Test 4

READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.Questions 28-31Reading Passage 3 has five sections A-E.Choose the correct heading for sections A and C-E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-viii in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet.28 Section A29Section C30Section D31Section Eshould be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and mostemerged awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were ‘limits to growth’. The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the ‘invisible hand’ of economic progress would provide.Section CHowever, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining ifthey are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy.Section DAlthough the language of ‘rights’ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided. Put another way, basic health-care is now recognized as a ‘public good’, r ather than a ‘private good’ that one is expected to buy for oneself. As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organization put it: ‘The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.’ As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal autonomy.Section EJust at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources1 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development2 Gross Domestic ProductQuestions 32-35Classify the following as first occurringA between 1945 and 1950B between 1950 and 1980C after 1980Write the correct letter A, B or C in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.32 the realization that the resources of the national health systems were limited33 a sharp rise in the cost of health-care34 a belief that all the health-care resources the community needed would be produced by economic growth35 an acceptance of the role of the state in guaranteeing the provision of health-careQuestions 36-40Do the following statements agree with views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agree with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 36Personal liberty and independence have never been regarded as directly linked to health-care.37 Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of health-care resources became evident.38 In OECD countries population change have had an impact on health-care costs in recent years.39OECD governments have consistently underestimated the level of health-care provision needed.40 In most economically developed countries the elderly will have to make special provision for their health-care in the future.。

Test4I. Match Column A with Column B and write down the right order below,Column AColumn BlvtII. 1. battery11. block2.bay 12. bomb3.beach 13. border4.beast 14. beard5.beef * 15. belt6.bible - 16. bend7.bill 17. beneficial8.biology 18. bite9.bitter 19. bless10.blare 20. boardⅢ. Choose the right word from the table to fill in the blank of each sentence with correct forms. forward, bitter, breathe, bear, beautiful, benefit, blood, busy,bore, blind, boast, believe, bloom, behave, bet1.They are trying their best to help explore the area which is relatively_ .2.Any vehicle a red cross should not be attacked during the war.3.It is important for a teacher to build up a sense of in the mind of the students.4.Their toward study showed they had an interest in it.5.What he explained at the court was completely against the that the earth was flat.6.Their efforts have got a result.7.In an emergency, pressing the wound may stop the so as to stop blood from being lost too much.8.It was his proud that he had never missed a day's work because of his illness.9.Thousands of flowers in added to the beauty of the street.10.My is that they have been held up in traffic.11.The march was opposed by local residents.12." " describes a feeling, while " " describes something that makes you feel bored.13.Take a deep before an interview, then you will feel relaxed and confident.14.This company not only provided private but also public service.15.Their to the warning on the sign almost lead them to death.Ⅳ. Choices.1.Political and economic crises are this African country.A. hittingB. strikingC. beatingD. knocking2.Each member of the band must follow the very closely.A. beatB. songC. patD. strike3.He felt that he had done something that, to his own , was wrong.A. beliefB. reliefC. beliefsD. believe4.He is very firm about it; I cannot him.A. cheatB. damageC. bendD. destroy5.He cheated us by about his property.A. blowingB. boastingC. praisingD. saying6.The was brought to a vote and defeated.A. newsB. ruleC. billD. ban7.The shabby man was so hungry that he took a good of the turnip.A. biteB.bitC. lookD. mouth8.They their failure on their coach.A. blamedB. accusedC. respondD. criticized9.The politician was supported by the majority of people on account of his loyaltoward them.A. actionB. behavioursC. gratitudeD. altitude10.The harbour was completely by heavy masses of ice.A. held upB. heldC. blockedD. stopped11.The opposite dealt a deadly at the government.A. strikeB. hitC. knockD. blow12.I got a call from Ricardo, Chairman of the of the company.A. committeeB. officeC. boardD. broad13.Business is these days and we shall all grow rich.A. growingB. boomingC. bloomingD. raising14.The terrorist escaped across the of the two countries, which made things even worse.A. boardB. broadC. borderD. boast15.The garden looks beautiful when roses are .A. boomB. in boomC. bloomD. in bloom.16.It is my that we will find the cure for cancer in the next ten years.A. beliefB. trustC. conceptD. prospect17.We went outside to enjoy the sunshine when spring comes around.A. brilliantB. eye-catchingC. splendidD. faint18.Zoe looked at me with a(n) expression, as she had known nothing.A. gentleB. artificialC. surpriseD. blank19.After a heavy snow, all the ground looked like being covered with a white .A. bottomB. blossomC. blankD. blanket20.Tie top of the Pea Hill was thoroughly by the bright sunshine.A. batheB. bathedC. bathD. bathingⅤ. Put the following sentences into English. (要求运用同位语从句的相关句型) 1.他们队以2：0击败德国的消息令大家感到很吃惊。

Test 4 PronounsPart I Multiple Choice Questions1. student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.A. EachB. AnyC. EitherD. One2. You can’t expect a baby to take care of .A. himB. himselfC. herselfD. itself3. Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt lonely.A. nothing butB. anything butC. all butD. everything but4. A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.A. thatB. oneC. thisD. which5. He was informed that it was who wanted the interview.A. IB. meC. myselfD. mine6. “What is Mary?”“Was it you were referring to?”A. heB. theyC. herD. she7. Wagner and Strauss were such good friends that they frequently exchanged giftswith .A. each oneB. each otherC. the otherD. one another8. China is a wonderful place and there is to see and enjoy.A. a lot ofB. manyC. muchD. many more9. “What do they eat there in Honolulu?”“eat rice rather than potatoes.”A. Most of peopleB. The most of peopleC. The most peopleD. Most of the people10. will carry out the experiment.A. John, I and youB. You, John and IC. You, John and meD. John, you and I11. What I require of you is . You should finish the task in 2 hours.A. thatB. itC. thisD. those12. the students came late today.A. NobodyB. No one ofC. None ofD. Neither13. “Someone is at the door.”“?”A. What is itB. Who is itC. Who is heD. Which one is it14. After this matter the relationship between them reached highest point.A. itsB. theirC. theyD. theirs15. is cleverer than any other child.A. His that childB. That his childC. That child of hisD. that child of him16. Whom do you know better, ?A. his or her friendsB. her or his friendsC. his friends or herD. her or his17. This furniture is different from .A. thatB. that oneC. thoseD. those ones18.—Why don’t we take a little break?—Didn’t we just have________?A. itB. thatC. one D .this19.________ is a fact that English is being accepted as international language.A. ThereB. AsC. ThatD. It20.They were all very tired，but ________ of them would stop to take a rest.A.anyB.someC.noneD.neither21.—Is ________ here?—No.Bob and Tim have asked for leave.A.anybodyB.everybodyC.somebodyD.nobody22.If you want to change for a double room，you’ll have to pay ________ $15.A.anotherB.otherC.moreD.each23.________ writer is better known in China，Charles Dickens or Mark Twain?A.WhichB.WhatC.EitherD.Whether24.Nobody but ________ and ________ went to see the film last night.A.he; TomB.Tom; heC.she; JaneD.Jane; her25.The writer goes to the library every ________ days and he’ll finish the novel within ________ days.A.a few; a fewB.few; fewC.few; a fewD.a few; few26.Please come in and make ________ at home，boys!A.youB.yourselfC.yourselvesD.yours27.Won’t you let ________ help you?A.I and my friendB.my friend and I 、C.my friend and meD.my friend and I to28.Teacher had told him again and again not to read such books，but ________ didn’t help.A.heB.theyC.sheD.it29.—Shall I talk to Miss Jane in English or Chinese?—Do as you please.She knows ________.A.anyB.neitherC.allD.both30.—Which do you prefer，classic music or pop music?— ________.I prefer light music.A.NoneB.EitherC.NeitherD.Both31.Put these stamps in the cupboard by ________.Do not mix them with other stamps.A.ourselvesB.itselfC.oneselfD.themselves32.He is one of these men who，I am sure，always do ________ best even in the worst condition.A.hisB.yourC.theirD.one’s33.Kate and her sister went on holiday with a cousin of ________.A.theirB.theirsC.herD.hers34.I hate ________ when people talk with their mouths full.A.itB.thatC.theseD.them35.—We weren’t the only students on the sports ground that day.—There were ________，you mean.A.another onesB.some othersC.some other onesD.the other ones36.Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.A.someB.anyC.thatD.those37.—Did a letter come for me?—Yes，________ came for you this morning.A.thatB.itC.oneD.the letter38.The climate of Shanghai is as good as ________ of Beijing.A.thisB.thatC.itD.those39.The students in our class work much harder at English than ________ in their class.A.thoseB.theseC.thatD.this40.The TV sets made in Shanghai are much better than ________ made in Beijing.A.thatB.thoseC.onesD.they41.What I want to tell you is ________:the meeting is put off till Friday.A.thisB.itC.thatD.its42.I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have ________.A.itB.thoseC.themD.one43.________ friends Betty had made there were all invited to her birthday party.A.The fewB.Few ofC.FewD.A fewPart II Please point out which of the 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D has an error in it and write the letter in the bracket provided at the beginning.( ) 44. Some people make more money than (A) we teachers, but (B) few gain(C) as much satisfaction from (D) his work.( ) 45. It is (A) obvious that inaccurate (B) or indefinite words may make (C) that difficult for the listener to understand the message which (D) isbeing transmitted to him.( ) 46.The (A) managing director refused (B) to accept (C) either of the four proposals (D) made by the contractors.( ) 47. These televisions are (A) quite popular (B) in Europe, but (C) those ones(D) are not.( ) 48. Let me give you two of the (A) consequences (B) of which I would guess that one will shock you while (C) another may perhaps surpriseyou more (D) favorably.( ) 49. In the early morning, the first thing (A) that (B) both my brother and (C) did (D) was to go out to see the pony.( ) 50. I don’t take (A)John’s pen because (B) I don’t like (C) that (D) his of pen.Answer SheetName: No. Class:1.2. 3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Test 4 Pronouns11.12.13. 14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29. 30.31.32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.49.50.。

雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑 4 T4 阅读译文 P3-稀缺资源的问题,本单元其他相关译文，请点击：剑4 T4 阅读译文 P1-人类的运动极限没有尽头；剑4 T4 阅读译文 P2-考古学的本质和目的。

参考译文The Problem of Scarce Resources稀缺资源的问题Section AThe problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the community’s total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective.A卫生保健资源应该如何分配或指定以保证它们能以最公平、最有效的方式分布，这个问题已经不算新了。

