质子衰变(Proton+decay)
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双质子衰变
双质子衰变是一种相对较罕见的粒子衰变过程,其中两个质子几乎同时发生无散射地自发变成其他粒子。
这种衰变过程是一种高能物理中的罕见现象,与通常的单质子衰变有所不同。
在核物理中,质子是最稳定的粒子之一,因此双质子衰变的发生需要考虑到更高能量和其他因素。
在标准模型之外的物理理论中,有些理论预测了可能存在双质子衰变过程,例如超对称理论等。
然而,目前还没有对双质子衰变的实验观测到确定的证据。
由于双质子衰变的衰变时间远远超过当前实验设备的观测能力,所以需要更大的实验设备和更长时间的观测来进一步研究和验证这一过程。
总体而言,双质子衰变是一种与通常的单质子衰变不同的粒子衰变过程,目前仍然是一个开放的研究领域,需要更多的实验和理论工作来深入了解和验证这一过程的存在与性质。
放射性衰变基本知识⼭西医科⼤学教案(理论教学⽤)单位:⼭西医科⼤学第⼀医院教研室:影像医学与核医学任课教师姓名:课程名称:核医学授课时间:⼭西医科⼤学教案(实践教学⽤)单位:⼭西医科⼤学第⼀医院教研室:影像医学与核医学任课教师姓名:课程名称:核医学授课时间:讲授内容注解绪论⼀、定义和学科分类1.定义:核医学(nuclear medicine)是将核技术应⽤于医学领域的学科,是⽤放射性核素诊断、治疗疾病和进⾏医学研究的医学学科。
2.学科分类为临床医学。
根据我国医学专业学位点的设置,核医学属于“影像医学与核医学”学位点。
3.核医学显像与X-CT显像的区别⽬前影像医学包括X线诊断学、超声影像诊断学和磁共振影像诊断学。
核医学显像与X-CT显像的区别⼆、核素显像的优缺点2)早期诊断:⾎流、代谢异常常是疾病的早期变化,出现在形态学改变之前。
3)提供多种参数:研究疾病早期变化。
4)具有较⾼的特异性:如显⽰受体、肿瘤、炎症、异位等。
5)⽆创伤性检查,过敏及毒副作⽤极少。
6)辐射吸收剂量远低于X线检查。
7)缺点:影像清晰度差。
▲※▲▲三、核医学的内容核医学显像、器官功能测定、体外分析、核素治疗。
第⼀章核物理知识第⼀节同位素、核素、同质异能素1.原⼦核(nucleus)结构2.基态(ground state)和激发态(excited state)原⼦核结构可表⽰为A ZXN,其中X为元素符号,N为中⼦数,Z为质⼦数,A为质量数,通常可以省略为AX,如13153I78可省略为131I。
原⼦核可处于不同的能量状态,平常情况下处于最低的状态称为基态。
原⼦核在某些核反应、核裂变及放射性衰变后仍处于⾼能状态,称为激发态。
3.核素(nuclide)质⼦数、中⼦数均相同,并且原⼦核处于同⼀能量状态的原⼦,称为⼀种核素。
4.同位素(isotope)凡具有相同质⼦数⽽中⼦数不同的核素互称同位素。
如125I 、131I、127I互为碘元素的同位素。
高中物理三种衰变方程式
1. β-衰变:
β-衰变是指原子核中的质子发射(或称为β-粒子)而发生的衰变方式,即:
$$A_{Z,N}\rightarrow A_{Z-1,N+1}+e^- + \overline{\nu_e}$$ 其中,
$A_{Z,N}$ 代表该核的质子数为$Z$,中子数为$N$的原子。
由此衰变
方程式中可知,β-衰变是由一个质子转变为一个中子,同时伴随着一个电子和一个电子反中子(即正电子反中子)而产生的。
2. α-衰变:
α-衰变即为α-射线衰变,是指原子核中的α-粒子发射而发生的衰变方式,其衰变方程式为:
$$A_{Z,N}\rightarrow A_{Z-2,N+2}+\alpha$$ 其中,$A_{Z,N}$ 代表该
核的质子数为$Z$,中子数为$N$的原子。
由此衰变方程式可知,α-衰
变是由原子核中的两个质子同时转变为两个中子,并同时发射一个α
粒子而发生的。
3. γ衰变:
γ衰变是指原子核的谐振态由高能谐振态直接跃迁到低能谐振态时发生
的衰变过程,其衰变方程式可表示为:
$$A_{Z,N}*\rightarrow A_{Z,N}+ \gamma$$ 其中,$A_{Z,N}*$ 表示该
核的高能谐振态,$A_{Z,N}$ 表示该核的低能谐振态,$\gamma$ 表示
能量转移过程中释放的高能紫外线。
γ衰变本质上是由原子核的质子数和中子数没有发生变化,而是能量发生转移,原子核从原来的谐振态转变至新的谐振态所表现出来的衰变过程。
质子衰变—搜狗百科注解1质子衰变成「p0介子」及「e+正电子」需时10^32年,而物理学界同时观察了远远超过10^32个质子,但至今还尚未发现这种衰变,另外笔者个人认为:若仅衰变出:1个「p0介子」(由蓝上夸克加蓝反上夸克组成)及1个「e+正电子」,则将会多出1个「红上夸克」,且「蓝反上夸克」及1个「e+正电子」从何而来?现今学界仅解释为1个「e+正电子」由「X玻色子」衰变而来,但「X玻色子」的内部结构及来源则交待不清. 所以笔者认为:应该是1个「红上夸克」衰变成1个「微中子」(如上图右上方),原先叠加并包含「绿下夸克」的W-弱玻色子中的「反微中子」衰变成「蓝反上夸克」,而「绿下夸克」则衰变成「e-负电子」,「e-负电子」之後再与原先叠加存在於W-弱玻色子之下的「绿上夸克」混合衰变成1个「g光子」及1个「e+正电子」(见图右下方),故质子衰变除了衰变出1个「p0介子」及1个「e+正电子」外,应该还衰变出了1个「微中子」及1个「g光子」,加上原先的「p0介子」及「e+正电子」应该共有「4个粒子」.或者是「X玻色子」直接衰变出3个「e+正电子」而非1个「e+正电子」,如此再加上原先的「p0介子」,仍然应该共有「4个粒子」注解2「红上夸克」,「绿下夸克」与原先叠加其下的「绿上夸克」为原始宇宙大膨胀时「阳极单极子加重力子」合成的「X玻色子」所分裂出来的,故按「GUT大统一理论」:质子衰变时,隐含其内的「X玻色子」可衰变出:一.「e+正电子」,「微中子」,「g光子」。
(或)二.3个「e+正电子」。
(因:「e+正电子」内部正,负位元比为0.625比0.375,而上方3个夸克合并还原的「X玻色子」其内部正,负位元比亦为0.625比0.375,且「X玻色子」的位元数为「e正电子」位元数的3倍,故而应衰变出3个「e正电子」,而非1个)(或)三.据称尚发现有:P质子衰变为「p正介子」加「正反n微中子」的衰变模型。
衰变公式为:P质子®p正介子(e正电子+蓝上夸克)+n微中子+ 反中微子+g 光子。
特性拟硅锗
原子质量72 72.59
密度(g/cm3) 5.5 5.35
熔点(℃)高947
颜色灰色灰色
氧化物种类耐火(refractory)二氧化物耐火二氧化物氧化物密度(g/cm3)4.7 4.7
氧化性弱碱弱碱
)氯化物熔点100℃以下86℃ (GeCl
4氯化物密度(g/cm3)1.9 1.9
克莱门斯·温克勒
年份
价格($/kg)[49]
1999 1,400
2000 1,250
2001 890
2002 620
2003 380
2004 600
2005 660
2006 880
2007 1,240
2008 1,490
2009 950
GeS2 + 3O2→ GeO2 + 2SO2
在这个过程中,部份锗会进到所产生的灰尘中,而剩下的锗则被转化
GeO2 + 4HCl → GeCl4 + 2H2O
GeO2 + 2Cl2→ GeCl4 + O2
的GeO2适用于制造锗玻璃。
纯二氧化锗与氢反应后被还原成锗,用这种还原方式所得的锗,适用于红外线光学或半导体工业:GeO2 + 4H2→ Ge + 2H2O
GeO2 + C → Ge + CO2
应用[编辑]
图为典型的单模光纤。
氧化锗用于掺杂二氧化硅核心(1号)。
1. 核心 8 µm
2. 包层 125 µm。
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assembly燃料组件Vendor卖主,供货商Inlet进口,入口Outlet出口Multiple多重的,多样的Barrier栅栏,屏障,障碍Barrel桶Core barrel堆芯吊篮Burnable absorber可燃吸收体 Redundancy多余,过多,冗长,冗余度 Diversity多样性Shell壳,外壳,壳体Steam line 蒸汽管线Contain包容Reactivity反应性Insert插入,嵌入Reactivity insertion反应性引入 Concentration浓度,浓缩,集中Load负荷,转载,负荷量Dilution稀释,摊薄Buildup累积,形成In-core detector system堆内测量系统 Self-powerd neutron detector 自给能中子探测器Axial power distribution轴向功率分布 Axial 轴的,轴向的Conditioning调节,调整 Distribution分布,分配Azimuthal方位的,方位角的Tilt倾斜,倾斜度Trip跳闸,错误,旅行Reactor trip反应堆紧急停堆Turbine trip气机脱扣Departure离开,出发,启程,背离,违反 Departure from nucleate boiling偏离泡核沸腾Nucleate成核的,有核的,具核的 Reliability可信度,可靠性Forging锻造Ring-forging环锻件Velocity速度,速率Surveillance监视,监督Specimen样品,抽样Bypass旁路,绕道,避开Mount安装,支架Phosphorous磷Austenitic奥氏体的Sulfur硫磺,硫Stainless不锈的Stainless steel 不锈钢Weld焊接Flange法兰,凸缘Threshold临界值,限值,阈值 Thermalcouple热电偶Engage接合,啮合,对位Nil零,无,零分Ductility延展性,延伸性Transition转变,转移,过度Nil-ductility transition temperature零延性转变温度Tapered逐渐变细的Fluence通量,注量率,影响Dome圆屋顶,像圆屋顶一样的东西 Integrated集成的,整合的,整体的 Shroud覆盖物,遮盖物,围板Burnable absorber rod 可燃吸收棒 Californium锎Creep潜变,蠕变Indium铟Lattice格子,框架,栅格Ceramic陶瓷的,陶器的Clearance间隙看,空隙Plug塞子,栓,阻力塞Contaminate污染,玷污Reactivity worth反应性价值Grid网格,格子,栅格Specific power比功率Inconel因科镍合金,镍铬合金 Antimony锑Inherent固有的,内在的,与生俱来的 Inherent safty固有安全性Cadmium镉Passive safety非能动安全Active 主动的,活动的Active safty能动安全Spider星形架Sleeve套管,套筒Spacer隔离物Spacer grid定位格架U-tube steam generator U型管蒸汽发生器 Rated 额定的,规定的Reted load额定负荷Azinuthal方位角的,方位的Clearance间隙Amplification放大,扩大,扩增Flux-shaping通量展平Effluent废水,流出物,污水 Radioactive effluent放射性流出物 Inelastic无弹性的,非弹性的Diffusion扩散,传播Head头,封头Mount安装,装Elastic弹性的Crust地壳,面包皮Seed点火区Electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射 Electric.cable电缆Forging锻造Emit发出,射出Flange法兰Be.inversely.proportional.to反比于 Proportional比例的,成比例的Recoil反冲,弹回Orbital轨道,轨道的Enthalpy焓 Weld焊,焊接Alloy合金Valence价,化合价Chemical.identity化学性质Annular环形的Activation product活化产物Delayed慢性的American nuclear society美国核学会 Excite激发,励磁American society of mechanical engineer 美国机械工程师协会Quench急速冷却,淬火Magenesium镁Magnox镁诺克斯合金Heatup加热,升温Friction摩擦,冲突Surveillance监视,监督管理Diverging渐扩的,发散的Wear磨损,损耗Converging收敛的,汇聚的,渐缩的 Concentration浓度,含量,浓缩 Repulsion排斥,厌恶,反感,斥力 Electrostatic静电的,电的Rupture断裂,破裂Sectional断面的,剖面的,部分的 Airtight气密的,密封的Gaseous气体的,气态的Gaseous diffusion process气体扩散工艺 Weighting factor权重因子Thermal shock热冲击Centrifuge离心机,使分离Centrifuge process离心工艺 Superscript上标Bremsstrahlung韧致辐射Hexafluoride六氟化物Uranium hexafluoride六氟化铀Entropy熵,平均信息量Sintering烧结,熔结Sublime升华Dome圆屋顶,圆顶Jump跃迁Service factor使用因子Blanket再生区Manually手动的,手工的Inservice.inspection在役检查 Attenuation衰减,减少Carbide 碳化物Steam line蒸汽管线Ceramic陶瓷的,陶器的Positron正电子Manufacturer制造商Confidence置信度,信心Thrust推力,推动力Neutrino中微子Swelling肿胀Out of service退役的Microscopic微观的,显微的Shroud围板Axial power distribution轴向功率分布 Draw a pressure steam bubble稳压器汽空间建立Tapered逐渐变细的,锥形的,渐缩的 Fouling污垢,结垢Contaminate污染,弄脏,玷污Self-powered neutron detector自给能中子探测器Inhale吸入,吸气Suction吸入口Plug阻力塞,塞子Dilution稀释Signal conditioning信号调理Quality质量,品质,蒸汽干度Spin旋转,偏转Annihilation湮灭Oxidize氧化,使生锈Specimen样品,式样,标本Blade,vane叶片,叶栅,轮叶Sump集水坑,污水坑Containment sump安全壳地坑Safety injection pump安注泵Primary outlet nozzle一次初接管 Primary inlet plenum一次进水室 Primary coolant一次冷却剂Cladding包壳,包层,覆层Saturation饱和,饱和度Threshold阈值,临界值Ductility延展性,柔软性,韧性Nil无,零,零分 Transition转变,转移,过度Nil-ductility transition trmperature零延性转变温度Vender,supplier卖主,供应商Full power(FP)满功率Moserater减速剂Revolution旋转,改革,革命Rpm=revolutions per minute转每分Rps=revolutions per second转没秒 Gland steam system密封蒸汽系统 Blowdown喷放,排污,突然爆裂 Departure离开,偏离Departure from nucleate boiling偏离泡核沸腾Depleted废弃的,贫化的Depleted uranium贫化铀Mean平均值,平均数Mean free