《中西文化对比》第二章 第一讲 汉英文化比较
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第二章汉英翻译基础知识汉英翻译与文化1.文化的定义♦现代汉语词典♦OALED (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s English-Chinese Dictionary)♦美国著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达将语言文化特性分五类:1.Ecology生态学2.Material Culture物质文化3.Social Culture社会文化4.Religious Culture宗教文化5.Linguistic Culture语言文化♦文化是人类在社会历史发展中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和.2.文化、语言与汉英翻译的关系♦Some social scientists regard language as a keystone of culture. Language reflects culture. Without language, culture would not be possible.♦On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture. In the broadest sense, language is the symbolic representation of a people, and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as the approach to life and their ways of living and thinking.That's to say, language and culture interact. They can't be separated from each other.♦王佐良说:翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。
不了解语言当中的社会文化,谁也无法真正掌握语言。
第一章翻译简史(中外翻译理论沿革)翻译是语际交流中沟通不同语言的桥梁。
它是一种实践性很强的跨文化交际活动。
翻译不单是语言的转换,更是文化的转换。
英汉两种语言在谱系、文字系统、语音、词汇、语法、篇章、语用等方面均有较大的差异,这些差异是它们在物质文化与制度文化不同的社会中产生和发展、被具有不同心理文化的人长期使用而形成的。
由于这两种语言具有不同的特征,反映不同的文化,英汉语相互转换的机制应该是不同的。
所以,翻译活动应该是这样一种活动,即把一种语言的信息用另一种语言表达出来,使译文读者能得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。
1 、翻译的概念2 、翻译的性质3 、翻译在外语教学中的地位4 、翻译与其他学科的关系5 、翻译的分类6 、译者的素养7 、翻译市场的现状8 、翻译工具箱1、翻译的概念翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整的重新表达出来的语言活动。
---张培基(1980)Catford :Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).Peter Newmark :To translate is to change into another language, retaining as much of the sense as one can.Malcolm Cowley:Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background.Eugene Nida:奈达定义的三个优点明确地说明了要译的是什么(信息message)暗示了由于语言文化上的差异,原文和译文只能做到相对的对等(closest)考虑了译文的可接受性Some Definitions by Modern Translation TheoristsGideon Toury:―A translation is taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target cultur:e, on whatever grounds.‖Christiane Nord―Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text.‖Jean Sager:―Translation is an externally motivated industrial activity, supported by information technology, which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this fo rm of communication.‖吕俊:―翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动,其本质是传播,是传播学中一个有特殊性质的领域。