BRIEFING PAPER ON “THE CONDUCT OF MONETARY POLICY AND AN EVALUATION OF THE ECONOMIC SITUAT

Paper on Glass MenagerieAnswer for question No.1Williams says GLASS MENAGERIE is a memory play and memory is never realistic. What does he mean? How do you think this idea influences the way he wrote the play? If you were director, how would this idea influence the way you directed the play?The play used many metaphors to express subjective feelings. The glass menagerie is the fragile beauty of another age that is now left forgotten; Laura’s candle has to be blown out in the world of thunderstorm, the world that changes every day and has neither mercy nor patience.The language is very sentimental as well. The description on how Laura looks like when her mother dressed her for the gentleman caller is really emotional, nostalgic and subjective, which is very hard to express in traditionally objective art as drama. As well as the closing scene that fades in to muteness and given a smell of fading memory, dust-covered beauty.I think the gentleman caller Jim is Tom himself, a reflection of him. Jim’s sympathy for Laura is not likely from a nodding acquaintance, and very unlikely to go so personally in the first real conversation. Yet every word of Jim’s sounds like what Tom has wished to say for a very long time but never speak out. It is like He wants to remedy this in his dreams. Tom was not a man of many words and not used to speak his heart; He has always hoped there would be someone passionate, soft spoken to rescue her, to give her hope and life. It took the form of love and yet Tom knew sadly that this was not going to happen, so he arranged Jim to be already engaged and leave Laura’s future to uncertainty. He hoped he could shelter her forever like the image of the gentleman caller that he arranged for her, but he could not; he went on his way and left her, yet the burden kept haunting him.If I was the director, I would try my best to arrange it in a nostalgic, dreamy way. The play has many humorous parts, but I would not arrange it to be humorous enough to burst, but always a little an realistic.The play set in a crowded littered lower-middle-class living units in America, and I would arrange the colors of the sets, the curtains, the props and the cloths to look dump and dusky, as if the very air is foggy like London.In the two narrating parts of tom, his voice must be adapted digitally to sound more real, live, and sophisticated. While in his first narrating part heintroduces the social background, the setting propagandas demonstrating these movements needs to be lighted one by one, accompanied by voices ofdemonstration raised and faded, and fades to normal lightness.The father’s picture on the wall must be a photograph of the exact actor playing Tom’s role but only looking a little ancient.I also want there to be one painting of younger Amanda wearing the same dress she later wore for the gentleman caller.The playwright demanded that Laura’s bedroom should be part of the setting,I think it need not to be real setting but only an image on the digital screen, anda lounge chair before it for Laura to crawl in when she is afraid. I want Laura’s Glass Menagerie to shine, move or float in the air like Nutcracker when they are mentioned to show the audience how Laura sees them.The play contains a lot of words and pictures that imitated silent movies, which idea I think interesting and worth keeping, but we can imitate flashbacks in modern movies and accompany them with music. These will make the play more subjective and dreamy.I would rearrange the scene where Amanda asks Laura about her typing lesson so that it does not begin with Amanda coming back home, but Laura, therefore Amanda can ask her where have you gone, echoing the questioning of Tom. I also think the first mentioning of Jim is too long and can be cut down to merely one or two pictures on the screen.In the drunken Tom scene, I would like to replace the bell with flashing of lights and uncomprehendable quick emotional speaking of movies together for two seconds, and Tom seems to be dizzy every time they appear. As aftereffects of TV addiction of similar reasons is more common than ever, it is worth stressing on.In the dancing scene of Laura and Jim, I would arrange the light of the dancing hall falling in the room in a very warm, romantic way. The second halfof the play is so well written that I do not see how I can make it better.。

1. With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb. 我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动。

2. Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear.明年,长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽。

3. Early I searched through the earth for earthenware so as to research in earthquake.早先我在泥土中搜寻陶器以研究地震。

4. I learn that learned earnest men earn much by learning.我得知有学问而认真的人靠学问挣很多钱。

5. She swears to wear the pearls that appear to be pears.她发誓要戴那些看起来像梨子的珍珠。

6. I nearly fear to tear the tearful girl´s test paper.我几乎害怕撕那个泪流满面的女孩的试卷。

7. The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand.大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里。

8. The customers are accustomed to the disgusting custom.顾客们习惯了令人讨厌的风俗。

9. The dust in the industrial zone frustrated the industrious man.工业区里的灰尘使勤勉的人灰心。

10. The just budget judge just justifies the adjustment of justice.公正的预算法官只不过为司法调整辩护而已。

坚强的纸实验作文300字英文回答：The Strong Paper Experiment.Once upon a time, there was a scientist who wanted to test the strength of paper. He conducted an experiment to see how much weight a piece of paper could hold before tearing apart.First, he took a regular sheet of paper and placed it on a table. Then, he started adding small weights on top of it. Surprisingly, the paper didn't tear even when he added a few pounds of weight.The scientist was amazed by the strength of the paper. He couldn't believe that something as fragile as paper could hold so much weight. He decided to repeat the experiment with different types of paper to see if the results were consistent.He tried using tissue paper next. As expected, thetissue paper tore easily with even the lightest weight. It was not strong enough to withstand any pressure.Next, he tried using cardboard. The cardboard was much thicker and sturdier than regular paper. It held asignificant amount of weight before tearing. However, itwas not as strong as the regular paper.Finally, he tried using a special type of paper called "tear-resistant paper." This paper was specificallydesigned to be strong and durable. It held the most weight out of all the papers he tested. It was truly a remarkable invention.In conclusion, the experiment showed that not allpapers are created equal. Some are strong, while others are fragile. It is important to choose the right type of paper for different purposes. Whether it's for packaging, writing, or crafting, the strength of the paper matters.中文回答：坚强的纸实验。