path平均自由程Pneumatic气动的,风动的Pneumatic valve气动阀Turbine driven feedwater pump气动给水泵Turbine trip气机脱扣(甩负荷) Turbine generater汽轮发电机Latent潜伏的,潜在的Latent heat 潜热Chernobyl accident切尔诺贝利事故 Thermocouple热电偶,温差电偶 Thermal reactor热中子反应堆Thermalneutron热中子Redunda ncy过多,过度,冗余,冗余度 Conponent部件,元件,设备Graphite石墨Prompt瞬间的,临界的Prompt neutron瞬发中子Outrage停堆,停堆期Flow restrictor限流器Accumulater储压器,蓄压箱Fissile易裂变的Cosmic ray宇宙射线Reinforced加强的,加固的Margin边缘,裕度Prime mover原动力,发动者Nucleus原子核Nuclei原子核Boost pressure增压Booster pressure增压泵Breeding增殖Breeding ratio增殖比Fertile可繁殖的,可增殖的Fertile material增殖材料Lattice格子,框架Viscosity粘性,粘度Mega electron-volt兆电子伏Deflection折射Occupational exposure职业照射Non-return valve止回阀Mass defect质量亏损Defect欠缺,亏损Deuterium氘,重氢Transuranium超铀的,铀后面的 Transuranium element超铀元素Uranium carbide碳化铀Actinide锕系元素Fertile isotope增殖同位素Fusion融合,聚变,核聚变Cross section横截面,断面Fissile易裂变的Canadian deuterium and uranium reactor 加拿大重水铀反应堆British gas-cooled magnox reactor英国气冷堆High temperature gas cooled reactor高温气冷堆Reactor pressure vessel反应堆压力容器 Up closure head上封头Hydraulic水力的,液压的Hydraulic stud tensioner液压螺栓拉伸机(张紧机)Xenon氙Fast breeder reactor快中子增殖堆 Advanced reactor先进反应堆European pressurized water reactor(EPR) Control element assembly控制棒组件(CEA)Control element drive mechanism控制棒驱动机构(CEDM)Barrel吊篮,桶 Reactor vassel internals反应堆内构件 Swelling肿胀,浮肿Corrode腐蚀,浸蚀Integrity完整,完全,完整性Reactor coolant pump 反应堆主泵(RCP) Shaft轴,传动轴Seal密封,封住Shaft seal pump轴封泵Nuclear steam supply system核蒸汽供应系统(NSSS)Primary system一回路系统Pressurizer稳压器(PRZ)Surge line波动管Feed regulating valve给水调节阀 Steam generater(SG)蒸汽发生器Main steam line(MSL)主蒸汽管Moisture separater reheater(MSR)汽水分离再热器(normal/abnormal)operating condition 运行工况Operater操纵员Maintenance维护,维修,保养 Surveillance监视,监督,监测Feed (water) pump给水泵Foundation地基,基础Stack烟囱,烟道Penetration穿透,贯穿件Nuclear island核岛Conventional非核的,常规的,常见的 Balance of plant(BOP)核电厂配套子项 Auxiliary system for primary loop一回路辅助系统Chemical and volume control system(CVCS)化学与容积控制系统Engineered safety feature(ESF)专设安全设施Residual heat-removal system(RHRS)余热排出系统Emergency core cooling system(ECCS)应急堆芯冷却系统Safety injection system(SI)安注系统 Refueling water storage tank(IRWST)换料水箱Diesel柴油机车,内燃机Diesel generator柴油发电机 Automatic protective system(APS)自动保护系统Instrument and control system(A&C system)仪控系统Scram/trip紧急停堆Outage 中断,停运Refueling outage换料停堆Full power operation满功率运行 Insertion插入Withdrawal抽出Reactor regulating system(RRS)反应堆调节系统Transient 瞬态,瞬时,不稳定的 Decay heat衰变热Void coefficient空泡系数Act法案Guidance导则Criteria标准,条件,准则 Radioactivity放射性Scatter分散,散射,散开Diffraction衍射Commission调试Decommissioning退役Main control room主控制室Reactivity insertion accident(RIA)反应性引入事故Inherent固有的,内在的,与生俱来的 Inherent safety固有安全Passive 被动 的,无源的Passive safety非能动安全 Redundancy冗余,过多,冗余度 Diversity多样性,多样化Regulation监管,规则Ionization电离Annihilate湮灭Attenuate 衰减的,减少Projectile 入射离子,抛射Irradiation辐射 照射Exposure照射Fluence注量Dose剂量,一剂药Equivalent当量,等量的Dose equivalent 剂量当量 Coma昏迷Cramp绞痛,抽筋World association of nuclear operators世界核电运营者协会Momentum动量,动力Diarrhea腹泻,拉肚子Tremor颤抖,发抖Vomit呕吐Somatic肉体的,身体的Symptom症状,征兆Therapy治疗,疗法Activation活化,激活Activation product活化产物Effluent废水,污水Natural background天然本底Spectrum谱,光谱,频谱,波谱Radon氡Disposal处理,处置Inertia惯性Magnitude重要性,数量级Eliminate消除,排除,根除 Mechanism ,approach,priciple,theory 机理,原理Susceptible敏感的,易受影响的Toxic有毒的Acute急剧的,极大地,严重的Seismic地震的Tornado旋风,龙卷风Heat sink热阱Coastdown惰转Excursion漂移Power excursion功率漂移Postulate假定,假设Ductility延展性Demonstration reactor示范堆 Prototype原型,蓝本Prototype reactor原型堆Commercial reactor商用堆Blanket转换区Breeding region增殖区Shim rod补偿棒Neutron source中子源Core grid堆芯栅板Reactor lattice反应堆栅格Cell栅元Core barrel堆芯吊篮Control rod drive mechanism控制板驱动机构Pressure Housing耐压壳Moderator慢化剂Irradiation rig辐照装置Reflector反射层Rabbi shuttle跑兔Black黑体Grey灰体Conversion转换Criticality临界Criticalsize临界尺寸Critical volume临界体积Subcriticality次临界Supercriticality超临界Group cross section群截面Neutron diffusion中子扩散Diffusion equation扩散方程 Undermoderated欠慢化 Overmoderated过慢化Flux flattening通量展平Critical position of control rod临界棒位 Shimming补偿Chemical shimming control化学补偿控制 Excess reactivity剩余反应性Reactivity feedback反应性系数 Reactivity coefficient 反应性系数 Temperature coefficient of reactivity反应性温度系数Load factor负荷因子After heat剩余释热Decay heat衰变热Decay power衰变功率Subcooled boiling欠热沸腾Nucleate boiling泡核沸腾Film boiling膜态沸腾Critical heat flux临界热流密度Initial core初始堆芯Scheduled discharge specific burnup计划卸料比燃耗Optimum specific burnup最佳比燃耗 Fission poison裂变毒物 Xenon equilibrium氙平衡Chemical and volume control system化学和容积控制系统Volume control tank容积控制箱 Protection system保护系统Safety action 安全动作Active component能动部件Engineered safety feature专设安全设施 High head safety injection system高压安全注射系统Low head safety injection system低压安全注射系统Accumulator安全注射箱Core spray system堆芯冷却系统 Suppression压制Pressure suppression system压力抑制系统 Recirculation再循环地坑 Recombination复合,再结合Equipment hatch设备闸门Air lock气密闸门Shutdown cooling system停堆冷却系统 Refueling water tank换料水箱Fuel handling and storge system换料装卸和贮存系统Fuel transfer tube燃料运输通道New fuel elevator新燃料升降机Fuel transfer carriage燃料运输小车 Rotating plug旋转屏蔽塞Liquid metal seal液态金属密封In-vessel refueling machine堆内换料机 Primary circuit 一回路 Commissioning调试,试运行Startup test of reactor反应堆启动测试 Precritical临界前试验Power ascension test功率提升试验 Leakage rate 泄漏率Endurance test强度测试Fuel loading装料Reactor start up反应堆启动Shuffing 倒料Discharge卸料Shutdown停堆Shutdown安全停堆Hot standby热备用Boron injection硼注入Dilution稀释,摊薄Outage中断,停机,停运 Decommissioning退役,解除运作Safety system setpoint安全系统整定值 Defence in depth纵深防御Anticipated预期的,预计的 Anticipated operational occurrences预计运行事件Accident condition事故工况Severe accident严重事故Accident management事故处理Design basis accident设计基准事故 Phase阶段,时期Injection phase注入阶段 Recirculation phase再循环阶段Loss of electrical load accident负荷丧失事故Loss of main feed water accident主给水丧失事故Fuel misposition accident燃料错位事故 Critical accident临界事故Control rod stuck卡棒事故Ejection accident弹棒事故Main steam line breake accident主蒸汽管道破裂事故Cladding ballooning包壳臌胀Cladding collapse包壳塌陷Common cause failure共因故障 Redundancy多重性,冗余,冗余度 Specification技术规格书Non-conformance不符合项,不合格项 Audit 监查,审查Per capita人均的,每人Spontaneous自发得 ,无意识的 Undergo经历,发生Emission发射,放射,排放Nuclei核,原子核,核心Scattering散射,分散,散布 Liberation解放,释放Sufficient足够的,充足的Plutonium钚Combustion燃烧,燃烧过程Strike打击,撞,碰 Graphite石墨Instrumentation测量仪表 Conventional常规的,常用的Sensor传感器Convection传送,对流Corrosion腐蚀Chloride氯化物Hazard危险Philosophy哲学Malfunction故障,误动作Postulate假Actinides锕系元素Active放射性的,有源的Acute exposure急性照射 Americium镅Arming system保险解除系统 Assignment批量Demolition爆破Munition弹药,军火Attenuation衰减Attrition消耗,损耗Inventory详细清单Beryllium铍Beta gauge测量计Biological dosimeter生物剂量仪 Bismuth铋Black lead石墨Blanket增殖区Blast爆炸,爆破Blast wave冲击波Boron trifuoride三氟化硼 Contaminate污染,玷污,沾染 Brown oxidizer二氧化铀Buffer缓冲,缓冲剂Byproduct material副产物 Californium锎Calutron同位素分离器Deuterium氘,重氢Carnotite钒钾铀矿Cavity ionization chamber空腔电离室 Centrifuge离心机Cesium铯Challenge inspection质疑监查 Civilian use民用Cobalt钴Prohibition禁止Destruction销毁Destruction毁灭,消灭Ceal隐藏,隐瞒Constant常量Radiant发光的,辐射的Ratio 比例,常数Continuous monitoring连续监测 Counter计数管Critical accident临界事故Cyclotron回旋加速器Decommission退役Density gauge密度计 Denuclearization非核化Depleted uranium贫铀Deployment部署Desired