A History of Eniglish Literature

A Short History of English LiteratureCourse Outline（09英语）I.Old English Literature (449 A.D.------ 1066)1. Historical Background（了解）(1) Celts(2) Roman Conquest(3) The English Conquest2. Literature Term: (记忆)EpicAlliteration3. Main work:The great epic-----Beowulf(1) The Content of Beowulf（了解）(2) The Theme of Beowulf（理解）(3) The Features of Beowulf (记忆)II. Medieval English Literature (1066--- 15th century)1. Historical Background（了解）(1) The Danish Invasion(2) The Norman Conquest(3) The Rising of 13812. Literature Terms: (记忆)Romance (definition, classification and class nature)BalladAllegoryHeroic couplet3. Major works: (记忆)(1) Sir Gawain and the Green KnightThe Content of it（了解）The Knight and Chivalry（了解）Analysis of the Character-----Sir Gawain(理解)(2) The Death of King ArthurThe Content of it（了解）Analysis of the Character-----King Arthur(理解)Evaluation(3) Robin Hood and BalladsThe Content of it（了解）Analysis of the Character-----Robin Hood (理解)Meter and Foot（了解）(4) Piers the PlowmanThe Author----Langland （了解）The Content of it（了解）The Theme of it（理解）The Features of it (背诵记忆)4. Major Poet---- Geoffrey Chaucer (重点记忆)(1) Life (1340-1400)（了解）(2) Literary Career (three periods)（了解）(3) The Canterbury TalesThe Content of it（了解）The Theme of it（理解）The Features of it (记忆)(4) Chaucer’s Contribution to English LiteratureIII. The English Renaissance Literature ( late 15th century ----- early 17th century)1. Historical Background（了解）The Political Background---The Establishment of Tudor Dynasty---The Religious ReformationThe Economic Background---The Enclosure Movement---The Commercial Expansion---The War with SpainThe Cultural Background---The Movement of Renaissance---The Thought of Humanism2. Literature Features (了解)Translation VersionsProsePoetryDrama3. Literature TermsSonnetBlank VerseSpenserian Stanza4. Main Writers and Their Works （记忆）John WycliffeWilliam Tyndale The English BibleThomas More Utopia （内容和主旨及对莫尔的评价）Francis Bacon Essays (Of Studies)（欣赏）Edmund Spenser The Shepherd’s CalendarThe Fairy Queen （为什么斯宾塞被称为诗人中的诗人? 《仙后》的寓意）Christopher Marlowe Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus(plots, theme, achievement)William Shakespeare (37 plays, 3 periods)The Tragicomics, esp Romeo and JulietGreat Comodies, esp The Merchant of VeniceGreat Tragedies, esp HamletHistories, esp Henry IVRomances,esp The Tempest( Plot, theme, characters)(对莎士比亚的评价及莎士比亚戏剧的特点) Ben Jonson Volpone (琼森戏剧的特点)IV. English Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (17th century)1.Historical Background (了解)The English RevolutionThe Restoration of MornachyThe Glorious Revolution2. Literature Features (了解). PoetryProseDrama3. Literature Terms:(记忆)Metaphysical PoetsCavalier Poets4. Main Writers and Their Works:（记忆）John Donne Songs and Sonnet (features of his poems)John Milton ( 3periods, poems, pamphlets and epics)Paradise Lost(story, theme, characters)（对弥尔顿的评价）John Bunyan The Pilgrim’s Progress（allegory, story, theme,features）to be or not to be ,that is a questionTo be, or not to be: that is the question:Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them. To die: to sleep;No more; and by a sleep to say we endThe heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep;To sleep: perchance to dream: aye, there's the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause: there's the respectThat makes calamity of so long life;For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, The pangs of despised love, the law's delay,The insolence of office, and the spurnsThat patient merit of the unworthy takes,When he himself might his quietus makeWith a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear,To grunt and sweat under a weary life,But that the dread of something after death,The undiscover'd country from whose bournNo traveler returns, puzzles the will,And makes us rather bear those ills we haveThan fly to others that we know not of?Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pitch and momentWith this regard their currents turn awryAnd lose the name of action.译文一：生存或毁灭, 这是个问题:是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击,还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌,并将其克服。

A History of British LiteratureThe art of asking questions (rigor of thinking)e.g. 仁者乐山，智者乐水。