考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement.1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.A.The Canterbury TalesB.The Ballad of Robin HoodC.The Song of BeowulfD.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght2._____is the most common foot in English poetry.A.The anapestB.The trocheeC.The iambD.The dactyl3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event?A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B.England’s domestic restC.New discovery in geography and astrologyD.The religious reformation and the economic expansion4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.A.The Pilgrims ProgressB.Grace Abounding to the Chief of SinnersC.The Life and Death of Mr.BadmanD.The Holy War5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____.A.scienceB.philosophyC.artsD.humanism6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ?A.Lover.B.Time.C.Summer.D.Poetry.7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct.A.God’sB.Satan’sC.Adam’sD.Eve’s8. It is generally regarded that Keats’s most important and mature poems are in the form of ______.A.elegyB.odeC.epicD.sonnet9.“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”The sentence is the beginning of Shakespeare’s_______.edyB.tragedyC.sonnetD.poem10. Daniel Defoe’s novels mainly focus on _____.A.the struggle of the unfortunate for mere existenceB.the struggle of the shipwrecked persons for securityC.the struggle of the pirates for wealthD.the desire of the criminals for property11. Francis Bacon is best known for his_____which greatly influenced the development of this literary form.A.essaysB.poemsC.worksD.plays12. Most of Thomas Hardy’s novels are set in Wessex____.A.a crude region in EnglandB.a fictional primitive regionC.a remote rural areaD.Hardy’s hometown13. In terms of Pride and Prejudice, which is not true?A.Pride and Prejudice is the most popular of Jane Austen’s novels.B.Pride and Prejudice is originally drafted as “First Impressions”.C.Pride and Prejudice is a tragic novel.D.In this novel, the author explores the relationship between great love and realistic benefits.14. Chronologically the Victorian Period refers to _____A.1798-1832B.1836-1901C.1798-1901D.the Neoclassical Period15. In the following figures, who is Dickens’s first child hero?A.Fagin.B.Mr.Brownlow.C.Olive Twist.D.Bill Sikes16. “And where are they? And where art thou,”My country? On thy voiceless shoreThe heroic lay is tuneless now-The heroic bosom beats no more! (George Gordon Byron, Don Juan)In the above stanza,“art thou”literally means_____.A.“art you ”B.“are though”C.“art though”D.“are you ”17. Of the following writers, which is not the representative of the Romantic period?A.William Blake.B.John Bunyan.C.Jane Auten.D.John Keats.18. In Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, what is the utmost concern of Blake?A.LoveB.ChildhoodC.DeathD.Human Experience19. Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from____.A.the RenaissanceB.the Old TestamentC.Greek MythologyD.the New Testament20. Jane Austen’s first novel is _____.A.Pride and PrejudiceB.Sense and SensibilityC.EmmaD.Plan of a Noel21. Of the following poets, which is not regarded as “Lake Poets’”?A.Saumel Taylor Coleridge.B.Robert Southey.C.William Wordsworth.D.William Shakespeare.22.Daniel Defoe describes____as a typical English middle-class man of the eighteenth century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonist.A.Robinson CrusoeB.Moll FlandersC.GulliverD.Tom Jones23. The lines“Death, be not proud, though some have calld thee/Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;”are found in ______.A.William Wordsworth’s writingsB.John Keats’ writ ingsC.John Donne’s writingsD.Percy Bysshe Shelley’s writings24.The Pilgrim’s progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for_____.A.self-fulfillmentB.spiritual salvationC.material wealthD.universal truth25.With so many poems such as “The Sparrow’s Nest,”“To a Skylark,”“To the Cuckoo”and “To a Butterfly”,William Wordsworth is regarded as a “______”.A.poet of genius.B.royal poet.C.worshipper of nature.D.conservative poet.26.In the first part of Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver told this experience in ____.A.LilliputB.BrobdingnagC.HouyhnhnmD.England27.Which of the following can not describe“Byronic hero”?A.Proud.B.Mysterious.C.Noble origin.D.Progressiv e.28.The poetic form which Browning attached to maturity and perfection is ____.e of ironic languagee of lyrics29.The term “metaphysical poetry”is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of ____.A.John MiltonB.John DonneC.John KeatsD.John Bunyan30. Which of the following writings is not created by William Wordsworth?A.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.B.She Dwelt Among the Untrodden WaysC.The Solitary Reaper.D.The Chimney Sweeper.II. Find the relevant match from colunm B for each item in Colomn A (10 points in all. 1 point for each)A B1.Geoffrey Chaucer E A. A Red, Red Rose2.Francis Bacon C B. Ode to a Nightingale3.Jonathan Swift F C. Of Truth4.William Blake G D.Northanger Abbey5.Robert Burns A E.The Canterbury Tales6.John Keats B F.A Modest Proposal7.Jane Austen D G.The Tiger8.Charles Dickens I H. Ulysses9.Tennyson H I.David Copperfield10.Robert Browning J J.My Last DuchessIII. Fill in the following blanks (10 points in all, 1 point for each)1. In the year__1066__,at the battle of Hastings, the Normans headed by william, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-saxons.2. Since historical times, England, where the early inhabitants were celts, has been conquered three times. It was conquered by the Romans, the