Forecasting the Advertising investment Risk of Sporting Goods Based on Optimized Support

财务预测用英语怎么说财务预测是根据财务活动的历史资料，考虑现实的要求和条件，对企业未来的财务活动和财务成果作出科学可预计和测算。

那么你知道财务预测用英语怎么说吗?下面店铺为大家带来财务预测的英语说法，希望对大家的学习有所帮助!财务预测的英语说法：financial forecasting财务预测相关英语表达：财务预测及投资 Financial Forecasting & Investment加强财务预测 the enhancement of treasury forecasts财务预测与分析 Finance Planning & Analysis财务预测的假设Assumptions underpinning financial forecasts财务预测计算 Financial predictive calculation and allocation财务预测管理体系 financial prediction managerial system全面财务预测 overall financial prediction财务预测的英语例句：1. The financial forecast for the third quarter is very promising.第三季的财务预测非常看好.2. It can include financial projections and the planned steps for expansion.包括财务预测和规划的扩张步骤.3. Manage cash flow, forecasting, liquidity and funds utilization.管理现金流, 财务预测, 资金流动性及资金利用.4. The long - range financial planning and forecasts.是长期财务的规划与预测.5. Financial & business analysis and budget, forecast.财务及义务分析和预算、预测.6. Profit and Loss and the Cash - Flow Projection.记好帐对编制当年的财务报表,如损益表(润和亏损)现金流动预测是必要的.7. Annual budget preparation and rolling forecast providing.准备年度的财务预算,提供滚动循环预测报告.8. Explain how to analyse financial statements and demonstrate ability to calculate important basic financial relations.能够解释财务报告,预测重要的基本财务关系.9. As a commercial proposal we of course made our financial plan and forecast its yield also.作为商业计划书,我们也对《生活家》的财务计划和投资收益进行了预测.10. It is very important to forecast financial status of listed company in the new century.近年以来,对上市公司而言,对财务状况进行预测分析已经成为很重要的一项任务.11. The predict accuracy of manufacturing models based on data after adjusting is 93.1 % , 94.4 % , 94.4 %.调整失真财务数据后,提前三年、提前二年、提前一年模型的信用预测准确率分别为93.1% 、 94.4%和94.12. The manager's work is to forecast financial affairs, collect funds for the future use.经理的工作是预测财务业务, 筹集备用的基金.13. The accounting manager confirmed the forecast that another 10 % increase of the sales revenue is achievable.财务经理确认销售增长百分之十的预测是可以实现的.14. Forecasting in financial management is used to estimatea firm's future financial needs.财务管理中的预测是指估计公司未来的融资需求.15. The company does well is encouraging, but right financial management, including ability to forecast, is key!公司表现良好是件好事, 但恰当的财务管理, 包括预测的能力, 才是关键!。

市场营销英文术语市场market 市场营销marketing需求demand 商品goods服务service 顾客满意customer satisfaction顾客价值customer value 交易transaction营销者marketer 生产观念production concept产品观念product concept 推销观念selling concept市场营销观念marketing concept社会营销观念social marketing concept顾客 customer 顾客让渡价值customer delivered value 顾客总价值total customer value顾客总成本total customer cost顾客满意customer satisfaction维系顾客keep customer关系营销relationship marketing全面质量管理total quality marketing市场营销环境marketing environment微观环境micro environment宏观环境macro environment市场机会market opportunity愿望竞争者desired competitors属类竞争者generic competitor产品形式竞争者product competitor目标市场target market市场营销组合marketing mix情绪moods 情绪emotion消费者行为customer behavior文化culture 人口统计因素demographies参照群体reference group 角色模型role stereotype知觉perception 认知学习cognitive learning动机motive 个性personality态度attitude 自我概念self-concept生活方式life style组织市场organizational market企业市场business market非营利组织市场non-profit organizational market政府市场government market直接再购straight rebuy 修正再购 modified rebuy新任务采购new task 购买中心buying center倡议者initiators 使用者users 影响者influencers 决定者deciders 购买者buyers 控制者gatekeepers 营销信息marketing information营销信息系统marketing information system MIS市场调研market research描述性调研predictive research解释性调研interpretive research市场需求market demand市场需求潜量market demand potential企业需求量enterprise demand企业需求潜量enterprise demand potential定性预测qualitative forecasting定量预测quantitative forecasting企业战略enterprise strategy企业使命说明书enterprise statement战略经营单位strategy business units，SBU波士顿矩阵Boston matrix通用电器公司方法the General Electric Model,GE市场吸引力market attractiveness业务实力business attractiveness密集型增长战略intensive growth strategies市场渗透market penetration strategy市场开发market development strategy产品开发product development strategy一体化增长战略integrative growth strategies前向一体化forward integration后向一体化backwards integration水平一体化horizontal integration多角化增长战略diversification growth strategies 同心多角化concentric diversification水平多角化horizontal diversification复合多角化conglomeration diversification市场营销战略marketing strategy市场营销组合marketing mix市场营销组织marketing organization职能型组织functional organization地区型组织regional organization产品管理型组织managerial organization of product市场管理型组织managerial organization of market公司与事业部型组织organization of corporation andbusiness unit市场营销管理marketing management市场营销计划marketing planning市场营销方案marketing program市场营销控制marketing controlling市场竞争market competition完全竞争pure competition非完全竞争imprecate competition垄断竞争monopolistic competition市场领导者market leader 市场挑战者market challenger 市场追随者market follower 市场补缺者marketing niche 市场细分market segmentation目标市场target market市场定位market positioning无差异性市场策略undifferentiated marketing tactics 差异性市场策略differentiated marketing tactics集中性市场策略concentrated marketing tactics产品product 服务service核心产品core product 形式产品actual product期望产品expected product 延伸产品augmented product 潜在产品potential product 耐用品durable goods非耐用品nondurable goods 产品线product line产品项目product item 产品组合product mix产品组合长度product mix length产品组合宽度product mix width产品组合深度product mix depth产品组合关联度product mix consistency产品生命周期product life cycle开发期development stage 引进期introduction stage 成熟期maturity stage 衰退期decline stage新产品开发new product development产品概念product concept商业化commercialization 包装package包装策略package strategy品牌brand 品牌命名brand naming品牌决策branding decision统一品牌blanket family brand品牌使用者决策brand-sponsor decision个别品牌individual brand分类品牌separate family brand多品牌multi—brand统一的个别品牌company/individual brand合作品牌co—branding 品牌设计brand designing品牌资产brand equity 品牌延伸brand extension内涵不变式延伸invariable meaning extension内涵渐变式延伸gradual changing meaning extension品牌管理brand management竞争导向定价competition-driven pricing折扣定价discount pricing地区定价region pricing差别定价discrimination pricing撇脂定价skim pricing 渗透定价penetration pricing 满意定价neutral pricing 尾数定价mantissa pricing 整数定价integer pricing 招徕定价fetch—in pricing 声望定价prestige pricing目标收益定价法target—return pricing认知价值定价法perceived-value pricing价值定价法value pricing通行价格定价法going-rate pricing分销渠道distribution channel 中间商intermediate 分销渠道设计distribution channel design实体分配physical distribution渠道冲突channel conflictcha15 促销策略促销promotion 促销策略promotion policies理性诉求rational appeals 情感诉求emotional appeals 道德诉求moral appeals大众传播媒体mass media 气氛atmosphere事件event 量力支出法affordable method销售额百分比法percentage-of-sales method竞争对等法competitive-parity method目标任务法objective-task method广告advertising 人员推销personal selling公共关系public relations 营业推广sales promotion 促销组合promotion mix推动策略push strategy 拉引策略pull strategy广告目标mission 告知性广告information advertising 劝告性广告persuasive advertising提示性广告reminder advertising整合营销传播integrated marketing communication服务service 服务核心产品core product服务附加产品supplement product服务的无形性intangibility of service服务体验属性experience attributes服务的信任度属性credence attributes服务的有形展示physical evidence关系营销relationship marketing体育营销sports marketing网络营销network marketing会展营销exhibition marketing文化营销cultural marketing。