TEST 4Directions：In this section, you will hear some news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear some questions. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the questions you hear.[听力文本资源]American teens are setting an example for their parents through their volunteer work, according to a new survey by Harris Interactive.The random national telephone survey released by the Federal Way-based Charity World Vision found that more teens volunteer to support a charitable job that gives help to the poor –56 per cent, than have a part-time job –39 per cent.Parents said 82 per cent of the teens in their lives do something to support charitable jobs, including volunteering, finding others to join, wearing a button or T-shirt or donating money. Forty-six per cent of the adults surveyed said they volunteer their time, but they also try their best to inspire their children to volunteer.The survey found a quarter of teens had become more involved incharitable jobs or organizations as a result of the bad economic condition.Alynn Woodson, director of volunteer engagement at Habitat for Humanity International, said she had noticed a new demand among teen volunteers for the organization. The organization will celebrate its 20th anniversary this year and is expecting more than 12,000 young people to help build homes for low-income people around the nation.[听力文本资源]1. [听力文本资源] Which of the following is NOT done by teens for charitable causes? [听力文本资源]A) Recruiting others to a cause.B) Wearing a well-designed T-shirt. √C) Donating money.D) Giving help to the poor.2. [听力文本资源] How many teens have become more involved in charitable jobs because of the economic downturn? [听力文本资源]A) 56 per cent. B) 39per cent.C) 25per cent.√D) 82per cent.3. [听力文本资源] What are the young people expected to do according to Alynn Woodson? [听力文本资源]A) Preparing the 20th anniversary for theorganization.B) Building homes for low-income people. √C) Wearing a button or T-shirt for theorganization.D) Persuading others to join the organization.[听力文本资源]China will pay dearly if it does not act now to build up an old-age social security system, as its population aged 80 or above will hit 83 million by 2050, a population expert has warned.“The proportion of working people to retirees is still low at the moment, if we miss the chance, we will pay a dear cost,”said Ma Li, vice director of China Population and Development Research Center.China formally became an aged society in 2000, when the population aged 60 or above accounted for 10 per cent of its 1.3 billion people.With an annual growth rate of 3.7 per cent, China’s population aged 80 or above will reach 22 million by 2020, and 83 million by 2050.In contrast to developed countries, China entered the aged society while it is still a developing country. China is not yet ready for the aged society. It does not have a complete old-age social security system. There are not enough resources. Financial support is scarce. And the risk is ever rising.The lawmaker said China must act now to set up an old-age social security system that covers both rural and urban populations. Such a system should be based on the care of the old people by their families, backed-up by community-level services networks and with old folks homes as a supplement.[听力文本资源]4. [听力文本资源] What will be the population of aged people by 2050? [听力文本资源]A) The population aged 83 or above will reach 80million.B) The population aged 80 or below will hit 83million.C) The population aged 80 or above will reach 83million. √D) The population aged 83 or below will hit 80million.5. [听力文本资源] When did China become an aged society according to the passage? [听力文本资源]A) In 2000. √B) In2010.C) In2020.D) In2050.6. [听力文本资源] Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? [听力文本资源]A) China entered the aged society while it isstill a developing country.B) China does not have a complete old-age socialsecurity system.C) There is not enough financial support from thegovernment.D) China is collecting all the resources and readyfor the rising risks. √[听力文本资源]One recent study has found that punishment is not the best way to influence behaviour.It showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher.And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings. The group with the most punishment earned 25 per cent less than the group with the least punishment.Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behaviour proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded itself the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded itself the least.Also, Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire has written a lot about physical punishment of children. He says the more they are punished, the slower their mental development will become.[听力文本资源]7. [听力文本资源] Which statement is not true according to this news? [听力文本资源]A) Adults are much more cooperative if they workin a system based on rewards.B) The more a group punished itself, the lower itearned in the end.C) The more children are punished, the slowertheir mental development will be.D) The group with the most punishment earned morethan the group with the least punishment. √8. [听力文本资源] What can we learn from this news? [听力文本资源]A) Children should not be punished all the time.B) Physical punishment can influence mentaldevelopment.C) Adults are much more cooperative if they workbased on rewarded system.D) All of the others. √9. [听力文本资源] What does David Rand find in his study? [听力文本资源]A) Punishment is not the best way to influencebehaviour.B) The most successful behaviour proved to becooperation. √C) Physical punishment of children will influencetheir intelligence.D) Mental development of children is very importantin learning.Directions：In this section you will hear some long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear some questions. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the questions you hear.[听力文本资源]W: Hello, Jack, how many people are there in your family?M: My immediate family is quite small. It’s just my older stepbrother, my mom, my stepfather and me. How about you?W: I have a large family. I have three older sisters, my twin sister, a younger brother, and my parents.M: I didn’t know you were a twin!W: We are identical. I mean, we look the same, but we are complete opposites when it comes to everything else.M: Interesting. Are you best friends too?W: We used to be really close, but that has all changed since she moved to Shanghai. How about your family? You didn’t mention your biological father.M: I don’t know much about him. He died when I was just a baby. Even though I don’t have a blood relationship with my stepfather andstepbrother, I consider them to be my real family.W: What about your stepbrother’s mother? Does he keep in touch with her?M: No, she also died when my stepbrother was little. My mother and my stepfather met each other and became good friends shortly after my father died. They ended up getting married a few years later.W: Sounds like it was meant to be.[听力文本资源]10. [听力文本资源] How many people are there in the man’s family? [听力文本资源]A) Six. B) Eight. C) Nine. D) Four. √11. [听力文本资源] Which of the following is true about the woman? [听力文本资源]A) She looks differently from her twin sister.B) Her father died when she was a little girl.C) Her twin sister moved to Shanghai. √D) She lost contact with her twin sister.答案：C12. [听力文本资源] What’s the man’s attitude toward his stepfather and stepbrother? [听力文本资源]A) He doesn’t like them at all.B) He shows no interest to them.C) He doesn’t like living with them.D) He regards them as his real family. √[听力文本资源]M: Hello. John Black speaking.W: Hi, John. This is Cathy.M: Oh, hi, Cathy. What’s up?W: Well, the Foreign Affairs Office needs a couple of volunteers to give guided tours to the overseas students next week. Would you be able to help out?M: That depends on the days you have in mind. I’m working here full-time before classes begin. I’m really busy now with the Freshers’Fair, but I do have some time off.W: What about Saturday? Most overseas students arrive at the weekend.M: Sorry, I have to work all day Saturday. How about Thursday and Friday? I’ve got both afternoons free.W: I don’t have the schedule on me. Sarah’s got it. Maybe you can set something up with her.M: I’ll only be able to spare a couple of hours, though.W: No problem. I’ll ask Sarah to get in touch with you later today. Will you be at this number?M: Yeah. Look. I’ve got to go. I have to check on the Freshers’Fair before I leave today.W: Ok, thanks, John. Bye.[听力文本资源]13. [听力文本资源] Where does John work? [听力文本资源]A) At a travel agency.B) At the Foreign Affairs Office.C) At the University Students’ Council. √D) At the Volunteer Club.14. [听力文本资源] Why does Cathy call John? [听力文本资源]A) To inquire about the Freshers’ Fair.B) To ask him to attend a meeting.C) To find out his schedule for next week.D) To see if he has time to help the overseasstudents. √15. [听力文本资源] What does John most probably do? [听力文本资源]A) He is a tour guide. B) He is a teacher.C) He is a student. √D) He is a clerk.16. [听力文本资源] When will John be free? [听力文本资源]A) Saturday afternoon. B) Thursday afternoon. √C) Saturday morning. D) Friday morning.Directions：In this section you will hear some passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the questions you hear.[听力文本资源]When I was young, I found my father a man very hard to understand. He was very thin and had large eyes. He worked very hard and was an unsociable man. He always put on a yellow coat and a pair of blue trousers. I believe he had a hard life as a child, and I know that he left school at the age of ten and started working immediately. This may havesome influence on his personality, but I can only guess. In my later life, I came to love him very much.Everything he did had to be precise. If he chopped the sticks for the fire, each stick would be the same length and thickness as all the others, and they would all be stacked neatly –not one out of place. He always said, “If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well”.He worked hard and asked us to learn the meaning of work. My mother did not have much pleasure but I do not remember her ever complaining –except on Sunday afternoon when father would take off his clothes and get into bed, leaving her to mend his working clothes while he had his rest. This she disliked very much, for the clothes were very dirty from the work he had been doing and she hated touching anything that was not clean.[听力文本资源]17. [听力文本资源] What is true about the speaker’s father according to his description? [听力文本资源]A) He was very sociable. B) He worked very hard. √C) He was handsome. D) He got into bed early.18. [听力文本资源] What did the speaker’s father believe? [听力文本资源]A) One should only do things for which he has theability.B) Only important jobs are worth doing well.C) One should only try worthwhile jobs.D) Everything you do should be done to your bestability. √19. [听力文本资源] What did the speaker’s mother dislike about Sunday afternoon? [听力文本资源]A) Working while her husband rested.B) Repairing her husband’s clothes.C) Touching unclean clothes. √D) Not being able to have any pleasure.[听力文本资源]There are few homes in China today that do not have a TV set. Television has become an essential part in our daily life, keeping us informed of thenews of the day, instructing us in many fields of interest, and entertaining us with singing, dancing and acting. In some places, it is possible for people to have classes on TV, so a person may get good education at home.Children are active viewers of television. They are so fond of their TV programmes that they often forget their meals and go to bed very late. This worries their parents very much. Some parents keep complaining that their children spend too much time on TV. But in fact, there is no need for them to worry about it. In spite of the fact that their children spend less time on their lessons, they are benefiting a lot from television indeed.Television has given people newer and deeper understanding of music and culture from other places and the discoveries of modern science. We will certainly benefit from television as long as we make proper use of it.[听力文本资源]20. [听力文本资源] Which of the following is NOT a reason for parents to worry about their children because of TV? [听力文本资源]A) Forgetting their meals.B) Going to school late. √C) Going to bed late.D) Spending less time on their lessons.答案：B21. [听力文本资源] Which of the followings is NOT a benefit of TV? [听力文本资源]A) It keeps us informed of the news of the day.B) It enables children to spend less time ontheir lessons. √C) It gives people newer and deeper understandingof different cultures.D) It’s a good source of entertainment.22. [听力文本资源] Why does the speaker persuade parents not to worry about the influence of TV on their children? [听力文本资源]A) Because they can get good education at home.B) Because television is an essential part in ourdaily life.C) Because they are benefiting a lot fromtelevision. √D) Because they can control themselves and makeproper use of it.Directions：Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.23. In fact, today, experts ________ office politics as proper behaviour used to pursue one’s own self-interest in the workplace.A) deny B) tell C) define√D) declare24. I’m not sure whether I can gain any profit from the investment, soI can’t make a(n) ________ promise to help you.A) exact B) defined C) definite√D) sure25. If you feel you deserve a ________ pay raise, you’ll probably have to ask for it.A) significant√B) heavy C) common D) serious26. Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also have trouble separating important information from ________ details.A) certai n B) insignificant √C) fundamentalD) comparative27. The ________ of the letter as a whole is best described as polite.A) voice B) sound C) rhythm D) tone √答案：D28. He listens to rock or classical music, depending on his ________.A) mood√B) temper C) manner D) vision29. After working all day, he was so tired that he was in no ________ to go to the party with us.A) taste B) mood√C) sense D) emotion30. As a mother, she is too ________ towards her daughter; she should let her see more of the world.A) hopeful B) protective√C) modest D) confident31. Children who are over-protected by their parents may become ________.A) hurt B) damaged C) spoiled√D) harmed32. After careful planning he began to approach the task with ________ and energy.A) determinati on √B) perceptionC) excursionD) aspirationDirections：Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.33. I’m sure he is up to the job ________ he would give his mind to it.A) if only √B) incaseC) until D) unless34. The hours ________ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.A) when B) onwhichC) that√D) inwhich35. I was halfway back to the cottage where my mother lived ________ Susan caught up with me.A) though B) until C) when√D) while36. ________ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn’t go on with the experiment.A) With√B) For C) As D) When37. She ought to stop working; she has a headache because she ________ too long.A) read B) had readC) is reading D) has been reading √38. I hope all the precautions against air pollution, ________ suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.A) while B) since C) after D) as √39. Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded ________ other more well-known experimenters failed.A) which B) that C) what D) where √40. I’ve never been to Tibet, but it is the place ________.A) where I’d like to visitB) in which I’d like to visitC) I most want to visit √D) that I want to visit it most41. There is some doubt ________ whether the information is totally accurate.A) as for B) withC) as to√D) like42. Strange ________ it may seem, I never really wanted to be rich.A) when B) as √C) while D) sinceDirections：In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in the Word Bank. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Write down thecorresponding letter for each item in the blanks. You may not use any of the words more than once.Perhaps you’re familiar with the super-strict mum who pushes her kids to be the best at school, sport, and music – no matter what the cost. It’s a parenting style made famous in 2011 by the Chines e-American author Amy Chua and her best-selling book The Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. Well, there’s another role in the parenting world: Cat Dad.Cat Dad takes a more softy approach to parenting which prefers to be emotionally sensitive, gentle and relaxed about rules and discipline, in the belief that it will make their children self-sufficient and independent. The term “Tiger Mom Cat Dad” comes from Chinese television program, in which the two lead characters are a fierce Tiger Mom and a chilled-out Cat Dad. Their styles conflict as they try to raise their young daughter.In the ongoing battle between Tiger Mom and Cat Dad, everyone wants to know how best to raise their kids. The researchers reported in the Journal of Adolescence, when kids respect the authority of their parents, their behaviour is better. Previous research has also linked firm but caring parenting with kids who have more self-control and self-reliance. “When children consider their parents to be respectful authority figures, they trust the parent and feel they have a(n) obligation to do what their parents tell them to do,” said lead researcher Rick Trinkner. While, recently, a new study adds evidence that the extreme Tiger-style may do more harm than good.A) gentle B) self-relianceC) severeD) best-sellingE) figures F) obligation G) independent H) respectI) raise J) violently K) approach L) category M) styles N) improve O) characterDirections：In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify theparagraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by entering the corresponding letter.Daddy TrackA) Although there are signs that men do more than they used to in the home, a very little still goes a long way. However, there are some fathers who are making an effort to take on equal responsibility as we will soon find out.B) Laurie and I decided to share childcare before we were married, well before our son Sean was born. Neither of us wanted to stop working nor did we want to miss out on this exciting period of newborn growth by being the full-time breadwinner. In the months before our son was born, we both went to our employers and negotiated a reduction in working hours. We were able to arrange our time so one of us could always be the primary caregiver. Our employers were supportive, allowing us the flexibility to work at home and not complaining about our patchwork (补丁) schedules. After Sean was born, I worked long hours two days a week, while Laurie stayed home with him. On Tuesdays, I was home all day. On Wednesdays and Fridays we each worked half a day, and spend the otherhalf with Sean.C) We managed this arrangement for 17 months and then suffered a temporary setback. A restructuring at my workplace and a promotion I never asked for sent me across the bay to San Francisco –full time. I found myself being a commuter dad, away from home 11 hours a day, five days a week.D) The changes in my work schedule caused changes in Sean. He began to cling more to his mother. And on the evening a week that I was alone at home with Sean, he would wander through the house baaing “Mamma”like a lost sheep and stay awake until she returned home around 10 p.m. After four months of full-time work –and a lot of grumbling –I found a flexible, 80 per cent-time job. Although our situation is tighter and less flexible than it was originally, we have recovered our sense of balance. My relationship with Sean has improved dramatically.E) Our new arrangement is working well for the entire family. Sean is a good-natured, energetic, outgoing, secure child who laughs more than he cries. Laurie loves the balance of playing with him in the mornings and then working in the afternoons. I also enjoy balancing the intellectualdemands of work with the emotional demands of parenting. And the quantity of time we have together frees Sean and I from always having a schedule. We hang out, take aimless walks, play on the swings, eat ice cream, or sit on the corner and watch cars and trucks go by.F) Although Laurie and I continue to work toward equality in our parenting, we realize that it has never been truly equal –partly because Laurie logs more hours with Sean, but mostly because of the strong attachment between mother and child. Among couples who are committed to true equality in childcare, mothers sometimes choose to nurse for just a few months or not at all. For us, breast-feeding is important. In the early months, when Sean nursed a lot, our division of duties was weighted toward me doing most of the household stuff and Laurie doing most of the baby stuff. As Sean grew older and began to nurse less, we adjusted our division of labor. We seem to be mirroring what physician Kyle Pruett calls the Jack Sprat theory of parenting: Our contributions are not similar, but rather complementary.G) One way we keep current is by having “business meetings”on Friday evenings after Sean has gone to bed. This gives us an opportunity to check how we are doing with our responsibilities as well as to synchronize (使同步) calendars, schedule child care, balance the checkingaccounts, and so on.H) All is not milk and honey, of course. Quantity time with Sean translates into a shortage of time for his parents –for romance, for play, for sleep, and for keeping house. We’ve also made sacrifices –we’re renting a house instead of buying one. Career advancement is on hold. And although I know in my heart that nurturing a strong family is more important than owning a house or having a fat paycheck, it’s tough to ignore all the people cruising by me on the fast track.I) Actually, the career pressure has been of less concern than the lack of peers making similar choices. One of the questioning voices in my head has nagged (困扰), “If it’s so right, how come more fathers aren’t doing it?”I have often felt isolated as a father, a daddy lost in mommyland, especially on weekdays, when I find myself in a gym or on a playground filled with babies and their mothers.J) When I was a child, no boy ever said he wanted to grow up to be a father. Perhaps when Sean and other boys of his generation start thinking about what they want to be, some will decide to be fathers. And perhaps, when they ask their employers for a reduced schedule in order to care for their children, they will be met with a knowing smile.53. In order to improve the relationship with his son, the author decided to give up his full-time job. D54. Laurie and the author decided to share the responsibility of nursinga baby even before their marriage. B55. Compared with the career pressure, the author worries more about the lack of other fathers who make similar choices. I56. After the new arrangement, the whole family enjoyed recovering their balance between work and parenting. E57. The couple’s regular talks on Friday nights are supposed to help them make arrangement of their life in the following days. G58. The author expects boys of the next generation would like to grow up to be fathers. J59. The writer travelled a long distance to work because of a change in his work schedule and a promotion as well. C60. To care for his son, the author has to suffer the delay of a career advancement. H61. Their bosses were helpful in offering the couple flexibility in workplace. B62. Though the couple have not got the equality in nursing a baby, they both take the responsibility for family affairs. FDirections：There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.Have you ever asked yourself, “What does my name mean?”Most people have some idea of their name meaning or where their name came from. Different family in one culture has different way to name their children.Usually, Chinese baby gets a surname from his or her parents’family name, most often the father’s. Then the family chooses a given name for the newborn. The given name will have one or two Chinese characters, though recently, people have begun to choose some three-character given names. Chinese given names are meant to have special meanings and often express the parents’wishes for the child, for example, Jiankang (health) and Xingfu (happiness). Some refer to birthplace, birth time or a natural phenomenon, such as Jing (Beijing), Chen (morning), Dong (winter) and Xue (snow).Meanings in given names also show the culture of an era. In the old days, given names such as Wangcai (making the family prosperous and rich) were popular. During the 1950s and 1960s, many boys had given namessuch as “building the country”(Jianguo) and “celebrating National Day”(Guoqing). A study showed that there were 290,000 Jianguos in the late 1960s. At that time, girls were often named for flowers like Guihua and Hehua.The reform and opening policies in the late 1970s gave more choices for given names, such as Bo (博), and Yuhang (宇航). Parents wanted their children to learn more and have big dreams. In 2008, thousands of newborn babies were named Aoyun (Olympics) because of the Beijing Olympic Games. The 2010 Shanghai World Expo made Shibo (世博) a popular given name. Over 6,200 newborn babies were named Shibo in the first nine months of 2010, according to Xinhua News Agency.While every year in the United States, some parents name their children based on family, cultural or religious traditions. Girls are often named after a family member but rarely their mothers. Sons, though, are often named after their fathers. Every year, the Social Security Administration releases a list of the most popular baby names in America. The choice of a baby name seems to be guided as much by individual desires as by tradition. This is shown in the fact that the most popular baby names are not as popular as they used to be.。