ANGLO-SAXONS____,and the Normans.3.Remeo and Juliet____is regared as shakespeare’s successful romantic tragedy.4. No sooner were the people in control of the government than they divided into hostile parties: the liberal whigs and the conservative__Tories___.5. The Glorious Revolution in 1688___meant three things the supremacy of parliament, the beginning of modern English, and the final triumph of the principle of political liberty.latter half of the 18th___century.7. With the publication of william Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballad____in collaboration with S.T Coleridge, Romanticism began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literatare.8. Woman as _novelists ___ appeared in the Romantic age. It was during this period that women took, for the first time ,an important place in English literature.9. The most important poet of the victoria Age was__ Tennyson __, Next to him, were Robert Browning and his wife.10. The ____movement appeared in the thirties of the 19th cenfury.1. 10662. Anglo-Saxons3. Romeo and Juliet4. Tories5. 16886.18th7.Lyrical Ballads 8.novelists 9. Tennyson 10.ChartistIV. Questions and Answers (20 points in all ,10points for each) Give brief answers to each of following questions in English.(1)A selection from a poemWherefore feed and clothe and saveForm the cradle to the graveThose ungrateful drones who wouldDrain your sweat_nay, drink your blood?Whrefore, Bees of England, forgeMany a weepon, chain, and scourgeThat these stingless drones may spoilThe forced produce of your tail?Questions (10’)1. These lines are taken from a poem entitled_A Song: Men of England)written by __ Shelley _2. The rhyme scheme in the selection of the poem is _aabb ccdd___.(1’)3.What idea does the quotation express?(7’)1. 1’) (1’)This poem is a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, it points out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poet calls the exploiters “ungrateful drones”, Who drain the sweat and drink the blood of the labouring people, He illustrates with concrete examples the relationship of economic exploitation between the ruling class and the working people.(7’)(2) A Selection from a workSome books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others, but that would be only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books; else distilled bookd are like common distilled waters.Question(10’)1. This passage is taken from a well-known work entiled___,(2’) written by ____.(1’)2. What’s the main idea of the whole work. (7’)V. Topic Discussion (30 points in all,15 points for each). Write no less than 100 words on each of the following topics in English , in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.1. Based on Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, discuss the theme of her works, the image of woman protagonists and what and how her novels truthfully present.(15’)2. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Aasten explored three kinds of motivations of marriage that the middle-class people had in the second half of the 18th century. Try to make a brief discussion about them with specific examples from the novel. Make comments on Austen’s attitude towards these motivations.(15’)200x－200x学年度第一学期期末考试试卷答案及评分标准考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班I. Multiple Choice (1’×30=30’)01-05 C C B A D 06-10 D B B C A11-15 A B C B C 16-20 D B D B B21-25 D A C B C 26-30 A D A B DII. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in colamn A (1’×10=10’)1-E 2-C 3-F 4-G 5-A6-B 7-D 8-I 9-H 10-JIII. Fill in the following blanks (1’×10=10’)1. 10662. Anglo-Saxons3. Romeo and Juliet4. Tories5. 16886.18th7.Lyrical Ballads 8.novelists 9.Tennyson 10.ChartistIV. Questions and Answers (20 points in all )(1) A PoemQuestions(10’)1. A Song: Men of England(1’) Shelley(1’)2. aabb ccdd (1’)3. This poem is a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, it points out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poet calls the exploiters “ungrateful drones”, Who drain the sweat and drink the blood of the labouring people, He illustrates with concrete examples the relationship of economic exploitation between the ruling class and the working people.(7’)(2) A Selection from a work1. Of Studies(1’) Bacon(1’)2. It analyzes the use and abuse of studies ,the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies. And how studies exert influence over human character.V .Topic Discussion (30 points in all, 15 points for each)A. Charlotte’s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fiece longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.B. All ber heroines’ highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.C. The image of woman protagonists in her works are mostly the life of the middle-calss working women, particularly governesses.t0D. Her works present a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper calsses, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor. Especially in Jane Eyre by her, she sharply criticises theexisting society, e.g. religious hypocrisy of charity institutions.(2) In the novel ,three kinds of attitudes towards marriage are presented for manifestation: marriage merely for material wealth and social position; marriage just for beauty, attraction and passion regardless of economic condition or personal merits; and the ideal marriage for true love with a consideration of the partner’s personal merit as well as his economic and social status. What jane Aasten tries to say is that it is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marny without consideration of economic conditions.。

