网上商城系统毕业设计外文翻译

编号：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（原文）院（系）：桂林电子科技大学职业技术学院专业：工商企业管理学生姓名：方智立学号：010*********指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学职业技术学院姓名：朱芸芸职称：讲师2016年 4 月 1 日Marketing Strategy Analysis of SportsAbstractSports market is a special industry market, which for provide exchange of sports tangible products and services market. Sports market including fixed type, such as sports facilities, sports goods market, Mobile market, such as all kinds of sports service provided by the fitness club. Sports tourism and advertising business, sports goods should be consumers to accept, and occupy a larger market. If success of the sports marketing involves many factors. According to the specific characteristics of sports marketing, develop and implement appropriate marketing strategy is very important. Sports marketing strategy is to the sports business units within a certain period or stage marketing campaign's overall development plan of decision making.This paper argues that the marketing strategy can be further subdivided into market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy, Choose a strategy, must conform to the enterprise's own competitive position, product status, to grasp the market opportunity, determined according to the demands of consumers. In this paper, the sports market segmentation marketing strategy for the market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy, and discusses the sports marketing how to carry out strategic choice.Keywords: Sports bazaar ; Sports marketing; Marketing strategy1.Sports marketing strategy and characteristics1.1Sports marketing strategyStrategy refers to the planning of overall and profound things. Sports marketing strategy refers to the commodity business units under the guidance of modern marketing concept, to achieve its economic goal for enterprise in a certain period of the overall design and planning of marketing development.Inan increasingly competitive market circumstances, sports business units in order to effectively carry out business activities, to achieve its business objectives, must understand and based on the characteristics of marketing concepts and strategies, and Target the demand of the market, comprehensive analysis and marketing of various environmental factors, choose effective market strategy in the background.1.2The characteristics of the sports marketing strategySports marketing strategy has sports business units within a certain period or stage marketing campaign's overall development plan of decision making. It has the characteristics of the following.(1) Overall importance.Sports marketing strategy is a matter of the global business units, including two aspects the meaning of this global:on the one hand, Sports marketing strategy is the overall design, the development of the business units, including overall planning and the overall strategy and means.On the other hand, Sports marketing strategy decision is a matter of global business units and their all-round development in the future.(2)Secular.Sports marketing strategy is really about the future of sports business units: to achieve the goals of sports marketing strategy, will make the sports business units to produce qualitative leap, but this is not usually that can be done in the short term.Important, sports business units of marketing strategy on the strategic period not only very important to enterprise's survival and development, but also to the long-term development of enterprises play an important role.(3) Systematicness.Sports systemic marketing refers to business units, each part of the work of each link is a contact each other, are closely related to the organic unity of the whole.System have layers, the size and the primary and secondary division, at the next lower level to obey and serve at the next higher level.For a certain sports and business operation entity, the strategy of the whole enterprise as a whole system engineering to overall arrangement, the pursuit of the overall development of the biggest benefits.(4)Adaptability.Sports marketing adaptability, refers to the sports marketing and business operation entity is easily affected by external and internal environment, when the environment changes, sports business units made to adapt themselves to the new environment of the characteristics of rapid response.Sports marketing of the external environment including the market demand, political or economic situation changes, policy and law changes. Similarly, sports business entities internal conditions change will impact on marketing.(5)Risk.Due to sports marketing strategy is the business unit for the marketing activities during the period development collection of expected decision, and this decision is absolutely impossible in various conditions fully mature and information fully, make and sports market, especially the intangible product variety and complexity of the market, make sports marketing strategy has the characteristics of uncertainty and instantaneity, many market opportunities tend to be a passes, no longer to, opportunity and risk coexist.2.Sports marketing strategy comprisedand choiceSports marketing strategies mainly include market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy.2.1 Market orientation strategyMarket positioning refers to the sports business units according to the condition of market competition situation and its own resources, establish and develop differentiated competitive advantage, to make their own products in the consumer formed in the difference between each product unique image and is superior to the competition.This unique image can be tangible or intangible.Enterprise after analyzing the market environment, should highlight its own market advantage, establish market position, Which companies need to know on a certain level of paper generalizes, consumers mind what is the best sports products as expected.2.2 Market entry policyMarket entry strategy is the sports business units at the right time to capture the target market, how to appropriately in the two aspects of production capacity and sales ability to make reliable measures and guarantee, to ensure the decision-making of sports products successfully enter the market.Its content mainly includes the production capacity of decision-making and sales ability to form two aspects.(1) Capacity Decision. In the necessary time, sports business entities formtargetmarket capacity, is one of the important conditions to achieve market goal.Regardless of whether they are sports tangible products and intangible products, generally there are two alternative strategies.①Independent development strategy refers to both tangible products, the development of sports and development of sports intangible products. All on its own strength to expand production scale, enhance the comprehensive production capacity or adjust the structure of the comprehensive production capacity of enterprise, to adapt the demand of product combination structure. ②Comprehensive development strategy, mainly depend on the sports business units of the external forces, namely, through joint, collaboration, subcontract, form a new comprehensive production capacity. Due to participating in planning, control, coordination, etc, are more difficult. Therefore, sports business units must be good at optimizing collaborator, deal with the various cooperation of responsibility, right and benefit, to maintain good relations of cooperation.(2) Sales ability decision. A sports product to enter and occupy the market, production enterprise must have the necessary sales ability and the ability to penetrate the market.Sales ability decision-making main consideration circulation channels and sales, product should be considered when making decisions, market, enterprise, social environment and the factors such as economic effect.2.3 Market development strategyMarket development strategy refers to the perspective of market prospects, the choice of market development means, usually includes two kinds of intensive development and diversified development main form.