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.Question One:Why “a”, not “the”?Question TwoWhat is “history”?Definition of HISTORY1: tale, story2 a : a chronological record of significant events (as affecting a nation or institution) often including an explanation of their causes b : a treatise presenting systematically related natural phenomena c : an account of a patient's medical background d : an established record <a prisoner with a history of violence>3: a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events <medieval history>4a : events that form the subject matter of a historyPrimary sources: letters, diaries, logs, edicts, treaties, minutes, records, archives; secondary sources: history booksHow do we know for sure, for example, those plots that only a few conspirators are supposed to know?Question Three:What is “British”? and “Britain”?British national traits: both gentleman (Roman) and pirate (Nordic)1. Gentleman (Roman/Latin influence):a. Legacy of Roman culture: AD 43 Roman Conquest of Britain begun byEmperor Claudius. Civil Laws; Procedural Justice. Mechanisms of contracts and negotiations.b. Unique features of British feudalism: No serfs, but yeomen. No strict socialclasses as in other feudal societies of Europe. System of patronization. Long Presence of Parliament (since 1265)c. Magna Carta (signed at Runnymede by King John in 1215 Jun 15)d. Reformation, not revolution: (only two exceptions: Peasants’ Revolt in 1381and the Civil War in the 1640s): Glorious Revolution in 1688, passage of the Reform Bill in 1832. Marx’s prophecy not fulfilled.e. Liberty over democracy (check and balance, sharing of power) (Locke, Burke,Mill)f. Conservatism over radicalism (e.g. not until 1971 did Britain adopt the metricsystem)g. Pragmatism over idealism: reflected in its philosophy (empiricism andutilitarianism) and foreign policy (another version of check and balance)2. Pirate (Nordic or Anglo-Saxon influence):a. Francis Drake and the pirate tradition: acquiring fortunes from Spanish plunder,encouraged by the Crownb. Slave trade (1564-1834)c. Opium War (1840)Question Four:What is “literature”?Letters, recordsWhen did literature become a separate discipline?What is “literature proper”?Decorations in language? Figurative uses? Tropes?Sentimentality? Appealing to emotions?Fiction? Imaginations?What to be included into “a history of literature”?Question Five:Why do we study literature?1.to develop our understanding of the human condition;2.to cultivate our cognitive abilities;3.to live lives other than our own;4.to know about more minds;5.to learn tolerance;6.to explore ethical problems;7.to enjoy the beauty of languageQuestion Six:How do we read?Every reading is a misreading, yet not every misreading is an effective/plausible reading.Text—script/musical scoreReading—your performance/execution宇文所安《盛唐诗》p 17p 118p 229p 223汉乐逸《发现卞之琳》巷中人与墙内树彼此岂满不相干？岂止沾衣肩掉一滴宿雨？人并非无泪，而明白露水因缘，你来画一笔切线，我为你珍惜这空虚的一点，像珠像泪——人不妨有泪。

A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE1. the Angles, Saxons and Jutes were three tribes from Northern Europe.2.English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people.3.Features of Beowulf 贝奥武普: the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration头韵.（definition）In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. Other features of Beowulf are the use of metaphors and of understatements.4. The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066.(the Norman Conquest)5. The Romance 罗曼司---the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England. It was a long composition, sometimes in prose, describing the life and a adventures of a noble hero.Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table6. The Class Nature of the RomanceThe theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance , as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse.They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.7.the Ballads 民谣The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song; usually in 4-line, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.8. The Robin Hood Ballad --- the various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a collection called The Geste of Robin Hood.绿林好汉罗宾汉的故事9. The founder of English poetry is Geoffrey Chaucer. 乔叟The Canterbury Tales ---(1) a collection of 24 stories (2)close links---stories are closely connected to each other (3)stories into groups on different subjects -- story-tellers, from ranks, professions, religions (4)variation in form三大著名教堂：Westminster Cathedral 西敏寺大教堂Saint Pail’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂Canterbury Cathedral 坎特布雷大教堂10.The Renaissance and HumanismThe rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or, the rebirth of letters. It spang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Old manuscripts were dug out. There arose a current for the study of Greek and Latin authors. While people learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form, they caught something in spirit very different from the medieval Catholic dogma. So the love of classics was but an expression of the generation dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.Humanism reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. According