让纸屑飞舞的实验英文作文全文共2篇示例，仅供读者参考让纸屑飞舞的实验英文作文1:Title: "Experiment: Making Paper Confetti Dance"Introduction:In this experimental essay, we delve into the captivating world of paper confetti. Paper confetti, often seen as a festive decoration or a playful accessory, can also serve as an intriguing subject for scientific inquiry. Through a series of experiments, we aim to explore the dynamics of paper confetti and uncover the factors that influence its behavior, ultimately revealing the secrets behind making paper confetti dance.Experiment 1: The Effect of Airflow on Paper Confetti MovementTo investigate how airflow affects the movement of paper confetti, we set up a controlled experiment using a fan. First, we scattered a layer of paper confetti evenly on a flat surface. Then, we positioned the fan at various distances and angles relative to the confetti. By adjusting the fan's speed anddirection, we observed how different airflow conditions influenced the motion of the confetti. Our results revealed that higher fan speeds and direct airflow angles produced more pronounced movements in the confetti, creating a mesmerizing dance-like effect.Experiment 2: Surface Texture and Paper Confetti Mobility Next, we explored the role of surface texture in determining the mobility of paper confetti. We prepared two surfaces: one smooth and one rough. After sprinkling confetti onto each surface, we gently tilted the platforms to simulate subtle movements. Surprisingly, we found that the confetti on the rough surface exhibited greater mobility compared to the smooth surface. This observation suggests that surface texture plays a crucial role in facilitating the movement of paper confetti, potentially due to increased friction between the confetti and the rough surface.Experiment 3: The Influence of Vibrations on Paper Confetti BehaviorIn our third experiment, we investigated how vibrations affect the behavior of paper confetti. To induce vibrations, weutilized a simple setup consisting of a vibrating platform powered by a motor. We placed the confetti on the vibrating surface and gradually increased the vibration frequency. As expected, higher vibration frequencies resulted in more vigorous movements among the confetti particles. Furthermore, we observed interesting patterns emerging within the confetti clusters, indicating a complex interplay between vibration intensity and confetti cohesion.Discussion:Our experiments have shed light on the multifaceted dynamics of paper confetti movement. From the influence of airflow and surface texture to the effects of vibrations, we have uncovered several key factors that contribute to the mesmerizing dance of paper confetti. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these findings hold implications for various fields, including physics, materials science, and event planning. By understanding the underlying principles governing paper confetti behavior, we can harness its potential in innovative applications ranging from kinetic sculptures to interactive installations. Through continued exploration and experimentation, we can unlock even more secrets of theenchanting world of paper confetti.Conclusion:In conclusion, our experimental journey into the realm of paper confetti has provided valuable insights into its dynamic behavior. By systematically exploring the effects of airflow, surface texture, and vibrations, we have gained a deeper understanding of what makes paper confetti dance. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of this seemingly simple yet surprisingly complex phenomenon, we open doors to new possibilities for creativity, science, and exploration. So let us embrace the magic of paper confetti and let it dance freely, inspiring wonder and delight wherever it goes.让纸屑飞舞的实验英文作文2:Title: "Experiment: Letting Paper Flakes Dance"Abstract:In this experiment, we explore the fascinating world of aerodynamics by investigating the factors that influence the flight of paper flakes. Through a series of controlled tests, we manipulate variables such as shape, size, and weight to observe their effects on the motion of paper flakes in the air.By conducting this experiment, we aim to gain insights into the principles of aerodynamics and to inspire curiosity about the science of flight.Introduction:Aerodynamics, the study of how objects move through the air, plays a crucial role in various aspects of our daily lives, from the flight of birds and insects to the design of aircraft and vehicles. One simple yet effective way to explore aerodynamics is through the observation and experimentation with paper flakes. In this experiment, we delve into the dynamics of paper flakes in flight, examining how different factors influence their movement.Materials and Methods:To conduct this experiment, the following materials are required:- Sheets of paper- Scissors- Ruler- Tape- Fan (optional)- StopwatchProcedure:1. Cut the paper into flakes flakes of various shapes and sizes, such as squares, rectangles, triangles, and irregular shapes.2. Label each paper flake with a unique identifier for easy identification during testing.3. Set up a controlled environment for testing, preferably a room with minimal air currents.4. Attach each paper flake to a lightweight object, such as a paper clip, to simulate real-world conditions.5. Position the fan at a fixed distance from the testing area to create a consistent airflow.6. Release each paper flake into the airflow generated by the fan and observe its flight pattern.7. Use a stopwatch to record the time taken for each paper flake to travel a predetermined distance.8. Repeat the experiment multiple times for each paper flake to ensure accuracy and reliability of results.9. Analyze the data collected and draw conclusions regarding the influence of shape, size, and weight on the flightof paper flakes.Results:The results of the experiment revealed several interesting findings:- Paper flakes with larger surface areas tend to experience greater air resistance, resulting in slower flight times.- Flakes with streamlined shapes, such as triangles and streamlined rectangles, exhibit smoother and more stable flight trajectories compared to irregularly shaped flakes.- Increasing the weight of paper flakes leads to faster descent rates due to the force of gravity.- The distance from the fan also plays a significant role in determining the flight characteristics of paper flakes, with flakes positioned closer to the fan experiencing stronger airflow and faster flight speeds.Discussion:The findings of this experiment align with the principles of aerodynamics, demonstrating how factors such as shape, size, weight, and airflow affect the flight of paper flakes. By manipulating these variables, we can gain insights into theunderlying mechanisms governing flight and apply this knowledge to real-world applications, such as aircraft design and environmental monitoring. Additionally, this experiment serves as a valuable educational tool for teaching students about aerodynamics in a hands-on and engaging manner.Conclusion:In conclusion, this experiment offers a captivating exploration of aerodynamics through the observation and experimentation with paper flakes. By investigating the factors that influence the flight of paper flakes, we gain a deeper understanding of the principles governing aerodynamic motion. Furthermore, this experiment highlights the importance of curiosity-driven inquiry and hands-on experimentation in the study of science and engineering. Through continued exploration and experimentation, we can further unravel the mysteries of aerodynamics and inspire future generations of scientists and engineers.。