剑桥雅思14Test4雅思写作真题及范文解析大家在备考雅思写作的时候可以找一些真题去练习，然后对照范文，找到自己的不足之处加以改进。

下面小编给大家带来剑桥雅思14test4写作真题范文解析。

剑桥雅思14Test4雅思写作Task1真题及范文解析TEST 4WRITING TASK 1You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The plans below show a pubic park when it first opened in 1920 and the same park today.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Write at least 150 words.【答案解析】这是一道地点变迁类地图题，需要分析同一个公园在不同的时间(1920年和现在)的整体布局变化。

地点变迁类地图题的整体写作顺序为第一张地图按照图片内容完整描述，从第二张图片开始重点描述图片之间的差异，即变化了的布局，没有发生变化的内容无需重点呈现。

在这道题目中，整体分析顺序为自西向东(图片从左往右)，在大方向一致的前提下，需要关注1920年公园的西边(左边)为环状布局，音乐家演出台被四周的观众坐席和玫瑰花园环绕。

中部的同样为对称布局，喷泉的北边和南边是对应的两个入口。

公园现在的布局中，类似的对称结构也可以在中部观察到，玫瑰花园四周被座位环绕，北边和南边的入口不变。

The maps show changes in the layout of the Grange Park, which stands between the Arnold Avenue and Eldon Street in 1920 and today.In 1920, a stage for musicians could be observed in the center of the western area, with two rose gardens built to itsnorth and south respectively. There were both two seats areas facilitated on each side of the two rose gardens, surrounding the stage altogether. In the middle of the park, a fountain could be found, while two entrances on the Arnold Avenue and Eldon Street located to the north and south of the fountain. In the eastern area, another rose garden stood next to the entrance on the Arnold Avenue, opposing to a Glasshouse in the south. There was a pond for water plants standing in the northeastern corner of the park, next to which another seats area was founded.At present, several changes have taken place. The stage for musician is transformed into an amphitheater for concerts, while four seats areas and the rose garden in the south are all moved to the center of the park, with four seats areas surrounding the garden. Another rose garden at the east of the entrance is changed into a café, while the pond for water plants is transformed into a children’s play area. A water feature area replaces the glasshouse in the southern direction. What is more, an entrance to the underground car park is established on the original site of seats next to the pond.剑桥雅思14test4写作task2范文解析：个体经营的优缺点WRITING TASK 2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:Nowadays many people choose to be self-employed, rather than to work for a company or organization.Why might this be the case?What could be the disadvantages of being self-employed?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Write at least 250 words.【答案解析】这是一道变体的问题解决类大作文。