(1)Intensive development.When some kind of sports products in the market has the potential of further development, the choice of market penetration, product development and market development of three kinds of intensive development form. As the tangible products market, in sports and intangible products are common market and applicable.①Market penetration. on the basis of the existing market scale, increase the sales of existing products. Can use a variety of measures, consolidate old customers, increase the new user. ②Product development Is through developing and improving existing products, make its have some new properties and USES, meet the social demand more. ③market development. Refers to an enterprise that open up new product sales market, in order to increase sales.(2) Diversified development.Diversity is also called the diversification, basically have concentricity scattered scattered, horizontal dispersion and the integrityof three. ①Concentricity is sports business unit USES the original dispersed development technology and the characteristics, with its as the core, the development use different structure similar products. ②Scattered level of sexual development.Was used in the original market advantage, has occupied the market development of technology, nature and purpose of different products. For example, Sports club olicy makers, can through the player transfer channels, to sell players, profit.Others use their sports club or the player's social awareness to participate in the sales promotion of goods, in order to obtain profits. ③Integrity of dispersed development. Refers to the sports business units to expand the business into its original business, technology, market and the product has no connection in the industry. Such as the sports department construction and run a catering and service hotels, hotels, entertainment city, charge for parking lot, etc., is the form of scattered holistic development. Implement the diversification development, can improve the ability of sports business units to adapt to the environment, reduce the risk of a single business, at the same time, may be more fully use of all kinds of resources within the enterprise, make its have more potential development opportunities. However, the development of decentralized often leads to complication of operation and management, and business operation entities such as diversifying some problems.2.4Strategic Marketing CompetitionThe rules of the development of the market is superior bad discard, its characteristic is the petition can promote the economic development of the enterprise and the improvement of economic benefits.Enterprises should establish a clear concept of competition, flexible use of price and non-price competition means, take a man without I have, people have my good, good people knew, new I cheap, cheap I turn the principle and method of making enterprise competitive strategy, must accomplish know fairly well the competition environment and competition situation, can with ease.Enterprise competition environment factors mainly refers to the enterprise in addition to the social and cultural environment stress factors of various aspects, such as management scientist professor Michael porter of Harvard University famous the competitive offer slightly above, an enterprise usually exist competition pressure from five aspects, namely the industry competition pressure, potential to join the pressure from the industry, suppliers forward pressure (by providing raw materials or semi-finished products, to develop into their production products), buyers.(1) The overall competitive strategy. Under different conditions, the enterprise facing the pressure of competition is different, the analysis of the pressure of competition is to understand the purpose of each kind of competition situation of power, so as to make effective competition strategy.Under normal circumstances, the sports business units of competition strategy in general have a low cost strategy, product differentiation strategy and intensive strategy. ①low-cost strategy. Low cost strategy is to point to in under the premise of guarantee the quality of products and services, efforts to reduce the cost of production and sales so that the enterprise product prices lower than competitors' prices, with rapidly expanding sales increase market share. ②Product differentiation strategies. Product differentiation strategy is to point to create a unique characteristic of the enterprise products, to develop unique products or marketing programs, for in such aspects as product or service than competitors are unique. Thus to obtain the difference advantage.The United States, for example, "NIKE" brand sports shoes, NIKE production due to the appearance of novel design, the innovation of the use function and unique, and exquisite packaging, etc., although the price is surprisingly expensive, but occupies considerable market in China, the teenagers are very loving. ③Intensive strategy. Intensive strategy refers to the enterprises focus on one or several market segments provide the most effective service, better meet certain customers with different needs, so as to strive for the local competitive advantage. It is little different from the above three kinds of overall competition strategy, successfully implement these three strategies need different resources and decision-making, also should have different requirements on organization and management.(2) The competitive strategy of enterprises of different competitive position. Where the status of enterprise in market competition, the enterprise can be divided into: market leader, market challenger, market follower. Different competitive position of enterprises, should choose different market competitive strategy.①Dominant market competition strategy. Market power refers to the related products has the highest market share. Such as the current market position and stable dominated by clothing JinMeiLong, "ADIDAS", they are price changes, new product development, sales channel width and promotional efforts in a dominant position, recognized by other sports enterprises. ②The challenger market competition strategy. Market challenger refers to those in a secondary position in the market of the enterprise, such as "lining" brand garment enterprises .Market challenger to choosechallenge object is closely related to the strategic target, for a same object has different goals and strategies Such as attack market leader to gain the market share and product advantage ;Attack power with yourself quite seize its market position; Attacking small businesses taking their customers even small business itself."Lining" to win market price advantage to the international brand, with product quality advantages to gain "anta" challenger "peak" brand's market share. ③Followers of the market competition strategy. Market followers is to point to in a secondary position, under the conditions of "coexistence" market for as much as possible the benefit of the enterprise. Market followers don't need a lot of money, less risky and can obtain high profits, so many enterprises adopt this strategy, especially the sort of small or no fame and status of sports clothing enterprises. As the current sports "philharmonic" brand clothing enterprise in the enterprise.Reference[1] LiJianJun,WangCuiHua:The Research on Marketing Environment Enterprise of Things for Sports Use in China[J] Journal of NanJing institute of sport (social science edition) 2013.(10),36 ~ 48.[2] Discuss Sports market, products and marketing characteristics. [J] journal of xi ' an institute of physical education,2012.(3)101 ~109.[3] HuZhengMing Ed. Marketing Management[M].Shandong people's publishing house，2012.302 ~325.[4] [US]Kotler write. YuLiJun translate. Introduction to Marketing[M].Huaxia Publishing House,2011.333~389.[5] ZhangTongYao.Application areas to promote the marketing advantage analysis of third party logistics[J].Market of China,2010(3)128 ~136.[6] WangHuaiShu.The influence of the logistics quality of marketing[J].Teacher's Journal,2010(3)31 ~38.[7] WangChenWen.Shallow theory of logistics strategy in the role of marketing management[J].Chemical Enterprise Management,2009(7)175 ~178.。