论弗罗斯特《摘苹果之后》中的死亡隐喻发布时间：2022-07-21T08:53:03.876Z 来源：《时代教育》2022年5期作者：刘沛婷[导读] 乔治·莱考夫和马克?约翰逊于《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中指出隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手法，更是一种思维方式刘沛婷湖南师范大学，湖南长沙 410006摘要：乔治·莱考夫和马克?约翰逊于《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中指出隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手法，更是一种思维方式，在人们的日常语言和活动中无所不在。

诗歌是高度隐喻化的体裁，本文就将以弗罗斯特的短诗——《摘苹果之后》为例，通过挖掘诗歌中的结构隐喻、方位隐喻和本体隐喻，深刻剖析弗罗斯特的死亡观建构，为该诗的解读提供新的维度，也有助于丰富该理论的应用范畴。

关键词:《摘苹果之后》；结构隐喻；方位隐喻；本体隐喻；死亡On death metaphors in Frost’s “After Apple-Picking”Peiting LiuHunan Normal University, Hunan Changsha 410006Abstract: George Lakoff and Mark Johnson put forward in their book Metaphors We Live By that metaphor is not only a figure of speech but a way of thinking, pervasive in everyday language and action. Since poetry is highly metaphorical, this thesis is to explore how Robert Lee Frost construct his insight of death through structural metaphors, orientational metaphors as well as ontological metaphors in his short poem “After Apple-Picking”, with the hope to provide a new dimension for the interpretation of the poem and to expand the application scope of the theory. Key words: “After Apple-Picking”; structural metaphors; orientational metaphors; ontological metaphors; death 1.IntroductionLakoff and Johnson in their monograph Metaphors We Live Вy, point out that metaphor not only can be understood from the figurative perspective, but is the thinking way.[1] Ungerer and Schmid hold that conceptual metaphor, as a cognitive instrument, is not just a stylistically dramatic way of expressing thoughts by means of literary language, but a way of thinking.[2] K?vecses has put that conceptual metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain.[3] On the basis of the cognitive approach to the understanding of conceptual metaphor, it can be divided into structural metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor. The development of conceptual metaphor theory has brought advance to Linguistics, Anthology, Literature and so on.Robert Lee Frost commands an important place in any list of outstanding poets in the twentieth century. His poem “After Apple-picking” is written in the first person. The speaker is an orchard worker who has picked apples long and hard but is now on the verge of being overwhelmed by fatigue and the depth of the experience. On the edge of falling sleep, he remembers not only the ripe apples successfully picked but also those that fell and were considered damaged and had to be sent to the cider mill. He knows that his sleep will be troubled by the failures more than by the successes. He is not sure about the nature of the sleep he is about to drop into—whether it will be ordinary sleep, more like a hibernation, or more like death.The entire poem is a kind of extended metaphor, in which the activity of harvesting apples represents people’ life and the speaker’s falling asleep suggests human death.As a classical literary work, the study of this poem mostly focuses on its rhythm and writing devices. The analysis of multiple themes and symbols has always been the research hotspot of literature works. Li Yingxue discussed the fuzziness of the meaning of poetry from the perspective of deconstruction, and there are many scholars who explore metaphors in Frost’s other poems.[4] Few people applied it to analyze “After Apple-Picking”. Therefore, this paper is to discuss how Frost structures his thoughts on death metaphorically by describing a laborer’s picking apples. The first three chapters of this thesis illustrate Frost’s views of death through the construction of structural metaphors, orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors in “After Apple-Picking” respectively. At last it is followed by a logical conclusion of this thesis.2.Structural MetaphorsIn structural metaphor, one greatly structured and explicitly delineated concept is applied to structure another. As Lakoff and Johnson point out that one domain of conceptual metaphor is metaphorically structured in light of another. Structural metaphor allows its source domain to offer a comparatively rich knowledge structure for the target domain, that is to say, the cognitive function of structural metaphor is to enable audiences to understand the target domain by the structure of the source domain. The poem “After Apple-Picking” include two key conceptual metaphors: DEATH IS SLEEP and PEOPLE ARE PLANTS.2.1 DEATH IS SLEEPFrost chooses a laborer who is overtired with apple-picking and falls asleep to reflect his insight of death. Hence the poem can be understood as a mapping from a source domain (sleep) to a target domain (death). The mapping is tightly structured. There are ontological correspondences. The dead correspond to those who have a sound sleep. The retrospection before death corresponds to the unconscious state near sleep. The darkness corresponds to the night. The cease of life corresponds to the stillness and motionlessness of sleep. As Lakoff puts it, “people use a concrete source domain to describe an abstract target domain.”[5] Death is an abstract concept, which can be understood vividly through the concept of sleep. The word “sleep”has been repeated five times. “Winter sleep” suggests the emotion of being decayed, forlorn and silent triggered by death because winter, in the metaphoric meanings, has strong associations with death.[6] Another euphemistic expression of death is “long sleep”, which is indicative of its permanence. “Human sleep” is the most evident reflection of conceptualization of death as sleep, showing that human death is what Frost has discussed. In the light of sleep, Frost’s “After Apple-Picking” is no longer a lyrical poem of a worker’s experience on the orchard farm and fatigue aftera day’s labor, but a profound thought on life and death through an extended conceptual metaphor of death as sleep.2.2 PEOPLE ARE PLANTSBoth man and tree are living beings that go through birth and wither, and the achievements of man are kin to the fruits of plants. “Apples I didn’t pick upon some bough” correspond to those unfilled dreams while apples that “struck the earth/ No matter if not bruised or spilled with stubble”correspond to people’s failed pursuits. The scent of apples refers to delight and satisfaction brought by success. In Frost’s poem, the act of apple-picking is a metaphor for the fruits the speaker has achieved in life.[7] It is universally acknowledged that success is what people desire and is something enjoyable. However, the speaker is overtired of the great harvest and wished to rest, which illustrates that the speaker has been bored with worldly sense of accomplishment and hopes to simple have a dream and a “long sleep”. Due to the sweet smell of the apple, the narrator actually falls asleep after fatigue and he enters into “long sleep”(death) with a sense of emptiness resulted from the excessive fruits he has gathered. The speaker’s experience reveals the poet’s meditation on life that it is futile people achieve a great deal of success but eventually own nothing after death. Therefore, the poet don’t ponder on human sleep for no reason but he penetrates the meaninglessness of long tough life struggles.The two root metaphors are carefully chosen to reflect Frost’s philosophy on death. This also confirms the cognitive value of metaphor, that is, vehicles(such as sleep) are usually well known to readers, and their features and structures will be mapped to relatively unfamiliar things when they interact with tenor (such as death) to help readers understand the characteristics and structures of ontology. The characteristics of sleep are mapped to the characteristics of death. Frost’ poem “After Apple-Picking” is not only a pastoral work of rural world in orchard farm but also a thought-provoking poem on death. The end of labor leaves the speaker with a sense of completion and fulfillment yet finds him blocked from success by winter’s approach and physical weariness. The futility that what people achieved as a result resembles fallen apples of no worth leads to fatigue and wish to seek relief in sleep, that is death. Therefore, this seemingly idyllic poem is in fact the ultimate exploration of human destiny through the metaphors of death as sleep and people as plants.3.Orientational MetaphorsOrientational metaphors do not structure one concept in terms of another but instead organize a whole system of concepts with respect to one another.