ground zero预计爆心投影点 Deterministic effect确定效应 Deterrence威慑Detonator引爆装置,雷管Dewar flask杜瓦瓶Dismantlement拆除Curve曲线,弧线Dual-use两用Dynamic pressure and overpressure动压与超压Electronvolt(ev)电子伏特Shock wave冲击波Emergency Standby紧急待命 Enrichment浓缩Escalation逐步升级,扩大,增加 Euratom欧洲原子能中心Evaluation评价Evaluation of radiation protetion辐射防护评价Excitation激发,激起Excuting commander执行指挥官 External irradiation外照射Fuel fabrication燃料组合Gas centrifuge 气体离心Gaseous diffusion气体扩散Geiger-muller counter盖革米勒计数器 Germanium锗 High leve waste强放射性废物High yield test高威力试验 Implosion bomb内爆法炸弹Induce引起,感应,感生Initiation引发Initiator起爆器Intermediate中间的,中级的 Intervention介入,干涉,干预 Iridium铱Radius半径Cruiser巡洋舰Krypton氪Nitrogen氮Lithium锂Permissiable允许Lethal致命的,致死的 Demolition爆破Munitions弹药,军需品Milling研磨Mini-nuke小型核武器Molecular分子Medium中型的Negligible微小的,轻微的 Comprehensive广泛的,综合的,全面的 Neptunium镎Neutrino中微子Nominal名义上的,标称的Artillery炮兵,大炮Aviation航空,航空工业,飞行 Warfare战争Bonus奖金,红利,意外收获 Collateral附属的Nuclear column核柱Assessment评估,估计、 Deterrent威慑,制止Doctrine声明,教条Isobar同量异位素Resonance共振,共鸣 Proliferation扩散Propulsion推进Spin自旋Abstract文摘Stockpile储存,储备Burst爆炸Survivability生存能力Threshold阈值,门槛 Transmutation转变 Transformation转变Vulnerability弱点Degradation退化Maneuver手法,操作法Yield当量Nucleon核子Hucleus原子核Nuclide核素Optimization最优化,优化 Optimum最佳Osmium鋨Photon光子Aggragate集合,总数Plasma等离子体Plumbago石墨Plutonium钚Poison毒物Polonium钋Positron正电子,阳离子 Preinitiation提前起爆Prescribed规定的,法定的Prompt neutron瞬发中子 Proportional counter正比计数管 Quality factor品质因子 Contaminiation沾染Meter仪Weighting权重Debris碎片,残渣Leakage 泄漏Radiological放射性的Radiology放射学Radiometric辐射测量的,放射测量的 Radon氡Rarefaction稀薄的Residual剩余的,残余的 Scintillation counter闪烁计数器、 Scintillator闪烁体 Semiconductor detector半导体探测器 Shallow浅的Sievert希沃特Sodium钠 Dome圆顶屋Stochastic随机的,可能的Standstill停止,停顿Strategic bomber战略轰炸机 Strontium锶Subcritical亚临界Surveillance监测Tactical nuclear weapons战术核武器 Target organ靶器官Tellurium碲Thorium钍Transmutation核嬗变Trigger触发器Tritium氚Unsealed未密封的Uranium Hexafluoride六氟化铀 Uranium mining and milling铀矿开采与选矿Uranium trtrafluoride四氟化铀 Verification核查Regime政权,制度Vertical垂直的,纵向的Vitrification玻璃化Reserve储备,保留,预备Weapon grade plutonium武器级钚 Withhold限制,抑制Stock储备Laser激光器Yellowcake黄饼Zirconium锆Auxiliary 辅助的,备用的Blowdown 冷却管突然爆裂,排污管 Compress 压缩,精简Instrument仪器,乐器,工具,仪表 Component组件,部件,成分,设备 Condensate 凝结水,冷凝水,凝结 Condenser凝气器Feed 补给Removal除去,拆除,取出 Containment 安全壳Polishing抛光,磨光,清洗Volume容积;卷,册,书卷;音量,响度 Diverse不同的;多种多样的;变化的 Circulating循环的 ;流动的Actuation动作,驱动,开动,刺激 Processing处理,加工;调整,搬运 Standby备用的人或物,待命Diesel柴油机,内燃机Boiler锅炉,烧水器Storm drain暴雨水沟;暴雨下水道;雨水道Drain 耗尽;排水沟,排水管,下水道 Demineralize去除矿物质,软化,除盐;脱矿Non-class非安全Process过程Trace跟踪,追踪,痕迹Plant工厂,发电厂Cathodic阴极的,负极的;阴极保护 Feedwater给水Startup启动,启动选项Gland填料压盖Seal密封,阀座,密封面Generator发电机,信号发生器Heater 加热器Incore堆内;核心Lub oil润滑油,润滑剂Meteorology气象学,气象Monitoring监控,监测,监听,追踪 Mechanical handling 机械搬运,机械装卸 Operation操作,运行,运转Passive被动的,无源的,非能动的 Sampling抽样,取样 ,采样Potable可以喝的,适合饮用的Coolant冷却剂,冷却液Roof屋顶,顶部Roof drain屋顶排水,屋顶排水口 Radiation 辐射,放射Residual剩余的,残余的Raw生的,原始的,天然的,未经处理过的 Sanitary卫生的,清洁的,保健的 Sanitary drainage 生活污水排放系统 Drainage 排水,放水;排水系统;下水道 Spent 消耗的,用过的,废的,好近的 Spent fuel乏燃料Seismic地震的,有关地震的Secondary 二回路Vent排气,通气,泄放 Relief解除,减轻,排放 Diognostic诊断的,判断的 ventilation 通风,换气,通风设备 recirculation再循环habitability可居住,适居住性 filtration过滤,筛选hydrogen氢气pump house泵房radwaste 放射性废物radwaste building废物厂房leak泄漏chilled以经冷却的annex附属物,附件,附属建筑 gasous气体的,气态的,瓦斯的 transmission传输,传送,传递 switchyard户外配电装置offsite 厂区外的,装置外的 onsite 现场,厂内excitation励磁,激发voltage电压,载波电压 regulation整顿,调节,管理核物理基本概念ion离子system international 国际单位制 molecule分子atom原子,威力 ,原子能 nucleus原子核,核心,核子 coulomb库伦electron电子proton质子neutron中子defect缺损,缺陷binding 粘合,绑定nucleon核子kinetic动力的,运动的indentity 个性,特性potential潜在的,势的 positively带正电的jump跃迁negatively负的,负电性的 repulsion排斥,斥力;反感 uncharted不带电的neutal中立的,中性的periodic table周期表bombardment轰击,轰炸emission排放,放射,发射atomic number原子序数mass number质量数energy level能级orbital 轨道,轨道的fission分裂,裂变;裂变增值isotope同位素fussion聚变occur发生,出现decay衰退,衰减,腐败,衰变artificial人工的,人造的,虚假的,人为地barium钡bond 连接,接合,键boron硼compound复合物,混合物,化合物 bismuth铋superscript上标,上角标subscript下标uranium铀plutonium钚oxygen氧气thorium钍lithium锂deuterium氘,重氢sodium钠reaction反应、tritium氚,超重氢carbon碳helium氦,氦气transuranium铀后的,超铀的 radioactive放射性的fissionable可裂变的mean平均数,平均值weighted加权的,加权平均fissile易裂变fragment碎片,断片momentum动量macroscopic宏观的,肉眼可见的 microscopic微观的,显微的,精微的 electromagnetic电磁mesoscopic介观的 electrostatic静电的,静电学的放射性Cosmic宇宙射线Inversel相反的Proportional成比例的 Ionization电离 Bremsstrahlung韧致辐射 Inhale吸入,吸气Photon光子,光量子 Scattering散射Shielding屏蔽Collision碰撞,冲突Positron正电子Aluminum铝Accelerator加速器Beryllium铍Annihilation湮灭,淹没 Interaction相互作用 Photoelectric光电的Effect效应,效用Ingest摄取,吞下核反应Attenuation衰减Recoil反冲,弹回 Amplification放大Cadmium镉Transmutation转变,嬗变 Cobalt钴Diffusion扩散Nitrogen氮气Mercury汞flux通量elastic弹性的neutrino中微子inelastic非弹性的 radioisotope同位素section截面thermonuclear热核反应核材料Pellet燃料芯块Moderator慢化剂,减速剂Cladding覆层,包层,包壳Rod杆,棒Sublime升华Boric acid硼酸Chromium铬Swelling膨胀,肿胀,隆起Hafnium铪Burnup 燃耗,烧完Gadolinium钆Alloy合金Indium铟Magnox镁诺克斯合金Magnesium镁Zircloy 锆合金Nickel镍Compound合成,复合物,混合物,化合物 Zirconium锆Silicon硅Fission fragment裂变产物Graphite石墨Posion毒液,阴离子Pressing模制,压制Sintering烧结,溶结Oxidize氧化,使生锈Crack开裂,破裂Dioxide二氧化碳Fertile多产的,富饶的,可繁殖的 Hedrocarbon碳氢化合物Breeding增殖,再生Ratio比率,比例Enriched浓缩的,富集的,强化的 Thermal热的,热量的Conductivity传导率,传导性Specific特有的,专门的,比的 Viscosity粘稠,粘性,粘度Saturation饱和,饱和度,饱和状态 Flux通量,流动Shaping修整的,外形塑造Sustaining支持的,持续的Self-sustaining chain reaction自持链式反应Fast Neutron快中子Fuel cycle燃料循环Hexafluxride六氟化铀 Critical临界的,极限的Centrifuge离心机Supercitical超临界Gaseous气体的,气态的Siffusion扩散Criticality临界(a)Refuel换料Critical size 临界尺寸Resonance共振,共鸣Elastic有弹性的,灵活的Core堆芯,活性区Facor系数,因子,因素Thermal utilization factor热中子利用系数 Blanket再生区、Slow down慢化Permeable可渗透的Membrane膜,薄膜Spin转转,偏转Depleted废弃的,贫化的Multiplication增殖,增加,乘法 Pressurized waterreactor压水反应堆,压水堆Margin裕度,边缘Moisture水汽,湿气Inservice inspection在役检查Steam dryer干燥器Internal内部的,里面的Fuel pellet燃料芯块Pressurizer加压器,稳压器Vessel导管,容器Reactor vassel.pressure vassel压力容器 Surge波浪,浪涌,涌Surge line波动管Sectional断面的,剖面的Sectional view剖视图Shim薄垫片Chemical shim control 化学补偿控制Pit坑,洞,深坑Reactor pit堆坑Element元素,元件Assembly组件Airtight密封的,不透气的Mechanism机械装置,机构Nozzle喷嘴,管口,接管Seed点火区Plate板块,平板Utility用户,业主,业界Fuel assembly燃料组件Vendor卖主,供货商Inlet进口,入口Outlet出口Multiple多重的,多样的Barrier栅栏,屏障,障碍Barrel桶Core barrel堆芯吊篮Burnable absorber可燃吸收体 Redundancy多余,过多,冗长,冗余度 Diversity多样性Shell壳,外壳,壳体Steam line 蒸汽管线Contain包容Reactivity反应性Insert插入,嵌入Reactivity insertion反应性引入 Concentration浓度,浓缩,集中Load负荷,转载,负荷量Dilution稀释,摊薄Buildup累积,形成In-core detector system堆内测量系统 Self-powerd neutron detector 自给能中子探测器Axial power distribution轴向功率分布 Axial 轴的,轴向的Conditioning调节,调整Distribution分布,分配Azimuthal方位的,方位角的Tilt倾斜,倾斜度Trip跳闸,错误,旅行Reactor trip反应堆紧急停堆Turbine trip气机脱扣Departure离开,出发,启程,背离,违反 Departure from nucleate boiling偏离泡核沸腾Nucleate成核的,有核的,具核的 Reliability可信度,可靠性Forging锻造Ring-forging环锻件Velocity速度,速率 Surveillance监视,监督Specimen样品,抽样Bypass旁路,绕道,避开Mount安装,支架Phosphorous磷Austenitic奥氏体的Sulfur硫磺,硫Stainless不锈的Stainless steel 不锈钢Weld焊接Flange法兰,凸缘Threshold临界值,限值,阈值 Thermalcouple热电偶Engage接合,啮合,对位Nil零,无,零分Ductility延展性,延伸性Transition转变,转移,过度Nil-ductility transition