商城购物系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献Abstract: Servlet programs run on the server side, ___ CGI-like technologies, Java Servlet has higher efficiency, easier to use, more powerful ns, better portability, and more cost savings.Keywords: ___, Servlet, HTTP service1.1 n of ServletServlets are Java programs that run on web or n servers. It is a middleware that connects requests from web browsers or other HTTP client programs and databases or ns on HTTP servers. The work of the servlet is to perform the tasks of the Simeon, as shown in Figure 1.1.Figure 1.1 The role of web middleware(1) Read explicit data ______ by end users in HTML forms on the page. However, data may also come from applets or custom HTTP client programs. (2) Read implicit request data sent by the browserFigure 1.1 shows a single arrow from the client to the web server, but in fact, there are two types of data transmitted from the client to the web server, which are explicit data entered by the user in the form and background HTTP n. Both types of data are important. HTTP n includes cookies, media types recognized by browsers, ___.(3) Generate resultsThis process may require accessing a database, performing RMI or EJB calls, calling web services, or directly calculating the corresponding response. The actual data may be stored in a nal database. The database may not understand HTTP or may not be able to return results in HTML form, so web browsers ___ with the database. Even if it can do this, for security reasons, we do not want it to do so. Similar ___, we need the web middleware to extract input data from the HTTP stream, communicate with the n, and embed the results into the document.(4) ___) to usersThis document can be sent in us formats, including text (HTML or XML), binary (GIF graphics), ___ underlying formats, such as gzip. However, HTML is the most commonly used formatso far, so one of the important tasks of Servlet and JSP is to wrap the results in HTML.(5) Send implicit HTTP response data to users总之，动态构建网页可以根据具体情况灵活地生成页面，从而满足客户的需求。