剑桥雅思阅读翻译及答案解析11(test4)剑桥雅思阅读11原文(test4)1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Research using twinsTo biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment — of nature and nurture. Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they sharevirtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them — one twin having younger looking skin, for e某ample — must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun.Alternatively, by comparing the e某periences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA, researchers can quantify the e某tent to which our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.These two lines of research — studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance — have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease.The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton firstsuggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’). But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous tests were carried out on the twins, and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions.Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data toidentify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. In broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the e某tent to which differences among members of a population can be e某plained by differences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked, it seemed, they found the invisible hand of genetic influence helping to shape our lives.Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, andin others operates on its own to shape who we are.Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a‘third component’. These reactions influence how our genetic codeis e某pressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the other parts of our bodies.If you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and our genes as the keys — each key symbolizing a segment of DNA responsible for a particular note, or trait, and all the keys combining to make us who we are — then epigenetic processes determine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played.One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes. Studies of animals, for e某ample, have shown that when a rat e某periences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up. Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells, for e某ample.Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the years and thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us.‘It’s very clear when you look at twins tha t much of what they share is hardwired,’ she says. ‘Many things about them are absolutely the same and unalterable. But it’s also clear, when you get to know them, that other things about them are different. Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of those differences, in my view.’Reed credits Thomas Bouchard’s work for today’s surge in twin studies. ‘He was the trailblazer,’ she says. ‘We forget that 50 years ago things like heart disease were thought to be caused entirely by lifestyle. Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poor mothering. Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective aboutwhat people are actually born with and what’s caused by e某perience.’Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our underst anding even further. ‘What I like to say is that nature writes some things in pencil and some things in pen,’ she says. Things written in pen you can’t change. That’s DNA. But things written in pencil you can. That’s epigenetics. Now thatwe’re actually ab le to look at the DNA and see where the pencil writings are, it’s sort of a whole new world.’Questions 1-4Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In bo某es 1-4 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks.2 Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins.3 Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth.4 Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes.Questions 5-9Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9) and the list of researchers below.Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C.Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in bo某es 5-9 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.List of ResearchersA Francis GaltonB Thomas BouchardC Danielle Reed5 invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics6 e某pressed the view that the study of epigenetics willincrease our knowledge7 developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences8 pioneered research into genetics using twins9 carried out research into twins who had lived apartQuestions 10-13Complete the summary using the list of words, A-F, below.Write the correct letter, A-F, in bo某es 10-13 on your answer sheet.Epigenetic processesIn epigenetic processes, 10 __________ influence the activity of our genes, for e某ample in creating our internal 11 __________ The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our 12 __________ One e某ample is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may later show problems in its 13 __________.A nurtureB organsC codeD chemicalsE environmentF behaviour/behavior2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.An Introduction to Film SoundThough we might think of film as an essentially visual e某perience, we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound. A meaningful sound track is often as complicated as the image on the screen, and is ultimately just as much theresponsibility of the director. The entire sound track consists of three essential ingredients: the human voice, sound effects and music. These three tracks must be mi某ed and balanced so as to produce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects. Topics which essentially refer to the three previously mentioned tracks are discussed below. They include dialogue, synchronous and asynchronous sound effects, and music.Let us start with dialogue. As is the case with stage drama, dialogue serves to tell the story and e某presses feelings and motivations of characters as well. Often with film characterization the audience perceives little or no difference between the character and the actor. Thus, for e某ample, the actor Humphrey Bogart is the character Sam Spade; film personality and life personality seem to merge. Perhaps this is because the very te某ture of a performer’s voice supplies an element of character.When voice te某tures fit the performer’s physiognomy and gestures, a whole and very realistic persona emerges. The viewer sees not an actor working at his craft, but another human being struggling with life. It is interesting to note that how dialogue is used and the very amount of dialogue used varies widely among films. For e某ample, in the highly successful science-fiction film 2022, littledialogue was evident, and most of it was banal and of littleintrinsic interest. In this way the film-maker was able to portray what Thomas Sobochack and Vivian Sobochack call, in An Introduction to Film, the ‘inadequacy of hu man responses when compared with the magnificent technology created by man and the visual beauties of the universe’.The comedy Bringing Up Baby, on the other hand, presents practically non-stop dialogue delivered at breakneck speed. This use of dialogue underscores not only the dizzy quality of the character played by Katherine Hepburn, but also the absurdity of the filmitself and thus its humor. The audience is bounced from gag to gag and conversation to conversation; there is no time for audience reflection. The audience is caught up in a whirlwind of activity in simply managing to follow the plot. This film presents pure escapism — largely due to its frenetic dialogue.Synchronous sound effects are those sounds which are synchronized or matched with what is viewed. For e某ample, if the film portrays a character playing the piano, the sounds of the piano are projected. Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism of film and also help to create a particular atmosphere. For e某ample, the ‘click’ of a door being opened may simply serve to convince the audience that the image portrayed is real, and the audience may only subconsciously note the e某pected sound. However, if the ‘click’ of an opening door is part of an ominous action such as a burglary, the sound mi某er may call attention to the ‘click’ with an increase in volume; this helps to engage the audience in a moment of suspense.Asynchronous sound effects, on the other hand, are not matched with a visible source of the sound on screen. Such sounds areincluded so as to provide an appropriate emotional nuance, and they may also add to the realism of the film. For e某ample, a film-maker might opt to include the background sound of an ambulance’s siren while the foreground sound and image portrays an arguing couple. The asynchronous ambulance siren underscores the psychic injury incurredin the argument; at the same time the noise of the siren adds to the realism of the film by acknowledging the film’s city setting.We are probably all familiar with background music in films,which has become so ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence. We are aware that it is used to add emotion and rhythm. Usually not meant to be noticeable, it often provides a tone or an emotional attitude toward the story and/or the characters depicted. Inaddition, background music often foreshadows a change in mood. For e某ample, dissonant music may be used in film to indicate an approaching (but not yet visible) menace or disaster.Background music may aid viewer understanding by linking scenes. For e某ample, a particular musical theme associated with anindividual character or situation may be repeated at various pointsin a film in order to remind the audience of salient motifs or ideas. Film sound comprises conventions and innovations. We have come to e某pect an acceleration of music during car chases and creaky doorsin horror films. Yet, it is important to note as well that sound is often brilliantly conceived. The effects of sound are often largely subtle and often are noted by only our subconscious minds. We need to foster an awareness of film sound as well as film space so as totruly appreciate an art form that sprang to life during the twentieth century — the modern film.Questions 14-18Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in bo某es 14-18 on your answer sheet.14 In the first paragraph, the writer makes a point thatA the director should plan the sound track at an early stage in filming.B it would be wrong to overlook the contribution of sound to the artistry of films.C the music industry can have a beneficial influence on sound in film.D it is important for those working on the sound in a film to have sole responsibility for it.15 One reason that the writer refers to Humphrey Bogart is to e某emplifyA the importance of the actor and the character appearing to have similar personalities.B the audience’s wish that actors are visually appropriate for their roles.C the value of the actor having had similar feelings to the character.D the audience’s preference for dialogue to be as authentic as possible.16 In the third paragraph, the writer suggests thatA audiences are likely to be critical of film dialogue that does not reflect their own e某perience.B film dialogue that appears to be dull may have a specific purpose.C filmmakers vary considerably in the skill with which they handle dialogue.D the most successful films are those with dialogue of a high quality.17 What does the writer suggest about Bringing Up Baby?A The plot suffers from the filmmaker’s wish to focus on humorous dialogue.B The dialogue helps to make it one of the best comedy films ever produced.C There is a mismatch between the speed of the dialogue and the speed of actions.D The nature of the dialogue emphasises key elements of the film.18 The writer refers to the ‘click’ of a door to make the point that realistic soundsA are often used to give the audience a false impression ofevents in the film.B may be interpreted in different ways by different members ofthe audience.C may be modified in order to manipulate the audience’s response to the film.D tend to be more significant in films presenting realistic situations.Questions 19-23Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In bo某es 19-23 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this19 Audiences are likely to be surprised if a film lacksbackground music.20 Background music may anticipate a development in a film.21 Background music has more effect on some people than on others.22 Background music may help the audience to make certain connections within the film.23 Audiences tend to be aware of how the background music is affecting them.Questions 24-26Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.Write the correct letter, A-E, in bo某es 24-26 on your answer sheet.24 The audience’s response to different parts of a film can be controlled25 The feelings and motivations of characters become clear26 A character seems to be a real person rather than an actorA when the audience listens to the dialogue.B if the film reflects the audience’s own concerns.C if voice, sound and music are combined appropriately.D when the director is aware of how the audience will respond.E when the actor’s appearance, voice and moves are consistent with each other.3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 has si某 paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list ofheadings below. Write the correct number, i-vii, in bo某es 27-32 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Differences between languages highlight their impressiveness ii The way in which a few sounds are organised to convey a huge range of meaningiii Why the sounds used in different languages are not identical iv Apparently incompatible characteristics of languagev Even silence can be meaningfulvi Why language is the most important invention of allvii The universal ability to use language27 Paragraph A28 Paragraph B29 Paragraph C30 Paragraph D31 Paragraph E32 Paragraph F‘This Marvellous Invention’A Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions — the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread —may have transformed our material e某istence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself.B But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of e某traordinary sophistication, yet basedon an ide a of ingenious simplicity: ‘this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of e某pressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul’. This was how,in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankind’s gr eatest invention — e某cept, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent parado某 is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets.C Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth — p,f,b,v,t,d,k,g,sh,a,e and so on — amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to e某press, no power to e某plain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and thereis nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of e某istence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe.D The most e某traordinary thing about language, however, is thatone doesn’t have to be a g enius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody — from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl — to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest e某ertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday lifeits triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and e某pertise that must have gone into makingit tick. Language conceals art.E Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many e某otic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus e某press in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkishword ?ehirlili?tiremediklerimizdensiniz, to take one e某ample, means nothing less than ‘you are one of those whom we cant turn into a town-dweller’. (In case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together —most of its components cannot even stand up on their own.)F And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintuma’a(‘when he had made it suitable for her’) might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive aboutit, however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse — the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has beenenlisted to e某press something specific. If you were to ask whichbit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun ‘it’ in the English translation when he had made it suitable for her, then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, whencarefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?Questions 33-36Complete the summary using the list of words, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in bo某es 33-36 on your answer sheet.The importance of languageThe wheel is one invention that has had a major impact on 33__________ aspects of life, but no impact has been as 34 __________ as that of language. Language is very 35 __________, yet composed of just a small number of sounds. Language appears to be 36 __________ to use. However, its sophistication is often overlooked.A difficultB comple某C originalD admiredE materialF easyG fundamentalQuestions 37-40Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In bo某es 37-40 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this37 Human beings might have achieved their present position without language.38 The Port-Royal grammarians did justice to the nature of language.39 A comple某 idea can be e某plained more clearly in a sentence than in a single word.40 The Sumerians were responsible for starting the recording of events.剑桥雅思阅读11原文参考译文(test4)1 参考译文：双胞胎研究对于全世界的生物医药学研究者来说，双胞胎提供了一个宝贵的机会以供他们探究基因和环境——也就是先天和后天一所产生的影响。

雅思剑桥18阅读test4解析【原创实用版】目录1.雅思剑桥 18 阅读 test4 概述2.test4 阅读文章的主要内容3.文章的结构和布局4.文章中的核心词汇和表达5.文章的难度和应对策略6.雅思剑桥 18 阅读 test4 的答案解析正文1.雅思剑桥 18 阅读 test4 概述雅思剑桥 18 阅读 test4 是一篇典型的雅思阅读文章，它涵盖了多种主题和题材，包括日常生活、科学技术、文化和历史等。

这篇文章的目的是测试考生的阅读理解能力，通过阅读和理解这篇文章，考生需要回答一系列与文章相关的问题。

2.test4 阅读文章的主要内容这篇文章主要讲述了一种新型的垂直种植方式，这种方式可以在有限的空间内种植更多的植物，从而提高产量。

文章介绍了这种种植方式的原理和优点，并且通过具体的例子来说明这种种植方式的应用。

3.文章的结构和布局这篇文章的结构非常清晰，它分为三个部分。

第一部分介绍了这种垂直种植方式的原理和优点，第二部分介绍了这种种植方式的具体应用，第三部分讨论了这种种植方式的未来前景和发展潜力。

4.文章中的核心词汇和表达这篇文章中出现了一些核心词汇和表达，例如“vertical farming”, “limited space”, “higher yield”, “efficiency”, “future prospects”等。