temperature零延性转变温度Tapered逐渐变细的Fluence通量,注量率,影响Dome圆屋顶,像圆屋顶一样的东西 Integrated集成的,整合的,整体的 Shroud覆盖物,遮盖物,围板Burnable absorber rod 可燃吸收棒 Californium锎Creep潜变,蠕变Indium铟Lattice格子,框架,栅格Ceramic陶瓷的,陶器的Clearance间隙看,空隙Plug塞子,栓,阻力塞Contaminate污染,玷污Reactivity worth反应性价值Grid网格,格子,栅格Specific power比功率Inconel因科镍合金,镍铬合金 Antimony锑Inherent固有的,内在的,与生俱来的 Inherent safty固有安全性Cadmium镉Passive safety非能动安全Active 主动的,活动的Active safty能动安全Spider星形架Sleeve套管,套筒Spacer隔离物Spacer grid定位格架U-tube steam generator U型管蒸汽发生器 Rated 额定的,规定的Reted load额定功率Spray喷雾,喷淋系统Auxiliary辅助的,辅助设备Feed and condensate system 给水与凝汽系统Hot leg热管段Cold leg冷管段Charge上充Letdown下泄Plugging堵漏,封堵Margin差额,储备,裕量Tube plugging margin堵管裕量In the event of在…情况下Backup备用的,备份,后备Heat exchanger换热器Overpressure protection过压保护 Economizer节约装置,节热器,省煤器 Tank槽,油箱,罐Inlet 入口,进口Plenum充实,充满,高压Inlet plenum一次进口水室Nozzle管嘴,喷嘴,管口Primary inlet nozzle一次进口接管 Outlet plenum一次出口水室Tubesheet管板Valve阀门,阀,气门Safety valve安全阀Relief valve泄压阀Downcomer下导管,下降段Quality(蒸汽)干度Void空的,空虚的Fraction分数,小部分Void fraction空泡份额Full power满功率Thermal shock热冲击Rated power额定功率Quench急冷,骤冷Light water reactor Ultimate最终的,最后的,终极的Sink 水池,水槽Ultimate最终热阱Thermal engine热机Primary loop一次回路Prime最初的,原始的Mover推进器,发动机Prime mover原动机Secondary loop二次回路Enthalpy焓Balance of plant核电厂配套子项 Entropy熵,平局信息量Primary pressureboundary一次压力边界 Feedback反馈Isolation隔离Isolation valve隔离阀Pneumatic气动的,风动的,充气的,由压缩空气操作的Pneumatic valve气动阀门Failure 失效,失败,故障Injection注射,注入,喷入Safety injection pump安注泵Fault 故障Malfunction故障,误动作,失灵 Containment安全壳Carnot efficiency卡诺效率Reinforced加固的,加强的,加钢筋的 Reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土Engine efficiency热机效率 Prestressed reinforced concrete 预应力钢筋混凝土Hot reservoir高温热源,储蓄器Cold reservoir低温热源Psi=pounds per aquare inch gauge英制压力单位Refueling换料Annular环形的,环状的Emergency core-cooling system应急堆芯冷却系统Latent 潜伏的,潜在的,隐藏的Latent heat潜热Sensible 可感觉到的,意识到,认识到 Sensible heat显热Bleed出血,流血Feed and bleed补水与排水Hydroxide氢氧化物Engineered safety features专设安全设施 Sodium hydroxide氢氧化钠Caustic苛性的,腐蚀性的,氢氧化钠 Component cooling system设备冷却水系统 Startup启动Missile飞射物,导弹Accumulator 蓄压器,蓄压箱Sump 污水坑,水槽,水坑 Containment sump安全壳地坑Motor-driven valve电动阀Flywheel飞轮Be referded to as 被称为…Blade、 bucket、 vane 叶片,叶栅 Casing缸体,箱体Work功Thrust推力,塞Impulse冲动,冲击,推动Impulse turbine冲动式汽轮机Reaction反动,反作用力,反力,反作用 Reaction turbine反冲动式汽轮机 Lashing捆扎加固Moisture水分水汽,湿气Moisture removal除湿Impulse stage 冲动级Reaction stage 反动级Throttle节流,调节,减速,节流阀Stop-throttle valve节流阀Torque扭矩Degree of reactionf反动度Revolution旋转,运转Rev/s=revolutions per second每秒…转 Rpm=revolutions per minute每分钟…转 Converging渐缩的Diverging渐扩的Nozzle喷嘴,接管Turbine generator汽轮发电机moisture separator reheater汽水分离再热器turbine driven feedwater pump 气动给水泵gland压盖,密封gland steam system密封蒸汽系统 steam dump蒸汽排放flow restrictior 限流器main team isolation valve主蒸汽隔离阀 unit机组,单位,单元hotwell热阱regulating调节,调整feed regulating valve给水流量调节阀 feedwater header给水联箱 regenerative feed heating cycle给水回热循环drain疏水step change阶跃变化wear磨损,损耗ramp change线性变化fouling污垢,结垢overflow溢出,溢流overflow valve溢流阀inventory装量,库存process steam工艺汽dump释放,排放steam dump蒸汽释放trip scram紧急停堆condenser steam dump冷凝器排放 shutdown关机,停堆atmospheric steam dump大气排放 outrage停堆期deoxidizer steam dump除氧器排放 manually手动的,手工的electric cable 电缆automatically自动的,机械的auxiliary feed water system 辅助给水系统 mass flow rate质量流率shutoff valve 关断阀shutoff停止,关闭differential pressure,pressure differential压差code of federal regulations联邦管理法规 condensate凝结液booster升压器,增压器booster pump 增压泵head水压 ,压头turbine trip气机甩扣suction 抽,吸,吸入口process heat 工艺热。
晶核能用的符号晶核能(Crystal Nuclear Energy)是一种新兴的能源技术,被认为是未来能源领域的重要突破。
晶核能的发展离不开符号系统的支持,符号在晶核能中扮演着重要的角色。
本文将介绍晶核能用到的符号及其含义。
能量符号EE是代表能量(Energy)的符号,在晶核能中常用来表示反应过程中涉及到的能量变化。
E可以用于表示总体反应方程式中的总能量变化,也可以用于表示单个粒子或原子反应中的局部能量变化。
ΔEΔE是代表能量变化(Change in Energy)的符号,它表示反应前后系统内部储存的总体能量差异。
ΔE可以为正数、负数或零,分别代表吸收、释放或不变。
E_{kin}E_{kin}是代表动能(Kinetic Energy)的符号,在晶核能中常用来表示粒子运动过程中所具有的动力学特性。
粒子速度越快,其动能越大。
E_{pot}E_{pot}是代表势能(Potential Energy)的符号,在晶核能中常用来表示粒子之间或原子核内部的相互作用所具有的势能。
势能越大,粒子之间的相互作用越强。
反应符号→→是代表反应过程(Reaction)的符号,在晶核能中常用来表示反应方程式中物质转化的过程。
箭头从反应物指向生成物,表示反应进行的方向。
↔↔是代表平衡(Equilibrium)的符号,在晶核能中常用来表示达到动态平衡的状态。
箭头两侧分别表示反应物和生成物,表示反应在正向和逆向之间相互转化。
⇌⇌是代表可逆性(Reversibility)的符号,在晶核能中常用来表示反应可逆的特性。
箭头两侧分别表示正向和逆向反应,表示系统可以在两种方向上进行转化。
粒子符号pp是代表质子(Proton)的符号,在晶核能中常用来表示带正电荷、质量较大、位于原子核内部的基本粒子。
质子决定了原子核的元素特性。
nn是代表中子(Neutron)的符号,在晶核能中常用来表示不带电荷、质量较大、位于原子核内部的基本粒子。
中子决定了原子核的稳定性和核素的同位素。
Unit 4oncology .肿瘤学corresponding 对应的therapy【医】疗法; 治疗, 疗效electron 电子proton 【物】(正)质子; 氕核, 氢核始基; 朊胨proton decay 质子衰变neutron 中子neutron bomb 中子弹neutron capture 中子俘获neutron number 【原物】(核内)中子数currently 现时,当前dose (药的)剂量, 用量; 一剂; 投配量; 【物】放射能剂量minimizing 极小化;求最小参数值tissue 【生】组织;【医】组织培养; 培养出来的组织target 目标, 靶子; 对阴极(X射线中的靶), 对[中间]电极beam 【无】射线, 射束; 波束; (扩音器的)最大有效范围modality 模态, 形态, 样式enhance增加(价值、价格、力量、吸引力等); 提高; 增进; 放大overall 全部的,总的initiate 引进intensity 强度, 密度, 应力, 亮度; 强烈, 剧烈modulate 调节, 调整tumor 肿块,肿瘤dynamic动力的; 动力学的; 动态的; 电动的definitive 决定性的;最后的;明显的essential本质的, 实质的, 基本的fuse 熔化; 使融合; 合并, 结合一起radioactivity 放射性; 放射现象; 放射能力; 放射学categorize 加以类别, 分类external 外部的;外面的brachytherapy短程治疗; 近距治疗; 浅部治疗; 短距离放射治疗linear accelerator 线性加速器, 直导轨发射装置[核子]直线加速器gantry 构台,桶架collimator【物】平行光管,视准仪;准直仪;准直光管rotate 旋转; 循环dimensional 空间的anatomy 解剖学; 解剖体;解剖体组织构造; 解剖lesion 【医】(机体、器官等的)损害; 损害, 损伤irradiation 放射, 照射modifier 调节剂; 调节器; 改良[变性]剂; 改变装置parameter 参数criteria 标准margin 【医】缘internal 内部的;在内部的clinical 临床(教学)的;病房(用)的;诊所的incorporate (使)合并, 并入metabolize 产生代谢变化portion 一部分; 区划[段]detect 察觉, 发觉, 侦查, 探测detector array 检测器阵列metastasis 〈医〉转移briefly 暂时地, 简要地laboratory 实验室;化学实验室distinction 不同;区别conventional 惯例的, 常规的simulator 模拟器, 假装者diagnostic 诊断的,用于诊断的rounded 全面的, 圆形的gantry 构台,桶架bore 钻孔diameter 直径accommodate 供应, 供给, 向...提供, 容纳, immobilization 固定, 定位posture姿势, 姿态;tube 管, 筒coronal 冠;花冠;冠状物sagittal 弧矢的, 矢状的, 径向的spatial 空间的mandatory 命令的, 强制的attenuation 变薄, 稀薄化, 变细, 衰减coefficient 共同作用的voxel =(single)volume element(CT image display)](单一)容量成分(CT显影)virtual实际[质]上的, 事实上的, 可能的align 排成直线; 排成行tattoo (皮肤上)刺花纹, 文身reference (与to连用)提及;涉及utilize 利用correlate (使)相互关联illustrate 举例说明, 图解, 加插图于, 阐明prescribe 指示, 规定, 处(方), 开(药)optimal 最适宜的; 最理想的; 最好的interactive 相互作用[影响, 配合, 干扰]的, 交互性的multiple 复合的;多样的parameter 参数, 参量radiographic X光线照相术的algorithm [数]运算法则orthogonal 直角的; 互相垂直的; 正交的spectroscopic [物]分光镜的, 借助分光镜的molecule 分子; 克分子;微点; 微粒; 一点点microscopic 显微镜的;用显微镜可见的vomit 呕吐,吐出nausea 极度的厌恶; 引起人极度厌恶的东西demonstrate 示范, 证明, 论证pathological 由疾病引起的;伴杂疾病的alteration 变更, 改变inferior 差的, 次的interpretation 解释, 阐明surgery 外科, 外科学nasopharyngeal [解]鼻咽的emission (光、热等的)散发, 发射, 喷射metabolic 代谢作用的, 新陈代谢的abnormally 反常地, 不规则地diagnosis 诊断inadequate 不充分的, 不适当的insulin 胰岛素prior 优先的, 在前的hybrid 杂种, 混血儿, 混合物morphologic 形态学(上), 语形学的radioisotope 放射性同位素thorax 胸, 胸腔, 胸廓, 胸部dominant支配的abdomen 腹部decay 腐朽, 腐烂, 衰减morphologic 形态学(上), 语形学的 . compressor 【医】收缩肌residual 剩余的, 残留的eliminate 排除, 消除suspend 吊, 悬挂reproducible 能繁殖的, 可再生的, 可复写的phase 阶段, 状态, 相, 相位ultrasonography [医]超声波检查法, 超声波扫描术ultrasound 超频率音响component 成分transducer 传感器, 变频器, 变换器sonic 音速的obstetric 产科的sonography [医]超声波检查法, 超声波扫描术pregnancy 怀孕delineating 描绘prostate 前列腺的; 前列腺discrepancy 相差, 差异, 矛盾implement 贯彻, 实现penetrate 穿透, 渗透coefficient [数]系数panel 面板, 嵌板, 仪表板,bony 多骨的, 瘦骨嶙峋的prostate 前列腺的,前列腺opaque 不透明物bio 个人简历(biography的缩写)compatibility [计]兼容性fluoroscopic 荧光镜的, 荧光检查法的volumetric 测定体积的coronal 冠, 花冠, 冠状物sagittal 弧矢的, 矢状的, 径向的cone 锥形物, 圆锥体,beam 梁, 桁条, (光线的)束, 柱, 电波, 横梁geometry 几何学therapeutic 治疗的, 治疗学的,治疗剂, 治疗学家feasible 可行的, 切实可行的perpendicular 垂直的, 正交的,垂线algorithm [数]运算法则rotate (使)旋转adjacent 邻近的, 接近的collimator 瞄准仪portal 入口electrical 电的, 有关电的imaging 成像device 设备,装置,RT =Radioisotope Tracer 放射性同位素指示剂, 放射性示踪物modifier 修正的人, 改造者, [语]修饰语, 修饰成分slot 缝, 狭槽,compensator 补偿者mounted 安在马上的, 裱好的simultaneous 同时的, 同时发生的contrast 对比, 对照, (对照中的)差异undergo 经历, 遭受, 忍受Utrecht 乌得勒支(荷兰城市)outer 外部的, 外面的, 远离中心的ring 环, 环形物, 环状,superb 庄重的, 堂堂的, 华丽的, 极好的magnetic 磁的, 有磁性的, 有吸引力的dempster 英国曼岛的法官(共两位) cobalt 钴类颜料, 由钴制的深蓝色prototype 原型solenoid [电]螺线管robust 精力充沛的nano 表示极小[十亿分之一] imaging 成像molecular 分子的, 由分子组成的。