河北科技师范学院本科毕业设计外文翻译二手物品网上交易资源效率的贡献：eBay用户的实证研究院（系、部）名称：专业名称：学生姓名：学生学号：指导教师：2016年03月08日二手物品网上交易资源效率的贡献：eBay用户的实证研究Jens Clausen , Birgit Blättel-Mink , Lorenz Erdmann ,Christine Henseling 摘要：本文探讨了网上二手交易的可持续性的影响（对可持续发展的贡献，减少对环境的不利影响）。

eBay用户的一项调查显示，二手商品交易和自然资源的保护之间的联系很难实现。

其次，保护环境的动机和以可持续的方式采取行动的消费者群体之间的差别很大。

鉴于这些结果，从用户的角度考虑，本文试图寻找网上的二手交易对环境影响的一些客观提示。

由于交易所造成的温室气体排放量似乎比生产新产品的排放量要低得多。

本文的结论与二手交易和消费政策的一套建议有关。

购买二手商品的可持续性利益的信息应包括在一般消费者的信息，并且行为变化的参数应该是针对不同的消费者群体。

关键词：网上市场，在线拍卖，消费者，电子商务，应用产品，二手市场，可持续消费1.介绍在线拍卖和交易平台增加了可持续消费的机会。

基于网络的二手交易的潜力很大程度上来说是在延长产品的寿命，从而避免了由于购买新产品产生额外的环境压力。

到目前为止，私人家庭往往因为高交易成本未能利用二手物品的潜力。

二手货物贸易仍然局限于区域市场，这些障碍经常阻止本地区二手商品市场达到临界质量并阻止他们成为有吸引力的买家和卖家。

然而近年来，互联网和交易平台的迅速增加，比如eBay网，已经从根本上改变了这种市场的基本条件。

在线市场不仅大大增加了市场参与者的数量，也改变了传统分配给消费者和生产者的角色。

交换网站、拍卖平台和其他以互联网为基础的交易模式，用户不仅是买家，而且在同一时间，也成为了活跃产品或服务的卖家，这些已经改变了消费者的作用。

毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学生姓名：学号：学院：专业：指导教师：Struts——an open-source MVC implementationBy: Malcolm Davis.Source: Struts--an open-source MVC implementation[J].IBM Systems JournalThis article introduces Struts, a Model-View-Controller implementation that uses servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology. Struts can help you control change in your Web project and promote specialization. Even if you never implement a system with Struts,you may get some ideas for your future servlets and JSP page implementation.IntroductionKids in grade school put HTML pages on the Internet. However, there is a monumental difference between a grade school page and a professionally developed Web site. The page designer (or HTML developer) must understand colors, the customer, product flow, page layout, browser compatibility, image creation, JavaScript, and more. Putting a great looking site together takes a lot of work, and most Java developers are more interested in creating agreat looking object interface than a user interface. Java Server Pages (JSP) technology provides the glue between the page designer and the Java developer.If you have worked on a large-scale Web application, you understand the term change.Model-View-Controller (MVC) is a design pattern put together to help control change. MVC decouples interface from business logic and data. Struts is an MVC implementation that uses Servlets 2.2 and JSP 1.1 tags, from the J2EE specifications, as part of the implementation. Y ou may never implement a system with Struts, but looking at Struts may give you some ideas on your future Servlets and JSP implementations.Model-View-Controller (MVC)JSP tags solved only part of our problem. We still have issues with validation, flow control, and updating the state of the application. This is where MVC comes to the rescue.MVC helps resolve some of the issues with the single module approach by dividing theproblem into three categories:• ModelThe model contains the core of the application's functionality. The model encapsulates thestate of the application. Sometimes the only functionality it contains is state. It knows nothing about the view or controller.• View• The view provides the presentation of the model. It is the look of the application. The view can access the model getters, but it has no knowledge of the setters. In addition, it knows nothing about the controller. The view should be notified when changes to the model occur. ControllerThe controller reacts to the user input. It creates and sets the model.MVC Model 2The Web brought some unique challenges to software developers, most notably the stateless connection between the client and the server. This stateless behavior made it difficult for the model to notify the view of changes. On the Web, the browser has to re-query the server to discover modification to the state of the application.Another noticeable change is that the view uses different technology for implementation than the model or controller. Of course, we could use Java (or PERL, C/C++ or what ever) code to generate HTML. There are several disadvantages to that approach:• Java programmers should develop services, not HTML.• Changes to layout would require changes to code.• Customers of the service should be able to create pages to meet their specific needs.• The page designer isn't able to have direct involvement in page development.• HTML embedded into code is ugly.For the Web, the classical form of MVC needed to change.MVC Model 2 Struts, an MVC 2 implementation Struts is a set of cooperating classes, servlets, and JSP tags that make up a reusable MVC 2 design. This definition implies that Struts is a framework, rather than a library, but Struts also contains an extensive tag library and utility classes that work independently of the framework.• Client browserAn HTTP request from the client browser creates an event. The Web container will respond with an HTTP response.• ControllerThe Controller receives the request from the browser, and makes the decision where to send the request. With Struts, the Controller is a command design pattern implemented as a servlet. The struts-config.xml file configures the Controller.• Business logicThe business logic updates the state of the model and helps control the flow of the application.With Struts this is done with an Action class as a thin wrapper to the actual business logic.• Model stateThe model represents the state of the application. The business objects update the application state. ActionForm bean represents the Model state at a session or request level, and not at a persistent level. The JSP file reads information from the ActionForm bean using JSP tags.