这些词汇和表达对于理解文章内容非常重要。

5.文章的难度和应对策略这篇文章的难度适中，对于大多数考生来说都可以应对。

在阅读这篇文章时，考生需要注意理解文章的结构和布局，以及文章中的核心词汇和表达。

此外，考生还需要注意文章中的一些细节和具体的例子，这些内容可能会在问题中出现。

6.雅思剑桥 18 阅读 test4 的答案解析对于雅思剑桥 18 阅读 test4 的问题，考生需要根据文章内容来回答。

在回答问题时，考生需要注意找到问题的关键词，然后在文章中寻找相关的信息。

剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案(test4)为了帮助大家备考，店铺为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读8真题：test4阅读原文，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩!剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test4)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-5Reading Passage 1 has six sections, A-F.Choose the correct heading for sections B-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsI The influence of Monbushoii Helping less successful studentsiii The success of compulsory educationiv Research findings concerning achievements in mathsv The typical format of a maths lessonvi Comparative expenditure on maths educationvii The key to Japanese successes in maths educationix The role of homework correctionExample AnswerSection A iv1 Section B2 Section C3 Section D4 Section E5 Section FLAND OF THE RISING SUMA Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales. Large sample international comparisons of pupils’ attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was alsoa larger proportion of ‘low’ attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater. The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?B Lower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years, from the seventh grade (age 13) to the ninth grade (age 15). Virtually all pupils at this stage attend state schools: only 3 per cent are in the private sector. Schools are usually modern in design, set well back from the road and spacious inside. Classrooms are large and pupils sit at single desks in rows. Lessons last for a standardised 50 minutes and are always followed by a 10-minute break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off steam. Teachers begin with a formal address and mutual bowing, and then concentrate on whole-class teaching.Classes are large — usually about 40 — and are unstreamed. Pupils stay in the same class for all lessons throughout the school and develop considerable class identity and loyalty. Pupils attend the school in their own neighbourhood, which in theory removes ranking by school. In practice in T okyo, because of the relative concentration of schools, there is some competition to get into the ‘better’ school in a particular area.C Traditional ways of teaching form the basis of the lessonand the remarkably quiet classes take their own notes of the points made and the examples demonstrated. Everyone has their own copy of the textbook supplied by the central education authority, Monbusho, as part of the concept of free compulsory education up to the age of 15. These textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to produce, but well set out and logically developed. (One teacher was particularly keen to introduce colour and pictures into maths textbooks: he felt this would make them more accessible to pupils brought up in a cartoon culture.) Besides approving textbooks, Monbusho also decides the highly centralised national curriculum and how it is to be delivered.D Lessons all follow the same pattern. At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers comment, correct or elaborate as necessary. Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake, so that these can be avoided in future. No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared to learn from them.After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration. Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first with the class, and then the class is set questions from the textbook to do individually. Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a maths class. The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheets unnecessary. Atthis point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were coping well.E It is remarkable that large, mixed-ability classes could be kept together for maths throughout all their compulsory schooling from 6 to 15. Teachers say that they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary. In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assisted by the teacher or quietly seek help from their neighbour. Carefully fostered class identity makes pupils keen to help each other — anyway, it is in their interests since the class progresses together.This scarcely seems adequate help to enable slow learners to keep up. However, the Japanese attitude towards education runs along the lines of ‘if you work hard enough, you can do almost anything’. Parents are kept closely informed of their children’s progress and will play a part in helping their children to keep up with class, s ending them to ‘Juku’ (private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and encouraging them to work harder. It seems to work, at least for 95 per cent of the school population.F So what are the major contributing factors in the success of maths teaching? Clearly, attitudes are important. Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.Other relevant points relate to the supportive attitude of a class towards slower pupils, the lack of competition within a class, and the positive emphasis on learning for oneself and improving one’s own standard. And the view of repetitively boring lessons and learning the facts by heart, which is sometimes quoted in relation to Japanese classes, may be unfair and unjustified. Nopoor maths lessons were observed. They were mainly good and one or two were inspirational.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this6 There is a wider range of achievement amongst English pupils studying maths than amongst their Japanese counterparts.7 The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education generally reflects the level of attainment in mathematics.8 Private schools in Japan are more modern and spacious than state-run lower secondary schools.9 Teachers mark homework in Japanese schools.Questions 10-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.10 Maths textbooks in Japanese schools areA cheap for pupils to buyB well organized and adapted to the needs of the pupils.C written to be used in conjunction with TV programmes.D not very popular with many Japanese teachers.11 When a new maths topic is introduced，A students answer questions on the board.B students rely entirely on the textbook.C it is carefully and patiently explained to the students.D it is usual for students to use extra worksheets.12 How do schools deal with students who experience difficulties?A They are given appropriate supplementary tuition.B They are encouraged to copy from other pupils.C They are forced to explain their slow progress.D They are placed in a mixed-ability class.13 Why do Japanese students tend to achieve relatively high rates of success in maths?A It is a compulsory subject in Japan.B They are used to working without help from others.C Much effort is made and correct answers are emphasized.D there is a strong emphasis on repetitive learning.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Biological control of pestsThe continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive. Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 300 species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals. Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests, about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.One glaring disadvantage of pesticides’ application is that,while destroying harmful pests, they also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms, which keep the growth of the pest population in check. This results in what agroecologists call the ‘treadmill syndrome’. Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.The havoc that the ‘treadmill syndrome’ can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to cotton farmers in Central America. In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemical-based intensive agriculture, the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield. The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s, rising to 28 in a season in the mid-1950s, following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemical-resistant pests.By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides. In the early 1970s, the spraying frequently reached 70 times a season as the farmers were pushed to the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health, says a study by United States environmental agencies. The United States National Resource Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemicals in use.In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a more effective and ecologicallysound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity — though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential. The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively low-cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects. When handled by experts, bio-control is safe, non-polluting and self-dispersing.The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) in Bangalore, with its global network of research laboratories and field stations, is one of the most active, non-commercial research agencies engaged in pest control by setting natural predators against parasites. CIBC also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of biological agents for pest control world-wide.CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the obnoxious parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and Australia. Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which has become a nuisance in many parts of the world. According to Mrs Kaiser Jamil of RRL, ‘The Argentinian weevil does not attack any other plant and a pair of adult bugs could destroy the weed in 4-5 days.’ CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on ‘disapene scale’ insects — notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples. In the late 1960s, when Sri Lanka’s flouri shing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mininghispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control. A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US. By using Neochetina bruci, a beetle native to Brazil, scientists at Kerala Agricultural University freed a 12-kilometre-long canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta, popularly called ‘African Payal’ in Kerala. About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.Questions 14-17Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 The use of pesticides has contributed toA a change in the way ecologies are classified by agroecologists.B an imbalance in many ecologies around the world .C the prevention of ecological disasters in some parts of the the world .D an increase in the range of ecologies which can be usefully farmed.15 The Food and Agriculture Organisation has counted more than 300 agricultural pests whichA are no longer responding to most pesticides in use.B can be easily controlled through the use of pesticides.C continue to spread disease in a wide range of crops.D may be used as part of bio-control’s replacement of pesticides.16 Cotton farmers in Central America began to use pesticidesA because of an intensive government advertising campaign.B in response to the appearance of new varieties of pest.C as a result of changes in the seasons and the climate.D to ensure more cotton was harvested from each crop.17 By the mid-1960s, cotton farmers in Central America found that pesticidesA were wiping out 50% of the pests plaguing the crops.B were destroying 50% of the crop they were meant to protect.C were causing a 50% increase in the number of new pests reported.D were costing 50% of the total amount they spent on their crops.Questions 18-21Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNo if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it impossible to say what the write thinks about this18 Disease-spreading pests respond more quickly to pesticides than agricultural pests do.19 A number of pests are now born with an innate immunity to some pesticides.20 Biological control entails using synthetic chemicals to try and change the genetic make-up of the pests’ offspring.21 Bio-control is free from danger under certain circumstances.Questions 22-26Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 22-26 on your answersheet.22 Disapene scale insects feed on23 Neodumetia sangawani ate24 Leaf-mining hispides blighted25 An Argentinian weevil may be successful in wiping out26 Salvinia molesta plaguesA forage grass.B rice fields.C coconut trees.D fruit trees.E water hyacinth.F parthenium weed.G Brazilian beetles.H grass-scale insects.I larval parasites.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Collecting Ant SpecimensCollecting ants can be as simple as picking up stray ones and placing them in a glass jar, or as complicated as completing an exhaustive survey of all species present in an area and estimating their relative abundances. The exact method used will depend on the final purpose of the collections. For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes (workers, including majors and minors, and, if present, queens and males) are desirable, to allow the determination of variation within species. For ecological studies, the most important factor is collecting identifiable samples of as many of the different species present as possible. Unfortunately, thesemethods are not always compatible. The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those groups currently under study, while the ecologist often collects only a limited number of specimens of each species, thus reducing their value for taxonomic investigations.To collect as wide a range of species as possible, several methods must be used. These include hand collecting, using baits to attract the ants, ground litter sampling, and the use of pitfall traps. Hand collecting consists of searching for ants everywhere they are likely to occur. This includes on the ground, under rocks, logs or other objects on the ground, in rotten wood on the ground or on trees, in vegetation, on tree trunks and under bark. When possible, collections should be made from nests or foraging columns and at least 20 to 25 individuals collected. This will ensure that all individuals are of the same species, and so increase their value for detailed studies. Since some species are largely nocturnal, collecting should not be confined to daytime. Specimens are collected using an aspirator (often called a pooter), forceps, a fine, moistened paint brush, or fingers, if the ants are known not to sting. Individual insects are placed in plastic or glass tubes (1.5-3.0 ml capacity for small ants, 5-8 ml for larger ants) containing 75% to 95% ethanol. Plastic tubes with secure tops are better than glass because they are lighter, and do not break as easily if mishandled.Baits can be used to attract and concentrate foragers. This often increases the number of individuals collected and attracts species that are otherwise elusive. Sugars and meats or oils will attract different species and a range should be utilised. These baits can be placed either on the ground or on the trunks of trees or large shrubs. When placed on the ground, baits should besituated on small paper cards or other flat, light-coloured surfaces, or in test-tubes or vials. This makes it easier to spot ants and to capture them before they can escape into the surrounding leaf litter.Many ants are small and forage primarily in the layer of leaves and other debris on the ground. Collecting these species by hand can be difficult. One of the most successful ways to collect them is to gather the leaf litter in which they are foraging and extract the ants from it. This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel. This method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas. A method of improving the catch when using a funnel is to sift the leaf litter through a coarse screen before placing it above the funnel. This will concentrate the litter and remove larger leaves and twigs. It will also allow more litter to be sampled when using a limited number of funnels.The pitfall trap is another commonly used tool for collecting ants. A pitfall trap can be any small container placed in the ground with the top level with the surrounding surface and filled with a preservative. Ants are collected when they fall into the trap while foraging. The diameter of the traps can vary from about 18 mm to 10 cm and the number used can vary- from a few to several hundred. The size of the traps used is influenced largely by personal preference (although larger sizes are generally better), while the number will be determined by the study being undertaken. The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the trapswill dry out. One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be used to collect over a period of time with minimal maintenance and intervention. One disadvantage is that some species are not collected as they either avoid the traps or do not commonly encounter them while foraging.Questions 27-30Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this27 Taxonomic research involves comparing members of one group of ants.28 New species of ants are frequently identified by taxonomists.29 Range is the key criterion for ecological collections.30 A single collection of ants can generally be used for both taxonomic and ecological purposes.Questions 31-36Classify the following statements as referring toA hand collectingB using baitC sampling ground litterD using a pitfall trapWrite the correct letter, A,B,C or D, in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.31 It is preferable to take specimens from groups of ants.32 It is particularly effective for wet habitats.33 It is a good method for species which are hard to find.34 Little time and effort is required.35 Separate containers are used for individual specimens.36 Non-alcoholic preservative should be used.Questions 37-40Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文(test4)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：数学崛起之地A.就数学的平均成绩而言，日本的纪录要比英格兰和威尔士好得多。