to the humanists, both man and world are hindered onlyby external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason.11.Edmund Spenser 斯宾塞The poet’s poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.The Faerie Queene : nationalism, humanism , puritanismThe Faerie Queene (definition)i s written in a special verse form that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet(an alexandrine), with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc. This form has since been called the Spenserian Stanza.12.Drama 戏剧: the Miracle Play 奇迹剧, The Morality Play 道德剧, The Interlude 幕间剧, The Classical Drama 古典剧12.Marlowe（马洛）’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine 帖木耳(1587), The Jes of Malta马耳他的犹太人(1592), and Doctor Faustus浮士德博士(1588).13.Social significance of Marlowe’s Plays:These plays show, in various ways, the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie , its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable, appetite for power whether that be won by military might, knowledge, or gold.In Tamburlaine, it is ambition; in Doctor Faustus, desire for knowledge; in The Jew of Malta, greed for wealth. They were typical images of the era of the primitive accumulation of capital.14.William Shakespeare莎士比亚was born on April 23, 1564, died on April 23, the anniversary of his birth, in 1616.A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays: 四大悲剧Hamlet 哈姆雷特,Macbeth麦克白,Othello 奥赛罗,King Lear 李尔王.The reasons of the Melancholy（忧郁）of Hamlet: (1)he seems to understand that his mere revenge upon his uncle would in no way solve the problems that trouble and upset him.(2)he does not want to include the Britain into the chaos.(3)the crisis of humanism---the root of the murder is the political system.ton米尔顿--Paradise Lost 失乐园，Samson Agonistes 力士参孙16.Bunyan 班扬---the Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程17.Metaphysical玄学派PoetsThe works of the Metaphysical Poets are characterized, generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.John DonneAnother school of poetry prevailing in the period was that of Cavalier Poets.18.The Enlightenment 启蒙运动in Europe:The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place al branches of science at the service of mankind by by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.Steele and The Tatler闲话者Addison and The Spectator观察家To sum up Steele’s and Addison’s contribution to the English literature:1. Their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie/2. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.3. In the hands of Addison and Steele, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story -telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.19.Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特---Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游记Pamphlets on Ireland 关于爱尔兰问题的小册子--A Modest Proposal 一个温柔的建议20.Richardson--he was noted as a storyteller, letter writer and moralizer.Pamela:Pamela was a new thing in three ways,firstly,it discarded the “improbable and marvelous”accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. Secondly,its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings.22. Fielding 菲尔丁---Joseph Andrews(a parody 戏仿to Pamela)23.（约翰逊）Johnson’s Dictionary:(1)it marked an epoch in the study of the English language.(2)also marked the end of English writers’reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.24.Sentimentalism感伤主义: it came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality. The representatives of Sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism, but they sensed st the same time the contradictions in the process of capitalist development. Dissatisfied with reason, which classicists appealed to, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, “to the huamn heart.”25.Blake 布莱克----Songs of Innocence contains poems which were apparently written for children, using a language which even little babies can learn by heart, and in Songs of Experience, a much maturer work,entirely different themes are to be found, for in this collection of poems the poet drew pictures of neediness and distress and showed the sufferings of the miserable.The contrast between Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience is of great significance. It marks a progress in the poet’s outlook on life.26.Burns 彭斯peasant poet 农民诗人（前浪漫主义诗人）27.Romanticism 浪漫主义prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. Generally speaking, the romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with, and opposed to, the development of capitalism. But owing to difference in social and political attitudes, they split into two schools. Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past, i.e. The “”merry Old England,”as their ideal, or “frightened by the coming of industrialism and the nightmare towns of industry, they were turning to nature of protection.”These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also benne called the Lake Poets because they had lived in the Lake District in the northwest of England and shared acommunity of literary and social outlook in their work. Other expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one, of a future society free from oppression and exploitation. These were the younger generation of romanticists and sometimes called active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.So the general feature if the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism. Their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes, formidable events, tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions, and exotic pictures. Sometimes they resort to symbolic methods. With the active romanticists, symbolic pictures represent a vague idea of some future society, while with the escapist romanticists, these often take on a mystic color. In contrast to the rationalism of the enlighteners and classicists in the 18th century, the romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man. Nature, often personified, also plays an important role in their works. The passions of man and the beauties of nature appealed strongly to the imagination of the Romantic writer, and the glory of the lakes and mountains, the little joys or sorrows of children, the weal and woe of ordinary, uncultured peasants, the wonder of the fairy world, and the splendor of the Greek art all because the fountain-heads of the writer’s inspiration. Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. In fact, all the romanticists mentioned above were poets. The Romantic Period was one of poetical revival.28.Wordsworth: in 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly published the Lyrical Ballads. The publication marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e. With classicism, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England. “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”His “Lucy” poems are a series of short pathetic lyrics on the theme of harmony between humanity and nature.29.Shelley 雪莱: Queen Mab 麦布女王The Revolt of Islam 伊斯兰暴动Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯30.Keats济慈: ode 颂Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn 古瓮颂, Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂An Analysis of Jane EyreThe novel is rich in poetry, symbolism and metaphor. It does not fit easily into a definite pattern, being neither a novel of "manners" in the tradition of Austen, or a straightforward Gothic Romance in the style of Mrs Radcliffe. What Charlotte Bronte did was to create a work which cleverly blends elements of the two styles, and which remains uniquely independent of them at the same time, since it addresses issues which were at the time rather controversial.The novel is written in the first person, and thus magnifies the central character - the reader enters the world of Jane Eyre and is transported through her experiences at first hand. This at once makes the work subjective, especially since we know that Charlottes Brontes own life and experiences were so closely interwoven with the heroine's. As well as this we learn only at the end of the novel that the events are being related to us ten years after the reconciliation with Rochester - thus the narrative is RETROSPECTIVE (looking back). CB is clever in blending the narrative so that at times Jane seems to be speaking as an adult with adult hindsight , while at others she she is "in the middle" of them, as a child or young woman. The indecision which is a central issue in the book, is heightened by this device. We never know, as readers, whether to be entirely trustful of Janes actions and thoughts, because we are never sure wheher she is speaking impulsively or maturely.This intensifies the readers dilemma as to what is "right" and "wrong" in the dramatic relationships which are part of JE's life. Can we believe what the heroine says, or is she deceiving herself? The novel is primarily a love story and a "romance" where wishes come true but only after trials and suffering. The supernatural has its place, as do dreams, portents and prophesies. The heroine begins poor and lonely and ends up rich and loved; the orphan finds a good family to replace the wicked one; all the basic ingredients of classic romantic fairytale are present.The romantic element is present in two forms in Jane Eyre; the "family" aspect is dealt with in the Gateshead, Lowood and Moor House episodes, which involve the exchanging of the wicked Reed family for the benevolent Rivers one; and the Love romance is dealt