• ViewThe view is simply a JSP file. There is no flow logic, no business logic, and no model information -- just tags. Tags are one of the things that make Struts unique compared to other frameworks like V elocity.Struts detailsDisplayed in Figure 6 is a stripped-down UML diagram of the org.apache.struts.action package and shows the minimal relationships among ActionServlet (Controller), ActionForm (Form State), and Action (Model Wrapper).The ActionServlet classDo you remember the days of function mappings? Y ou would map some input event to a ointer to a function. If you where slick, you would place the configuration information into ale and load the file at run time. Function pointer arrays were the good old days of structured rogramming in C.Life is better now that we have Java technology, XML, J2EE, and all that. The Struts ontroller is a servlet that maps events (an event generally being an HTTP post) to classes. guess what -- the Controller uses a configuration file so you don_t have to hard-code the alues. Life changes, but stays the same.ActionServlet is the Command part of the MVC implementation and is the core of the ramework. ActionServlet (Command) creates and uses Action, an ActionForm, and ctionForward. As mentioned earlier, the struts-config.xml file configures the command. uring the creation of the Web project, Action and ActionForm are extended to solve the pecific problem space. The file struts-config.xml instructs ActionServlet on how to use the xtended classes. There are several advantages to this approach:• The entire logical flow of the application is in a hierarchical text file. This makes itasier to view and understand, especially with large applications.• The page designer does not have to wade through Java code to understand the flow of e application.• The Java developer does not need to recompile code when making flow changes. Command functionality can be added by extending ActionServlet.The ActionForm classActionForm maintains the session state for the Web application. ActionForm is anbstract class that is sub-classed for each input form model. When I say input form model, Im saying ActionForm represents a general concept of data that is set or updated by a HTML form. For instance, you may have a UserActionForm that is set by an HTML Form. The Struts framework will:• Check to see if a UserActionForm exists; if not, it will create an instance of the class.• Struts will set the state of the UserActionForm using corresponding fields from the HttpServletRequest. No more dreadful request.getParameter() calls. For instance, the Struts framework will take fname from request stream and call UserActionForm.setFname().• The Struts framework updates the state of the UserActionForm before passing it to the business wrapper UserAction.• Before passing it to the Action class, Struts will also conduct form state validation by calling the validation() method on UserActionForm. Note: This is not always wise to do. There might be ways of using UserActionForm in other pages or business objects, where the validation might be different. V alidation of the state might be better in the UserAction class.• The UserActionForm can be maintained at a session level.Notes:• The struts-config.xml file controls which HTML form request maps to which ActionForm. • Multiple requests can be mapped UserActionForm.• UserActionForm can be mapped over multiple pages for things such as wizards.The Action classThe Action class is a wrapper around the business logic. The purpose of Action class is to translate the HttpServletRequest to the business logic. To use Action, subclass and overwrite the process() method.The ActionServlet (Command) passes the parameterized classes to ActionForm using the perform() method. Again, no more dreadful request.getParameter() calls. By the time the event gets here, the input form data (or HTML form data) has already been translated out of the request stream and into an ActionForm class.Note: "Think thin" when extending the Action class. The Action class should control the flow and not the logic of the application. By placing the business logic in a separate package or EJB, we allow flexibility and reuse.Another way of thinking about Action class is as the Adapter design pattern. The purpose of the Action is to "Convert the interface of a class into another interface the clients expect. Adapter lets classes work together that couldn_t otherwise because of incompatibility interface" (from Design Patterns - Elements of Reusable OO Software by Gof). The client in this instance is the ActionServlet that knows nothing about our specific business class interface. Therefore, Struts provides a business interface it does understand, Action. By extending the Action, we make our business interface compatible with Struts business interface. (An interesting observation is that Action is a class and not an interface. Action started as an interface and changed into a class over time. Nothing's perfect.)The Error classesThe UML diagram (Figure 6) also included ActionError and ActionErrors. ActionError encapsulates an individual error message. ActionErrors is a container of ActionError classes that the View can access using tags. ActionErrors is Struts way of keeping up with a list of errors.UML diagram of the relationship of the Command (ActionServlet) to the Model (Action) The ActionMapping classAn incoming event is normally in the form of an HTTP request, which the servlet Container turns into an HttpServletRequest. The Controller looks at the incoming event and dispatches the request to an Action class. The struts-config.xml determines what Action class the Controller calls. The struts-config.xml configuration information is translated into a set of ActionMapping, which are put into container of ActionMappings. (If you have not noticed it, classes that end with s are containers) The ActionMapping contains the knowledge of how a specific event maps to specific Actions. The ActionServlet (Command) passes the ActionMapping to the Action class via the perform() method. This allows Action to access the information to control flow.ActionMappingsActionMappings is a collection of ActionMapping objects.Struts pros Use of JSP tag mechanism The tag feature promotes reusable code and abstracts Java code from the JSP file. This feature allows nice integration into JSP-based development tools that allow authoring with tags.• Tag libraryWhy re-invent the wheel, or a tag library? If you cannot find something you need in the library, contribute. In addition, Struts provides a starting point if you are learning JSP tag technology.• Open sourceY ou have all the advantages of open source, such as being able to see the code and having everyone else using the library reviewing the code. Many eyes make for great code review.• Sample MVC implementationStruts offers some insight if you want to create your own MVC implementation.• Manage the problem spaceDivide and conquer is a nice way of solving the problem and making the problem manageable.中北大学2014届毕业设计英文文献译文Struts 一个开源的MVC实现作者：马尔科姆·戴维斯。

毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。

程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。

一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。

而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。

这是一项令人痛苦的工作。

但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。

我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。

这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。

Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。

有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。

我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。

除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。

本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。

15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。

早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。

但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。

为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。

IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。

我自己的域名是。

所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。

文献出处: Sabato G, Wilson N. Design and Implementation of Status Authentication System Based On [J]. The Journal of Credit Risk, 2014, 6(2): 95-127.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文Design and Implementation of Status Authentication System Based On Sabato G, Wilson N.AbstractWith the rapid development of internet technologies, as a newly developed trading operation mode, more and more emphasis are placed on electronic trading. Status authentication system is an essential component of electronic trading, which gives more conveniences and fastness to customers who are in favor of internet shopping. This thesis deals with how to construct status authentication system with newly developed internet technologies, improve the trading capabilities of internet trading platform and give a full play of the information of the internet. The programming of status authentication system and user interface are constructed with technology. Back-end database is constructed with SQL SERVER 2008. A secure access to status authentication system database is implicated with . Demand-analysis, business procedure, systemic structure and database mode of status authentication system are analyzed and designed with three tire structure. The advantages of and three tire structure are discussed, and a status authentication system is constructed.Key words: Status authentication system; ; Three tire structure; Database1 The Summary of online shopping1.1 Online shopping definitionOnline mall is similar to ordinary mall, is to use various means of electronic commerce from buy to sell deal process virtual store, so as to reduce the intermediate links, eliminate operating costs and agency in the middle of the price difference, and increase market circulation, with a huge space for development. As far as possible,also the consumer, drive the rapid development of the company.1.2 Construction of online mallSuch as using a special platform. Advantage is low investment cost, high efficiency. Enterprises only need to register and submit relevant information you can use the establishment of the online platform to complete you’re online shopping. For lack of funds and technical support of corporate entrepreneurship can make full use of the mall. Defect is unable to effectively control space, domain names, procedures, and other important resources. In the long run can produce adverse effect to the enterprise network sales.Shopping mall and relative platform independent relatively complex network mall, invest more. But the effect is better. Enterprises can choose the programming language, ASP language, have a lower development costs and a large market coverage, but the safety problem is outstanding. The PHP language is characterized by convenience, flexible, very suitable for program development. The most commonly used programming language mainstream products. Weakness is not suitable for big projects and secondary development. In the high-end application ability is limited. Have an ECSHOP, SHOPEX, etc.JA V A language to build online shopping system in the current products on the market is very little. Have superior language features, built by the online shopping system in safety, functional expansibility and secondary development has very excellent performance. But high development cost, the difficulty is big. Usually only use big business, government, etc.2 Network mall development process2.1 The requirements analysisUnderstand customer needs, including company introduction, item description, basic functional requirements, business process, etc.2.2 Construction scheme design online mallAccording to the demand analysis, according to the actual situation of enterprises, choose suitable for the enterprise network mall construction plan. Such as web hosting service or buy your own server.2.3 Host the DNS queryDomain name is part of the image of enterprise. Easy to remember and highlight the characteristics of enterprise name easy to improve enterprise brand image.2.4 Interface design, manufacture, and modification.The code a good interface design to the information release at the same time to the company's business philosophy and purpose accurate interpretation. And can attract the customers. At the same time for architecture design, coding. To provide customers with convenient browsing navigation, suitable business function modules, such as information release system, product display, shopping cart system, etc. To suit demand of the enterprise, this step needs to actively cooperate with customers.2.5 debugging functionDebug the whole system function, to provide customer tests and listen to customer comments, a change in a timely manner.2.6 ReleaseAfter through customer audit through online shopping system, can be uploaded to the site to run the server, the formal release. And timely after-sale technical support and maintenance.3 The key technologies of online shopping3.1 Definition: is Microsoft for XML Web services platform. The software will use a way of unified, personalized information, equipment and personnel closely linked together.XML Web services allow applications regardless of what kind of operating system, device, or adopted by a programming language, can through the Internet to communicate and share platform provides create XML Web services at the same time meet the needs of the integrate these services together. Specifically, platform includes development tools, XML WEB services, the client and server. experience.3.2 XML Web servicesThe basis of XML Web services is programming model. The core of technology. Is to other Application data and services application logic unit. Application using the standard Web protocol and data format (such as HTTP, XMLand SOAP) access to the XML Web services, has nothing to do with each XML Web services is implemented. Through XML Web services, customers and users from one service to another, from one application, or even from one environment to another environment will be very easy. Allows the user plane degree computer world will become simpler.3.3. framework Framework (.net Framework) is developed by Microsoft for more than a language component development and execution environment, it provides a unified cross-language programming environment. The purpose of framework is convenient for developers to more easily build Web applications and Web services, making the Internet between various applications, Can use Web services to communicate. Is mainly composed of the following two: Common Language Runtime (CLR: Common Language Runtime) CLR manages memory, thread execution, code safety verification, compilation, and other system services. CLI is a set of operation environment, including general system, the middle of the base class library has nothing to do with the machine code, called the common intermediate language (CLI).The CLR is confirm password in accordance with the CLI platform operation. The CLR in CLI instruction before implementation compiled into the original mechanical code in a timely manner.3.4 The predecessor of the ASP technology, is a server-side scripting technology developed by Microsoft, but to let the script embedded in a web page by intent web server implementation. includes all kinds of needed services to facilitate Web application developers to generate the enterprise level The program. Provides developers with a new kind of programming structure and model of the generated application has better Scalability and stability, and better security protection, is a unified model for Web application development.Developers can gradually add in the existing ASP application capabilities, to enhance and improve its function at any time. All applications can be applied to the whole. Framework, compared with ASP, application development can use any. NET compatible languages, such as c # and JScript. NET.., Visual , etc. And instant interpreter speed is much quicker than is a kind of natural layered architecture, the SQL Server, Oracle, consistent access to all sorts of data and public data sources such as, and through the data provider is a Dataset and. NET Frame Work of two core components complete decomposition data access tasks. For large-scale complicated information system development and maintenance.4 Three layer structure4.1 C/S structureC/S (Client/Server), namely the Client/Server structure is a kind of system architecture, currently most application software system based on C/S structure, in the form of this structure can make full use of the advantages of both ends hardware environment, make reasonable tasks assigned to the Client and the Server side, reduce the communication overhead of the system. In this structure, the server is the core of the network, the customer is the foundation of the network, the client server to obtain the required network resources, the server must provide for the customer network resources.C/S structure can give full play to the Client's ability to process, make a lot of work on the Client side processing and then submitted to the server, business processing logic is mainly, on the Client side and could be called Fat Client (Fat Client) structure. So the client speed accordingly.4.2 B/S structureB/S (Browser/Server) structure namely the Browser and Server structure. Is a variable of C/S structure And the improved structure, with the rapid development of Internet technology and the rise. Under B/S structure, the application server implementation of professional software applications, and Web server implementation customer performance, because the client through the browser to make the business process, greatly reduce the cost of system maintenance and upgrade and workload, simplify the client computer load at the same time. Is the first choice for today's application software architecture.B/S system structure, the client through the browser to a Web server database access request, a Web server to the client request into SQL syntax, and to the database server, database server get request, verify its legitimacy, and carry on data processing, processing results back to the Web server, Web server will get all the results into HTML document form, sent to the client browser, in the form of Web page display to the customer.4.3 Three layer structureThree layer structure (3 - tier application) refers to the entire business application is divided into: the presentation layer (UI), business logic layer (BLL), data access layer (DAL).In software architecture design, and a hierarchical structure is the most common, also is one of the most important kind of structure. Is on the basis of the client and server two layer structure to join the middle layer, application service layer, namely between multiple applications share the business logic layer of three layer structure, the formation of "thin client - fat middle tier - thin server" calculation model.Microsoft's recommended layered structure. Three layer architecture and not physical three layer, refers to the three logical layer, regardless of the three layer is placed in a machine or machine, the C/S architecture and B/S three layer structure can be used in the architecture. In the three-tier architecture, the client usually do not directly interact with the database, the business rules, data access work and the check of legitimacy on the middle business logic layer, the middle layer is responsible for the number According to the library to interact.4.3.1 Presentation layer (UI)Used for processing the human-computer interaction, is responsible for handling user requests. Popular speak be presented to the user interface, and is responsible for the display data and receive user input data. Main responsibility is to provide users with information and translate user's instruction and passed to the middle business logic layer, the. NET in the asp page. User’s closest ideal should not include the business processing system, the logic code only related to the interface elements.4.3.2 Business Logic Layer, Business Logic Layer) referred to as "the BLLThe business logic layer is three layer system structure embodies the core valuesin the section. Used for data processing business logic. In the data access layer and presentation layer, plays an essential role in data exchange. Because the three layers structure is weak coupling between the structure, the dependence between layer and layer is downward, change the design of the upper does not have any effect for the called the bottom. Therefore, the design of the business logic layer architecture scalability is particularly important. According to the different needs of application system, can be divided into different modules.4.3.3 Data access layer (DAL)The data access layer directly responsible for database operation, data add, delete, modify, query and other operations. And can be referred to as persistence layer, can access the database system, binary files, text documents, and XML documents, framework using complete access to the database, access to the function of the different types of data sources is encapsulated into different classes are stored. NET Class Library, can be based on. application calls.译文基于NET 的网络商城的设计作者：萨巴托；威尔逊.摘要随着互联网技术的快速发展，作为一种新兴的商务运作模式，电子商务正越来越受到人们的重视。

