture 1Here is my baby niece Sarah. Her mum is a doctor and her dad is a lawyer. By the time Sarah goes to college the jobs her parents do are going to look dramatically different. In 2013, researchers at Oxford University did a study on the future of work.They concluded that almost one in every two jobs has a high risk of being automated by machines. Machine learning is the technology that‘s responsible for most of this disruption. It’s the most powerful branch of artificial intelligence. It allows machines to learn from data and copy some of the things that humans can do. My company, Kaggle, operates on the cutting edge of machine learning. We bring together hundreds of thousands of experts to solve important problems for industry and academia. This gives us an unique perspective on what machines can do, what they can‘t do and what jobs they might automate or threaten. Machine learning started making its way into industry in the early 90s. It started with relatively simple tasks. It started with things like assessing credit risk from loan applications, sorting the mail by reading handwritten zip codes. Over the past few years, we have made dramatic breakthroughs. Machine learning is now capable of far, far more complex tasks. In2012, Kaggle challenged its community to build a program that could grade high school essays. The winning programs were able to match the grades given by human teachers. Now given the right data, machines are going to outperform humans at tasks like this. A teacher might read 10000 essays over a 40-year career. A machine can read millions of essays within minutes. We have no chance of competing against machines on frequent high-volume tasks, but there are things we can do that machines cannot. Where machines have made very little progress is in tackling novel situations. Machines can’t handle things they haven‘t seen many times before. The fundamental limitation of machine learning is that it needs to learn from large volumes of past data. But humans don’t. We have the ability to connect seemingly different threads to solve problems we‘ve never seen before.Question 16 What did the researchers at Oxford University conclude?Question 17. What do we learn about Kaggle companies winning programs?Question 18. What is the fundamental limitation on machine learning?Lecture 2we‘ve talked recently about the importance of sustainable energy. We’ve also talked about the different theories on how that can be done. So far, our discussions have all been theoretical. Now I have a practical question for you all. Can you run a 140,000 kilogram train on just the steam generated by solar power? Well, one engineer, Tim Casselman, believes it ‘s possible. And his home city of Sacramento, California should see the technology’s first test as part of the upgrading of its rail yard. Casselman, who is an inventor andself-proclaimed steam visionary, is campaigning for a new steam train that runs without any fire and could run on an existing 10 kilometer line drawing tourists and perhaps offering city commuters a green alternative to their cars. Casselman wants to build an array of solar magnifying mirrors at one end of the line to collect and focus heat onto water filled tubes. This would generate steam that could be used to fill tanks on a small steam train without the use of fire. Supplying power to trains in this way would offer the shortest distance from well to wheels he says with the least amount of energy lost. According to Harry Valentijn, a Canadian engineer who is researching modern steam technology, a special tank measuring 2 by 10 metres could store over 750 kilowatt hours of energy as high pressure steam enough to pull a two car train for an hour or so. Energy to drive a steam locomotive can be stored in other materials besides water, for example, a team at Tohoku University in Japan has studied materials that can store large amounts of heat when heated. These materials turn from a solid into a liquid absorbing energy as they change phase. The liquid is maintained above its melting point until steam is required at which point the liquid is allowed to turn back into a solid releasing its stored energy. Another team at Nagoya University in Japan has tested calcium compound as an energy storage material. Heating this chemical compound drives off carbon dioxide gas, leaving calcium oxide. The gas can be stored under pressure and attain to recover the energy. The gas is fed back over the calcium oxide. In theory, says Valentijn, this can create a high enough temperature to generate superheated steam.Question 19: What has the speaker previously talked about?Question 20: What is Tim Casselman trying to do in Sacramento?Question 21: What has a Japanese research team tried to do?Lecture 3Today‘s crisis in care for older people in England has two main causes.First,people are living longer with a lot more complex needs. Second, they rely on a system that has long been marked by a poor relation between national health and social-care services.Current services originate in two key measures. They are the National Health Service and the 1948 National Assistance Act. This required local government to provide residential accommodation for older people and supervise care homes run by independent organizations.They also provided home and community services including meals, day centers and home helpers and other subsidized services. The National Health Service was free and wholly publicly provided. It delivered the best health-care for all. No such vision guided residential and community care though. The care was substantially provided by voluntary services which worked together with local authorities as they long had with eligibility based on income. Today, life expectancy has risen from 66 for a male at birth in 1948 to around 80 now. In addition, there is better overall health and improved medical knowledge and care. This means an unprecedented number of people are surviving longer in conditions requiring expert support. Families provide at least as much care as they ever did. Even so,they can rarely without subsidised support address serious personal needs. Care for older people faced persistent criticism as these trends became apparent. From the early 1960s, local authorities were required to plan health and welfare services. The aim was to enable older people to remain in their own homes for as long as possible, but this increased concern about the lack of coordination between free health and paid-for social care. Through the 1970s, a number of measures sought to improve matter. However, at a time of financial crisis, funding diminished and little changed. In the 1980s, the government cut spending. Meanwhile, preference for private over public services made management even more difficult. Simultaneously, the number of sick older people grew. Governments emphasized the need to improve services. They did so though while doing little to stop the erosion of available aid. Services were irregular across authorities. Unless you were prepared to pay, they were increasingly difficult to obtain for any but the most severely disabled. Why has 60 years of criticism produced so little change? Discrimination against older people has a long history. Additionally, those affected by inadequate health and social care are too vulnerable to launch the protests that have addressed other forms of discrimination. Question 22: What is one cause of the current crisis in care for the elderly in England? Question 23: What does the speaker say about residential and community care? Question 24: What made management of care for the elderly more difficult in the 1980s? Question 25: What does the speaker say about older people in England?。