with in the Thornfield and Ferndean episodes. Both aspects are, of course linked and interwoven throughout the novel.There is also a strong element of realism in the novel, which, married to the romantic aspect, enhances the novel's strength.The sense of place is very strong; we are able to experience both exterior and interior settings with startling clarity throughout the story, in a series of vivid deive passages. The central characters are also realistic and their confrontations and sufferings change them in a believable way.Even the unlikely is made plausible, with a unique blend of high drama and perceptive low comedy (the attack on Mason, for instance)The more fantastic romantic aspects; the coincidences; the secrets; the supernatural occurrences, are balanced by the realism, and this is of course a major strength.The Gothic influence cannot be ignored, although CB has refined the technique considerably from the "authentic" Gothic of the 1790's. In the original genre, the heroine would typically be abductedand threatened with seduction, or worse!. There would be a lover - a respectable, well-bred young man - who would endeavor to rescue the heroine and would succeed after many trial. the seducer would be a brigand "Know that I adore Corsairs!" and he would lock the girl up in a remote castle.There was little freedom for middle class women during the period of the Gothic novel, and this was still the case in the time of CB. Marriage especially was often a bargain, whereby fortunes were secured by using the female as a pawn. A woman's value largely depended therefore on her sexual purity and she was guarded and secured as a result. Men, on the contrary, were potent and free; lovers and mistresses were common. Ironically the women who provided their services were social outcasts as a result.In Jane Eyre we see elements of the Gothic romance, in that Thornfield Hall and Rochester are described very much in the brigand/castle style BUT Jane Eyre is not abducted by R. On the contrary she chooses to go there of her own free will. AND she is clear in her determination to have Rochester as a husband. Neither is there a gentleman rescuer; St John Rivers may look like a Greek God, but he is neither kind nor benevolent; driving Jane back to Ferndean, not rescuing her from it.The trials which the hero is supposed to undergo in a Gothic romance are in fact undergone by the heroine in Jane Eyre. The bandit Rochester is only skin-deep. Underneath the brooding exterior is a sensitive soul, which a WOMAN frees. In this way we see that CB created rather a daring departure from conventional fiction, although there are still many aspects of the novel which remain true to Victorian convention.!3. The Joys of Writing (by Winston Churchill)【导读】温斯顿·丘吉尔(Winston Churchill), 英国首相、保守党领袖。

The history of English literatureOld English PeriodThe old English Period is also called The Angle Saxon Period. It ranged from 5th century to 11th century. It is the beginning of English civilization. The literature genres of this period is poetry, including Pangan poetry and Christian poetry. The most representative work of this time is the so called “English national epic” , the song of Beowulf. The writer of this poetry is not clear as is an oral saga.Middle English periodDue to the The Norman Conquest during this time, the Norman French had a strong influence on the literature of this period. 12th and 13th centuries witnessed a flowering of literature in Latin and French, no English literature at all. The flowering of Middle English literature came around in the 2nd half of the 14th century. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, The Pearl, Piers the Plowman and Canterbury Tales all these famous stories appeared in this period. Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest poet of the Middle English Period, father of English poem. he introduced from France and Italy the rhymed stazas of various forms to English poetry instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The English RenaissanceAs a literary movement the Renaissance took place in a transitional period from 14 through 16th century. The ideal of Renaissance was Humanism, which focused on the welfare of human beings. The literature of this period emphasized more on the human rather than on the god. It encouraged people to pursuit the happiness of life. It also advocated education should be equal. William Shakespeare and his Four Great Tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear , Macbeth are the most important representatives during this period. English literature of 17th centuryThe English literature of 17th century can be divided into the revolution period and the restoration period. John Milton was a significant person