SHOPPING ONLINE FOR FREEDOM,CONTROL AND FUNThe number of consumer buying online, and the amount being spent by online buyers has been on the rise; Forrester Research has estimated internet sales in 1999 to be more than double that of 1998,$20 billion .In comparison,overall retail sales in the U.S. totaled $13 trillion in 1999. thus,e-commerce sale currently account for only about 1% of retail sales, and experts and scholars have argued over the possible upper limit to the percentage of consumer online spending. Will the upper limit of online spending exceed that of other direct marketing at 15%? Or will it be as much as one third of purchases in many retail product categories by 2010 as recently suggested by Forester Research?Ultimately, the degree to which online shopping fulfills goal-oriented and experiential consumer needs will impact the amount of shopping dollars that consumers will choose to spending each environment. While many writers are touting the unique capabilities of the online medium to provide interactivity and personalized experiences, for instance, few have focused systematically on what online shoppers really desire, and why they are shopping online in the first place. Clearly understanding what online shoppers really desire, and why they are shopping online can and should inform strategy. Technology and marketing decisions as well as website design. So ,what motivates online shopping? In the offline environment, marketers recognize that consumers shop differently depending on whether their motivations for searching are primarily experiential (for fun) or goal directed (for efficiency). Our research of online customers suggests that these two motivations generalize to the online environment as well.Experiential behavior is especially likely in categories where shoppers have an ongoing, hobby-type interest. Collectors and hobbyists enjoy the “thrill of the hunt”as much as the acquisition of items for the collection. As well, having time available and desiring stimulation results in more experiential shopping behavior. Scholars have also discovered that the higher playfulness associated with experiential behavior results in a more positive mood, greater shopping satisfaction and a higer likelihood of impulse purchasing compared to goal-focused shopping.Goal-oriented or utilitarian shopping has been described by various marketing scholars as task-oriented, efficient, rational, and deliberate. Thus, goal-focused shoppers are transaction-oriented and desire to purchase what they want quickly and without distraction. Retailing consumers describe utilitarian shopping as "work" and evaluate the results of their effort by terms commonly associated with work performance, such as "success" and "accomplishment."Importantly, marketing research firms have found that two-thirds to four-fifths of Internet buyers engage in narrowly defined searches for specific products online.* In an online survey we recently conducted with 1013 members of the Harris Interactive online panel, 71% of shoppers said their most recent online purchase had been previously planned, while 29% said they had been browsing.when they made their purchase. Thus, online shopping is more likely to be goal focused rather than experiential. Click stream analysis of major e-commerce sites also suggests that online consumers tend to be goal-focused. For example, duration time spent in a store or at a site, termed "stickiness" by e-commerce insiders, is strongly correlated with motivation, as experiential shoppers "stick"around longer than do transaction-oriented consumers. Currently, weekly data provided by Nielsen-Net Ratings regularly show that the "stickiness" of e-commerce web sites is quite limited, with the length of visits at top sites (with the significant exception of e-Bay) being largely 15 minutes or less. A typical weekly average time spent on Barnes and Noble, for instance, is 10 minutes, just about long enough to find a book and actually complete the transaction.Why are more e-tailing consumers expected to be goal-focused? One clue is the finding that time-starved consumers are especially likely to be online shoppers. Another clue is that early and heavy users of the Internet tend to have a strong internal locus of control and thus are goal-oriented personalities. Moreover, the online medium facilitates utilitarian behavior as search costs for product information are dramatically reduced.'" Our research with online shoppers suggests that goal-oriented shoppers are interested in e-tailing because of four specific attributes: convenience and accessibility; selection; availability of information; and lack of sociality. Importantly, shoppers frequently and explicitly associate these goal-oriented attributes with increased freedom and control.Despite the preponderance of utilitarian online shopping, there is evidence that some online shoppers engage in experiential shopping, or shopping for fun, a behavior desirable to marketers as fun-seekers tend to be impulsive and to make more purchases." Why are some online shoppers engaging in experiential behavior? Experiential shoppers tell us they enjoy: auctions;involvement with a hobby/product class; and bargain hunting. In sum, these shoppers focus on "the experience" or fun of online shopping as much as they do on product acquisition (see Table 1).Research MethodologyThis research was supported by the Center for Research on Information Technology in Organizations (CRITO) at the University of California, Irvine. The purpose of the project is to understand the attributes that contribute to consumers having a satisfying, high-quality online shopping experience. Our specific purpose in undertaking this research was to fully understand consumer motivations for online shopping, as these motivations will affect the web site attributes and experiences desired by shoppers. We undertook 9 focus groups of online buyers (64 consumers altogether). Three focus groups included MBA students and staff, a group likely to be technology "Fast Forwards"'^ and thus early adopters of online shopping. In addition, we conducted two offline focus groups in Southern California recruited from Harris Interactive's online panel. Finally, we worked with Harris Interactive to conduct four online focus groups (including participants from across the U.S. and Canada). Harris Interactive recruited both online and offline participants with the aim of creating groups who were diverse with respect to age, sex, online experience, and products purchased online. Our sample included participants aged 19 to 81; they purchased CDs, books, software, hardware, toys and travel, and engaged in online auctions, all common online buying categories. However, outside these major categories, a wide variety of purchases were made, including ammunition, lingerie, groceries, camping equipment, cars; one participant had even purchased his house online!Online qualitative research offers the advantage of obtaining individual as well as group reactions to concepts and research questions, while minimizing the opportunity for individuals in the group to dominate the group or persuade other respondents by the force of their personalities. The online focus group methodology evokes dialogues that are honest, direct, and somewhat less constrained by social conventions present in traditional focus groups. Online qualitative research is uniquely suited for engaging Internet savvy respondents. It is especially appealing to those for whom time is at a premium. In addition, online focus groups reach audiences not generally reached by traditional face-to-face focus groups, including those in outlying areas and respondents who are home bound. Individuals located in geographically diverse areas can participate in the same session. Respondents use their own computers and donot have to travel to a focus group facility."Based on existing literature on goal-focused and experiential motivations in offline shopping and speculations about these motivations applying to the online environment, our study asked participants if they shop for entertainment or for specific needs."* Also, we investigated the degree to which online buyers perform relatively narrow product searches as opposed to browsing online. We also asked focus group participants to compare online and offline shopping, which increased our understanding of the underlying determinants of online shopping. More specifically, our guide for the portion of focus group focusing on motivations contained the following questions:I want to start by talking about shopping. Just about everybody likes to shop, or has to shop.• Describe your typical online shopping experience. (Probe:)• Where do you usually shop from? At what time of day? How often? What types of things do you usually shop for online?• Do you go to a specific site to shop, or do you search for items first?• How often do you shop for entertainment vs. shop for a specific need?• In general, what differences come to mind when thinking about online shopping and offline (brick-and-mortar) shopping. (LIST ON EASEL)• Offline: What makes experience e njoyable? What are the headaches?• Online: What makes experience enjoyable? What are the headaches?• What are the factors that influence whether you shop in a store vs. online?• Are there items that you buy in one mode that you wouldn't buy in the other?While there was a protocol for the focus group questions, each focus group covered unique ground as participants' comments and answers would prompt follow-up into different areas; the offline protocol had to be adapted somewhat for the online focus groups. In the four online groups, a professional moderator ran the groups, while hoth researchers "lurked," being present without being visible to participants; researchers could communicate with the moderator behind-the-scenes, suggesting questions or probes. The online groups are held in real time in a "chat room" format. As part of the online group, selected web sites were "spawned" on participant computers, where they could respond to and interact with the web site.Offline focus groups were transcribed while online group transcriptions were automatically generated. We analyzed the transcripts by systematically categorizing and labeling attributes of online shopping." We undertook coding and development of theory together'* and ultimately developed four categories of goal-oriented motivations and three categories of experiential motivations. Table 2 shows how goal-oriented and experientialmotivations, characteristics, and attributes were contrasted and coded. In addition, we looked for connections or theoretical connections to goal-oriented and experiential motivations, a process called "iterative tacking."Rather than reporting specific tabulations, and in line with common managerial practice in analyzing focus group data, we have suggested a degree of consensus without necessarily claiming specific proportions or orders of magnitude, especially when such information might be useful to managers." However, quantitative market research data reported by major firms that dovetails with our findings is used to support our claims. Nevertheless, the preponderance of responses did not guide our analysis entirely. Idiosyncratic responses not only offered clues about the boundaries within which findings are relevant, but also surfaced issues not articulated as well by other study participants.Goal-Oriented ShoppingEspecially impressive is the frequency with which goal-oriented shoppers mentioned the increased freedom and control they experience while shopping online (see Table 3 for sample quotes). Thus, web customers are not passive recipients of marketing and selling and are instead central players who experience increased control in the online environment. Interestingly, online buyers often said they decided to go online to shop only when they had a specific purchase in mind, with the majority describing online buying as consisting largely of planned purchases. In fact, many online buyers told us that they did not necessarily think of buying on the net as "shopping." Rather, they think of it as "buying." We specifically asked online buyers if they are more impulsive while shopping online or offline and were overwhelmingly informed that shoppers are more impulsive offline (except at auction sites, where buying behavior is much more likely to be experiential). The general lack of impulsiveness during online shopping is due to the inahility to take possession of goods immediately, the ease of returning later to buy the goods after further thought, and the trouble of having to mail back unwanted items.。