中文题目如何应对广告效应英文题目How can we counter the advertising effectHow can we counter the advertising effect As long as there has been something to sell, there has bee n something to a dvertise. Advertising plays an enormously important role in our economy and culture, and it is important to recognize this. However, the extent and nature of advertising is c hanging dra matically. We nee d to understa nd the changing nature of advertising and make relative decisions, if anything should be done to counter it. This document is being published to spark a long overdue debate about an industry that in recent years has changed dramatically, and ask whether regulation needs to catch up.The central argument of this report is that this change d advertising environment should not happen by stealth. Instead, it should be discussed in the open and ultimately be up to society to decide what is advertised, when, where and how.This is not a new idea. The decision in principle to regulate the scope, content and process of advertising is well established. As a society we already recognize this. Because of its powers of persuasion and influence, governments have long since determined that it is in the public interest to legislate to restrict and limit advertising. From the earliest standards on accuracy, to bans on most advertisements for tobacco and now alcohol, from lines drawn in the sand about the advertising of medicines and watersheds for children’s TV, governments have always had to intervene on behalf of society. However, this regulation is now being outpaced by changing business practices and advertising techniques, which is why this report argues that it is time once again to decide when and how to intervene in the interests of people over profits. The report identifies seven areas of concern1.In a free society we should be able to decide when and where we are subjected toadvertising. If we as individuals decide to read a magazine or watch a commercial TV channel then we are accepting the adverts that come with them. However, when we walk outside our front door why should we be bombarded with brand images and slogans we never choose to see, on billboards, trains, the tube, bus shelters, buses and taxis, to name just a few? In toda y’s commercializ e d world we cannot opt out or c hoose to look the other way because nearly everywhere you look there is an advert. It is time to take back our streets, towns and cities as places to be citizens rather than just consumers. So the report calls for a ban on all advertising in public spaces, a limit to be placed on shop front marketing, a ban on buzz marketing (public viral marketing techniques that are contrived to look authentic) and continuing restrictions on product placement on television.2.The adve rtising industry increasingly uses children’s vul nerability t o itspersuasive powers to unlock their parents’ purse strings. This report shows, many of these adverts are aimed at securing an emotional rather a rational response and therefore cannot befiltered out through education alone. So the report calls for a ban on all television advertising to children under the age of 12. It also calls for an open de bate on a ba n on all alc ohol marke ting, recognising that teenage alcoholism can have a damaging effect on young people’s health. Ba nning a dvertising of a lc ohol c ould help re duce this. The government should follow the example now set by Spain, which outlaws ‘cult of the body’ adverts before the watershed; these are linked to the rise in anorexia and bulimia in young people.3.Third, the advertising industry is increasingly working online andcapturing the Internet by surveying and storing every click of information we make. This information is then used to target adverts directly at us. So the report calls for new regulations to limit the amount of information being gathered, stored and used without our expressed permission.4. Excessive advertising turns a never ending series of new needs into new wants, and crowds out the space for other visions of the good society, where time and relationships matter more than what we buy. Advertising encourages us to run ever faster on the treadmill of modern consumer life; in so doing it contributes to growing consumer debt, a number of social problems which this report discusses, and to the very real prospect of climate change beyond our ability to manage. So the report calls for a tax on all advertising that encourages greater consumption to limit its scope and slow the pace of growth for the good of society and the future of the planet.5. In recognition of the enormous creative skills in the industry and the potential to use their powers of persuasion for good social and environmental causes, and not just profit, the report calls for a time and resources levy to be placed on the advertising companies themselves, so that a small percentage of their workers’ time is used for constructive social purposes – not always for commercial interests. People could then be better persuaded to recycle, donate or volunteer.6. This report argues that the industry should be held to account for the adverts it creates. Companies are responsible for the products they make and we believe that advertising should be no exception. So we are calling for regulations to stipulate that advertising agencies have their name or logo on all the adverts the y are responsible for creating. Transparency is important; advertising agencies should be recognized for their contribution to good causes as well as held to account for any work deemed to be harmful.7. The bulk of advertising is still ‘regulated’ voluntarily through the Advertising Standards Authority. Given the importance of the industry and its reach and impact on so much of our lives, this is no longer acceptable. This report calls for the Advertising Sta ndards Authority to be put on a statutory basis, setting out criteria on what types of adverts are unacceptable.Here we outline seven ways to rebalance the scope of advertising and use the industry to better effect.1 Ban advertising in public spacesIn public spaces we must be free from excessive solicitation.Like many cities, until recently massive billboards and skyscraper-sized hoardingslined the streets of São Paulo in Brazil, but since 1 January 2007 advertising in public spaces in the city has been banned. In September 2006 the Mayor, Gilberto Kassab, submitted a bill to the São Paulo City Council that would completely change the urban environment, prohibiting practically all outdoor ads –which Kassab calls ‘visual pollution’ – in their present form.‘Lei Cidade Limpa’ –Clean City Laws –ban all forms of outdoor advertising, including ads on taxis and buses –even ads on shopfronts are restricted, their signs limited to 1.5 metres for every 10 metres of frontage. The admen fought a ferocious campaign to stop it happening, forecasting massive unemployment. But the law was approved by a vote of 45 to 1 on the city council in September 2006.As the world’s fourth-largest metrop olis and Brazil’s most important city, the changes in São Paulo, a city of 20 million people, are highly significant. The law was hailed by writer Roberto Pompeu de Toledo as ‘a rare victory of the public interest over private, of order over disorder, aesthetics over ugliness, of cleanliness over trash’.Since it was implemented nearly $8 million in fines have been issued against transgressors.Although legal challenges from businesses have left a handful of billboards standing, the city is now stripped of its 15,000 billboards, 1,600 signs and 1,300 metal advertising panels. And, amid all the controversy, Kassab has been re-elected. The city has provided tax incentives to help small businesses clean up some of the mess that showed up after the billboards were removed.The bill had its critics. Dalton Silvano, the only city councillor to vote against the laws and (perhaps not coincidentally) an advertising executive, was quoted as saying in the International Herald Tribune:‘Advertising is both an art form and,when you’re in your car, or alone on foot, a form of entertainment that helps relieve solitude and boredom.’ However,Augusto Moya, creative director of advertising agency DDB Brasil, claims the ban is forcing agencies to be more inventive: ‘People at all the agencies are thinking about how to develop outdoor media that does not interfere so much in the physical structure of the city.’ Moya takes an enlightened view of the law:As a citizen, I think that future generations will thank the current city admini stration for this ban…There’s still a lot to be done in terms of pollution –air pollution, river pollution, street pollution and so on.São Paulo is still one of the most polluted cities in the world. But I believe this law is the first step for a better future.This law has proved immensely successful and the measure is extremely popular with the city’s residents, with more than 70 per cent of residents approving. Indeed, they help enforce the law by calling a hotline to report anyone breaking it.São Paolo is not the only city with this sort of legislation. Bans on billboards exist in other parts of the world: Vermont, Maine, Hawaii and Alaska all prohibit them, as do some 1,500 towns in the USA. Buenos Aires is considering introducing similar legislation to that in São Paolo, and some European cities have sent delegations to Brazil to examine how the legislation works. In Europe, the Norwegian city Bergen has a ban on adverts and many others are imposing severe restrictions on billboards.The mayor of Moscow is about to introduce regulation to reduce their number and size. The municipal government of Beijing, China’s capital city, began reducing ads by targeting billboards for luxury housing. ‘Many [of the ads] use exaggerated terms that encourage luxury and self-indulgence which are beyond the reach of low-income groups and are therefore not conducive to harmony in the capital,’ the city’s mayor, Wang Qishan, told the Wall Street Journal.Restrictions on billboards could be implemented at a local level by councils; they could free our everyday environment from the pressure to consume and allow us to see aesthetically pleasing, previously obscured sections of our urban landscape.Of course there will be some empty spaces to fill on train and stations. People will want something to look at as they travel and wait. So why don’t we fill these public spaces with reproductions of great art, poetry and inspiring campaigns to encourage us to volunteer, do more to save the environment or help a neighbour? It is not a joyless, colourless world we want but one of real beauty, a feeling of real belonging and citizenship.A ban on adverts in public places should not just be limited to billboards. The definition of public places and what goes on in them needs to be extended if they are to be protected as truly public and if we are enjoy the freedom not to be targeted with commercial messages we never asked for, especially when they are conducted by stealth.This is why there should be restrictions on buzz marketing. Buzz marketing is one of the latest trends in advertising and is a deceptive way of encouraging us to buy something through ‘undercover; selling agents’. Paid-for actors or advocates pose as ordinary members of the public to encourage us to take their advice or become interested in their product. That way, instead of coming from a faceless and distrusted company, the marketing message emanates from the best endorser possible: your coolest ‘friend’. This practice is ethically questionable and needs to be reviewed. T he government should legislate to restrict such activity and render it more transparent for the consumer.Further, instead of relaxing the laws on product placement on television, as it is currently minded, the government should ensure that any programmes shown on free to air television have product placement scenes edited out. At the moment this proposal is out for consultation, with ITV in particular pushing for the ban to be lifted. It’s not surprising because it could make them £25 million a year from the ‘freedom’ to insert products in key places on screen. But that doesn’t make it right. The government is currently consulting on the issue and there has already been a backlash from religious leaders and child psychologists against lifting the ban. Arguments against further encroachment of commercial interests are related not just to the social and psychological effects of allowing product placements on television but to the way in which they cheapen the experience of watching a film or a programme. When it become so obvious, we know that the entertainment is really just a backdrop to sell us more. And where will it end? Rory Sutherland from the Ogilvy agency remarks that in the recent film The Invention of Lying a bus drives past carrying the slogan ‘Peps i: for when you can’t get Coke’. Will advertisers start placing rival products in places onscreens with unattractive characters that are likely to harm their brand?‘Adverts are designed and placed to make them impossible to ignore. Their extent and size now means they cannot be shut out’Of course the advertising industry and its lobbyists will say that people should have the‘freedom’ to experience such adverts and that they can choose to ignore them. The major problem with this argument is that the adverts are designed and placed to make them impossible to ignore. Their extent and size now means they cannot be shut out. We believe the greater freedom lies in the ability to choose when we are being solicited to. We should choose as individuals what we want to consume and not have the decision made for us, without our consent.Some will argue that advertising is just about providing consumer information. But this long ceased to be the main driver of modern advertising. Billboard adverts are about association and emotion not empirical facts. The emphasis is on brand not performance.The next argument, as was tried in São Paolo, is that there will be job losses. Well it won’t be good for outdoor advertising industries like Maiden but they employ few people. What is likely to happen is that advertising investment will be switched to areas that are legal, that don’t violate our environment and that we can consciously choose to look at, like television, newspapers and magazines. It is highly unlikely that advertising budgets in total will be cut.Finally, it will be argued that local authorities and public transport organisations need the revenues from advertising to pay for services. But these revenues are only very small compared with total expenditure and by ending the commercialization of these spaces they would help recreate a sense of public spiritedness that would have many other social and economic benefits, such as a boost to tourism. In particular schools should be free from corporate sponsorship. Up until now schemes like Cadbury’s chocolate for sports goods have been backed by ministers despite the fact that a child would have to work out for 90 hours to lose the calories necessary to earn their school one ball.Public bodies like London Transport and Network Rail should be the first to ban adverts on the properties and land they own. Such bans could become a requirement of winning and keeping government contracts for the franchised rail and bus companies. The government at local and national level should start by banning adverts in public services and eventually extend such restrictions to all public places, as São Paolo has done.2 Control advertising on the InternetOne expanding area of the public realm is the Internet; this is one of the key new commons and should be defended from damaging forms of commercialisation. The area of greatest concern in relation to advertising on the net is the way information about what we look at is stored and used. People think Google is a free search engine but in reality its business model is based on selling adverts for private companies. At the moment this is still based on highlighting commercial companies in search responses and companies pay to be near the top.Increasingly, though, Google is moving into‘behavioural advertising’. That meansit provides information about potential customers so that adverts can be personalised and targeted, and therefore are more likely to achieve a sale. Google creates a profile for all its users, registered or not, and remembers what they looked for and stores the information. This information is then in effect sold to the right companies who are more likely to sell goods and services that chime with our interests and concerns. If you search for information on gardening and watch YouTube videos on gardening don’t be surprised to receive more adverts for spades and seeds.This might sound innocent enough, but the issue is one of freedom and choice; we have never been consulted on whether or not we wanted these companies to collect and store information about us. People in many cases are not even aware that this is happening – let alone included in the decision to allow it.The Office of Fair Trading (OFT), the competition watchdog, is already scrutinising behavioural targeted advertising because much of it is feared to be misleading. The OFT is worried about the means of data collection and its use, and the European Union is also looking at this expanding practice. The technology is developing fast and weighing in too quickly with a regulatory response, which may come up with the wrong answer. We would like to see a full Ofcom review of advertising on the Internet, to include how information is gathered, stored and used, and to balance commercial interest with public interest and civil liberties.Google defends its unauthorised data collection on the basis that it makes for better targeted adverts– you get a better service because you are more likely to get the adverts you want to see. This not only ignores the point but also fails to recognise that there is little cost incentive on the Internet not to advertise to blanket audiences because transmission costs are so low. The second line of argument is that ‘free content’ on the web has to be paid for, so why not put up with a few adverts? But this only tells us that the content is not ‘free’. Both of these arguments fail to appreciate the principal point that none of these developments have taken place with the necessary public debate. There needs now to be a discussion about what is publicly acceptable and what needs to be regulated further.3 End the commercialisation of childhoodChildren, whose minds aren’t yet ready to know they are being sold something, should be protected from adverts and commercial messages.Most children under the age of 12 cannot tell when they are being solicited; advertising encourages dissatisfaction, and encourages children to pester the life out of their parents every time they go to the shops. The purpose of advertising aimed at young children is to use them to influence how a proportion of parents’ income is spent. Although the government promises action nothing has yet been done, and it is time to end to the commercialisation of children.Children should be protected from powerful advertising machines designed to make them unhappy, and we are not the only ones who think so: in Sweden this legislation is a reality.When children in Sweden watch the Pokemon cartoon series, at the end of each show they don’t hear the jingle that you hear everywhere else in the world: ‘Gotta catch ’em all.’ Sweden’s consumer ombudsman deemed this stealth advertising,ruling that the tune is a surreptitious plug for Pokemon playing cards.Stockholm has prohibited all TV advertising aimed at children under the age of 12 since 1991.Other places have similar, if less radical, regulation.Greece doesn’t permit stations to run commercials for toy guns, tanks or other instruments of war, and bans ads for all other toys between 7am and 10pm. In the UK at present guidelines forbid advertising alcohol or potentially harmful products to young people. The UK also stipulates that adverts should not mislead children about the size of products or what they can do –for instance by showing a toy car accompanied by the sound of a real engine. This is important but not enough. Maria Gasste, who heads the unit on children’s television in the media division of the Swedish culture ministry, argues that ‘commercial pressure on children is increasing’. This advertising creates an illusion. Like all illusions, when children finally get the product or use the service there is very likely to be a level of disillusionment because the goods and services are not going to live up to what is being presented in the advertisement. This whole process can make children feel inferior and reduce their self-esteem.A change in regulation for advertising targeted at children could have positive effects in terms of children’s general well-being and mental health. In the USA it is currently being argued by a team at the National Bureau of Economic Research that banning fast-food advertising on television in the USA could reduce the number of overweight children by as much as 18 per cent.Such provisions could be introduced at a national level; they would ensure our children were protected from commercial pressures. It is our responsibility to protect vulnerable and more susceptible groups from the pervasive influence of advertising, as children have almost no voice in our society.In addition, following the move by the British Medical Association (BMA), we call on the government to ban all advertising, promotion and sponsorship relating to alcohol because of the effect it has on young children. Between 1992 and 2006 household expenditure on drink grew by 832 per cent. The young are awash with messages about drinking alcohol and about the increase in binge drinking and anti-social behaviour brought on by alcohol.The advertising industry and companies that sell to children would fight such a ban as they try to protect their self-interest against the public interest. In particular they would argue that the development of the Internet makes it virtually impossible to impose such a ban or that television stations are often beamed in from abroad. Of course a total ban would be difficult to enforce in a digital, Internet age. But much of the advertising to children on television could easily be covered. And just as important as the practicality of enforcing the law is the moral message we send out –about what is acceptable and unacceptable in society today.4 Tax advertisingThe polluter should pay –in this case the advertising industry is helping to pollute the planet through the unnecessary creation of wasteful consumer desires.The polluter should pay – in this case the advertising industry is helping to pollute the planet through the unnecessary creation of wasteful consumer desires. to go aheadwith the economic activity, they represent a form of market failure.The social and environmental cost of advertising must now be seen as external to the market. To resolve this externality there are a number of potential solutions: you could simply ban or limit the activity through a cap on the amount of advertising allowed. However this would be difficult to measure and could be costly to enforce. Instead the most effective way of managing an externality is to internalise it with a tax.‘The advertising industry can no longer hide from the consequences of its actions, just as society cannot hide from the social ills it faces and no one can hide from climate change driven by over consumption’The tax could be levied on companies spending over £10,000 a year on advertising. This would ensure simplicity and cost effectiveness in administration and give small, independent or locally based businesses an advantage over their much larger and more powerful competitors. This tax would raise revenue but its main purpose would be to disincentivise advertising and social and sustainability problems it causes. Like all taxes, if applied equally to all, it should have no competitive effect on the markets that do advertise.Total advertising spending in the UK in 2008 was £19.4 billion. If we assume that 70 per cent of this is advertising by companies who spend over £10,000 per year on advertising, a 10 per cent tax levied on these companies could raise £1.3 billion per year in additional revenues. This additional revenue could be hypothecated towards schemes that regenerate local communities, particularly toward environmentally friendly infrastructure and democratic community engagement – the spaces in which we are citizens first and consumers second. One popular extension of the tax would be to junk mail companies – not just to offset the damage they cause to the environment but to dissuade the industry from clogging up our letter boxes still further and adding to the cost of refuse collection and recycling. There could be a special ‘junk mail tax’ of 20 per cent of the cost of each piece of mail to try and make such marketing less cost effective.The tax could be levied on companies spending over £10,000 a year on advertising. This would ensure simplicity and cost effectiveness in administration and give small, independent or locally based businesses an advantage over their much larger and more powerful competitors. This tax would raise revenue but its main purpose would be to disincentivise advertising and social and sustainability problems it causes. Like all taxes, if applied equally to all, it should have no competitive effect on the markets that do advertise. Total advertising spending in the UK in 2008 was £19.4 billion.33 If we assume that 70 per cent of this is advertising by companies who spend over £10,000 per year on advertising, a 10 per cent tax levied on these companies could raise £1.3 billion per year in additional revenues. This additional revenue could be hypothecated towards schemes that regenerate local communities, particularly toward environmentally friendly infrastructure and democratic community engagement – the spaces in which we are citizens first and consumers second. One popular extension of the tax would be to junk mail companies – not just to offset the damage they cause to the environment but to dissuade the industry fromclogging up our letter boxes still further and adding to the cost of refuse collection and recycling. There could be a special ‘junk mail tax’ of 20 per cent of the cost of each piece of mail to try and make such marketing less cost effective.5 Introduce a time and resources levyThe most persuasive minds in the land should be used occasionally for constructive social and public purposes, not just for commercial interests.Some of the most creative minds in the country are used to get us to buy things we never knew we wanted, let alone needed, until their clever adverts got into our minds. But as we face the crises of sustainability, inequality and democracy in particular we need those minds to help us change our behaviour; to volunteer, give, downsize, vote, pay taxes or recycle – all the things and more that a functioning society requires. But such causes and issues don’t have the resources to pay for such clever minds.Given that the advertising tax detailed above would be paid by producers of goods and services and not the advertising companies themselves, we think it is reasonable to ask the industry itself to make a contribution to society by having a stipulated minimum requirement to help sell good causes that couldn’t otherwise afford their help.We suggest that 5 per cent of advertising industries’ staff time should be deployed to encourage us to do the right thing rather than just buy the next thing. There would be no need to prescribe what good causes the agencies would work on, the staff and companies could pick for themselves. Then it would be easy to regulate and engender greater commitment for the work carried out. But the list of good causes the company worked for would be published and publicised each year and we are sure their clients would not pick advertising agencies that had not worked for the right people.On this measure too the industry is likely to complain loudly about being singled out for special treatment. But they are a special case, they are part of the motor that keeps us consuming more and more at a greater and greater social and environmental cost. What’s more they have special and rare skills that are needed for more than just commercial gain. They may not like such a levy on their time – but it could have some interesting effects. It could make the industry a more attractive place to work and keep staff turnover costs down. And exposure to more NGOs and charities might be good for business and would certainly create new insights and experiences that could be transferred back to the commercial market.6 Put the agencies’ mark on their workWe believe that advertising companies should be more responsible for the adverts they create. If they successfully promote good ethical products and services then they should be praised. If they encourage us to buy gas guzzling cars or to consume excessively then people should know whose brain child the adverts were. So we are calling for all adverts in all media to carry the name or recognised symbol of the company that created them. If they are not proud of their work and don’t want to be held to account for it, then they shouldn’t make the adverts in the first place.7 Introduce statutory regulation of the advertising industryFinally, despite the growth, complexity, influence and reach of the industry the bulk of advertising is still ‘regulated’ voluntarily through the company-controlled。