Unit 4oncology .肿瘤学corresponding 对应的therapy【医】疗法; 治疗, 疗效electron 电子proton 【物】(正)质子; 氕核, 氢核始基; 朊胨proton decay 质子衰变neutron 中子neutron bomb 中子弹neutron capture 中子俘获neutron number 【原物】(核内)中子数currently 现时,当前dose (药的)剂量, 用量; 一剂; 投配量; 【物】放射能剂量minimizing 极小化;求最小参数值tissue 【生】组织;【医】组织培养; 培养出来的组织target 目标, 靶子; 对阴极(X射线中的靶), 对[中间]电极beam 【无】射线, 射束; 波束; (扩音器的)最大有效范围modality 模态, 形态, 样式enhance增加(价值、价格、力量、吸引力等); 提高; 增进; 放大overall 全部的,总的initiate 引进intensity 强度, 密度, 应力, 亮度; 强烈, 剧烈modulate 调节, 调整tumor 肿块,肿瘤dynamic动力的; 动力学的; 动态的; 电动的definitive 决定性的;最后的;明显的essential本质的, 实质的, 基本的fuse 熔化; 使融合; 合并, 结合一起radioactivity 放射性; 放射现象; 放射能力; 放射学categorize 加以类别, 分类external 外部的;外面的brachytherapy短程治疗; 近距治疗; 浅部治疗; 短距离放射治疗linear accelerator 线性加速器, 直导轨发射装置[核子]直线加速器gantry 构台,桶架collimator【物】平行光管,视准仪;准直仪;准直光管rotate 旋转; 循环dimensional 空间的anatomy 解剖学; 解剖体;解剖体组织构造; 解剖lesion 【医】(机体、器官等的)损害; 损害, 损伤irradiation 放射, 照射modifier 调节剂; 调节器; 改良[变性]剂; 改变装置parameter 参数criteria 标准margin 【医】缘internal 内部的;在内部的clinical 临床(教学)的;病房(用)的;诊所的incorporate (使)合并, 并入metabolize 产生代谢变化portion 一部分; 区划[段]detect 察觉, 发觉, 侦查, 探测detector array 检测器阵列metastasis 〈医〉转移briefly 暂时地, 简要地laboratory 实验室;化学实验室distinction 不同;区别conventional 惯例的, 常规的simulator 模拟器, 假装者diagnostic 诊断的,用于诊断的rounded 全面的, 圆形的gantry 构台,桶架bore 钻孔diameter 直径accommodate 供应, 供给, 向...提供, 容纳, immobilization 固定, 定位posture姿势, 姿态;tube 管, 筒coronal 冠;花冠;冠状物sagittal 弧矢的, 矢状的, 径向的spatial 空间的mandatory 命令的, 强制的attenuation 变薄, 稀薄化, 变细, 衰减coefficient 共同作用的voxel =(single)volume element(CT image display)](单一)容量成分(CT显影)virtual实际[质]上的, 事实上的, 可能的align 排成直线; 排成行tattoo (皮肤上)刺花纹, 文身reference (与to连用)提及;涉及utilize 利用correlate (使)相互关联illustrate 举例说明, 图解, 加插图于, 阐明prescribe 指示, 规定, 处(方), 开(药)optimal 最适宜的; 最理想的; 最好的interactive 相互作用[影响, 配合, 干扰]的, 交互性的multiple 复合的;多样的parameter 参数, 参量radiographic X光线照相术的algorithm [数]运算法则orthogonal 直角的; 互相垂直的; 正交的spectroscopic [物]分光镜的, 借助分光镜的molecule 分子; 克分子;微点; 微粒; 一点点microscopic 显微镜的;用显微镜可见的vomit 呕吐,吐出nausea 极度的厌恶; 引起人极度厌恶的东西demonstrate 示范, 证明, 论证pathological 由疾病引起的;伴杂疾病的alteration 变更, 改变inferior 差的, 次的interpretation 解释, 阐明surgery 外科, 外科学nasopharyngeal [解]鼻咽的emission (光、热等的)散发, 发射, 喷射metabolic 代谢作用的, 新陈代谢的abnormally 反常地, 不规则地diagnosis 诊断inadequate 不充分的, 不适当的insulin 胰岛素prior 优先的, 在前的hybrid 杂种, 混血儿, 混合物morphologic 形态学(上), 语形学的radioisotope 放射性同位素thorax 胸, 胸腔, 胸廓, 胸部dominant支配的abdomen 腹部decay 腐朽, 腐烂, 衰减morphologic 形态学(上), 语形学的 . compressor 【医】收缩肌residual 剩余的, 残留的eliminate 排除, 消除suspend 吊, 悬挂reproducible 能繁殖的, 可再生的, 可复写的phase 阶段, 状态, 相, 相位ultrasonography [医]超声波检查法, 超声波扫描术ultrasound 超频率音响component 成分transducer 传感器, 变频器, 变换器sonic 音速的obstetric 产科的sonography [医]超声波检查法, 超声波扫描术pregnancy 怀孕delineating 描绘prostate 前列腺的; 前列腺discrepancy 相差, 差异, 矛盾implement 贯彻, 实现penetrate 穿透, 渗透coefficient [数]系数panel 面板, 嵌板, 仪表板,bony 多骨的, 瘦骨嶙峋的prostate 前列腺的,前列腺opaque 不透明物bio 个人简历(biography的缩写)compatibility [计]兼容性fluoroscopic 荧光镜的, 荧光检查法的volumetric 测定体积的coronal 冠, 花冠, 冠状物sagittal 弧矢的, 矢状的, 径向的cone 锥形物, 圆锥体,beam 梁, 桁条, (光线的)束, 柱, 电波, 横梁geometry 几何学therapeutic 治疗的, 治疗学的,治疗剂, 治疗学家feasible 可行的, 切实可行的perpendicular 垂直的, 正交的,垂线algorithm [数]运算法则rotate (使)旋转adjacent 邻近的, 接近的collimator 瞄准仪portal 入口electrical 电的, 有关电的imaging 成像device 设备,装置,RT =Radioisotope Tracer 放射性同位素指示剂, 放射性示踪物modifier 修正的人, 改造者, [语]修饰语, 修饰成分slot 缝, 狭槽,compensator 补偿者mounted 安在马上的, 裱好的simultaneous 同时的, 同时发生的contrast 对比, 对照, (对照中的)差异undergo 经历, 遭受, 忍受Utrecht 乌得勒支(荷兰城市)outer 外部的, 外面的, 远离中心的ring 环, 环形物, 环状,superb 庄重的, 堂堂的, 华丽的, 极好的magnetic 磁的, 有磁性的, 有吸引力的dempster 英国曼岛的法官(共两位) cobalt 钴类颜料, 由钴制的深蓝色prototype 原型solenoid [电]螺线管robust 精力充沛的nano 表示极小[十亿分之一] imaging 成像molecular 分子的, 由分子组成的。
大学物理常用单词分类大全动力学术语力(force)加速度(n)质量(mass)速度(velocity)动量(momentum)合力(net force)弹性碰撞(___)不可弹性碰撞(___)摩擦力(n)热学术语温度(temperature)热量(heat)热传导(thermal n)热辐射(thermal n)热容(specific heat capacity)热膨胀(thermal n)焓(___)熵(entropy)热力学循环(thermodynamic cycle)热平衡(thermal equilibrium)光学术语反射(n)折射(n)光的色散(n)光的干涉(interference)光的衍射(n)光的透射(n)焦距(focal length)光线追踪(ray tracing)光谱(spectrum)波长(___)电学术语电荷(electric charge)电压(voltage)电流(electric current)电阻(resistance)电容(capacitance)电磁感应(___)直流电(direct current)交流电(alternating current)电场(electric field)磁场(ic field)核物理术语原子(atom)原子核(atomic nucleus)质子(proton)中子(neutron)电子(electron)辐射(n)放射性(active)衰变(decay)核裂变(nuclear n)核聚变(nuclear n)以上是大学物理常用单词分类大全,希望对你的学习有所帮助!。
质子衰变(Proton decay)质子衰变(Proton decay)From the scale of the universe, there should be half of the matter, antimatter in half, two are equal in number. He said in a speech in Nobel, the earth or the solar system, and is the dominant electron proton in the number "is really a chance". He said: "very likely, some of the planet, is not the case. The planet is mainly composed of positron and proton negative. In fact, may each star in each half. These two quasars are identical spectra. In astronomy the existing methods cannot distinguish between the two types of stars." Indeed, the symmetry of the universe is natural and harmonious, consistent with the aesthetic criterion.However, physics and cosmology are speculative science is not purely theoretical, they must first respect and based on certain facts. More and more facts have shown that the cosmic particle content is far greater than the anti particle content, the two is asymmetric. Dirac speculation against the observed facts, which is not correct.Now that the observed baryon number density nB of the universe is10-6 / cm 3, namely the standard Big Bang cosmology, cosmic ray observation today is 1010 light-years (1028 cm), so in the universe and the total baryon Antibaryon difference is 1078. In order to push back very early to the big bang, when t=10-35 seconds, according to thestandard model, then the universe line is about 1 cm, so that the baryons and antibaryons number density differenceOn the other hand, the temperature of T=1028K in t=10-35 seconds, and by the standard model to the total particle number density NB = 1087 / cm 3. (2)So, by (1), (2) available in the early universe baryon asymmetry is By (3) the observation in the universe today so many baryons is required in the early asymmetry and baryon content