河北师范大学本科毕业论文外文翻译商品销售系统的设计与实现院（系、部）名称：数学与信息科技学院专业名称：科学与技术****：***学生学号：**************：***2013年03月05日河北科技师范学院教务处1 引言校园在线商品销售系统指的是将超市和网络相结合，通过互联网作为展示平台，线上订购，下线配送的一种商业运营模式。

网上超市的兴起使网上购物成为时下火热流行的购物方式。

现今，大学校园内二手货市场交易频繁，交易品是学生学习生活常用物品。

在广告宣传和交易方式多为告示张贴、摆摊设位等传统方式，不能及时有效地将买卖信息在学生间传递。

以校园局域网为载体，给在校学生提供一个交流沟通的平台，可将传统的二手交易与网上购物系统相结合，构建一个“学生网上购物系统”。

促进校园内二手货信息的快速流通，同时为学生开办针对校园内的小规模网店提供渠道。

2 功能描述系统结构分为三个部分，即用户购买管理子系统、用户出卖管理子系统以及后台管理系统。

购买管理系统以购物者在购物所发生的各种行为为基础设计，包括用户登录、商品展示、商品查询、订单功能及客户信息收集等[2]；出卖管理系统从卖方角度出发，进行商品信息的添加、发布和修改、定单信息回馈、商品推荐、留言回复等管理工作；后台管理则是对卖方提供的商品信息和买方的购物信息进行管理。

本系统最大的特点是出卖商品和购买商品的用户都是校内学生，学生只用通过学号注册，成为用户后既可以作为卖方，登记上传自己要卖的物品信息；也可以成为买方，浏览系统首页，搜索自己要买的物品，为校内二手商品的流通提供一个便捷的渠道。

3 系统设计3.1 业务流程业务流程分为两个部分：第一部分为，注册登录经身份验证后，用户进入系统页，挑选商品，点击购买放入购物车。

选购完所需商品，点击页面“查看购物车”或“收银台”，检查购物车里面的商品信息，核实商品数量，输入收货人信息，最后确认，订单提交成功。

第二部分为，登录后点击进入用户个人主页，在主页中进行商品添加和删除，回复留言，处理订单。

1.外文翻译译文第二章背景Sensornet研究初见端倪大概是在十年前。

此后，sensornet领域与低功耗无线网络及其应用的内在要求被理解地更加成熟显著。

在同一时期，无论是IETF 和IEEE标准组织已经取得显著的进展。

我们已经看到了引进IEEE 802.15.4的，专为低功耗，低成本，以及sensornet应用的大规模需求而设计的。

我们还看到引入IPv6和支持IP网络的快速增长所需的必要的协议和机制。

在这两个环节和IP网络技术，与科研相结合的发展进步显著，是什么使得它在今天是可行的并且真正融入到了sensornets互联网架构。

在本章中，我们列举的每一项都是本文的基础也是技术进步的背景。

但是在这里我们先描述几个积极使用sensornets的应用。

2.1一种新的计算类戈登贝尔观察到了一类新的计算出现大约每十年和创造计算机课[9]贝尔定律。

每一个新类的计算往往代表通过技术进步，允许更低的成本和更小的计算设备启用了一个颠覆性的技术。

到目前为止，我们已经看到通过大型机，小型机，个人电脑，手持设备的发展，以及嵌入式计算。

Sensornets代表下一节课计算。

在低成本和低功率微控制器和收音机的突破，sensornets启用需要大量嵌入在物理环境中的节点的新的应用。

2.1.1典型应用在过去的十年中，许多应用程序已被提出，部署，并进行评价。

这方面的经验使我们更好地了解应用需求，这直接转化为网络挑战。

这些应用要求从更传统的IP网络不同。

在本节中，我们提出了一些sensornet应用程序提供一个更好的了解所固有的网络挑战。

环境监测环境监测应用包括在农业中使用，以提供有关土壤条件，更大的信息sensornets的;生物研究，以更好地了解鸟类难以捉摸的行为[109，161]或森林内的小气候提供更多的理解[163，170];并执行火山[181]的地质研究。

这些应用程序通常需要的环境数据（例如，温度，占用）中央服务器的慢周期报告- 荷兰国际集团。