物流管理 logistics management客户服务 customer service物资搬运 material handling零配件和服务支持 parts and service support工厂及仓库选址 factory and warehouse site selection 存货管理 inventory management订单处理 order processing需求预测 demand forecasting退货处理 return goods handling逆向物流 reverse logistics产出点 point of origin消费点 point of consumption物流成本 logistics cost销售损失 lost sales退货处理成本 cost of return goods handling潜在的销售 potential sales运输成本 transportation cost进货渠道 inbound channel出货渠道 outbound channel订单处理成本 order processing cost需求预测 deman forecast销售沟通 distribution communications电子数据交换系统 electronic data interchange (EDI) 卫星数据传输 satellite data transmission条码 bar coding内部成本 internal cost外部成本 external cost订单传输 order transmittal订单输入 order entry批量成本 lot quantity cost缺货 stock-out库存成本 inventory carrying/ holding cost 资金成本 capital cost仓储空间成本 storage space cost风险成本 risk cost供应链 supply chain供应链管理 supply chain management核心能力 core competency人力资源 human resources供应链整合 supply chain integration 物资采购 material procurement最终用户 end customer货物流 product flow信息流 information flow上游供应商 upstream supplier下游供应商 downstream firm供应链战略 supply chain strategy多供应商 many suppliers strategy少数供应商战略 few suppliers strategy 纵向整合战略 vertical integration日式企业联合 keiretsu networks虚拟企业 virtual company前向整合 forward integration后向整合 backward integration规模经济 economy of scale成本降低 cost reduction产品移动 product movement在途库存 in-transit inventory有害物质 hazardous material远洋运输 Ocean going ships价格优势 price advantage门到门 d o o r-to-d o o r有效利用能源 energy-efficient灵活性和通用性 flexibility and versatility 建筑材料 building materials跨西伯利亚铁路 he Trans Siberian railway多式联运 multi-modal transport空箱 empty container拼箱 groupage container公铁运输 road-rail transportLASH: lighter abroad ship 子母船CFS: container freight station 集装箱货运站FCL: full container load 集装箱整箱货物LCL: less than c ontainer load 拼箱装TEU：twenty-foot equivalent units 标准箱工业中心 industrial center装货地 place of loading系统化运输 systematic transfe长距离运输 long distance movement资金周转 cash flow运输成本 transport cost现场仓库 field warehouse中间商 intermediary-consumer/user网络结构 network structure运输设施 transport vestment延期交货订单 back-orders分拨渠道 distribution channel库存周转 inventory turnover库存管理 inventory management存置成本 holding cost生产时间进度安排 production schedule按程序工作 work in process库存单位 stock keeping units前置期 lead time搬运成本 carrying cos t容量计划 capacity planning撤回 withdraw分类 assortment竞争武器 competitive weapon库存水平 inventory levels潜在的问题 potential problem物流活动 logistics activities最终顾客 ultimate customer信息技术 information technologies物流信息系统logistic information s ystem 实时销售信息real-time sales data决策相关信息 decision-relevant information 决策支持系统 decision support systems 长期预测 long-term forecast库存控制 inventory controllogistics information system通信标准 communication standard人工参与 human intervention采购订单 purchase orders贸易伙伴 trading partners数字网络 digital networks操作系统 operating systems资本投资 capital investment电子扫描 electronic scanning最终用户和销售伙伴end-use customers and reseller p artners. 替代程序 alternative program客户服务 customers service产品和价格信息 products and price information网上销售 on-line sales运营成本 operating cost前置期 lead time软件下载 download software复印成本 duplicate costs技术支持 technical support订单递交 order submission仓储操作 warehousing operation基本布局 basic layout按订单分拣 order pick储存区 storage area大批量运输 large quantity shipments办公管理 clerical/office administration装运检验 shipment content checking升降货车 lift truck运送路线 delivery route标识 marking产品编号 product number仓库管理系统 warehouse management system 订单要求 order requirement运输目的地 shipping destination 运输工具 transportation facilities 搬运信息 handling information 仓储设施 warehouse facility公共仓库 public warehousing自用仓库 private warehousing广告成本 advertising cost首笔投资 initial investment客户服务 customer service服务水平 service level竞争动力 competitive drive制造商 manufacturer经销商 distributor温控仓库 temperature-controlled warehouse进口税 imported duty罐装储存 tank storage易腐物品 perishable products农产品 agricultural products大宗散装存储产品 bulk storage products普通商品仓库 general commodity warehouse冷藏仓库 refrigerated warehouse特种商品仓库 special commodity warehouse保税仓库 bonded warehouse物资操作系统 materials handling system机械化操作系统 mechanized materials handling system 自动化操作系统 automated materials handling system信息导向操作系统 information-directed materials handling system 存储和订单处理设备storage and order picking equipment运输和分类设备 transportation and sorting equipment出货设备 shipping equipment自动导向车辆系统 automated guided vehicle systems(AGVS)计算机分类 computerized sortation活动货架 live rack高层自动化存取系统high-rise storage and retrieval systems射频波控制设备RF-controlled equipment光导向操作 light-directed operations订货拣选系统 order selection system。

常用国际贸易术语200个Advertising campaign（广告活动）Advertising（广告）After-sales service（售后服务）Agent（代理商）Anti-dumping duty（反倾销税）Anti-dumping measures（反倾销措施）Arbitration（仲裁）B2B (Business-to-Business)（企业对企业）B2C (Business-to-Consumer)（企业对消费者）Balance of payments（国际收支平衡）Balance of trade（贸易差额）Bilateral trade（双边贸易）Bill discounting（票据贴现）Bill of lading（提单）Brand management（品牌管理）Branding（品牌建设）Business license（营业执照）Business negotiation（商务谈判）Business networking（商务社交）Certificate of compliance（合规证书）Certificate of conformity（合格证书）Certificate of inspection（检验证书）Certificate of origin（原产地证书）CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight)（成本、保险和运费）Command economy（计划经济）Commercial invoice（商业发票）Common market（共同市场）Competitive analysis（竞争分析）Competitive intelligence（竞争情报）Contract negotiation（合同谈判）Copyright（版权）Counterfeit goods（假冒商品）Countervailing duties（反补贴税）Cross-border trade（跨境贸易）Currency appreciation（货币升值）Currency devaluation（货币贬值）Currency fluctuation（货币波动）Customer relationship management (CRM)（客户关系管理）Customer retention（客户保留）Customer satisfaction（客户满意度）Customs broker（报关行）Customs clearance（海关清关）Customs clearance（清关）Customs duty（关税）Customs union（关税同盟）Customs（海关）DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)（货到付款）Demand forecasting（需求预测）Direct investment（直接投资）Distribution channel management（渠道管理）Distribution channel（分销渠道）Distribution strategy（分销策略）Distribution（配送）Distributor（经销商）Documentary collection（跟单托收）Dumping investigation（倾销调查）Dumping margin calculation（倾销幅度计算）Dumping margin（倾销幅度）Dumping（倾销）E-commerce（电子商务）Economic sanctions（经济制裁）Ex works（工厂交货）Exchange rate fluctuations（汇率波动）Exhibition booth（展位）Export controls（出口管制）Export credit agency（出口信用机构）Export credit（出口信贷）Export documentation（出口文件）Export duty（出口关税）Export license（出口许可证）Export promotion（出口促进）Export quota（出口配额）Export regulations（出口法规）Export subsidy scheme（出口补贴计划）Export subsidy（出口补贴）Export（出口）Export-oriented production（出口导向型生产）EXW (Ex Works)（工厂交货）FCL (Full Container Load)（整柜）FOB (Free On Board)（离岸价）Foreign exchange market（外汇市场）Foreign exchange rate（汇率）Foreign exchange rate（外汇汇率）Franchising（特许经营）Free trade agreement（自由贸易协定）Free trade zone（自由贸易区）Free trade（自由贸易）Freight forwarding（货运代理）GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)（关税和贸易总协定）GSP (Generalized System of Preferences)（普惠制）Hedging（套期保值）Import documentation（进口文件）Import duty rate（进口关税税率）Import duty（进口关税）Import license（进口许可证）Import quota system（进口配额制度）Import quota（进口配额）Import regulations（进口法规）Import restrictions（进口限制）Import substitution（进口替代）Import（进口）Incoterms（国际贸易术语解释）Indirect export（间接出口）Insurance policy（保险单）Intellectual property infringement（知识产权侵权）Intellectual property rights protection（知识产权保护）Intellectual property rights（知识产权）International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)（国际商会）International payment（国际支付）International standards（国际标准）International trade fair（国际贸易博览会）International trade finance（国际贸易融资）International trade（国际贸易）Inventory management（库存管理）Joint venture（合资企业）LCL (Less than Container Load)（散货）Letter of credit（信用证）Letter of intent（意向书）Licensing（许可）Logistics（物流）Manufacturer（制造商）Market access（市场准入）Market analysis（市场分析）Market demand（市场需求）Market economy（市场经济）Market entry barrier（市场准入壁垒）Market entry barriers（市场准入壁垒）Market entry mode（市场进入方式）Market entry strategy（市场进入策略）Market expansion（市场扩张）Market expansion（市场拓展）Market growth（市场增长）Market opportunity（市场机会）Market penetration（市场渗透）Market positioning（市场定位）Market research report（市场研究报告）Market research（市场调研）Market research（市场研究）Market saturation（市场饱和）Market segmentation（市场细分）Market share analysis（市场份额分析）Market share（市场份额）Market trend analysis（市场趋势分析）Market trend（市场趋势）Marketing campaign（营销活动）Marketing mix（市场营销组合）Marketing strategy（营销策略）Mediation（调解）Memorandum of understanding (MOU)（谅解备忘录）MFN (Most Favored Nation) status（最惠国待遇）Mixed economy（混合经济）Multilateral trade（多边贸易）Non-disclosure agreement (NDA)（保密协议）Non-tariff barriers（非关税壁垒）Online marketing（网络营销）Online marketplace（在线市场）Open account（开放账户）Order fulfillment（订单履行）Packing list（装箱单）Patent（专利）Payment terms（支付条款）Preferential trade agreement（优惠贸易协定）Preferential trade（优惠贸易）Price negotiation（价格谈判）Pricing strategy（定价策略）Product development（产品开发）Product differentiation（产品差异化）Product positioning（产品定位）Product quality control（产品质量控制）Product recall（产品召回）Proforma invoice（形式发票）Promotion（推广）Public relations（公关）Purchase order（采购订单）Quality control（质量控制）Quota（配额）Retailer（零售商）Risk management（风险管理）Royalties（版税）Rules of origin（原产地规则）Safeguard measures（保障措施）Sales contract（销售合同）Sales forecast（销售预测）Sales promotion（促销）Social media marketing（社交媒体营销）Strategic alliance（战略联盟）Subsidy investigation（补贴调查）Subsidy（补贴）Supplier（供应商）Supply chain management（供应链管理）Supply chain optimization（供应链优化）Supply chain（供应链）Tariff（关税）Tariffication（关税化）Trade agreement（贸易协定）Trade association（行业协会）Trade barrier（贸易壁垒）Trade barriers（贸易壁垒）Trade credit insurance（贸易信用保险）Trade credit（贸易信用）Trade deficit（贸易逆差）Trade dispute resolution（贸易争端解决）Trade dispute settlement（贸易争端解决）Trade dispute（贸易争端）Trade embargo（贸易禁运）Trade facilitation agreement（贸易便利化协定）Trade facilitation measures（贸易便利化措施）Trade facilitation（贸易便利化）Trade finance agreement（贸易融资协议）Trade finance facility（贸易融资工具）Trade finance instruments（贸易融资工具）Trade finance options（贸易融资选择）Trade finance（贸易融资）Trade financing options（贸易融资选择）Trade imbalance（贸易失衡）Trade in goods（货物贸易）Trade in services（服务贸易）Trade insurance（贸易保险）Trade liberalization（贸易自由化）Trade mission（贸易代表团）Trade negotiations（贸易谈判）Trade policy（贸易政策）Trade promotion activities（贸易促进活动）Trade promotion organizations（贸易促进组织）Trade promotion（贸易促进）Trade protectionism（贸易保护主义）Trade remedies（贸易救济措施）Trade restrictions（贸易限制）Trade secrets（商业机密）Trade show participation（参展）Trade show（贸易展览会）Trade surplus（贸易顺差）Trade（贸易）Trademark（商标）Trade-related investment measures（与贸易有关的投资措施）Trading bloc（贸易集团）TRIPS Agreement(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)（与贸易有关的知识产权协议）Warehousing（仓储）Wholesaler（批发商）World Trade Organization (WTO)（世界贸易组织）WTO rules（世界贸易组织规则）。