in the universe: At that time every 109 baryon (109-1) with about a antibaryon. Obviously, this asymmetry is very small. But why is this asymmetry? This is the big bang cosmology the question must be answered.Baryon number three, the origin of CosmologyThe basic idea of the big bang cosmology believes that the processof everything in the universe has its generation, the phenomena of the universe the existing complex and asymmetric, is the evolution of the universe from the original simple, symmetric and asymmetric type (4), also from the original symmetrical universe (i.e. baryons and anti baryon number density is equal) evolved. By symmetry evolution to the asymmetry, it produces a "baryon origin".In 1967 the Soviet physicist Saha Love (Sakharov) suggested that asymmetric baryon number requires three elements from the baryon Antibaryon symmetric - the evolution of the universe:1. change of baryon number B function;2.C and CP are not conserved;3. there is a deviation from the heat balance of the.Here is the basic premise to first, if there is change of baryon number B, there are inevitable baryon number conservation process. "Baryon number conservation" B conservation,It is in the particle change process, baryon anti baryon number is constant. The proton is the lightest baryons, if it is unstable, it can decay into lighter particles is not of the baryons and it willinevitably destroy B conservation. So, if found the proton decay, directly proved that B is not always conserved.There is no B conservation process, for solving the problem of the origin of the baryon number is only a necessary condition but not sufficient condition. Because, even if the proton is not stable, but if the antiproton is unstable, and the decay rate is the same, it still cannot evolve from symmetric to asymmetric positive and negative state and proton proton. Therefore, another necessary condition to solve the problem of the origin of the baryon number is the existence of asymmetry between positive and negative particles process, this process is called C or CP failure process failure process. Here, P represents the space inversion, which is reversible; C represents the charge conjugation, namely particle and anti particle exchange; CP conserved meaning: will swap around at the same time, particles and antiparticles swap, the laws of physics remain unchanged. As a system of baryons andantibaryons in entropy is equal to the number of maximum deviation, so the heat balance is generated when the microscopic interactionasymmetry is necessary. Therefore, once these processes deviate from the heat balance, you can make a first symmetrical universe into a baryon Antibaryon asymmetry than. This is the second, third elements proposed by Saha Love.CP process is not conserved, early in 1964 by the American physicist Cronin (Cronin), Fitch (Fitch) et al found (the discovery that two of them were awarded the 1980 Nobel prize in physics). This is thelongevity of the hit K1 meson decay. The following two kinds of meson decay process:Because the anti particle of K1 is its own, so, if CP is conserved. These two kinds ofDecay of opportunity must be equal. Proof of successful experiments of Cronin et al., K1 is moreThe CP is a real effect. Cronin in his speech, Nobel said: "this effect tells us, between matter and antimatter asymmetry basic."Four, grand unification theory and the evolution of the universe There is a direct link between the asymmetry? In our daily experience why proton is stable? This series of questions, the big bang cosmology does not provide people with more knowledge. What should I do? In modern science increasingly integrated today, people already broke through the barriers between thetraditional professional disciplines, in between the fields of exploration, mining and cultivation. People of the research results ofthe grand unified theory "used in the evolution of the universe, which opens up a new prospect for solving the" baryon number origin ".The grand unified theory, is the strong interaction is based on a unified unified in weak, make a unified description in theory. A unified model is currently the most popular SU (5), it will be quarks and leptons together which can be transformed into each other, which is not according to the conservation of baryon number. In this theory, in addition to transfer the electromagnetic force, the weak interaction of photon transfer boson gluon transfer, strong external,Also requires a new role leading to transfer the baryon number isnot conserved. This new function is called super weak, its transmission called "X particle". Because the X particles can cause B damage and X conservation, then there may be particle decay below:A class may decay as follows:These processes exist, will lead to proton decay.The proton is composed of u, u, d three quarks. Through the mediumof X particles, can make two quarks and anti quarks into leptons, quarks and the anti proton in third quarks meson, and proton decay to lepton and meson. The specific reaction sequence following instantiation: By the interaction of X particle coupling is very weak, and the quality of X is very large, so the proton extremely long life. The theory is expected, the quality of X is about 1015GeV (equivalent to 1015 times the mass of the proton), the average life expectancy of proton decay is about 1031. That is to say, that the grand unifiedtheory, only when the energy is as high as 1015GeV (G=109), B of the process will play a significant role. At present, the largest high-energy accelerator of only a few hundred GeV, so for B conservation process in the laboratory is difficult to achieve. What places have such high energy? People naturally think of the big bang universe.Now that the big bang cosmology, the universe is about 15 billion years ago, from the beginning of the big bang, after the explosion of material in homogeneous and isotropic dramatic expansion from theinfinite high temperature cooling down. This theory, 2.73K background radiation and space helium abundance observed facts support. If the extrapolation of the standard big bang model to zero time until close to the explosion, then the total energy of all the space should be above 1015GeV. This provides the evolution mechanism of the grand unified theory for the origin of the baryon number, and after the big bang of the very early universe created conditions for the baryon origin, the combination of the two, can naturally explain the baryon number asymmetry:In the age of the universe is less than 10-35 seconds when the temperature is higher than 1028K, corresponding to the thermal motion of particles in the universe, but because of the medium in thermal equilibrium, so the baryons and antibaryons number density is equal to annihilation or decay and disappear. If thisis the destruction of the CP decay, X particle decay results will lead to theoretical