[1] Most of them have to do with spatial orientation: up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral. These spatial orientations arise from the fact that we have bodies of the sort we have and that they function as they do in our physical environment. As Lakoff points out that CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN. HEALTH SND LIFE ARE UP; SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE DOWN. This poem employs spatial antagonism to construct death metaphor. “The Apple-Picking” involves a development from consciousness to unconsciousness. At the very beginning, the farmer is sober enough on the long two-pointed ladder sticking toward heaven. The spacial position is rather high. After the speaker has been done with apple-picking, rest is badly needed after the arduous labour. He is drowsed off and no longer in his conscious state. Frost adopts simple past tense from line8 to line17, serving as a beginning of the speaker’s dream. In the half unconsciousness of the farmer, the autumn evening bursting with the aroma of the apples has for a moment changed into a winter morning with hoary glass. In farmer’s dream, things “melted”, “fall and break”, which suggests a downward trend. Finally both woodchuck and the farmer fall asleep on the ground. The perspective of the whole poem shifts from heaven to earth, that is from top to bottom, revealing the opposition of space. A pane of glass divides the world into two parts: reality and dream. The transition from reality to dream is the manifestation of change of the speaker’s consciousness. The higher position represents reality and consciousness while the lower dream and unconsciousnessWhat’s more, the positional contrast reveals the opposition of life and death. In the first line of “After Apple-Picking”, the ladder occupies a central position in the whole picture of the poem, acting as a bridge between heaven and earth, life and death. The imagery of heaven and apples evokes the garden of Eden. The act of ascending the ladder symbolized a re-approach to heaven and eternal life while the movement down the ladder symbolizes the descent from heaven to earth, also from life to death[4]. According to Bible, picking apples is considered as corruption and degradation. As baskets of apples fall down and are spiked, they become worthless. This is true of human beings. After the farmer has finished apple-picking, fatigue and emptiness has wrapped him. His vigorous life reaches a pause, which actually means the farmer’s death. Most of fundamental concepts are organized in terms of one or more spatialization metaphors. In Frost’s “After Apple-Picking”, the poet shows the transition from consciousness to unconsciousness as well as from life to death in virtue of the binary opposition of space. The physical basis of such division is that humans sleep and die lying down and stand up when they are awaken. Therefore, the antagonism of life and death is constructed through the opposition of up and down positions, which contributes to the further construction of the root metaphors.4.Ontological MetaphorsOntological metaphor helps us understand those abstract entities through conceptualizing them as these entities and substances which are related to human’s experience. As Lakoff and Johnson point out: “our experience of physical objects and substances provides a further basis for understanding.” Ontological metaphor could be classified into three types, which are entity and substance metaphor, container metaphor and personification.Firstly, an invisible abstract concept, in entity and substance metaphor, is considered as a visible concrete object. Human being expresses abstract concepts as these entities and substances which are related to human’s experience. Death is an abstract concept, which can be understood thanks to another common concept—sleep. The dark and bleak state of death is implied by night in winter. The poet also tries to clarify the hibernation of hamsters and the long sleep of human beings: one is short seasonal rest and the other is an eternal stop of motion. In this way, the characteristics of death are no longer vague. The first root metaphor of death as sleep receives deeper and more detailed illustrations. Similarly, human achievements becomes a measurable entity like apples in “ After Apple-Picking”. Through these well-known common things, the original abstract concept can be elucidated. The essence of metaphor lies in the comparison between two entities.Secondly, container metaphor is a kind of ontological metaphor in which an invisible abstract concept is regarded as a container which has a surface owning scope and range with an in-out orientation. In Frost’s poem, the farmer’s dream and sleep is a container, where he can see “magnified apples”, feel “the pressure of ladder-round”. The farmer’s falling into dreams shows the motion from one space to another space. The state of farmer can be classified into “in sleep” and “out of sleep”, which symbolize death and life respectively.Lastly, personification specifies the physical object as being a man, which can make people to comprehend these different physical objects in light of human characteristics, motivations and activities. In Frost’s poem, apple “struck the earth” and long sleep can “come on” are all personification. They are extensions of ontological metaphors and that they allow us to make sense of phenomena in the world on the basis of our own goals. It is carefully chosen to endow this poem a dynamic effect so that the theme of this poem can be effectively conveyed. All in all, the understanding of a poetic metaphor is a cognitive process.[8] Ontological metaphor makes us understand abstract concepts by use of concrete concepts. The poet uses sleep to explain death, making the abstract concept simplified and concrete. In the poem, the dream not only reflects the structural metaphor, but also reflects the container metaphor. It forms a contrast between “in dream” and “out of dream” so as to further strengthen the difference between life and death. Apple has bruises, and Death actively does come in. These anthropomorphic expressions embody the metaphorical nature of language and the symbolic nature of death. As a result, metaphor of death in this poem has been justified.5.ConclusionThe exploration of the relationship between Frost’s view of death and Lakoff’s cognitive metaphors will undoubtedly help readers to guard against deceptive surface meanings when interpreting and appreciating Frost’s poems, and to explore the profound life philosophy reflected in his poems through metaphorical thinking and active participation.Through dividing metaphors in Frost’s “After Apple-Picking” according to Lakoff’s classification, the way of constructing poem’s theme is evidently revealed. At the first glance, it seems to be a lyrical poem, but it actually a poem of death after further analysis. Frost implicitly depicts life actions as apple picking activities, apples are symbols of human achievements, and death is similar to long sleep, which are structural metaphors, through which the characteristics of abstract concept death can be easily understood. Moreover, the orientational metaphors constitute to the body of this poem. The up-down spatial position divides the farmer’s state into consciousness and unconsciousness, also a reflection of human’s state of life and death. The contrast between in-out categories reflects the whole poem’s structure: it shifts from reality to dream. Since the farmer’s dream is explained as a container, the state of dreaming metaphorically stands for death. Therefore the whole poem is based on structural metaphors of death is sleep and people are plants, which are illustrated with orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors.However, the thesis still has some limitations due to the author’s slim analysis. It can be better with more logical illustrations and evidences. But it is no doubt that the thesis provides a new perspective of discussing Frost’s poem. It expands the application scope of Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor and enriches its practice, and produces referential meaning to literature appreciation. References[1]Lakoff, G & M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By[M]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.1980.[2]Ungerer, F & H. J. Schmid. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics.[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2008.[3]K?vecses, Z. Metaphor: A practical introduction[M]. New York: Oxford University Press.2002.[4]李应雪. 一个解构批评的范本——析罗伯特·弗洛斯特诗歌《摘苹果之后》意义的模糊性[J]. 宁夏大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2007(04): 78-81.[5]Lakoff, G. The Invariance Hypothesis: is abstract reason based on image-schemas?[J]. Cognitive Linguistics, 1990(01): 39-47.[6]Huo, Lirong. Comments on “After Apple-Picking”[J]. Overseas English, 2012(01): 196-197.[7]赵志宇. 罗伯特·弗洛斯特的《摘罢苹果》[J]. 文学语言学研究, 2007(02):70-71.[8]胡壮麟. 诗性隐喻[J]. 山东外语教学, 2001(03): 3-8.。