人力资源操作名词专有名词——中英对照人力资源操作名词&专有名词Management Process人力资源操作名词一、人力资源管理：（Human Resource Management ，HRM）人力资源经理：（human resource manager）高级管理人员：（executive）/ i`gzekjutiv职业：（profession）道德标准：（ethics）操作工：（operative employees）专家：（specialist）人力资源认证协会：（the Human Resource Certification Institute，HRCI）二、外部环境：（external environment）内部环境：（internal environment）政策：（policy）企业文化：（corporate culture）目标：（mission）股东：（shareholders）非正式组织：（informal organization）跨国公司：（multinational corporation，MNC）管理多样性：（managing diversity）三、工作：（job）职位：（posting）工作分析：（job analysis）工作说明：（job description）工作规范：（job specification）工作分析计划表：（job analysis schedule，JAS）职位分析问卷调查法：（Management Position DescriptionQuestionnaire，MPDQ）行政秘书：（executive secretary）地区服务经理助理：（assistant district service manager）四、人力资源计划：（Human Resource Planning，HRP）战略规划：（strategic planning）长期趋势：（long term trend）要求预测：（requirement forecast）供给预测：（availability forecast）管理人力储备：（management inventory）裁减：（downsizing）人力资源信息系统：（Human Resource Information System，HRIS）五、招聘：（recruitment）员工申请表：（employee requisition）招聘方法：（recruitment methods）内部提升：（Promotion From Within ，PFW）工作公告：（job posting）广告：（advertising）职业介绍所：（employment agency）特殊事件：（special events）实习：（internship）六、选择：（selection）选择率：（selection rate）简历：（resume）标准化：（standardization）有效性：（validity）客观性：（objectivity）规范：（norm）录用分数线：（cutoff score）准确度：（aiming）业务知识测试：（job knowledge tests）求职面试：（employment interview）非结构化面试：（unstructured interview）结构化面试：（structured interview）小组面试：（group interview）职业兴趣测试：（vocational interest tests）会议型面试：（board interview）七、组织变化与人力资源开发人力资源开发：（Human Resource Development，HRD）培训：（training）开发：（development）定位：（orientation）训练：（coaching）辅导：（mentoring）经营管理策略：（business games）案例研究：（case study）会议方法：（conference method）角色扮演：（role playing）工作轮换：（job rotating）在职培训：（on-the-job training ，OJT）媒介：（media）八、企业文化与组织发展企业文化：（corporate culture）组织发展：（organization development，OD）调查反馈：（survey feedback）质量圈：（quality circles）目标管理：（management by objective，MBO）全面质量管理：（T otal Quality Management，TQM）团队建设：（team building）九、职业计划与发展职业：（career）职业计划：（career planning）职业道路：（career path）职业发展：（career development）自我评价：（self-assessment）职业动机：（career anchors）十、绩效评价绩效评价：（Performance Appraisal，PA）小组评价：（group appraisal）业绩评定表：（rating scales method）关键事件法：（critical incident method）排列法：（ranking method）平行比较法：（paired comparison）硬性分布法：（forced distribution method）晕圈错误：（halo error）宽松：（leniency）严格：（strictness）3600反馈：（360-degree feedback）叙述法：（essay method）集中趋势：（central tendency）十一、报酬与福利报酬：（compensation）直接经济报酬：（direct financial compensation）间接经济报酬：（indirect financial compensation）非经济报酬：（no financial compensation）公平：（equity）外部公平：（external equity）内部公平：（internal equity）员工公平：（employee equity）小组公平：（team equity）工资水平领先者：（pay leaders）现行工资率：（going rate）工资水平居后者：（pay followers）劳动力市场：（labor market）工作评价：（job evaluation）排列法：（ranking method）分类法：（classification method）因素比较法：（factor comparison method）评分法：（point method）海氏指示图表个人能力分析法：（Hay Guide Chart-profile Method）工作定价：（job pricing）工资等级：（pay grade）工资曲线：（wage curve）工资幅度：（pay range）十二、福利和其它报酬问题福利（间接经济补偿）员工股权计划：（employee stock ownership plan，ESOP）值班津贴：（shift differential）奖金：（incentive compensation）分红制：（profit sharing）十三、安全与健康的工作环境安全：（safety）健康：（health）频率：（frequency rate）紧张：（stress）角色冲突：（role conflict）催眠法：（hypnosis）酗酒：（alcoholism）十四、员工和劳动关系工会：（union）地方工会：（local union）行业工会：（craft union）产业工会：（industrial union）全国工会：（national union）谈判组：（bargaining union）劳资谈判：（collective bargaining）仲裁：（arbitration）罢工：（strike）内部员工关系：（internal employee relations）纪律：（discipline）纪律处分：（disciplinary action）申诉：（grievance）降职：（demotion）调动：（transfer）晋升：（promotion）人力资源专有名词Action learning：行动学习Alternation ranking method：交替排序法Annual bonus：年终分红Application forms：工作申请表Appraisal interview：评价面试Aptitudes：资质Arbitration：仲裁Attendance incentive plan：参与式激励计划Authority：职权Behavior modeling：行为模拟Behaviorally anchored rating scale （bars）：行为锚定等级评价法Benchmark job：基准职位Benefits：福利Bias：个人偏见Boycott：联合抵制Bumping/layoff procedures：工作替换/临时解雇程序Burnout：耗竭Candidate-order error：候选人次序错误Capital accumulation program：资本积累方案Career anchors：职业锚Career cycle：职业周期Career planning and development：职业规划与职业发展Case study method：案例研究方法Central tendency：居中趋势Citations：传讯Civil Rights Act：民权法Classes：类Classification （or grading）method：归类（或分级）法Collective bargaining：集体谈判Comparable worth：可比价值Compensable factor：报酬因素Computerized forecast：计算机化预测Content validity：内容效度Criterion validity：效标效度Critical incident method：关键事件法Davis-Bacon Act （DBA）：戴维斯―佩根法案Day-to-day-collective bargaining：日常集体谈判Decline stage：下降阶段Deferred profit-sharing plan：延期利润分享计划Defined benefit：固定福利Defined contribution：固定缴款Department of Labor job analysis：劳工部工作分析法Discipline：纪律Dismissal：解雇；开除Downsizing：精简Early retirement window：提前退休窗口Economic strike：经济罢工Edgar Schein：艾德加·施恩Employee compensation：职员报酬Employee orientation：雇员上岗引导Employee Retirement Income Security Act （ERISA）：雇员退休收入保障法案Employee services benefits：雇员服务福Employee stock ownership plan （ESOP）：雇员持股计划Equal Pay Act：公平工资法Establishment stage：确立阶段Exit interviews：离职面谈Expatriate 外派雇员Expectancy chart：期望图表Expectancy Theory 期望理论Expectation 期望值Expected Salary 期望薪水Experimental Method 实验法Experimental Research 试验调查Experimentation：实验Expert systems 专家系统Expiry of Employment 雇用期满Exploit of HR 人力资源开发Exploration stage：探索阶段exterior communication divisionexterior communication division 外联处exterior documents 外来文件External analysis 外部分析External Costs 外部成本External Employment 外部招聘external environment 外部环境external equity 外部公平External growth strategy 外边成长战略External labor market 外部劳动力市场External Labor Supply 外部劳力供应External Recruiting Sources 外部招聘来源External Recruitment Environment 外部招聘环境Extra Work 加班Extrinsic Rewards 外部奖励Face Validity 表面效度facility division 设备处Fact-finder：调查factor comparison method 因素比较法Fair day's work：公平日工作Fair Labor Standards Act 公平劳动标准法案Fair Labor Standards Act：公平劳动标准法案Family and Medical Leave Act 家庭和医疗假期条例Family Leave 探亲假feedback 反馈field of production 生产现场field standard 现场标准finalize the design 定型financial department 财务部financial deputy president 财务副总裁finished goods 产成品First Impression Effect 初次印象效应Five-Day Workweek 每周五天工作制Fixed Term Appointment 固定期聘用Fixed Term Contract 固定任期合同Fixed Term Staff 固定期合同工FJA 功能性工作分析法FJA 职能工作分析Flat Organizational Structure 扁平化组织结构Flex Place 弹性工作地点Flex place：弹性工作地点Flex Plan 弹性工作计划flex time 弹性工作时间Flexible benefits plans 灵活的福利计划Flexible Benefits Program 弹性福利计划Flexible benefits programs：弹性福利计划Flextime 灵活的时间Flextime：弹性工作时间forced distribution method 硬性分布法Forced Distribution Method 强制分配法Forced distribution method：强制分布法Forced-Choice Method 强迫性选择法Forecasting 预测Formal education programs 正规教育计划Formal Organization 正式组织Four-day workweek：每周4天工作制Frame of reference 参照系Frederick Taylor：弗雷德里克·泰罗frequency rate 频率Front-Line Manager 基层管理人员fulfilling formalities 办理手续Full-Time 全职Function 职能Function of HRM 人力资源管理职能Functional Conflict Theory 冲突功能理论Functional control：职能控制Functional Department 职能部门Functional Job Analysis 功能性工作分析法Functional job analysis，FJA 职能工作分析Functional job analysis：功能性工作分析法Fundamental Attribution Error 基本归因误差Funeral Leave 丧假Gain sharing plans 收益分享计划Gang Boss 领班Gang Boss 小组长GA TB 普通能力倾向成套测验General Aptitude T est Battery 普通能力倾向成套测验General economic conditions：一般经济状况General Union 总工会Given Role Playing 角色定位演示法Glass Ceiling 玻璃天花板Globalization 全球化Goal Conflict 目标冲突Goals 目标Goals and timetables 目标和时间表going rate 现行工资率GOJA 指导性工作分析Golden Handshake 黄金握别Golden offerings：高龄给付Golden Parachute 黄金降落伞Good faith bargaining：真诚的谈判goods demand plan 要货计划government agents 政府人员Grade description：等级说明书Grades：等级grading method 分级法Graphic Design Division 平面设计处Graphic Rating Scale 图尺度评价法Graphic rating scale：图尺度评价法Graphic rating-scale method 图式评估法Grid training：方格训练Grievance Mediation 抱怨调解Grievance Procedure 抱怨程序Grievance procedure：抱怨程序grievance 申诉Gross Pay 工资总额group appraisal 小组评价Group Bonus 团体奖金Group Cohesiveness 群体凝集力Group Congeniality 群体凝集力Group Incentive Plan 团队激励计划group interview 小组面试Group Life Insurance 团体人寿保险Group life insurance：团体人寿保险Group pension plan：团体退休金计划Group mentoring program 群体指导计划Group Pension Plan 团体退休金计划Group Piece Work 集体计件制Group-building methods 团队建设法Growth stage：成长阶段Guarantee corporation：担保公司Guaranteed Employment Offer 雇用信Guaranteed fair treatment：有保证的公平对待Guaranteed piecework plan：有保障的计件工资制Gain