in the great era. He had the major works that made him distinctive in his time, like Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes. Besides, John Bunyan, John Dryden were also very famous in this time. They had a great impact onthe literature of this time.English literature of 18th centuryThere are some important terms that were created during this 100 years. The enlightenment , the Neo-classicism, the satiric literature and the Sentimentalism were seen in this period. It also witnessed the rise of English novel. One of the most famous writers in this era was Jonathan Swift. He had many literature works that still have great influence in our time. Gulliver's Travels, A Tale of A Tub, the battle of books, A Modest Proposal are now very popular.。

The Mid-Term Test For The History Of English LiteratureI. Match: The following two rows are divided according to writers and their works. Please match them. Each writer corresponds to one work. (10*1)Chaucer EssaysMore Holy DyingJohn Lyly Troilus and CriseydeFrancis Bacon The Jew of MaltaMarlowe UtopiaShakespeare A Tale of a TubMilton EuphuesBunyan King LearJeremy Taylor AreopagiticaSwift The Pilgrim’s ProgressII. Choice: There are twenty sentences about writers, works, trend and terms in this part. Beneath each sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the right one for the sentence. (20*1)1.Geoffrey Chaucer is known as the following titles except ____.A. the founder of English poetryB. the forerunner of essaysC. the founder of English realismD. the forerunner of Humanism2. Jonathan Swift came from ____.A. EnglandB. WalesC. ScotlandD. Ireland3.The Poet’s Poet of the Flowering of English Literature refers to ____.A. Edmund SpenserB. Sir Philip SidneyC. John LilyD. Walter Raleigh4.The following works belong to Milton except ____.A. Paradise LostB. Samson AgonistesC. The AlchemistD. L’ Allegro5. ____’s achievements were the monument of the English Renai ssance.A. MarloweB. John LylyC. ShakespeareD. Ben Jonson6. The “university wit” included the following playwrights except____.A. NashB. Ben JonsonC. MarloweD. Peele7.____ does not belong to Sh akespeare’s The Great Comedies.A. As You Like ItB. The Merchant of VeniceC. Romeo and JulietD.A Midsummer Night’s Dream8. The Wife of Bath comes from the work____.A. The Shepherd’s CalendarB. Troilus and CriseydeC. The Canterbury TalesD. King Lear9. A ballad is a story told in ____, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth linesrhymed.A. songB. proseC. novelD. verse10. The key-note of the Renaissance is ____.A. RealismB. HumanismC. ClassismD. Romanticism11. The following groups or cycles are all the Romance Cycles except____.A. Matters of BritainB. Matters of FranceC. Matters of RomeD. Matters of England12.The Metaphysical Poets include the following poets except____.A. John DonneB. Henry VaughanC. George HerbertD. Richard Lovelace13 Swift is famous for his ____.A. Satirical NovelB. Realistic NovelC. Historical NovelD. Romantic Novel14. The drama ____ was created in Shakespeare’s mature period.A. HamletB. King LearC. As You Like ItD. Romeo and Juliet15. Which of the followings is the right time order of ①Interlude ②The Classical Drama ③TheMiracle Play ④The Morality Play.A. ④③①②B. ①③④②C. ③④①②D. ②④①③16. Pope belongs to the period of ____.A. Early and medieval English literatureB. The English renaissanceC. The English bourgeois RevolutionD. the eighteenth century17.In the work ____, Milton expressed his passionate longing that he too could bringdestruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.A. Paradise LostB. Samson AgonistesC. Paradise RegainedD. Areopagitica18.Sir John Falstaff is the main character of Shakespeare’s historical drama ____.A. Henry IVB. Henry VIIIC. Richard IIID. Henry V19. William Caxton is the first English ____.A. printerB. translatorC. novelistD. poet20. Marlowe’s best include the following three of his plays except____.A. TamburlaineB. Julius CaesarC. Doctor FaustusD. The Jew of MaltaIII. Truth or False: In this part, there are ten sentences for you to judge. They may be right or wrong.. If the sentence is right, mark T; if the sentence is wrong, mark F. (10*2)1. Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare’s The Great Tragedies.2. Ben Jonson was also known as a poet and critic.3. Utopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation.4. The Miracle Plays presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical personages.5. Queen Elizabeth I was so amused by Falstaff that she ordered Shakespeare to write anotherplay about him.6. Milton once wrote as the Spokesman of the Restoration.7. English literature began with the Normans settlement in England.8. The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in Englishliterature.9. The playwrights in the period of the English Renaissance were often high paid.10. The general s pirit of Shakespeare’s The Great Comedies is optimism.IV. Explanation: This part has been divided into four sections which are writers, works, trends and terms. Please choose one from one section respectively and explain it briefly and completely.