predictions, then the asymmetry will be betweenparticle and anti particle in 10-35 seconds nB ratio) is 10-9, then the total number of baryons and antibaryons difference will not change, but the density difference is not, stay composed of excess baryon Antibaryon universe, and then completely disappeared. This is the people today to see the scene.The unified theory of the evolution of the universe and particle harmoniously combined, draw a reasonable and natural evolution image, make people see the solution of the problem of the origin of baryon number of the dawn, which inspires many people seriously adopt a unified concept, in-depth study of the evolution problem of various largeunified model and universal input. In 1981, the National Science Foundation for a new research at the University of California Shengbabala branch of theoretical physics research,Is inviting the world working on similar problems of collective research scholars, six months to a year, expect them to work together, than they independently studied more fruitful results. In 1, the second half of June, they focus on the close relation between cosmology and particle physics, the research about the early universe, has made a lot of achievements. Now, although the description standard scheme of the baryon asymmetry generated has been widely accepted but this model still exist some basic uncertainty. Do not determine the thermal equilibrium hypothesis relates to as initial conditions. It was pointed out that if the universe is not in thermal equilibrium, without weighing the resulting level maybe different. Another uncertain place is the magnitude and type of CP damage. In 1980 Cronin Nobel said in a speech: "we've seen CP today is" legacy fossil "destroy the speculation of the early examples of the universe, this problem is still not answered....... We also know enough damage to CP "," we need to know the basic theory of CP damage, we need to know how reliable the CP damage characteristics of extrapolation to superhigh energy." Has almost become the conclusion. Someone made a decision to baryon asymmetry CP damage and the neutron electric dipole moment and not with the K meson system associated model (the neutron electric dipole moment is another possible form of CP damage). It isstill exploring. In conclusion, considerable progress in the theory of the origin of the baryon number, there are also some basic problems to be solved.Five, explore the proton decay experimentPractice is the criterion for testing truth. Baryon number origin must await further observation, to determine its reliability. To explore the proton decay experiment is feasible under the current conditions of the observation project.To detect the proton decay from the experiment is very difficult. Because of the proton decay examples of extremely long life, rarely, plus the product after the decay is not easy to detect and identify such experiments is not easy. All the experiments must meet the following conditions: first, there must be enough observation material, assuming that the proton lifetime for 1031, when we watch the pool of 4000 tonsof water (containing about 2.5 x 1033 protons and neutrons), every month can expectto see 20 examples of decay. Excluding other effects can be observed only about half. Therefore, there must be a lot of material monitoring. Neutron (except H2, all substances containing nearly half. The neutronis composed of quarks, also due to the transfer of a X quark particle decay. In all the "proton decay experiment, neutron decay is also included in this). Second, must eliminate interference of cosmic ray. The experiment must be in deep underground or under the sea, to prevent the use of cosmic rays or soil water, but in a high energy cosmic ray muon and neutrino, muon penetration is very strong, there is still a part of the deep underground, and neutrinos can almost penetrate the earth without attenuation. According to the unified theory, proton decay most often the possible ways of P to PI 0+e+. PI 0 will immediately decay into two photons. We can from the measuring device within one point suddenly released a e+ and two gammaAs the +n0+e+ process, we can distinguish. So,Third, to have a signal to identify the authenticity of the track and energy characteristics of proton decay products of the device.The first experiment is Reines and Goldhaber conducted in 1954. They used 50 kilograms of scintillator, the total number of protons and neutrons is about 3 * 1028. If there is a proton decay of e+ and PI 0, then each particle energy should be close to 500MeV, of which 0 PI quickly decays for high-energy gamma photon. The motion of the energeticparticles in the scintillator will make the scintillation luminescence. Using photomultiplier tube to accept these optical signals can calculate the trajectory and energy of energetic particles, whichcan distinguish the interference and the cosmic ray proton decay. In order to reduce the influence of cosmic rays, experiments were carried out in a 30 meter deep underground chamber. The test run for a few hours, a few times per second flash, but the analysis results that these flash are false signal caused by cosmic rays, not a proton decay event found. It can be concluded that the proton lifetime at least more than 1022.Compared with several groups of experiments currently underway, the first experiment in 1954, the scale is too small. At present, the proton decay experiment can be roughly divided into two categories:A kind of water observation material. High-energy charged particles moving in water, as long as the speed is greater than the speed of light will shine (water Cherenkov effect). In very pure water, light propagation distance of up to tens of meters, the range is much longer than the particle, so you can use less of the instrument to monitor more material. The largest experiment was carried out in a 600 meter deepsalt mine in the American state of Ohio. The research group from the University of California at Erwin University of Michigan Brook, Brookhaven National Laboratory and some other universities in the United States, Britain, Poland, the leader is Reines. The detector center is 17 x 18 x six 23m3 pure water, surrounded by 2048 rectangularphotomultiplier tube, each diameter is 12.5cm, Cerenkov radiation andtwo photon detection based on e+ through pure water, after 130 days of observation, were detected in a decay event. In 1983 they announced that the lower limit of theaverage life expectancy for proton decayP > 6.5 * 1031Another type of iron or concrete material for monitoring. Iron isthe major, so the number of nuclear as much iron in small area. But the iron is opaque, no Cherenkov effect can be used, only the direct detection of secondary particles produced by decay. Because of these particles in the range of iron in only a few centimeters, therefore, experimental