sharing：收益分享guidelines and policies 方针政策Guidelines Oriented Job Analysis 指导性工作分析Handwriting Analysis 笔迹分析法Headhunting 猎头health 健康Health Insurance 健康保险Health Maintenance Organization 健康维护组织Health maintenance organization （HMO）：健康维持组织Hierarchy of Needs Theory 需要层次理论High Performance Organization 高绩效组织High-leverage training 高层次培训High-Performance Work System 高绩效工作系统HMO 健康维护组织Holiday Pay 假日薪水holiday rotation 节假日轮流值班Home Leave 探亲假Horizontal Career Path 横向职业途径Hourly work 计时工资制Housing Allowance 住房补贴housing fund 住房公积金HR Generalist 人力资源通才HR Information System 人力资源信息系统HR Manager 人力资源经理HR Officer 人力资源主任HR Policy 人力资源政策HRCI 人力资源认证协会HRD 人力资源开发HRD Appraisal 人力资源开发评价HRD Intermediary 人力资源开发媒介HRD Process 人力资源开发过程HRIS 人力资源信息系统HRM 人力资源管理HRP 人力资源计划Human capital 人力资本Human Relations Movement 人际关系运动Human Resource Certification Institute 人力资源认证机构Human Resource Development 人力资源开发Human Resource Information System 人力资源信息系统human resource manager 人力资源经理Human Resource Planning 人力资源计划human resources department 人力资源部Hygiene Factor 保健因素Hypnosis 催眠Illegal bargaining：非法谈判项目Ill-Health Retirement 病退Impasse：僵持Implied authority：隐含职权implement of the training 培训实施incentive compensation 奖金Incentive Plan 激励计划Incentive plan：激励计划incentive system 奖金制Incentive-Suggestion System 奖励建议制度Incident Process 事件处理法income tax 所得税Independent Contractor 合同工Indirect costs 间接成本indirect financial compensation 间接经济报酬Individual Incentive Plan 个人奖金方案Individual Income Tax 个人所得税Individual Interview 个别谈话Individual Retirement Account 个人退休账户Individual retirement account （IRA）：个人退休账户Individualism 个人主义Industrial Injury Compensation 工伤补偿industrial union 产业工会Informal Communication 非正式沟通informal organization 非正式组织informal organization 非正式组织information of new products 新品信息information of ordering goods 订货信息information of the market environment 市场环境信息information release 信息发布In-house development center：企业内部开发中心In-House Training 在公司内的培训Initial Interview 初试Instructional design process 指导性设计过程Insubordination：不服从Insurance Benefit 保险福利Insurance benefits：保险福利interior documents 内部文件Internal analysis 内部分析internal employee relations 内部员工关系internal environment 内部环境Internal Environment of HR 人力资源内部环境internal equity 内部公平Internal growth strategy 内部成长战略Internal Job Posting 内部职位公开招聘Internal labor force 内部劳动力Internal Recruitment 内部招聘Internal Recruitment Environment 内部招聘环境Internship programs 实习计划Interpersonal Skill 人际交往能力Interview Appraisal 面谈考评Interview Content 面试内容Interview Method 访谈法Interview Objective 面试目标Interview Planning List 面试计划表Interviews：谈话；面谈Intraorganizational bargaining 组织内谈判Intrinsic Reward 内在奖励investigation of workers’educational level 员工素质调查JAP 工作分析程序法JAS 工作分析计划表Job Account 工作统计Job Action 变相罢工Job Aid 工作辅助Job Analysis Formula 工作分析公式Job Analysis Information 工作分析信息Job Analysis Methods 工作分析方法Job Analysis Process 工作分析流程Job Analysis Program 工作分析程序法Job analysis：工作分析Job Assignment 工作分配Job Attitude 工作态度Job Bidding 竞争上岗Job Card 工作单Job Characteristic 工作因素Job Characteristics Model 工作特性模式Job Classification 职位分类Job classification system 工作分类法Job Clinic 职业问题咨询所Job Code 工作编号/职位编号Job Context 工作背景Job description 工作描述job description 工作说明job description 工作说明Job Description 职位描述Job description：工作描述Job design 工作设计Job enlargement 工作扩大化Job enrichment 工作丰富化job evaluation 工作评价Job evaluation：职位评价Job experiences 工作经验Job Identification 工作识别Job instruction training （JIT）：工作指导培训Job Inventory 工作测量表Job involvement 工作认同Job Involvement 工作投入Job Knowledge Test 业务知识测试job knowledge tests 业务知识测试job knowledge tests 业务知识测试Job Morale 工作情绪Job Performance 工作表现Job Plan 工作计划job posting 工作公告job posting 工作公告Job Posting 公开招聘Job posting and bidding 工作张贴和申请Job posting：工作公告job pricing 工作定价Job progressions 工作提升Job Qualification and Restriction 工作任职条件和资格Job ranking system 工作重要性排序法Job Redesign 工作再设计Job rotation：工作轮换Job sharing：工作分组Job satisfaction 工作满意度Job Scope 工作范围Job Security 工作安全感Job Sharing 临时性工作分担Job Specialization 工作专业化job specification 工作规范Job Specification 工作要求细则Job specifications：工作说明书Job Standard 工作标准Job Stress 工作压力Job structure 工作结构Job Surrounding 工作环境Job Time Card 工作时间卡job transfer 转岗Job Vacancy 岗位空缺Job Vacancy 职业空缺Job-Family 工作群Job-hop 跳槽频繁者Job-posting system 工作告示系统Johari Window 约哈瑞窗户John Holland：约翰·霍兰德Junior Board 初级董事会Junior board：初级董事会Just Cause 正当理由Karoshi 过劳死Keogh Plan 基欧计划Key jobs 关键工作key Process Indication 企业关键业绩指标Kirkpatrick's Four-level Model of Evaluation 四阶层评估模型Knowledge Database 知识数据库Knowledge Management 知识管理KPI 企业关键业绩指标Labor Clause 劳工协议条款Labor Condition 劳动条件Labor Contract 劳动合同Labor Contract Renewal 劳动合同续签Labor Cost 劳动成本Labor Demand Forecast 劳动力需求预测Labor Discipline 劳动纪律Labor Dispute 劳动纠纷Labor Exchange 职业介绍所Labor Handbook 劳动手册Labor Hour 人工工时Labor Insurance 劳保Labor Laws 劳动法Labor Management Relations Act 劳动关系法Labor Management Relations Act 劳动关系法labor market 劳动力市场Labor Protection 劳动保护Labor Rate Variance 工资率差异Labor Redundance 劳动力过剩Labor Relation Consultant 劳工关系顾问Labor Relation 劳动关系Labor relations process 劳动关系进程Labor Relations Process 劳工关系进程Labor Reserve劳动力储备Labor Shortage劳动力短缺Labor Stability Index人力稳定指数Labor Union 工会Labor Wastage Index 人力耗损指数Layoff：临时解雇Leader attach training：领导者匹配训练Lifetime employment without guarantees：无保证终身解雇Line manager：直线管理者Local market conditions：地方劳动力市场Lockout：闭厂Maintenance stage：维持阶段Management assessment center：管理评价中心Management by objectives （MBO）：目标管理法Management game：管理竞赛Management grid：管理方格训练Management process：管理过程Mandatory bargaining：强制谈判项目Mediation：调解Merit pay：绩效工资Merit raise：绩效加薪Mid career crisis sub stage：中期职业危机阶段Nondirective interview：非定向面试Occupational market conditions：职业市场状况Occupational orientation：职业性向Occupational Safety and Health Act：职业安全与健康法案Occupational Safety and Health Administration （OSHA）：职业安全与健康管理局Occupational skills：职业技能On-the-job training （OJT）：在职培训Open-door：敞开门户Opinion survey：意见调查Organization development（OD）：组织发展Outplacement counseling：向外安置顾问Paired comparison method：配对比较法Panel interview：小组面试Participant diary/logs：现场工人日记/日志Pay grade：工资等级Pension benefits：退休金福利Pension plans：退休金计划People-first values："以人为本"的价值观Performance analysis：工作绩效分析Performance Appraisal interview：工作绩效评价面谈Personnel （or human resource）management：人事（或人力资源）管理Personnel replacement charts：人事调配图Piecework：计件Plant Closing law：工厂关闭法Point method/Policies：政策Position Analysis Questionnaire （PAQ）：职位分析问卷Position replacement cards：职位调配卡Pregnancy discrimination act：怀孕歧视法案Profit-sharing plan利润分享计划Programmed learning：程序化教学Qualifications inventories：资格数据库Quality circle：质量圈Ranking method：排序法Rate ranges：工资率系列Ratio analysis：比率分析Reality shock：现实冲击Reliability：信度Retirement benefits：退休福利Retirement counseling：退休前咨询Retirement：退休Rings of defense：保护圈Role playing：角色扮演Salary surveys：薪资调查Savings plan：储蓄计划Scallion plan：斯坎伦计划Scatter plot：散点分析Scientific management：科学管理Self directed teams：自我指导工作小组Self-actualization：自我实现Sensitivity training：敏感性训练Serialized interview：系列化面试Severance pay：离职金Sick leave：病假Situational interview：情境面试Skip-level interview：越级谈话Social security：社会保障Speak up! ：讲出来！Special awards：特殊奖励Special management development techniques：特殊的管理开发技术Stabilization sub stage：稳定阶段Staff （service）function：职能（服务）功能Standard hour plan：标准工时工资Stock option：股票期权Straight piecework：直接计件制Strategic plan：战略规划Stress interview：压力面试Strictness/leniency：偏紧/偏松Strikes：罢工Structured interview：结构化面试Succession planning：接班计划Supplement pay benefits：补充报酬福利Supplemental unemployment benefits：补充失业福利Survey feedback：调查反馈Sympathy strike：同情罢工System Ⅳ组织体系ⅣSystem I：组织体系ⅠTask analysis：任务分析Team building：团队建设Team or group：班组Termination at will：随意终止Termination：解雇；终止Theory X：X理论Theory Y：Y理论Third-party involvement：第三方介入Training：培训Transactional analysis （TA）：人际关系心理分析Trend analysis：趋势分析Trial sub stage：尝试阶段Unclear performance standards：绩效评价标准不清Unemployment insurance：失业保险Unfair labor practice strike：不正当劳工活动罢工Unsafe acts：不安全行为Unsafe conditions：不安全环境Validity：效度Value-based hiring：以价值观为基础的雇佣Variable compensation：可变报酬Vestibule or simulated training：新雇员培训或模拟Vesting：特别保护权V oluntary bargaining：自愿谈判项目V oluntary pay cut：自愿减少工资方案V oluntary time off：自愿减少时间Vroom-Yetton leadership trainman：维罗姆-耶顿领导能力训练Wage carve：工资曲线Work samples：工作样本Work sampling technique：工作样本技术Work sharing：临时性工作分担Worker involvement：雇员参与计划Worker's benefits：雇员福利。