剑桥雅思阅读7(test4)真题精讲为了帮助大家更好地备考雅思阅读，下面小编给大家分享剑桥雅思阅读7原文翻译及答案解析(test4)，希望对你们有用。

剑桥雅思阅读7原文(test4)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Pulling strings to build pyramidsNo one knows exactly how the pyramids were built. Marcus Chown reckons the answer could be ‘hanging in the air’.The pyramids of Egypt were built more than three thousand years ago, and no one knows how. The conventional picture is that tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges. But there is no evidence to back this up. Now a Californian software consultant called Maureen Clemmons has suggested that kites might have been involved. While perusing a book on the monuments of Egypt, she noticed a hieroglyph that showed a row of men standing in odd postures. They were holding what looked like ropes that led, via some kind of mechanical system, to a giant bird in the sky. She wondered if perhaps the bird was actually a giant kite, and the men were using it to lift a heavy object.Intrigued, Clemmons contacted Morteza Gharib, aeronautics professor at the California Institute of Technology. He was fascinated by the idea. ‘Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science,’ he says. He too was puzzled by the picture that had sparked Clemmons’s interest. The object in the sky apparently had wings far too short and wide for a bird. ‘The possibility certainly existed that it was a kite,’ he says. And sincehe needed a summer project for his student Emilio Graff, investigating the possibility of using kites as heavy lifters seemed like a good idea.Gharib and Graff set themselves the task of raising a 4.5-metre stone column from horizontal to vertical, using no source of energy except the wind. Their initial calculations and scale-model wind-tunnel experiments convinced them they wouldn’t need a strong wind to lift the 33.5-tonne column. Even a modest force, if sustained over a long time, would do. The key was to use a pulley system that would magnify the applied force. So they rigged up a tent-shaped scaffold directly above the tip of the horizontal column, with pulleys suspended from the scaffold’s apex. The idea was that as one end of the column rose, the base would roll across the ground on a trolley.Earlier this year, the team put Clemmons’s unlikely theory to the test, using a 40-square-metre rectangular nylon sail. The kite lifted the column clean off the ground. ‘We were absolutely stunned,’ Gharib says. ‘The instant the sail opened into the wind, a huge force was generated and the column was raised to the vertical in a mere 40 seconds.’The wind was blowing at a gentle 16 to 20 kilometres an hour, little more than half what they thought would be needed. What they had failed to reckon with was what happened when the kite was opened. ‘There was a huge initial force — five times larger than the steady state force,’ Gharib says. This jerk meant that kites could lift huge weights, Gharib realised. Even a 300-tonne column could have been lifted to the vertical with 40 or so men and four or five sails. So Clemmons was right: the pyramid builders could have used kites to lift massive stones into place. ‘Whether they actually did is another matter,’ Gharib says.There are no pictures showing the construction of the pyramids, so there is no way to tell what really happened. ‘The evidence for using kites to move large stones is no better or worse than the evidence for the brute force method,’ Gh arib says.Indeed, the experiments have left many specialists unconvinced. ‘The evidence for kite-lifting is non-existent,’ says Willeke Wendrich, an associate professor of Egyptology at the University of California, Los Angeles.Others feel there is more of a case for the theory. Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone. In addition, there is some physical evidence that the ancient Egyptians were interested in flight. A wooden artefact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like a modern glider. Although it dates from several hundred years after the building of the pyramids, its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long time. And other ancient civilisations certainly knew about kites; as early as 1250 BC, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump flaming debris on their foes.The experiments might even have practical uses nowadays. There are plenty of places around the globe where people have no access to heavy machinery, but do know how to deal with wind, sailing and basic mechanical principles. Gharib has already been contacted by a civil engineer in Nicaragua, who wants to put up buildings with adobe roofs supported by concrete arches on a site that heavy equipment can’t reach. His idea is to build the arches horizontally, then lift them into place using kites.‘We’ve given him some design hints,’ says Gharib. ‘We’re just waiting for him to report back.’ So whether they were actually used to build the pyramids or not, it seems that kites may make sensible construction tools in the 21st century AD.Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 It is generally believed that large numbers of people were needed to build the pyramids.2 Clemmons found a strange hieroglyph on the wall of an Egyptian monument.3 Gharib had previously done experiments on bird flight.4 Gharib and Graff tested their theory before applying it.5 The success of the actual experiment was due to the high speed of the wind.6 They found that, as the kite flew higher, the wind force got stronger.7 The team decided that it was possible to use kites to raise very heavy stones.Questions 8-13Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.Additional evidence for theory of kite-liftingThe Egyptians had 8.................., which could lift large pieces of9.................., and they knew how to use the energy of the wind from their skill as 10.................. .The discovery on one pyramid of an object which resembled a 11.................. suggests they may have experimented with 12.................. . In addition, over two thousand years ago kites were used in China as weapons, as well as for sending 13 .................. .READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Endless HarvestMore than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific, and learned of a land mass that lay farther to t he north. The islands’ native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the ‘Great Land’; today, we know it as Alaska.The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America (in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland 48 states combined. It shares, with Canada, the second longest river system in North America and has over half the coastline of the United States. The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska —cold, nutrient-rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400 species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and molluscs. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaska’s commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world.According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), A laska’s commercial fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring, and well over a million tonnes of groundfish (cod, sole, perch and pollock) in 2000. The true cultural heart and soul of Alaska’s fisheries,however, is salmon. ‘Salmon,’ notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, ‘pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to land, animals and people.’ The ‘predictable abundance of salmon allowed some native cultur es to flourish,’ and ‘dying spawners_feed bears, eagles, other animals, and ultimately the soil itself.’ All five species of Pacific salmon — chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback —spawn_ in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was an independent nation, it would be the largest producer of wild salmon in the world. During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US260 million.Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaska’s natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totalled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish.The primary reason for such increases is what is known as ‘In-Season Abundance-Based Management’. There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamsidecounting towers, study sonar, watch from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks —and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries — to prosper, even as salmon populations in the rest of the United States are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered.In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)__commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility. The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged. Recognising the potential benefits of being identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification process. The MSC then appoints a certification committee, composed of a panel of fisheries experts, which gathers information and opinions from fishermen, biologists, government officials, industry representatives, non-governmental organisations and others.Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would not have any chance of certification when, in the months leading up to MSC’s final decision, salmon runs throughout we stern Alaska completely collapsed. In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest since statehood; subsistence communities throughout the region, who normally have priority over commercial fishing, were devastated.The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the el nino/la nina phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen. It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes.In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products. Certification is for an initial period of five years, with an annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to meet the required standards._spawners: fish that have released eggs_ spawn: release eggs__MSC: a joint venture between WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and Unilever, a Dutch-based multi-nationalQuestions 14-20Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the information.FALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this14 The inhabitants of the Aleutian islands renamed their islands ‘Aleyska.’15 Alaska’s fisheries are owned by some of the world’s largest companies.16 Life in Alaska is dependent on salmon.17 Ninety per cent of all Pacific salmon caught are sockeye or pink salmon.18 More than 320,000 tonnes of salmon were caught in Alaska in 2000.19 Between 1940 and 1959, there was a sharp decrease in Alaska’s salmon populati on.20 During the 1990s, the average number of salmon caught each year was 100 million.Questions 21-26Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-K, below.Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.21 In Alaska, biologists keep a check on adult fish22 Biologists have the authority23 In-Season Abundance-Based Management has allowed the Alaska salmon fisheries24 The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) was established25 As a result of the collapse of the salmon runs in 1999, the state decided26 In September 2000, the MSC allowed seven Alaska salmon companiesA to recognize fisheries that care for the environment.B to be successful.C to stop fish from spawning.D to set up environmental protection laws.E to stop people fishing for sport.F to label their products using the MSC logo.G to ensure that fish numbers are sufficient to permit fishing.H to assist the subsistence communities in the region.I to freeze a huge number of salmon eggs.J to deny certification to the Alaska fisheries.K to close down all fisheries.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.EFFECTS OF NOISEIn general, it is plausible to suppose that we should prefer peace and quiet to noise. And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the countryside because it was initially ‘too quiet’, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels. Research supports this view. For example, Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to short bursts of very loud noise and then measured their ability to work out problems and their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise. Their physiological arousal also declined quickly to the same levels as those of the control subjects.But there are limits to adaptation and loud noise becomes more troublesome if the person is required to concentrate on more than one task. For example, high noise levels interfered with the performance of subjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time, a task not unlike that of an aeroplane pilot or an air-traffic controller (Broadbent, 1957). Similarly, noise did not affect a subject’s ability to track a moving line with a steering wheel, but it did interfere with the subject’s ability to repeat numbers while tracking (Finkelman and Glass, 1970).Probably the most significant finding from research on noise is that its predictability is more important than how loud it is. We are much more able to ‘tune out’ chronic background noise, even if it is quite loud, than to work under circumstances with unexpected intrusions of noise. In the Glass and Singer study, in which subjects were exposed to bursts of noise as they worked on a task, some subjects heard loud bursts and others heard soft bursts. For some subjects, the bursts were spaced exactly one minute apart (predictable noise); others heard the same amount of noise overall, but the burstsUnpredictable Noise Predictable Noise AverageLoud noise 40.1 31.8 35.9Soft noise 36.7 27.4 32.1Average 38.4 29.6Table 1: Proofreading Errors and Noiseoccurred at random intervals (unpredictable noise). Subjects reported finding the predictable and unpredictable noise equally annoying, and all subjects performed at about the same level during the noise portion of the experiment. But the different noise conditions had quite different after-effects when the subjects were required to proofread written material under conditions of no noise. As shown in Table 1 the unpredictable noise produced more errors in the later proofreading task than predictable noise; and soft, unpredictable noise actually produced slightly more errors on this task than the loud, predictable noise.Apparently, unpredictable noise produces more fatigue than predictable noise, but it takes a while for this fatigue to take its toll on performance.Predictability is not the only variable that reduces oreliminates the negative effects of noise. Another is control. If the individual knows that he or she can control the noise, this seems to eliminate both its negative effects at the time and its after-effects. This is true even if the individual never actually exercises his or her option to turn the noise off (Glass and Singer, 1972). Just the knowledge that one has control is sufficient.The studies discussed so far exposed people to noise for only short periods and only transient effects were studied. But the major worry about noisy environments is that living day after day with chronic noise may produce serious, lasting effects. One study, suggesting that this worry is a realistic one, compared elementary school pupils who attended schools near Los Angeles’s busiest airport with students who attended schools in quiet neighbourhoods (Cohen et al., 1980). It was found that children from the noisy schools had higher blood pressure and were more easily distracted than those who attended the quiet schools. Moreover, there was no evidence of adaptability to the noise. In fact, the longer the children had attended the noisy schools, the more distractible they became. The effects also seem to be long lasting. A follow-up study showed that children who were moved to less noisy classrooms still showed greater distractibility one year later than students who had always been in the quiet schools (Cohen et al, 1981). It should be noted that the two groups of children had been carefully matched by the investigators so that they were comparable in age, ethnicity, race, and social class.Questions 27-29Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.27 The writer suggests that people may have difficultysleeping in the mountains becauseA humans do not prefer peace and quiet to noise.B they may be exposed to short bursts of very strange sounds.C humans prefer to hear a certain amount of noise while they sheep.D they may have adapted to a higher noise level in the city.28 In noise experiments, Glass and Singer found thatA problem-solving is much easier under quiet conditions.B physiological arousal prevents the ability to work.C bursts of noise do not seriously disrupt problem-solving in the long term.D the physiological arousal of control subjects declined quickly.29 Researchers discovered that high noise levels are not likely to interfere with theA successful performance of a single task.B tasks of pilots or air traffic controllers.C ability to repeat numbers while tracking moving lines.D ability to monitor three dials at once.Questions 30-34Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.Glass and Singer (1972) showed that situations in which there is intense noise have less effect on performance than circumstances in which 30..................noise occurs. Subjects were divided into groups to perform a task. Some heard loud burstsof noise, others soft. For some subjects, the noise was predictable, while for others its occurrence was random. All groups were exposed to 31..................noise. The predictable noise group 32..................the unpredictable noise group on this task.In the second part of the experiment, the four groups were given a proofreading task to complete under conditions of no noise. They were required to check written material for errors. The group which had been exposed to unpredictable noise 33..................the group which had been exposed to predictable noise. The group which had been exposed to loud predictable noise performed better than those who had heard soft, unpredictable bursts. The results suggest that 34..................noise produces fatigue but that this manifests itself later.A no control overB unexpectedC intenseD the same amount ofE performed better thanF performed at about the same level asG noH showed more irritation thanI made more mistakes thanJ different types ofQuestions 35-40Look at the following statements (Questions 35-40) and the list of researchers below.Match each statement with the correct researcher(s), A-E.Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.35 Subjects exposed to noise find it difficult at first to concentrate on problem-solving tasks.36 Long-term exposure to noise can produce changes in behaviour which can still be observed a year later.37 The problems associated with exposure to noise do not arise if the subject knows they can make it stop.38 Exposure to high-pitched noise results in more errors than exposure to low-pitched noise.39 Subjects find it difficult to perform three tasks at the same time when exposed to noise.40 Noise affects a subject’s capacity to repeat numbers while carrying out another task.List of ResearchersA Glass and SingerB BroadbentC Finkelman and GlassD Cohen et al.E None of the above剑桥雅思阅读7原文参考译文(test4)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：线牵金字塔没有人知道金字塔到底是怎么建成的。

Part1剑桥雅思4Test4雅思口语part1范文：visit话题Part 11. What place do you most like to visit?题目分析喜欢去的地方可以是名胜古迹、著名景区，也可以是普通的公园、小巷，考生可根据自己的喜好进行回答。

核心词汇parks, scenic spots, beauty spots, a point of scenic interest, resorts, noted sights, historic places, place famous for its scenery/ historic relics参考回答 1 I always love visiting university campuses. I don’ t know why. Maybe I just miss being a student.参考回答 2 I like to visit small parks where there are not too many people. I have noisy amusement parks full of people. I like to be able to sit quietly and read or just sit and day dream. I find it very refreshing.2. How often do you visit this place?题目分析如果是公园小巷等地方，可能经常去逛，如果是离家较远的景点，就不可能天天去了。

这里考生可以根据上一题的答案进行作答。

核心词汇 as often as I can, once a year, summer holiday参考回答 1 well, I can’ t say I visit university campuses regularly. But whenever I have time or come to another city, I would like to visit the local university.参考回答 2 I visit as often as I can which is not that often these days. If I’ m not working, I’ m often running errands for my grandparents. But, when I can, I will go.3. Why do you like it so much?题目分析可以是因为景色优美、历史故事，或因为在某处能享受到某些乐趣。