device must be made a layer of iron, a layer of white folded detector. The unit weight of material in this device, detector and electronic system of a class of more than before, so this kind of device is generally more than 100 tons. A typical experiment is by University of Tokyo of Japan and India in collaboration with scientists in India Kolar gold more than 2300 meters deep underground. The summer of 1982, the group announced that found three proton decay examples, and the proton lifetime=7 * 1030.And the European Group, they conducted a study in Italy, the French Alps peak Blanc border tunnel. In 1983, the European Group also claimed that observed a decay event.The most simple SU (5) predicted that the grand unified theory, the average life expectancy of proton decay is not greater than 2.5 x in1031. To 1983, the experimental data of India gold group in support of SU (5) model, but the "salt" group and SU (5) the result is contrary. It is generally believed that from the experimental scale, observation method and the statisticalprecision of view, the United States "salt" experiments are credible, and "gold" the rough, the result is not convincing.According to reports, a meeting of 1984 yuan at the beginning of the month in the United States held in Utah, India, United States of Ohio, Japan, Switzerland and the United States, Utah, a total of five experimental groups, published experimental data about proton decay. In the experimental group to a mine in Japan Kamioka in comparison to announce with certainty, they found two cases of proton decay. Indiagold group reported they found a new instance, which they thought might be the proton decay event increased to four. However, Ohio's "salt"group or negative attitude. They reported that 170 decay phenomenon was recorded in the work of the CPC in 200 days, but all these phenomena are due to false signal caused by the neutrino. They concluded that the average life expectancy of the proton is greater than 2 * in 1032, therefore, the proton can decay, is still a mystery. However, can be interpreted as the case has increased in proton decay.The overall trend of six, baryon origin and ScienceThe origin of the baryon number is a frontier topic in particle physics and cosmology. Through the collaborative efforts of physicists and cosmologists, has put forward a reasonable scheme of baryon numberorigin. The first people hope that through the proton decay experiments to achieve a breakthrough. From the experimental results of 1984 several proton decay study group, people have seen "chaos". Although the unsolved problems are also many, the road is tortuous, but the pace is accelerating, which is no doubt. People see, in the study of this issue, the process of exploring the interdisciplinarypenetration of how important it is to explore the origin of the baryon number and make full use of particle physics and cosmology of the two disciplines and methods, this is between the basic theory of mutual integration, mutual coordination and transplantation and research methods the research method, which is a vivid manifestation of scienceis moving towards integration.The motion of matter form is not only diverse and unified. Thesubject also has differences and connections, mutual transition and transformation. When the study of the objective phenomenon of different disciplines is more thorough and meticulous, the more feel theconnection between all things and phenomena more closely. The particle and the universe are the two extremes of the physical world, in particle physics and cosmology of the two seems to be totally different fieldsbut there is a convergence point, it is the early universe. At that time, the medium is super hot gas composed of a large number of high-energy particles, and high-energy particle law became the basis of the overall behavior of the domination of the universe. At the confluence of the big bang model, a unified model of particle physics and cosmology of themutual integration, thereby creating a new scheme of baryon number origin, it not only helps people understand the evolution of the universe,But also can help people determine what elements of the particle physics theory is reasonable.In particle physics, symmetry method is a very importantresearch method. People can judge according to the symmetry of a process can occur. It also can not understand the specific form of interaction, according to the principle of symmetry of phenomenological particles occur between certain connections, so as to facilitate the systematic study of them. Symmetry also determines the lifetime of the particle. Because the particle decay is caused by the interaction of the strong interaction, particle decays faster, then the shorter the life.It is the symmetry method plays an important role in particle physics, Dirac put it as the "essence" of new methods of physics theory, and Heisenberg praised the symmetry reflects the spirit of the contemporary era of natural science". The symmetry method transplanted in cosmology, the emphasis is the research on asymmetry of things. From the nature of matter over antimatter in the observation of the facts, how to study from the baryon Antibaryon symmetric universe evolved into the baryon asymmetry of the universe. Which nature should be the existence of a process of baryon number is not conserved and CP symmetry, put forward the new thinking, not only prompted people to review some of the law of conservation of particle physics in the applicable scope and thesymmetry breaking mechanism, to further promote the development of physics, but also in the way of thinking to remind people: universal and effective not only should pay attention to the symmetry method, should also pay attention to the relativity and its limitations, should not be absolute symmetry, and should be dialectically integrated.The mutual infiltration and combination between disciplines, and even changing the research means. Always large accelerator is a basic tool for particle physicists. The basic tools of cosmologists has always been a large telescope. Now, theparticle physicists to left over from the big bang singularity particle bulk material search, helium and deuterium abundancedistribution of galaxies, cosmic microwave background, the structure and the detection of solar neutrino experiments are concerned. But cosmologists on mountains of cosmic ray observation, accelerator and reactor experiments, fractional charge detection, magnetic monopole search and other interested. The proton decay deep underground mine in the experiment, it is their common concern target. In short, the detection range of particle physics laboratory is extended to the deep, deep into the earth; cosmology by deep space and deep underground into the laboratory, research methods of two disciplines closely, are heading towards the same goal of advancing. (Wu Weiping)。