英语六级听力真题长对话英语六级听力真题（长对话）（通用8篇）随着时间的推移，一年一度的六级考试马上就要到来了。

听力一直是六级考试的难点。

下面是yjbys网店铺提供给大家关于英语六级听力真题(长对话)，供大家参考。

英语六级听力真题长对话篇1Conversation OneM: So how long have you been a Market Research Consultant?W: Well, I started straight after finishing university.M: Did you study market research?W: Yeah, and it really helped me to get into the industry, but I have to say that it's more important to get experience in different types of market research to find out exactly what you're interested in.M: So what are you interested in?W: Well, at the moment, I specialize in quantitative advertising research, which means that I do two types of projects. Trackers, which are ongoing projects that look at trends or customer satisfaction over a long period of time. The only problem with trackers is that it takes up a lot of your time. But you do build up a good relationship with the client. I also do a couple of ad-hoc jobs which are much shorter projects.M: What exactly do you mean by ad-hoc jobs?W: It's basically when companies need quick answers to their questions about their consumers' habits. They just ask for one questionnaire to be sent out for example, so the time you spend on an ad-hoc project tends to be fairly short.M: Which do you prefer, trackers or ad-hoc?W: I like doing both and in fact I need to do both at the sametime to keep me from going crazy. I need the variety.M: Can you just explain what process you go through with a new client?W: Well, together we decide on the methodology and the objectives of the research. I then design a questionnaire. Once the interviewers have been briefed, I send the client a schedule and then they get back to me with deadlines. Once the final charts and tables are ready, I have to check them and organize a presentation.M: Hmm, one last question, what do you like and dislike about your job?W: As I said, variety is important and as for what I don't like, it has to be the checking of charts and tables.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Q1: What position does the woman hold in the company?Q2: What does the woman specialize in at the moment?Q3: What does the woman say about trackers?Q4: What does the woman dislike about her job?Conversation TwoW: Hello, I'm here with Frederick. Now Fred, you went to university in Canada?M: Yeah, that's right.W: OK, and you have very strong views about universities in Canada. Could you please explain?M: Well, we don't have private universities in Canada. They’re all public. All the universities are owned by the government, so there is the Ministry of Education in charge of creating the curriculum for the universities and so there is not much room for flexibility. Since it's a government operatedinstitution, things don't move very fast. If you want something to be done, then their staff do not have so much incentive to help you because he's a worker for the government. So I don't think it's very efficient. However, there are certain advantages of public universities, such as the fees being free. You don't have to pay for your education. But the system isn't efficient, and it does not work that well.W: Yeah, I can see your point, but in the United States we have many private universities, and I think they are large bureaucracies also. Maybe people don't act that much differently, because it’s the same thing working for a private university. They get paid for their job. I don’t know if they're that much more motivated to help people. Also, we have a problem in the United States that usually only wealthy kids go to the best schools and it's kind of a problem actually.M: I agree with you. I think it's a problem because you're not giving equal access to education to everybody. It’s no t easy, but having only public universities also might not be the best solution. Perhaps we can learn from Japan where they have a system of private and public universities. Now, in Japan, public universities are considered to be the best.W: Right. It's the exact opposite in the United States.M: So, as you see, it's very hard to say which one is better.W: Right, a good point.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Q5: What does the woman want Frederick to talk about?Q6: What does the man say about the curriculum in Canadian universities?Q7: On what point do the speakers agree?Q8: What point does the man make at the end of the conversation?英语六级听力真题长对话篇2Lecture 1The negative impacts of natural disasters can be seen everywhere. In just the past few weeks, the world has witnessed the destructive powers of earthquakes in Indonesia, typhoons in the Philippines, and the destructive sea waves that struck Samoa and neighboring islands.A study by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters finds that, between 1980 and 2007, nearly 8,400 natural disasters killed more than two-million people. These catastrophic events caused more than $1.5 trillion in economic losses.U.N. weather expert Geoffrey Love says that is the bad news. "Over the last 50 years, economic losses have increased by a factor of 50. That sounds pretty terrible, but the loss of life has decreased by a factor of 10 simply because we are getting better at warning people. We are making a difference. Extreme events, however, will continue to occur. But, the message is that they may not be disasters."Love, who is director of Weather and Disaster Risk Reduction at the World Meteorological Organization, says most of the deaths and economic losses were caused by weather, climate, or water-related extremes. These include droughts, floods, windstorms, strong tropical winds and wildfires.He says extreme events will continue. But, he says extreme events become disasters only when people fail to prepare for them."Many of the remedies are well-known. From a planning perspective, it is pretty simple. Build better buildings. Don’tbuild where the hazards will destroy them. From an early-warning perspective, make sure the warnings go right down to the community level. Build community action plans. ”The World Meteorological Organization points to Cuba and Bangladesh as examples of countries that have successfully reduced the loss of life caused by natural disasters by taking preventive action.It says tropical cyclones formerly claimed dozens, if not hundreds of lives, each year, in Cuba. But, the development of an early-warning system has reversed that trend. In 2008, Cuba was hit by five successive hurricanes, but only seven people were killed.Bangladesh also has achieved substantial results. Major storm surges in 1970 and 1991 caused the deaths of about 440,000 people. Through careful preparation, the death toll from a super tropical storm in November 2007 was less than 3,500.Q16. What is the talk mainly about?Q17. How can we stop extreme events from turning into events?Q18. What does the example of Cuba serve to show?Lecture 2As U.S. banks recovered with the help of American government and the American taxpayers, president Obama held meetings with top bank execut ives, telling them it’s time to return the favor. “The way I see it are banks now having a greater obligation to the goal of a wide recovery,” he said. But the president may be giving the financial sector too much credit. “It was in a free fall, and it was a very scary period.” Economist Martin Neil Baily said. After the failure of Lehman Brothers, many of the world’s largest banks feared the worst as the collapse ofthe housing bubble exposed in investments in risky loans.Although he says the worst is just over, Bailey says the banking crisis is not. More than 130 US banks failed in 2009. He predicts high failure rates for smaller, regional banks in 2010 as commercial real estate loans come due."So there may actually be a worsening of credit availability to small and medium sized businesses in the next year or so."Analysts say the biggest problem is high unemployment, which weakens demand and makes banks reluctant to lend. But US Bankcorp chief Richard Davis sees the situation differently."We're probably more optimistic than the experts might be.With that in mind, we're putting everything we can, lending is the coal to our engine, so we want to make more loans. We have to find a way to qualify more people and not put ourselves at risk."While some economists predict continued recovery in the future, Baily says the only certainty is that banks are unlikely to make the same mistakes - twice. "You know, forecasting's become a very hazardous business so I don't want to commit myself too much. I don't think we know exactly what's going to happen but it's certainly possible that we could get very slow growth over the next year or two.”If the economy starts to shrink again, Baily says it would make a strong case for a second stimulus -- something the Obama administration hopes will not be necessary.Q19. What dose president Obama hope the banks will do?Q20. What is Martin Neil Baily’s prediction about the financial situation in the future?Q21. What does U.S. Bankcorp chief Richard Davis say about its future operation?Q22. What does Martin Neil Baily think of a second stimulus to the economy?英语六级听力真题长对话篇3Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of eachconversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the fourchoices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with asingle line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

广告预测名词解释广告预测（Advertising Forecasting）是一种基于市场数据、消费者行为和广告效果的分析和预测方法，用于估计未来广告活动的效果和效益。

通过对广告投资、受众反应和市场趋势的分析，广告预测致力于帮助广告主、广告代理商和市场营销人员做出明智的决策和战略规划。

以下是对广告预测相关名词的解释：1.市场数据（Market Data）：市场数据是指包括市场规模、竞争状况、消费者画像、消费趋势等方面的有关市场的数量和统计信息。