(4*5)Section 1-writer①Bunyan ② Marlowe ③ More ④ Milton_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Section 2-work① Pilgrims Progress ② Areopagitica ③ Utopia ④ Henry V_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________Section 3-trend①Romance ② Classism ③ Ballads ④ Metaphysics_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________Section 4-term①Novel ② Sonnet ③ prose ④ verse_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________V. Product Analysis: In this part, please analyze the given poet briefly and completely. (1*10)A Red, Red RoseRobert BurnsO my Luve's like a red, red rose,That's newly sprung in June:O my Luve's like the melodie,That's sweetly play'd in tune.As fair art thou, my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a' the seas gang dry.Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi' the sun;And I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o' life shall run.And fare-thee-weel, my only Luve!And fare-thee-weel, a while!And I will come again, my Luve,Tho' 'twere ten thousand mile!_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________VI. Discussion: There are two questions for you discuss. Please write down your own understanding about there questions briefly. (2*10)1. What did the three conquests bring to the early English literature?_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. What’s the features of Shakespeare’s drama?_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________AnswerI. Match (10*1)Chaucer EssaysMore Holy DyingJohn Lyly Troilus and CriseydeFrancis Bacon The Jew of MaltaMarlowe UtopiaShakespeare A Tale of a TubMilton EuphuesBunyan King LearJeremy Taylor AreopagiticaSwift The Pilgrim’s ProgressII. Choice (20*1)1-5 BDACC 6-10 BCCAB 11-15 DDACC 16-20 DBDABIII. Truth or False (10*2)1-5 FTTFT 6-10 FFTFTIV. Explanation (4*5)Section 1: Take Milton as an example:Milton, one of the greatest poets of England, defended the English commonwealth with his pen in 17th century. (Position: 1 score)His masterpieces are Areopagitica, Paradise Lost, Samson Agonisties and various pamphlets. (Masterpieces: 2 scores)Milton was political in both his life and his are. He wrote the greatest epic in English literature. Milton is a master of the blank verse and a great stylist. Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. (Significance and Contribution:2 scores)Section 2: Take Areopagitica as an example:In 1644, Milton wrote and published his best-known prose work, Areopagitica, in the form of a form of a speech addressed to the House of Parliament. (Position and Author: 2 scores)In Areopagitica, Milton appealed for the freedom of the press. (Content: 1 score) Areopagitica, as a declaration of people’s freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revolutionary struggles. (Contribution: 2 scores)Section 3: Take Romance as an example:Romance, which was the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England, was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight, who was devoted to the church and the king. The great majority of the romances fall into three cycles, and the “matters of Britain”, and the “matters of France”, and the “matters of Rome”. (Definition: 3 scores)The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances, as loyalty wasthe corner-stone of feudal morality, without the whole structure of feudalism would collapse. (Features and Core: 2 scores)Section 4: Take Novel as an example:A novel is a long narrative in literary prose. (Definition: 1 score)Novel is a fictional narrative and distinct literary prose. It has requirement of length and media. Novel has special content. It has intricate intimacy and epic depiction of life. (Features: 4 scores)V. Product Analysis (1*10)Theme: to express strong affection to his love, swearing that he will love her for ever.(2 scores)Structure: 1.Stanza 1: compare his sweet heart as a red rose and sweet music. (1 scores)2. Stanza 2-3: swear that he will love her for ever, and assure that he will neverchange his heart. (1 scores)3. Stanza 4: assure his lover that he will leave for a short time but will come back nomatter how far it is. (1 scores)Form: Scottish Folklore, short lines, strong rhythm. The first and third lines have 8 syllables and the second and fourth lines have 6 syllable in the first two stanzas and 7 syllables in thesecond two stanzas. Rhyming abab. (3 scores)Feature: Use simile to express the strong affection which can not be controlled. And use repetition to intensify his emotion. (2 scores)VI. Discussion (2*10)1.