第四单元测评第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1.Where does the conversation probably take place?A.At a teahouse.B.At a supermarket.C.At a restaurant.2.What are the speakers doing at the moment?A.Watching a match.B.Looking at a poster.C.Deciding to join a team.3.How many days does the woman work in a week?A.About four days.B.Nearly five days.C.Almost six days.4.When was the wedding?A.In June.B.In January.C.In July.5.What’s the probable relationship between the two speakers?A.Classmates.B.Neighbours.C.Colleagues.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料,回答第6、7题。

6.Where does the conversation probably take place?A.In the street.B.In the schoolyard.C.In the library.7.Where is the woman going?A.To the library.B.To the registration office.C.To the lecture theatre.听第7段材料,回答第8、9题。

用放大镜烧纸的实验作文英文回答：The experiment of burning paper with a magnifying glass is a classic demonstration of the power of sunlight to focus and create heat. This experiment is not only fascinating to observe, but it also provides a great opportunity to learn about the properties of light and the concept of energy transfer.To conduct this experiment, you will need a magnifying glass, a piece of paper, and a sunny day. Find an open area with direct sunlight and place the piece of paper on a flat surface. Hold the magnifying glass between the sun and the paper, adjusting the distance and angle until you see a small, bright spot of light on the paper. Keep the magnifying glass steady and focused on the spot, and soon enough, you will see the paper start to smoke and eventually catch fire.This happens because the magnifying glass is able to concentrate the sunlight into a small area, increasing the intensity of the light and heat. When the concentrated sunlight reaches the paper, it raises the temperature ofthe paper to its ignition point, causing it to burn.Through this experiment, we can learn about the properties of light and how it can be focused to create heat. It also demonstrates the concept of energy transfer, as the light energy from the sun is converted into heat energy when focused by the magnifying glass.中文回答：用放大镜烧纸的实验是展示阳光聚焦和产生热量的经典演示之一。