这些数据是广告预测所依据的基础，用于分析市场情况和预测广告效果。

2.消费者行为（Consumer Behavior）：消费者行为是指消费者在购买商品或服务时产生的各种决策和行动。

了解消费者的行为模式、购买动机和偏好是广告预测的重要依据，以确定广告活动的潜在影响和回报。

3.广告效果（Advertising Effectiveness）：广告效果是指广告对目标受众产生的影响程度。

广告预测分析广告投资、受众接触和消费者行为数据，以评估广告活动对品牌认知、消费者态度、销售增长等方面的影响。

4.受众反应（Audience Response）：受众反应指受众对广告的态度、注意力、记忆和购买意愿等方面的反应。

广告预测要考虑受众在接触广告后的反应，以预测广告活动的潜在效果和受众吸引力。

5.市场趋势（Market Trends）：市场趋势是指市场在一段时间内的发展和变化方向。

广告预测需要考虑市场趋势，如市场增长率、竞争程度和新兴市场的出现，以确定广告投资的合理性和潜在机会。

通过广告预测，广告主和市场营销人员能够更好地规划和优化广告策略，合理配置广告资源，提高广告活动的效果和回报。

这有助于实现品牌推广、市场份额增长和消费者满意度的提升。

营销管理》概念之中英文对照《营销管理》概念之中英文对照上海交通大学管理学院李国振AAccelerated test marketing 加速试销Acceleration principle 加速原则Accuracy 准确性Activity-based cost accounting: ABC 作业成本会计Activity－based cost：ABC 活动－基础成本Adequate marketing information 充分的营销信息Administered VMS 管理式分销系统Advanced pricing agreement 事前定价协议Advertising 广告Advertising goal 广告目标Advocate channels 提倡者渠道Advocates clients 主动性客户Affinity 亲密关系Agent middlemen 代理中间商Aggressive demarketing response 大胆地减营销反应Allocating skills 分配技能Allowances 折让Annual call schedule 年度访问计划日程表Annual plan control 年度计划控制Annual planning stage 年度计划工作阶段Antimerger Act 反合并法Area market potential 地区市场潜力Area market specialists 地区市场专家Arranged interviews 安排访问Aspirational groups 崇拜性群体Asset turnover 资金周转率Assortment strategies 品种搭配战略At-home shopping channels 家庭购物频道Atmospheres 环境气氛Atmospheres atmospherics 环境气氛？Attention,interest,desire,action AIDA模式Attitudes 态度Attribution 归因Augmented product 附加产品Automatic vending 自动售货Available market 有效市场BBackward channel 后向渠道Backward flow 反向流程Backward integration 后向一体化Balanced orientation 平衡导向Bargain buyers 竞价购买者Bargaining 讨价还价Barter transaction 易货贸易Basic product 基础产品Basing-point pricing 基点定价Behavioral segmentation 行为细分Belief 信念Benefit segmentation 利益的细分化Best alternative to negotiation agreement: BATNA 谈判协议之最佳备选方案Bill of lading 提单Blanket contracts 长期订货合同Bonuses 红利Boston Consulting Group (BCG) 波士顿矩阵Bottom-up planning 自下而上计划工作Brainstorming 头脑风暴法Branchising 品牌专营Brand 品牌Brand acceptability 品牌接受度Brand awareness 品牌知晓度Brand beliefs 品牌信念Brand equity 品牌权益Brand familiarity 品牌熟悉Brand image 品牌形象Brand ladder 品牌阶梯Brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度Brand parity 品牌类型Brand preference 品牌偏好度Brand switchers 品牌转换者Brand-extension decision 品牌扩展决策Brand-form market 品牌试样市场Brand-form market 品牌试样市场Brank-even analysis 保本分析Break－even chart 保本图Bridge 桥梁者Brokers 经纪人Budget-to-sales ratio 预算对销售额比率Build 发展Bulletin board system : BBS 公告牌系统Business domain 业务范围Business services 业务服务Business strength 业务优势Buyclasses 购买等级Buyer intention surveys 购买者意图调查Buyer market 卖方市场Buyer turnover 顾客周转率Buyer-readiness stage 购买者待购阶段Buyflow 购买流程Buyflow map 购买流程图Buying behavior 购买行为Buying decision process 购买决策过程Buying roles 参入购买的角色Buying styles 采购方式Buyphases 采购阶段Bypass attack 绕道进攻By-product pricing 副产品定价CCall reports 访问报告Canned approach 固定法Capital items 资本项目Captive-product pricing 专属产品定价Cardinal utility 主要效用Cash cow 金牛类Cash discounts 现金折扣Catalog show rooms 样品目录陈列室Category development index 品种发展指数Category management 类目管理Causal-analysis diagram 因素分析图Census tracts 普查区域Central business districts 商业中心区Centralized purchasing 集中采购Chain ratio method 连比法Chains stores 连锁商店Channel captain 渠道领袖Channel competition 渠道竞争Channel conflict 渠道冲突Channel cooperation 渠道合作Channel lever 渠道级数Channels of distribution 分配渠道Cheaper goods strategy 廉价商品战略Child Protection Act 儿童保障法案Choosing the value选择价值City version 都市版本Classical conditioning theory 传统的条件作用理论Cleanliness 清洁Clients 客户Cliques 派系Clod calls 冷漠访问Closed-end questions 封闭式问题Closing the sale 达成交易Cluster analysis 集群分析Clustered preferences 集群偏好Co-branding 合作品牌Coercive power 强制力量Cold calls 冷漠访问Combination stores 联合商店Commerce control list 商品控制目录Commerce country chart 贸易国别表Commercial invoice 商业发票Commercialization 商业化Commission agent 佣金代理人Common market 共同市场Communicate the value传播价值Communication 沟通Communication adaptation 沟通传播适应Communication-effect research 沟通效果调研Company demand 公司需求Company marketing opportunity 公司营销机会Company performance 公司绩效Company potential 公司潜量Company sales forecast 公司销售预测Company sales forecast 公司销售预测Company sales potential 公司销售潜量Comparison advertising 比较广告Compensation deals 补偿贸易Competitive cycle 竞争周期Competitive differentiation 竞争差别化Competitive scopes 竞争范围Competitive strategies 竞争战略Complete industrialization 工业化Complex buying behavior 复杂的购买行为Complex sales-force structures 复杂的销售队伍结构Component co-branding 中间产品合作品牌Computer-aided design (CAD) 电脑辅助设计Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) 电脑辅助制造Concentrated marketing 集中营销Concentric diversification 同心多样化Concept development and testing 概念开发与测试Conclusion drawing 作出结论Conclusion drawing 结论阐述Conformance quality 一致性质量Conglomerate diversification 跨行业多样化Conjoint measurement 共变量衡量Consistency 黏度Consular invoice 领事发票Consumer behavior 消费者行为Consumer choice 消费者选择Consumer confidence measure 消费者信任衡量Consumer cooperatives 消费者合作社Consumer credit 消费者信用Consumer expenditure patterns 消费者支出模式Consumer information sources 消费者信息来源Consumer market 消费者市场Consumer promotion 针对消费者的促销Consumer satisfaction 消费者满意Consumer sentiment measure 消费者情绪衡量Consumer sovereignty 消费者主权Consumer testing 消费者测试Consumer-adoption process 消费者采购过程Consumer-goods classification 消费品分类Consumption system 整体消费系统Contact method 接触方法Containerization 集装箱Contingency plans 权变计划Continuity advertising 连续性广告Contract manufacturing 合同制造,契约式生产Contraction defense 收缩防御Contractual VMS 合同式分销系统Controlled test marketing 控制试销Convenience 便利Convenience food stores 方便食品店Convenience goods 方便品Coporate VMS 公司式分销系统Copy testing 文稿测试Core benefit 核心利益Core competence 核心能力Core concept of marketing 市场营销的核心慨念Core product 核心产品Corporate culture 公司文化Cost estimation 成本估计Cost reduction 成本降价Cost to the customer 顾客成本Cost-plus pricing 成本加成定价Counter purchase 反向购买Counter segmentation 反细分化Counter trade 对销贸易Counteroffensive defense 反攻式防御Creative marketing 创造营销Creativity research 创造性调研Credence qualities 信任质量Credulous person standard 轻信人指标Critical path diagram 关键线路图Critical path scheduling (CPS) 关键线路排序Cross-functional teams 跨职能小组Cross-impact analysis 交叉影响分析法Cues 诱因Cultural empathy 文化转移Cultural environment 文化环境Cultural factors 文化因素Current marketing situation 当前营销状况Current profit maximization 当期利润最大化Custom union 关税同盟Customary merchantable quality 通行的畅销品质量Customer attributes (CAs) 顾客属性Customer consulting 客户咨询Customer database 顾客数据库Customer database marketing 顾客数据库营销Customer defection rate 消费者流失率Customer delivered value顾客让渡价值Customer groups 顾客群Customer importance 顾客重要性Customer mailing list 顾客邮寄单Customer needs and wants 顾客需求和欲望Customer relationship management 客户关系管理Customer satisfying process 顾客满意过程Customer train 客户培训Customer-attitude tracking 消费者态度追踪Customers 顾客Customers union 关税Customer-service decision 顾客服务决策Customer-structured sales force 按顾客组织的销售队伍DData-collection methods 数据收集方法Dealer sales contests 经销商销售竞赛Death rate 死亡率Decision models 决策模型Decision-tree diagram 决策树图解Decline-stage 衰退期Declining market share 下降中的市场份额Decoding 解码Delivery 送货Delphi method 德尔菲法Demand 需求Demand curve 需求曲线Demand management 需求管理Demand measurement 需求衡量Demand/hazard forecasting 需求/风险预测Demographic environment 人口统计环境Demographic markets 人口统计市场Demographic segmentation 人口统计细分化Demographic segmentation 人文统计细分Department stores 百货商店Descriptive models 描述性模型Design 设计Desired image 期望印象Differentiated marketing 差异化营销Differentiation 差异化Diffused preferences 扩散偏好Direct costs 直接成本Direct export 直接出口Direct investment 直接投资Direct mail 直接邮寄Direct marketing 直接营销Direct of -response advertising 直复广告Direct product profitability 直接商品盈利率Direct purchasing 直接采购Direct-marketing channel 直接营销渠道Direct-order marketing 直接订货营销Direct-relationship marketing 直接关系营销Discount stores 折价商店，廉价商店Discriminated analysis 差别分析Discriminatory pricing 差别定价Disjunctive model of consumer choice 消费者选择的重点模式Display 陈列Disqualified prospects customer 不合格预期顾客Dissociative groups 隔离群体Dissonance-reducing buying behavior 减少不协调购买行为Distribution channel 分销渠道Distribution programming 分销计划Distribution-innovation strategy 分销创新战略Distributors 分销商（批发商）Diversification growth 多样化成长Diversification growth opportunities 多样化增长机会Divest 放弃Dogs 狗类Do-house 入户访问Donor markets 捐赠者市场Door to door retailing 挨家挨户零售Drive 驱动力Dual adaptation 双重适应Dual branding 双品牌Dumping 倾销Dumping and countervailing duty 倾销与反倾销Durable goods 耐用品EEarly-adopter theory 早期采用理论Economic value to the customer：EVC 顾客经济价值Eco-label 生态标志Efficient consumer response 消费者良好反应Ego drive 自我驱向Elderly consumers 老年消费者Electric date interchange (EDI) 电子数据交换Electronic Request for Item Classification 商品分类的电子申请Embargo 禁运Emergency goods 救济品Emotional appeals 感性诉求Empathy 感同力Encirclement attack 包围进攻Encoding 编码End users 最终用户Engineering attributes (EAs) 工程属性Environment threat 环境威胁Environmental change 环境变化Environmental forecasting 环境预测Environmental scanning 环境扫描Environmental threat 环境威胁Equity joint venture 股权式合资Esteem needs 尊重需要Evaluating effectiveness 评估效益Evaluation alternatives 可供选择方案的评估Evaluation procedure 评价程序Event creation 时间制造Events 事件Everyday fair pricing 每天公平定价Everyday low pricing：EDLP 天天低价Exchange 交换Exchange control 外汇控制Excise taxes 消费税Exclusive agent 独家代理人Exclusive dealing 排他性经营Exclusive distribution 专营Exclusive distribution 专营性分销Exclusive summary 经理摘要Exit barriers 退出障碍Expectancy-value model of consumer choice 消费者选择期望值模型Expected product 期望产品Expected service 预期服务Experience curve 经验曲线Experience or learning curve 经验或者学习曲线Experience qualities 经验质量Experimental design 实验设计Experimental research 实验法Expert channels 专家渠道Expert opinion 专家法Expert power 专家力量Export Administration Regulation 出口管理条例Export Control Classification Number 出口管制分类号Export declaration 出口申请表Export development 出口部Export License Application and Information Network 出口许可证申请和信息网Export management company 出口管理公司External environment 外部环境External marketing 外部营销FFactor analysis 因子分析Fair Credit Collecting Act 公正索债行为法案Fair Credit Reporting Act 公正信贷报告法案Fair Packaging and Labeling Act 公正包装和标签法案Family buying 家庭购买Family life cycle 家庭生命周期Fast-food industry 快餐行业Fear appeals 害怕性诉求Features 特点Fed 时尚Feedback 反馈Feedback-system diagram 反馈系统图Financial executives 财务主管Financial intermediaries 财务中介机构Financial leverage 财务杠杆率First-time customer 首次购买顾客First-time prospects 首次购买者Fishback 鱼背Five-Ms(5Ms): Mission 任务Fixed costs 固定成本Fixed price-and-incentive 固定价格与奖励Fixed-pricing 固定定价法Flank attack 侧翼进攻Flanking defense 侧翼防御Fluctuation demand 动摇不定的需求FOB origin pricing 原地运输工具上交货定价法Focus-group interviewing 集中小组面谈Focus-group research 焦点访谈座谈会Follow-up 续后工作Foreign Corporate Practices Act 反对外贿赂法Foreign-freight forwarder 代理公司Forgetting rate 遗忘率Formulated approach 公式化方法Forums 论坛Forward flow 正向流程Forward integration 前向一体化Fragile－market－share trap 脆弱的市场占有率陷阱Fragmented industry 裂化行业Franchise 特许经营Franchise organizations 特许经营组织Franchising 特许经营Free-trade area 自由贸易区Freight-absorption pricing 运费吸收定价Frequency 购买次数Frequency marketing programs (FMP) 频繁营销计划Frontal attack 正面进攻Full costing 总成本法Full coverage 全部覆盖Full-service retailing 全面服务零售Functional discounts 功能折扣Functional tests 功能测试Functional-relationship diagram 功能关系图GGame play 博弈计划Gatekeepers 守门人Gatekeepers 把关人General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税与贸易总协定General Agreement on Trade in Service (GATS) 服务贸易总协定Generation 代沟Generies 无品牌产品Geographic segmentation 地理细分Geographical organizations 地理区域性组织Geographical pricing 地理定价Geographical segmentation 地理细分化Geographical shifts in population 人口地理转移Geographical-expansion strategy 地理扩张战略Ghost shoppers 幽灵顾客Global marketing 全球营销Global organization 全球组织Global strategy 全球战略Glocal strategy 全球本地化战略Goal set 目标确定Goals-down-plans-up planning 目标下达、计划上报之计划工作Going－rate pricing 通行价格定价Going-rate pricing 随行就市定价法Goods-producing process 商品生产过程Goodwill 商誉Government markets 政府市场Government regulations 政府规定Growth opportunities 成长机会Growth stage 成长阶段Growth-share matrix 成长份额矩阵Growth-shave matrix 成长－份额矩阵Guarantees 保证Guerrilla attack 游击进攻HHabitual buying behavior 习惯的购买行为Harvest 收获Harvest/divest strategy 收获/放弃战略Heavy-user target marketing 大量使用者目标营销Heuristic programming 启发式规划Hierarchical objectives 层级目标Hierarchy-of-effects” model “影响的层级”模型High-context culture 高语境文化Hold 维持Home-country middleman 母国中间商Homogeneous preferences 同质偏好Horizontal channel 水平渠道Horizontal diversification 水平式多样化Horizontal integration 水平式一体化Horizontal marketing system 水平营销系统Hypermarches 巨型超级市场IIdea generation 构思产生Idea screening 构思筛选Idea-brand model of consumer choice 消费者选择的理想品牌模型Identity-building program 识别建立方案Image analysis 形象分析Image power 形象力Importance－performance 重要绩效分析Improved-services strategy 改进服务战略Impulse goods 冲动品Income distribution 收入分配Income segmentation 收入细分化Indend agent 定购代理人Index method 指数法Indirect export 间接出口Indirect exporting 间接出口Industrial markets 工业品市场Industrial-goods classification 工业品分类Industrial-goods market testing 工业品市场试销Industry 行业Industry attractiveness 行业吸引力Industry forecast 行业预测Inelastic demand 无弹性需求Information