剑桥雅思真题15-阅读Test 4（附答案）READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.The return of the huarangoThe arid valleys of southern Peru are welcoming the return of a native plantThe south coast of Peru is a narrow, 2,000-kilometre-long strip of desert squeezed between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. It is also one of the most fragile ecosystems on Earth. It hardly ever rains there, and the only year-round source of water is located tens of metres below the surface. This is why the huarango tree is so suited to life there: it has the longest roots of any tree in the world. They stretch down 50-80 metres and, as well as sucking up water for the tree, they bring it into the higher subsoil, creating a water source for other plant life.Dr David Beresford-Jones, archaeobotanist at Cambridge University, has been studying the role of the huarango tree in landscape change in the Lower lea Valley in southern Peru. He believes the huarango was key to the ancient people's diet and, because it could reach deep water sources, it allowed local people to withstand years of drought when their other crops failed. But over the centuries huarango trees were gradually replaced with crops. Cutting down native woodland leads to erosion, as there is nothing to keep the soil in place. So when the huarangos go, the land turns into a desert. Nothing grows at all in the Lower lea Valley now.For centuries the huarango tree was vital to the people of the neighbouring Middle lea Valley too. They grew vegetables under it and ate products made from its seed pods. Its leaves and bark were used for herbal remedies, while its branches were used for charcoal for cooking and heating, and its trunk was used to build houses. But now it is disappearing rapidly. The majority of the huarango forests in the valley have already been cleared for fuel and agriculture - initially, these were smallholdings, but now they're huge farms producing crops for the international market.'Of the forests that were here 1,000 years ago, 99 per cent have already gone,' says botanist Oliver Whaley from Kew Gardens in London, who, together with ethnobotanist Dr William Milliken, is running a pioneering project to protect and restore the rapidly disappearing habitat. In order to succeed, Whaley needs to get the local people on board, and that has meant overcoming local prejudices. 'Increasingly aspirational communities think that if you plant food trees in your home or street, it shows you are poor, and still need to grow your own food,' he says. In order to stop the Middle lea Valley going the same way as the Lower lea Valley, Whaley is encouraging locals to love the huarangos again. 'It's a process of cultural resuscitation,' he says. He has already set up a huarango festival to reinstate a sense of pride in their eco-heritage, and has helped local schoolchildren plant thousands of trees.'In order to get people interested in habitat restoration, you need to plant a tree that is useful to them,' says Whaley. So, he has been working with local families to attempt to create a sustainable income from the huarangos by turning their products into foodstuffs. 'Boil up the beans and you get this thick brown syrup like molasses. You can also use it in drinks, soups or stews. ' The pods can be ground into flour to make cakes, and the seeds roasted into a sweet, chocolatey 'coffee'. 'It's packed full of vitamins and minerals, ' Whaley says.And some farmers are already planting huarangos. Alberto Benevides, owner of lea Valley's onlycertified organic farm, which Whaley helped set up, has been planting the tree for 13 years. He produces syrup and flour, and sells these products at an organic farmers' market in Lima. His farm is relatively small and doesn't yet provide him with enough to live on, but he hopes this will change. 'The organic market is growing rapidly in Peru, ' Benevides says. 'I am investing in the future.But even if Whaley can convince the local people to fall in love with the huarango again, there is still the threat of the larger farms. Some of these cut across the forests and break up the corridors that allow the essential movement of mammals, birds and pollen up and down the narrow forest strip. In the hope of counteracting this, he's persuading farmers to let him plant forest corridors on their land. He believes the extra woodland will also benefit the farms by reducing their water usage through a lowering of evaporation and providing a refuge for bio-control insects.'If we can record biodiversity and see how it all works, then we're in a good position to move on from there. Desert habitats can reduce down to very little, ' Whaley explains. 'It's not like a rainforest that needs to have this huge expanse. Life has always been confined to corridors and islands here. If you just have a few trees left, the population can grow up quickly because it's used to exploiting water when it arrives? He sees his project as a model that has the potential to be rolled out across other arid areas around the world. 'If we can do it here, in the most fragile system on Earth, then that's a real message of hope for lots of places, including Africa, where there is drought and they just can't afford to wait for rain.'Questions 1-5Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Questions 9-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9 Local families have told Whaley about some traditional uses of huarango products.10 Farmer Alberto Benevides is now making a good profit from growing huarangos.11 Whaley needs the co-operation of farmers to help preserve the area's wildlife.12 For Whaley's project to succeed, it needs to be extended over a very large area.13 Whaley has plans to go to Africa to set up a similar project.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Silbo Gomero-the whistle ‘language’ of the Canary IslandsLa Gomera is one of the Canary Islands situated in the Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of Africa. This small volcanic island is mountainous, with steep rocky slopes and deep, wooded ravines, rising to 1,487 metres at its highest peak. It is also home to the best known of the world's whistle 'languages', a means of transmitting information over long distances which is perfectly adapted to the extreme terrain of the island.This 'language', known as 'Silbo' or 'Silbo Gomero' - from the Spanish word for 'whistle'- is now shedding light on the language-processing abilities of the human brain, according to scientists. Researchers say that Silbo activates parts of the brain normally associated with spoken language, suggesting that the brain is remarkably flexible in its ability to interpret sounds as language.'Science has developed the idea of brain areas that are dedicated to language, and we are starting to understand the scope of signals that can be recognised as language,' says David Corina, co-author of a recent study and associate professor of psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle.Silbo is a substitute for Spanish, with individual words recoded into whistles which have high- and low-frequency tones. A whistler - or silbador - puts a finger in his or her mouth to increase the whistle's pitch, while the other hand can be cupped to adjust the direction of the sound. 'There is much more ambiguity in the whistled signal than in the spoken signal/ explains lead researcher Manuel Carreiras, psychology professor at the University of La Laguna on the Canary island of Tenerife. Because whistled 'words' can be hard to distinguish, silbadores rely on repetition, as well as awareness of context, to make themselves understood.The silbadores of Gomera are traditionally shepherds and other isolated mountain folk, and their novel means of staying in touch allows them to communicate over distances of up to 10 kilometres. Carreiras explains that silbadores are able to pass a surprising amount of information via their whistles. 4In daily life they use whistles to communicate short commands, but any Spanish sentence could be whistled.5 Silbo has proved particularly useful when fires have occurred on the island and rapid communication across large areas has been vital.The study team used neuroimaging equipment to contrast the brain activity of silbadores while listening to whistled and spoken Spanish. Results showed the left temporal lobe of the brain, which is usually associated with spoken language, was engaged during the processing of Silbo. The researchers found that other key regions in the brain's frontal lobe also responded to the whistles, including those activated in response to sign language among deaf people. When the experiments were repeated with non-whistlers, however, activation was observed in all areas of the brain.'Our results provide more evidence about the flexibility of human capacity for language in a variety of forms' Corina says. 'These data suggest that left-hemisphere language regions are uniquely adapted for communicative purposes, independent of the modality of signal. The non-Silbo speakers were not recognising Silbo as a language. They had nothing to grab onto, so multiple areas of their brains were activated?Carreiras says the origins of Silbo Gomero remain obscure, but that indigenous Canary Islanders, who were of North African origin, already had a whistled language when Spain conquered the volcanic islands in the 15th century. Whistled languages survive today in Papua New Guinea, Mexico, Vietnam, Guyana, China, Nepal, Senegal, and a few mountainous pockets in southern Europe. There are thought to be as many as 70 whistled languages still in use, though only 12 have been described and studied scientifically. This form of communication is an adaptation found among cultures where people are often isolated from each other, according to Julien Meyer, a researcher at the Institute of Human Sciences in Lyon, France. 'They are mostly used in mountains or dense forests, ' he says. 'Whistled languages are quite clearly defined and represent an original adaptation of the spoken language for the needs of isolated human groups?But with modern communication technology now widely available, researchers say whistled languages like Silbo are threatened with extinction. With dwindling numbers of Gomera islanders still fluent in the language, Canaries' authorities are taking steps to try to ensure its survival. Since 1999, Silbo Gomero has been taught in all of the island's elementary schools. In addition, locals are seeking assistance from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). {The local authorities are trying to get an award from the organisation to declare [Silbo Gomero] as something that should be preserved for humanity,' Carreiras adds.Questions 14-19Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this14 La Gomera is the most mountainous of all the Canary Islands.15 Silbo is only appropriate for short and simple messages.16 In the brain-activity study, silbadores and non-whistlers produced different results.17 The Spanish introduced Silbo to the islands in the 15th century.18 There is precise data available regarding all of the whistle languages in existence today.19 The children of Gomera now learn Silbo.Questions 20-26Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Environmental practices of big businessThe environmental practices of big businesses are shaped by a fundamental fact that for many of us offends our sense of justice. Depending on the circumstances, a business may maximize the amount of money it makes, at least in the short term, by damaging the environment and hurting people. That is still the case today for fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without quotas, and for international logging companies with short-term leases on tropical rainforest land in places with corrupt officials and unsophisticated landowners. When government regulation is effective, and when the public is environmentally aware, environmentally clean big businesses may out-compete dirty ones, but the reverse is likely to be true if government regulation is ineffective and if the public doesn't care.It is easy for the rest of us to blame a business for helping itself by hurting other people. But blaming alone is unlikely to produce change. It ignores the fact that businesses are not charities but profit-making companies, and that publicly owned companies with shareholders are under obligation to those shareholders to maximize profits, provided that they do so by legal means. US laws make a company's directors legally liable for something termed 'breach of fiduciary responsibility' if they knowingly manage a company in a way that reduces profits. The car manufacturer Henry Ford was in fact successfully sued by shareholders in 1919 for raising the minimum wage of his workers to $5 per day: the courts declared that, while Ford's humanitarian sentiments about his employees were nice, his business existed to make profits for its stockholders.Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the conditions that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable.The public can do that by suing businesses for harming them, as happened after the Exxon Valdez disaster, in which over 40,000 m3 of oil were spilled off the coast of Alaska. The public may also make their opinion felt by preferring to buy sustainably harvested products; by making employees of companies with poor track records feel ashamed of their company and complain to their own management; by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good environmental track record; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring good environmental practices.In turn, big businesses can exert powerful pressure on any suppliers that might ignore public or government pressure. For instance, after the US public became concerned about the spread of a disease known as BSE, which was transmitted to humans through infected meat, the USgovernment's Food and Drug Administration introduced rules demanding that the meat industry abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease spreading. But for five years the meat packers refused to follow these, claiming that they would be too expensive to obey. However, when a major fast-food company then made the same demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers plummeted, the meat industry complied within weeks. The public's task is therefore to identify which links in the supply chain are sensitive to public pressure: for instance, fast-food chains or jewelry stores, but not meat packers or gold miners.Some readers may be disappointed or outraged that I place the ultimate responsibility for business practices harming the public on the public itself. I also believe that the public must accept the necessity for higher prices for products to cover the added costs, if any, of sound environmental practices. My views may seem to ignore the belief that businesses should act in accordance with moral principles even if this leads to a reduction in their profits. But I think we have to recognize that, throughout human history, in all politically complex human societies, government regulation has arisen precisely because it was found that not only did moral principles need to be made explicit, they also needed to be enforced.To me, the conclusion that the public has the ultimate responsibility for the behavior of even the biggest businesses is empowering and hopeful, rather than disappointing. My conclusion is not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong, admirable or selfish, a good guy or a bad guy. In the past, businesses have changed when the public came to expect and require different behavior, to reward businesses for behavior that the public wanted, and to make things difficult for businesses practicing behaviors that the public didn't want. I predict that in the future, just as in the past, changes in public attitudes will be essential for changes in businesses' environmental practices. Questions 27-31Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J, below.Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.Big businessesMany big businesses today are prepared to harm people and the environment in order to make money, and they appear to have no 27………….. . Lack of 28………….. by governments and lack of public 29………….. can lead to environmental problems such as 30………….. or theChoose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 32-34 on your answer sheet.32 The main idea of the third paragraph is that environmental damageA requires political action if it is to be stopped.B is the result of ignorance on the part of the public.C could be prevented by the action of ordinary people.D can only be stopped by educating business leaders.33 In the fourth paragraph, the writer describes ways in which the public canA reduce their own individual impact on the environment.B learn more about the impact of business on the environment.C raise awareness of the effects of specific environmental disasters.D influence the environmental policies of businesses and governments.34 What pressure was exerted by big business in the case of the disease BSE?A Meat packers stopped supplying hamburgers to fast-food chains.B A fast-food company forced their meat suppliers to follow the law.C Meat packers persuaded the government to reduce their expenses.D A fast-food company encouraged the government to introduce legislation.Questions 35-39Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this32 The public should be prepared to fund good environmental practices.33 There is a contrast between the moral principles of different businesses.34 It is important to make a clear distinction between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.35 The public have successfully influenced businesses in the past.36 In the future, businesses will show more concern for the environment.Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.37 What would be the best subheading for this passage?A Will the world survive the threat caused by big businesses?B How can big businesses be encouraged to be less driven by profit?C What environmental dangers are caused by the greed of businesses?D Are big businesses to blame for the damage they cause the environment?参考答案1 water2 diet3 drought4 erosion5 desert6 (its/huarango/the) branches7 IN EITHER ORDER (BOTH REQUIRED FOR ONE MARK): leaves (and); bark8 (its/huarango/the) trunk9 NOT GIVEN10 FALSE11 TRUE12 FALSE13 NOT GIVEN14 NOT GIVEN15 FALSE16 TRUE17 FALSE18 FALSE19 TRUE20 words21 finger22 direction23 commands24 fires25 technology26 award27 D28 E29 F30H31B32 C33D34B35 YES36 NOT GIVEN37 NO38 YES39 NOT GIVEN40 D。

剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test4)推荐文章剑桥雅思阅读6原文及答案解析(test4) 热度：剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test3) 热度：剑桥雅思阅读翻译及答案解析11(test4) 热度：剑桥雅思阅读11(test1)答案精讲热度：剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译答案精讲(test3) 热度：雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。

下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读4test4原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。

剑桥雅思阅读4原文解析(test4)Question 1答案：TRUE关键词：record,1900定位原文：第1段第1句“Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.”解题思路：“自从20世纪早期国际田联开始记录成绩以来……”，题干说现代官方运动员记录始于大约1900年。

因此答案为TRUE。

Question 2答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：before the twen?tieth century定位原文：第1段第1句“Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.”解题思路：很明显体感说的与原文说的相反，故答案为FALSE。