海口“PEP”2024年11版小学三年级上册英语第一单元综合卷考试时间：100分钟（总分:140）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三总分得分一、选择题(共计20题，共40分)1、Which toy is typically used outdoors?哪种玩具通常在户外使用？A, Board game (桌游)B, Frisbee (飞盘)C, Puzzle (拼图)D, Computer game (电脑游戏)2、Which animal can be both a pet and a wildcreature?哪种动物既可以是宠物也可以是野生动物？A, CatB, DogC, FerretD, All of the above3、What do you wear when it rains?下雨时你穿什么？A, SunglassesB, HatC, RaincoatD, Shorts4、What is the English word for "海龟"?A, Sea turtleB, Giant tortoiseC, LizardD, Crocodile5、Which instrument is played by blowing air into it?通过吹气演奏的乐器是什么？A, Violin 小提琴B, Trumpet 小号C, Guitar 吉他D, Tambourine 铃鼓6、What is your favorite season?你最喜欢的季节是什么？A, Summer 夏天B, Winter 冬天C, Rainy Season 雨季D, Autumn 秋天7、What is the name of the device used to take pictures?用来拍照的设备叫什么？A, Camera / 相机B, Phone / 手机C, Computer / 电脑D, Television / 电视8、Which animal can fly?A, DogB, FishC, BirdD, Cat9、What do we call the study of living things?A,BiologyB,ChemistryC,PhysicsD,Geography10、What animal is known for its beautiful singing voice during mating season?什么动物以求偶季节的美丽歌声而闻名？A, Nightingale (夜莺)B, Robin (知更鸟)C, Both (两者)D, None of the above (以上皆不是)11、What is the English word for "沙发"?A, ChairB, CouchC, TableD, Bed12、Which toy is soft and cuddly?哪个玩具又软又可爱？A, Robot 机器人B, Stuffed animal 毛绒玩具D, Car 车13、What is the English word for "植物网络社区"?A, Plant online communityB, Agricultural communityC, Environmental communityD, Ecological community14、What do we call a person who plays a wind instrument?A, ViolinistB, FlautistC, Pianist15、Which of these is a primary color?A, OrangeB, PurpleC, BlueD, Green16、What do we call the celebration on July 4th in the United States?A, Independence DayB, Labor DayC, Memorial DayD, Veterans Day17、What do you call the art of folding paper intoshapes?将纸折叠成形状的艺术叫什么？A, Origami / 折纸B, Kirigami / 剪纸C, Quilling / 卷纸D, Papercraft / 纸艺18、What part of the plant supports it and transportsnutrients?植物的哪个部分支持植物并运输养分？A, Stem / 茎B, Root / 根C, Leaf / 叶子D, Flower / 花19、What do you call a toy that can be assembled?什么叫可以组装的玩具？A, Assembly toy 组装玩具B, Doll 娃娃D, Car 车20、What do you call your niece's brother?你称呼你侄女的兄弟为？A, CousinB, NephewC, BrotherD, Friend二、听力题(共计20题，共40分)1、Which season comes after winter?A, SpringB, AutumnC, SummerD, Rainy2、听录音，连一连。

ABSTRACTThe medieval era has always been labelled as a "long night of barbaric darkness". Despite the lack of material life, cultural lag at the beginning of the middle ages, the emergence of cities and towns has completely changed the situation in Europe and Germany, who have no central power at that time, and it also brought Western Europe advanced and brilliant civilization. The topic of this paper is German city law and its freedom on the rule of law in terms of the influence to modern western society and legal concept. The complex historical background of Europe at the beginning of the middle ages and geographical position in European continent make contribution to the lower living conditions of the German society in comparison to other countries in western Europe, while the comprehensive development of the Western European economy, domestic power struggle between secular crown and papacy and the rise of the citizen literature led to the urbanization in Germany. At the same time the city law inherited a certain cultural connotation and innovated.City law which was applied to Western European cities with autonomy in the Middle Ages derived from charter, common practice and guild system with development of urban handicrafts and commercial trade activities. Moreover, medieval cities allied for commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns. Stronger the alliance was; the League would be more independent. For instance, Hanseatic League, who had their own legal system and furnished their own armies for mutual protection and aid, gained economic and political power with its business thus endowing city law the characteristics of modern international law during the heyday of urbanization. As a result of multi- aspect interests such as political and religious compromise, German city law is a product of emperors, lords and barons, as well as the Pope’s power strugg le. coordinating the conflict of imperial power and magisterium due to the Reformation and Revolution. It showed a strong sense of expression from the people's desire for freedom. This essay focuses on The Freedom of The Medieval City Law In Germany, although cannot be as detailed as monographs, it elaborates on the ideological basis of freedom and influence as much as possible.The paper introduces the European environment and condition in the Middle Ages, including the rise of the empire free city and urbanization in Germany. German city lawwith "freedom" at its core has basically taken shape by the main factors: economics, religion and politics. Freedom of the German city law in the Middle Ages portraits a significant role on the rule of law in modern western countries.Keywords: Middle Ages, City Law, Freedom, Germany目录中文摘要 (I)英文摘要 (II)1 引言 (1)2 文献评述 (2)2.1 国外研究现状 (2)2.2 国内的研究状况 (5)2.3 其他文博、多媒体资料 (6)3 中世纪德意志的背景考察 (8)3.1 黑暗的中世纪 (8)3.1.1 帝国格局混乱 (9)3.1.2 文化滞后 (12)3.2 中世纪德意志城市化 (13)3.2.1 帝国自由市的兴起 (13)3.2.2 城市化 (15)3.3 中世纪德意志的城市文明 (16)3.3.1 中世纪早期 (16)3.3.2 骑士文化与市民文学 (17)4 中世纪德意志城市法中的自由表现 (19)4.1 德意志城市法中的自由思想 (19)4.1.1 城市法律体系蕴含自由意志 (19)4.1.2 城市法的内容规定自由权利 (21)4.2 城市法自由的制度体现 (23)4.2.1 城市法典汇编 (24)4.2.2 行会制度 (26)4.2.3 城市司法自治 (27)4.3 “国际化”层面的城市法自由 (28)4.3.1 城市同盟 (28)4.3.2 同盟法令 (30)5 德意志城市法自由的原因探寻 (33)5.1 地理环境 (33)5.2 经济繁荣 (34)5.3 政教博弈 (35)6 结语 (38)致谢 (39)参考文献 (40)附录 (43)A.作者在攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文目录 (43)重庆 1 引言1 引言德国城市的起源可以追溯到德国和欧洲还是共同体时的中世纪，在当时流传着至今为全世界人所熟知的德语俗谚“Die Stadtluft macht frei”（城市的空气使人自由）说明城市给德意志人带来生活、精神方面的巨大影响，因此本文将研究内容界定在这一时间段和地域范围内。