search 信息收集Informative advertising 通知性广告In-house marketing seminars 公司内部营销调研会Innovation diffusion 创新扩散Inseparability 不可分离性Inside sales force 内勤销售人员Installation 安装Institutional loyalty 社会公用事业忠诚Institutional market 机构市场Intangibility 无形性Integrated direct marketing 整合直接营销Integrated management information system 一体化的管理信息系统Integrated marketing 整合营销Integrated marketing communication 整合营销沟通Integrated marketing organization 整合营销组织Integrative growth 一体化成长Integrative growth opportunities 一体化增长机会Intensive distribution 密集性分销Intensive growth 密集成长Intensive growth opportunities 密集型增长机会Interacting skills 影响能力Interactive marketing 交互营销Intercept interviews 拦截访问Interest rate 利率Intermodal services 分式联运Internal accounting system 内部会计系统Internal marketing 内部营销International divisions 国际事业部International product life cycle 国际产品生命周期International subsidiaries 国际子公司Investment portfolio 投资组合JJoint venture co-branding 合资合作品牌Joint ventures 合资企业Joint venturing 合营Just-in-time production methods 准时生产方法KKey account concentration 关键客户集中化Kiosk 顾客订货机Knowledge arbitrage 知识套利LLabeling 标签Lead time 前量时间Lean production 精益生产Learning 学习Least-development countries (LLDCs) 最不发达国家Legitimate power 法律力量Length 长度Less-development countries (LDCs) 欠发达国家Lexicographic model of consumer choice 消费者选择的字典编纂式模型Liaison 联络者Licensing 许可证Life expectancy 预期寿命Life style 生活方式Lifetime value寿命价值Life-way groups 生活法群体Limited-service retailing 有限服务零售Line filling 产品线填补Local marketing 本地化营销Logical resistance 逻辑抵触Logical-flow diagram 逻辑流程图Logistics management 后勤管理Long-range-planning stage 长期计划工作阶段Long-term contracts 长期合同Low-context culture 低语境文化Low－quality trap 低质量陷阱Loyalty status 忠诚地位Lubrication 打点MMail questionnaire 邮寄调查表Mail-order retailing 邮购零售Maintenance and repair 维修Management by objectives 目标管理Management contract 出售管理合同Management contracting 契约式经营Management of objectives 目标管理Manufacturer’s export agent 制造商的出口代理Manufacturing-cost-reduction strategy 制造成本降低战略Manufacturing-driven 制造驱动Market attractiveness 市场吸引力Market broadening 市场拓宽Market challenger strategies 市场挑战者战略Market coverage strategies 市场覆盖战略Market crystallization stage 市场具体化阶段Market demand 市场需求Market demand function 市场需求函数Market development 市场发展Market diversification 市场多样化Market evolution 市场演进Market expansion stage 市场演进阶段Market follower strategies 市场追随者战略Market forecast 市场预测Market fragmentation stage 市场分装阶段Market growth rate 市场成长率Market logistics 市场后勤学Market measurement 市场衡量Market minimum 基本销售量Market minimum 市场最低点Market modification 市场改进Market opportunity analysis 市场机会分析Market opportunity index 市场机会指数Market orientation 市场导向Market partitioning 市场分割Market partitioning theory 市场分割理论Market penetration pricing 市场渗透定价Market penetration strategy 市场渗透战略Market positioning 市场定位Market potential 市场潜量Market prioritizing 市场优化Market probing 市场探察Market response function 市场反应函数Market segmentation 市场细分化Market share 市场份额Market specialization 市场专业化Market targeting 目标市场选定Market termination stage 市场终止阶段Market-buildup method 市场组合法Market-centered organization 以市场为中心的组织Marketing 营销Marketing administrative/management 营销管理Marketing allocation optimization 营销分配最优化Marketing audit 营销审计Marketing channel 营销渠道Marketing communications mix 营销沟通组合Marketing community 营销社团Marketing concept 营销观念Marketing controller 营销主计长Marketing culture 营销文化Marketing database 营销数据库Marketing decision support system (MDSS) 营销决策支持系统Marketing effectiveness rating review 营销效益等级评核Marketing efficiency studies 营销效益调研Marketing elasticity 营销弹性Marketing environment 营销环境Marketing expenditures 营销支出Marketing expense-to-sale analysis 营销费用对销售额分析Marketing hyperopia 营销远视症Marketing implementation 营销执行Marketing information system (MIS) 营销信息系统Marketing intelligence system 营销情报系统Marketing legislation 市场营销立法Marketing mix 营销组合Marketing network 营销网Marketing opportunity 营销机会Marketing orientation 营销导向Marketing philosophy 营销哲学Marketing process 营销程序Marketing profit ability analysis 营销盈利率分析Marketing public-relations 营销公关Marketing research 营销调研Marketing research 市场调查Marketing resource allocation 营销资源分配Marketing resources 营销资源Marketing sensitivity of demand 营销需求敏感性Marketing service agencies 营销服务机构Marketing targeting 市场选择Marketing test 试销Marketing-driven 营销驱动Marketing-mix modification 营销组合改进Marketing-mix optimization 营销组合最优化Market-leader strategies 市场领导者战略Market－niche strategies 市场补缺战略Market-oriented definitions of business 企业的市场导向定义Market-protection activities 市场保护行动Market-reconsolidation stage 市场再结合阶段Markets manager 市场经理Market-share leadership 市场份额领导地位Market-skimming pricing 市场撇脂定价Markov-process model 马尔可夫过程模型Mass market 大众化市场Mass marketing 大规模营销Mass marketing 大众化营销Mass media 大众媒体Materials and parts 材料和部件Matrix organization 矩阵组织Maturity stage 成熟阶段Maximarketing 最大化营销Measurement 衡量Media selection 媒体选择Mega marketing 大市场营销Megatrends 大趋势Merchandise selection 商品选择Merchant middlemen 中间商Merchant wholesales 批发商Message 信息Message content 信息内容Message evaluation and selection 信息评估和选择Message execution 信息执行Message generation 信息产生Message source 信息来源Micromarkets 微观市场Microsales analysis 微观销售分析Mini-market testing 微型市场测试Mini-max criterion 最小化的最大损失原则Miscellaneous service 多种服务Miscellaneous wholesales 其他批发商Missionary sales force 传教式销售队伍Missionary sales force 访问使团推销队伍Mobile defense 运动防御Model bank 模型库Modified rebuy 修正再采购,改进的再购买Monetary amount 购买金额Monitoring skills 监控技术Mono-chronic time 单一时间利用方式Moral appeals 道德诉求More-development countries (MDCs) 发达国家Morphological analysis 形态分析Multi-brand decision 多品牌决策Multichannel conflict 多渠道冲突Multi-channel marketing system 多渠道分销系统Multinational strategy 多国战略Multiple regression analysis 多元回归分析Multiple scenarios 多种情景描绘法Multiple –sponsor co-branding 多发起人合作品牌Multiple-factor index method 多因数指数法Multivariate statistical techniques 多变量统计技术NNational account management division 全国性大客户管理部National Environmental Policy Act 全国环境政策法案National traffic and Safety Act 全国交通和安全法案Need markets 需求市场Needs and wants 需求和欲望Need-satisfaction approach 需求-满足法Need-size-from-brand market 需要－规模－形式－品牌市场Negotiated exchange 谈判交换Negotiated-contract buying 按商定的合同购买Negotiation strategy 谈判(讨价还价)战略Networking 网络化Network-planning diagram 网络计划图Networks 网络Neural-networking software 神经网络软件New market strategy 新市场战略New product development 新产品开发New product failure rate 新产品失败率New product pricing 新产品定价New task 新任务New users and use 新用户和用途New-business plan 新业务计划Newly industrialized countries (NICs) 新型工业化国家Newsgroups 消息组Non-durable goods 非耐用品Non-personal communication channels 非人员沟通渠道Non-profit sector 非盈利部门Nonstore retailing 非商店零售Non-tariff barriers 非关税壁垒Nontraceable common cost 不可追溯的先期成本Norazi agent 走私代理商Novices 新手OObjective and task method 目标和任务法Objectives 购买目的Objects 购买对象Observational research 观察法Occasion segmentation 时机细分Occasions 购买时机Occupants 购买者Occupation/consumer behavior 职业/消费者行为Offer 提供物Oligopoly 垄断One-lever channel 一级渠道One-one marketing 一对一营销One-or-two messages 单面或双面信息Online marketing channel 网上营销渠道Open-bid buying 公开招标Open-end question 开放式问题Operational efficiency 工作效率Operations 营运Operations 购买行为Opportunities/threats analysis 机会/威胁分析Optional-product pricing 选购产品定价Order getters 订单争取者Order of presentation 展示次序Order point 订货点Order processing 订单处理Order takers 订单承接者Ordering ease 订货方便Order-routine specification 订单程序具体规定Order-shipping-billing cycle 订货－发运－开帐单周期Order-to-payment cycle 订单收购系统Organizational adaptability 组织的适应能力Organizational buyers 组织结构采购者Organizational climate 组织气候Organizational market 组织结构市场Organizational-environment fit 组织－结构相适应Organizations 购买组织Original equipment manufacture 设备制造商Outdoor advertising 户外广告Outlets 购买地点Outside sales force 外勤销售人员Over demand 供不应求PPackaging 包装Paired comparisons 配对市场Parallel importing 平行进口Partners 合伙人Penetrated market 渗透市场Perceived risk 认知风险Perceived service 感知服务Perceived value认知价值Perceived-value pricing 认知价值定价法Percentage-of-sales method 销售额百分率法Performance business 高绩效业务Performance quality 性能质量Performance review 绩效评核Periodic purchase orders 定期采购订单Perishability 易消失性Personal influence 个人影响Personal interviewing 面谈访问Personal selling 人员推销Persuasive advertising 劝说性广告Persuasive advertising 说服性广告Physical distribution 实体分配Physical distribution system 实体分配体系Physical environment 自然环境Physical evidence 实体证明Physiological needs 心理需要Piggyback 猪背Place 渠道Place utility 地点效用Point-of-purchase displays and demonstrations 售点陈列和示范Point-of-purchase processing 销售点程序Political power 政治权力Political/legal environment 政治/法律环境Poly-chronic time 多种时间利用方式Population growth 人口增长Portfolio plan 业务经营组合计划Position defense 阵地防御Postpurchase behavior 购买压后的行为Potential market 潜在市场Potential product 潜在产品Preemptive defense 先发制人防御Pre-industrial or commercial stage 前工业或商业阶段Prestige pricing 威望（领袖）定价法Prestige-goods strategy 威望（领袖）商品战略Price 价格Price dumping 价格倾销Price elasticity of demand 价格需求弹性Price escalation 价格阶升Price fixing 限定价格Price increases 提价Price packs 价格包Price points 价格点Price setting 限定价格Price steps 价格间距Price-discount strategy 价格折扣战略Primary data 第一手资料Primary demand 主要需求Primary manufacturing 初级制造业Product 产品Product adaptation 产品适应Product assortment 产品品种搭配Product attributes 产品品种属性Product buy-back agreement 产品回购协议Product categories 产品种类Product choice set 产品选择组合Product classification schemes 产品分类设计Product concept 产品概念Product decisions 产品决策Product features 产品特点Product hierarchy 产品层级Product image 产品形象Product innovation strategy 产品创新战略Product invention 产品发明Product life cycle 产品生命周期Product line 产品线Product- line decisions 产品线决的策Product mix 产品组合Product modification 产品改进Product orientation 产品导向Product positioning 产品定位Product proliferation strategy 产品扩散战略Product specialization 产品专门化Product style 产品试样Product support services 产品支持服务Product system 产品系统Product value analysis (PV A) 产品价值分析Product/Battlefield 产品/市场竞争形势图Product/market expansion grid 产品/市场格子Product/market expansion grid 产品/市场扩展方格Product-differentiated marketing 产品差异营销Production concept 生产观念Productivity 生产率Product-line decisions 产品线决策Product-line pricing 产品线定价Product-structured sales force 产品组织的销售队伍Product-use test 产品使用测试Professional purchasing 专业采购Profit equation 利润方程式Profit margin 净利润Profit optimization 利润最优化Profitability control 盈利率控制Profitable customer 有利益的顾客Profit-and-loss statements 损益表Programmed buyers 程序购买者Promotion 促销Promotion clutter 促销喧嚣Promotion mix 促销组合Promotional pricing 促销定价Proposal solicitation 征求供应建议书Prospects customer 预期顾客Provide the value提供价值Psychographic segmentation 按心理细分化Psychological discounting 心理性折旧Psychological life cycles 心理生命周期Psychological life-cycle stages 心理上的生命周期阶段Psychological pricing 心理定价法Psychological resistance 心理抵触Public opinion 公众意见Public relation 公共关系Public-interest groups 公共利益群体Publicity 公众宣传Pull strategy 拉动战略Pulsing advertising 间歇式广告Purchase decision 购买决策Purchase frequency 购买频率Purchase intention 购买意图Purchase probability scale 购买概率量表Purchase subdecisions 购买子决策Purchase taxes 进货税Purchasing-performance evaluation 采购绩效评估Pure competition 完全竞争Pure monopoly 完全独占Push money 推销金Push strategy 推动战略Push/pull strategy 推/拉战略QQualified available market 合格有效市场Qualified prospects customer 合格预期顾客Quantity discount 数量折扣Question mark 问题表Questionnaires 调查表Queuing models 排队模型RRacial population 种族人口Rate of return on net worth 净资产报酬率Rating scales 评价量表Rational appeals 理性诉求Real need 真实需求Real-income decline 实际收入下降Receiver 接受者Recency 近期购买Reciprocal marketing 双边营销Recruitment procedures 招聘程序Reference groups 相关群体Reference groups 参考群体Referent power 相关力量Referral networks 推荐网络Regional cooperation groups 区域性合作集团Reinforcement advertising 增援广告Relationship 关系Relationship buyers 关系购买者Relationship marketing 关系营销Relative market share 相对市场份额Reliability 可靠性Reminder advertising 提醒性广告Reminding advertising 提醒性广告Repairability 可维修性Repeat customer 重复购买顾客Repeat sales 重复销售Replacement sales 更新销售Reseller market 再售商市场Resident sales agent 外常驻销售代理人Resistance to marketing 对营销的阻力Response 反应Response compression 紧迫反应Response hierarchy models 反应层次模型Responsive marketing 响应营销Responsiveness 反应性Retail life cycle 零售生命周期Retail sales taxes 零售营业税Retailer cooperatives 零售商合作组织Retailer version 零售版本Return on assets 资产报酬率Return on investment 投资报酬率Reward power 报酬力量Risk taking 承担风险Rollout marketing 扩展营销Routinized exchange 惯例化交换Runaway inflation 脱缰式通货膨胀SSafety needs 安全需要Sale-effect research 销售效果研究Sale-estimation methods 销售估算法Sales agent 销售代理人（商）Sales analysis 销售分析Sales approach 推销方法Sales budget 销售预算Sales concept 销售观念Sales force 销售队伍Sales force compensation 销售队伍报酬Sales force efficiency 销售队伍效率Sales force estimates 销售队伍估计Sales force evaluation 销售队伍评价Sales force motivation 销售队伍激励Sales force objectives 销售队伍目标Sales force recruitment and selection 销售队伍招聘与挑选Sales force size 销售队伍规模Sales force stereotypes 销售队伍类型Sales force strategy 销售队伍战略Sales force structure 销售队伍结构Sales force supervision 销售队伍监督Sales force training 销售队伍培训Sales presentation 销售展示陈说Sales promotion 销售促进Sales quota 销售定额Sales-generation activities 实现销售的活动Salesmanship 销售技术Sales-response function 销售反应函数。