① The Roman Conquest: Roman theatre/ Christianity (3 scores)② The English Conquest: A single language/ Northern mythology/ Christianized (4 scores)③ The Norman Conquest: Romances/ Language change (3 scores)2.① Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.(2 scores)②Shakespeare’s dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.(2 scores)③ Shakespeare’s long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic arethus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting, (2 scores)④ Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms, the song ,the sonnet, the coupler, and thedramatic blank verse. (2 scores)⑤ Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. (2 scores)。

英语属于西日耳曼语支，起源于盎格鲁-弗里西亚方言，是在日耳曼人入侵时被引入不列颠的。

English is a West Germanic language that originated from theAnglo-Frisian dialects, broughtto Britain by Germanic invaders最初的古英语由多种方言组成，晚期西撒克逊语最终成为了统一英语的语言。

现代人所认识的英语，很大程度上和公元时来自诺曼人的入侵，他们讲的古诺曼语最终发展为英语的一种变体，称为盎格鲁-诺曼语。

Middle English differed from Old English because of two invasions which occurred during the Middle Ages. The 1st invasion was by peoples who spoke North Germanic languages. They conquered and colonized parts of Britain during the 8th and 9th centuries A.D. The 2nd invasion was by the Normans of the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and eventually developed an English form thereofcalled Anglo-Norman.Proto-English英语诞生于日耳曼人的语言，主要包括盎格鲁语，撒克逊语，弗里西语，朱特语。

这其中还可能含有法兰克语，之后又融合了拉丁语。

The languages of Germanic peoples gave rise to the English language( the best known are the Angles, Saxons, Frisii, Jutes and possibly some Franks,) . Latin loan wordsentered the vocabulary.Old English – from the mid-5th century to the mid-11th century人们现在所讲的古英语是长期以来多个殖民部落的方言融合而形成的。

History of English Literature-英國文學史⏹Terminal Objective:The goal of this course is to help students to obtain an overview of the historical development of English literature by reading works of the major writers of English literature in chronological order.⏹Enabling Objectives:1.Students will learn the basic literary terms which will enable them to betterunderstand and analyze literary works.2.Students will have a glimpse into English history and culture.3.Students will learn the literary current and fashion of each historical period.4.Students will acquire biographical information of each author, pertaining tothe reading of his/her works.5.Students will learn the unique features of each individual author and his/herworks.6.Students will improve their English reading ability.7.Students will improve their skills in oral presentation.⏹ A repertoire of major works and writers of English literature:1.The Middle Ages (to ca. 1485)a.Beowulfb.Sir Gawain and the Green Knightc.Geoffrey Chaucer (The Canterbury Tales)d.Sir Thomas Malory (Morte Darthur)2.The 16th Century (1485-1603)a.Edmund Spenser (The Faerie Queene)b.Christopher Marlowe (Doctor Faustus, “The Passionate Shepherd toHis Love”)c.Sir Walter Raleigh (“The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd”)d.Sir Philip Sidney (Astrophil and Stella)e.William Shakespeare (sonnets and plays)3.The Early 17th Century (1603-1660)a.John Donne (Songs and Sonnets)b.Ben Johnson (Epigrams)c.Andrew Marvell (“To His Coy Mistress”)d.John Milton (Paradise Lost)4.The Restoration and the 18th Century (1660-1785)a.Jonathan Swift (Gulliver’s Travels)b.Alexander Pope (The Rape of the Lock)c.Samuel Johnson (A Dictionary)d.James Boswell (The Life of Samuel Johnson)5.The Romantic Period (1785-1830)a.Robert Burns (some poems)b.William Blake (Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience)c.William Wordsworth (some poems)d.Samuel T. Coleridge (“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,”“KublaKhan,”“Christabel,” etc.)e.Lord Byron (Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Don Juan, etc.)f.Percy Bysshe Shelley (“Ode to the West Wind,”“To a Sky-Lark,”Prometheus Unbound, etc.)g.John Keats (“Ode to a Nightingale,”“Ode on a Grecian Urn,”“TheEve of St. Agnes,” etc.)6.The Victorian Age (1830-1901)a.Thomas Carlyle (Past and Present)b.Elizabeth Barret Browning (Sonnets from the Portuguese)c.Robert Browning (some poems.)d.Lord Tennyson (some poems)e.Matthew Arnold (some poems)f.Gerard Manley Hopkins (some poems)g.Oscar Wilde (The Importance of Being Earnest)7.The 20th Centurya.Thomas Hardy (poems and chapters from his major novels)b.W. B. Yeats (some poems)c.Joseph Conrad (Heart of Darkness)d.Virginia Woolf (A Room of One’s Own, etc.)e.James Joyce (short stories)f. D. H. Lawrence (short stories)g.T. S. Eliot (“The Wasteland,” etc.)h.W. H. Auden (some poems)i.Dylan Thomas (some poems)。