剑桥雅思阅读9原文答案解析(test4)剑桥雅思阅读部分的题目可以进行一些分类总结，因为考试的常见内容一般都会在下次考试中出现的。

下面就是今天小编给大家带来的剑桥雅思阅读9(test4)的内容，希望能够帮助同学们备考雅思考试。

剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test4)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1—13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.The life and work of Marie CurieMarie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize.From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. Form her e arnings she was able to finance her sister Bronia’s medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education.In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until thespring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie.Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerel’s discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called ‘‘radioactivity’, Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium.Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curie’s pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity.The births of Marie’s two daughters, lrène and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Supérieure for girls in Sèvres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie.The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career:henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her hu sband’s death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Noble Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium.During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irène, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as ‘Little Curies’, used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irène had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications.In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director.One of Marie Curie’s outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by lrène and Frédéric Joliot Curie of artificial radioactivity.A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off.Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.Questions 1—6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1—6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Marie Curie’s husband was a joint winner of both Marie’s Nobel Prizes.2 Marie became interested in science when she was a child.3 Marie was able to attend the Sorbonne because of her sister’s financial contribution.4 Marie stopped doing research for several years when her children were born.5 Marie took over the teaching position her husband had held.6 Marie’s sister Bronia studied the medical uses of radioactivity.Questions 7—13Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 7—13 on your answer sheet.Marie Curie’s research on radioactivityWhen uranium was discovered to be radioactive, Marie Curie found that the element called 7______ had the same property.Marie and Pierre Curi e’s research into the radioactivity of the mineral known as 8_______ led to the discovery of two elements.In 1911, Marie Curie received recognition for her work on the element 9_______Marie and lrène Curie developed X-radiography which was used as a medical technique for 10 ______Marie Curie saw the importance of collecting radioactive material both for research and for cases of 11 ______.The radioactive material stocked in Paris contributed to the discoveries in the 1930s of the 12 ______ and of what was know as artificial radioactivity.During her research, Marie Curie was exposed to radiation and as a result she suffered from 13 ______.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14—26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Y oung children’s sense of identityA. A sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features: the self as a subject, and the self as an object. William James introduced the distinction in 1892, and contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate. Ever since thenpsychologists have continued building on the theory.B. According to James, a child’s first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. This is an aspect of the self that he labeled ‘self-as-subject’, and he gave it various elements. These included an awareness of one’s own agency (i.e. one’s power to act), and an awa reness of one’s distinctiveness from other people. These features gradually emerge as infants explore their world and interact with caregivers. Cooley (1902) suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant’s attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people. For example, infants learn that when they cry or smile someone responds to them.C. Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them. Many parents spend a lot of time, particularly in the early months, copying their infant’s vocalizations and expressions. In addition, young children enjoy looking in mirrors, where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements. This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image (a later development). However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. This is because they, and only they, can change the reflection in the mirror.D. This understanding that children gain of themselves asactive agent continues to develop in their attempts to co-operate with others in play. Dunn (1988) points out that it is in such day-to –day relationships and interactions that the child’s understanding of his-or herself emerges. Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly.E. Once children have acquired a certain level of self-awareness, they begin to place themselves in whole series of categories, which together play such an important part in defining them uniquely as ‘themselves’. This second step in the development of a full sense of self is what James called the ‘self-as-object’. This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as student, brother, colleague) and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).F. Cooley and other researchers suggested a close connection between a person’s own understanding of their identity and other people’s understanding of it. Cooley believed that people build up their sense of identity form the reactions of others to them, and form the view they believe others have of them. He called the self-as-object the ‘looking-glass self’, since people come to see themselves as they are reflected in others. Mead (1934) went even further and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together: ‘Th e self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience… it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of socialexperience.’G. Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important developmental milestone is reached when children become able to recognize themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement. This recognition occurs around their second birthday. In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) dabbed some red powder on the noses of children who were playing in front of a mirror, and then observed how often they touched their noses. The psychologists reasoned that if the children knew what they usually looked like, they would be surprised by the unusual red mark and would start touching it. On the other hand, they found that children of 15 to 18 months are generally not able to recognize themselves unless other cues such as movement are present.H. Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-awareness in general can be seen in the displays of rage which are most common from 18 months to 3 years of age. In a longitudinal study of groups of three or four children, Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years. Often, the children’s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of ‘self’ and of ‘ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.Questions 14—19Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A—H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A—H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14 an account of the method used by researchers in a particular study15 the role of imitation in developing a sense of identity16 the age at which children can usually identify a static image of themselves17 a reason for the limitations of scientific research into ‘self-as-subject’18 reference to a possible link between culture and a particular form of behaviour19 examples of the wide range of features that contribute to the sense of ‘self-as-object’Questions 20—23Look at the following findings (Questions 20—23) and the list of researchers below.Match each finding with the correct researcher or researchers, A—E.Write the correct letter, A—E, in boxes 20—23 on your answer sheet.20 A sense of identity can never be formed without relationships with other people.21 A child’s awareness of self is related to a sense of mastery over things and people.22 At a certain age, children’s sense of identity leads t o aggressive behaviour.23 Observing their own reflection contributes to children’s self awareness.List of ResearchersA JamesB CooleyC Lewis and Brooks-GunnD MeadE BronsonQuestions 24—26Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 24—26 on your answers sheet.How children acquire a sense of identityFirst, children come to realize that they can have an effect on the world around them,for example by handling objects, or causing the image to move when they face a 24 ______. This aspect of self-awareness is difficult to research directly, because of 25______ problems.Secondly, children start to become aware of how they are viewed by others. One important stage in this process is the visual recognition of themselves which usually occurs when they reach the age of two. In Western societies at least, the development of self awareness is often linked to a sense of 26 ______, and can lead to disputes.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.Questions 27-30Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A—F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B—E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i—vii, in boxes 27—30 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Commercial pressures on people in chargeii Mixed views on current changes to museumsiii Interpreting the facts to meet visitor expectationsiv The international dimensionv Collections of factual evidencevi Fewer differences between public attractionsvii Current reviews and suggestionsExample AnswerParagraph A v27 Paragraph B28 Paragraph C29 Paragraph D30 Paragraph EThe Development of MuseumsA. The conviction that historical relics provide infallible testimony about the past is rooted in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when science was regarded as objective and value free. As one writer observes: ‘Although it is now evident that artefacts are as easily altered as chronicles, public faith in their veracity endures: a tangible relic seems ipso facto real’. Such conviction was, until recently, reflected in museum displays. Museums used to look — and some still do — much like storage rooms of objects packed together in showcases: good for scholars who wanted to study the subtle differences in design, but not for the ordinary visitor, to whom it all looked alike. Similarly, the information accompanying the objects often made little sense to the lay visitor. The content and format of explanations dated back to a time when the museum was the exclusive domain of the scientific researcher.B. Recently, however, attitudes towards history and the way it should be presented have altered. The key word in heritage display is now ‘experience’, the more exciting the better and, if possible, involving all the senses. Good examples of this approach in the UK are the Jorvik Centre in York; the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford; and the Imperial War Museum in London. In the US the trend emerged much earlier: Williamsburg has been a prototype for many heritage developments in other parts of the world. No one can predict where the process will end. On so-called heritage sites the re-enactment of historical events is increasingly popular, and computers will soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will present visitors with a vivid image of the period of their choice, in which they themselves can act as if part of the historical environment. Such developments have been criticized as an intolerable vulgarization, but the success of many historical theme parks and similar locations suggests that the majority of the public does not share this opinion.C. In a related development, the sharp distinction between museum and heritage sites on the one hand, and theme parks on the other, is gradually evaporating. They already borrow ideas and concepts from one another. For example, museums have adopted story lines for exhibitions, sites have accepted ‘theming’ as a r elevant tool, and theme parks are moving towards more authenticity and research-based presentations. In zoos, animals are no longer kept in cages, but in great spaces, either in the open air or in enormous greenhouses, such as the jungle and desert environ ments in Burgers’ Zoo in Holland. This particular trend is regarded as one of the major developments in the presentation of natural history in the twentieth century.D. Theme parks are undergoing other changes, too, as they try to present more serious social and cultural issues, and move away from fantasy. This development is a response to market forces and, although museums and heritage sites have a special, rather distinct, role to fulfil, they are also operating in a very competitive environment, where visitors make choices on how and where to spend their free time. Heritage and museum experts do not have to invent stories and recreate historical environments to attract their visitors: their assets are already in place. However, exhibits must be both based on artefacts and facts as we know them, and attractively presented. Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of ‘evidence’ and ‘attractiveness’, especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry for income-generating activities.E. It could be claimed that in order to make everything in heritage more ‘real’, historical accuracy must be increasingly altered. For example, Pithecanthropus erectus is depicted in an Indonesian museum with Malay facial features, because this corresponds to public perceptions. Similarly, in the Museum of Natural History in Washington, Neanderthal man is shown making a dominant gesture to his wife. Such presentations tell us more about contemporary perceptions of the world than about our ancestors. There is one compensation, however, for the professionals who make these interpretations: if they did not provide the interpretation, visitors would do it for themselves, based on their own ideas, misconceptions and prejudices. And no matter how exciting the result, it would contain a lot more bias than the presentations provided by experts.F. Human bias is inevitable, but another source of bias in the representation of history has to do with the transitory nature of the materials themselves. The simple fact is that not everything from history survives the historical process. Castles, palaces and cathedrals have a longer lifespan than the dwellings of ordinary people. The same applies to the furnishing and other contents of the premises. In a town like Leyden in Holland, which in the seventeenth century was occupied by approximately the same number of inhabitants as today, people lived within the walled town, an area more than five times smaller than modern Leyden. In most of the houses several families lived together in circumstances beyond our imagination. Yet in museums, fine period rooms give only an image of the lifestyle of the upper class of that era. No wonder that people who stroll around exhibitions are filled with nostalgia; the evidence in museums indicates that life was so much better in past. This notion is induced by the bias in its representation in museums and heritage centres.Questions 31—36Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.31 Compared with today’s museums, those of the past.A did not present history in a detailed way.B were not primarily intended for the public.C were more clearly organised.D preserved items with greater care.32 According to the writer, current trends in the heritage industryA emphasise personal involvement.B have their origins in York and London.C rely on computer images.D reflect minority tastes.33 The writer says that museums, heritage sites and theme parksA often work in close partnership.B try to preserve separate identities.C have similar exhibits.D are less easy to distinguish than before.34 The writer says that in preparing exhibits for museums, expertsA should pursue a single objective.B have to do a certain amount of language translation.C should be free from commercial constraints.D have to balance conflicting priorities.35 In paragraph E, the writer suggests that some museum exhibitsA fail to match visitor expectations.B are based on the false assumptions of professionals.C reveal more about present beliefs than about the past.D allow visitors to make more use of their imagination.36 The passage ends by noting that our view of history is biased becauseA we fail to use our imagination.B only very durable objects remain from the past.C we tend to ignore things that displease us.D museum exhibits focus too much on the local area.Questions 37—40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 37—40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this37 Consumers prefer theme parks which avoid serious issues.38 More people visit museums than theme parks.39 The boundaries of Leyden have changed little since the seventeenth century.40 Museums can give a false impression of how life used to be.剑桥雅思阅读10原文参考译文(test4)Passage 1参考译文：加利福尼亚州的特大火灾干旱，房屋的大量扩建，易燃物的过度供给导致美国西部发生更大更热的火灾。

第一篇题型一•i Not all doctors are persuaded•ii Choosing the best offers•iii Who is responsible for the increase in promotions?•iv Fighting the drug companies•v An example of what doctors expect from drug companies•vi Gifts include financial incentives•vii Research shows that promotion works•viii The high costs of research•ix The positive side of drugs promotion•x Who really pays for doctors‟ free gifts?第一篇题型二•8 Sales representatives like Kim Schaefer work to a very limited budget.•9 Kim Schaefer‟s marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral grounds.•10 The information provided by drug companies is of little use to doctors.•11 Evidence of drug promotion is clearly visible in the healthcare environment.•12 The drug companies may give free drug samples to patients without doctors’ prescriptions.•13It is legitimate for drug companies to make money.B段•正数第一行“But on any given day, what Schaefer can offer is typical for today‟s drugs rep- a car trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets, a budget that could buy lunches and dinner for a small country, hundreds of free drug samples and the freedom to give a physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next six patients who fit the drug‟s profile ”，对应第八题。

剑桥雅思4Test4听力Section-1答案+解析－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－剑桥雅思4Test4 听力Sectio n-1答案+解析剑桥雅思4Test4听力Section 1 答案+解析Section 1 谈话场景：筹备告别会。

人物关系：关系亲密的同事。

谈话话题：讨论将给要离开的同事开告别会的有关事宜：时间、地点、邀请人员、礼物等。

交际与语言表达1.这部分考查的是一个日常生活场景一一为要离开的同学/同事举办一个告别晚会。

其中涉及到活动举办的地点和时间、邀请人员、何时发岀邀请、活动项目以及需携带的物品等。

2. “1 think a hotel will probably work out rather expensive, and I 've been looking at the College Dining Room. ”我觉得去酒店太贵了，我一直在考虑学校的餐厅。

“work out ”表示“解决，解答,做出，制订出，消耗完”的意思。

例如：It will work out rather expensive.这样做成本很高。

“be looking at ”表示“留心，注意”。

3. “ We usually go round with an envelope during coffee break, don 't we? ”我们通常在喝咖啡的休息室带着信封顺便过去，不是吗？“Coffee Break”这个词早在1952年就出现在报刊上了，《咖啡的益处》中说：“只需清晨的一杯咖啡就足以使我们拥有顺利度过一天的好心情。

这也正是工作休息时间喝咖啡的意义所在。

”管理者发现“Coffee Break ”作为一种办公室文化，不但可以激发员工的创意和灵感，提升工作的热情与专注，而且还是一种特殊的沟通方式。

现在公司开设的“Coffee Break ” 都是了解咖啡、互相沟通、提升公司形象的良好模式。

雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑4 Test4 阅读解析 Passage3,相应的译文，请点击：剑4 T4 阅读译文 P3-稀缺资源的问题。

Question 27答案：scientist关键词：compare/style定位原文：最后1段倒数第2句“In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data, and then, in conclusion, devises a model that seems best to summarise the pattern observed in the data.”解题思路：原文最后1段倒数第2句很明显的告诉我们，被作者用来和考古学家进行比较的只有一种人即科学家。

因此答案为scientist。

Question 28答案：iv关键词：无定位原文：section A解题思路：文中说到在经济发达的社会，每一个卫生系统都需要做出决定：在卫生保健方面投入资源应占社会全部资源的多大比例……什么形式的治疗是最节省成本的?由此可见原文首段均在围绕发达国家共同面对的问题进行阐述，所以答案为选项iv。

Question 29答案：i关键词：无定位原文：Section C 第1句“However, at exactly the same time as this new realisation of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life.”解题思路：首句的主要意思是：然而，就在这种认为卫生资源是有限的新思想销声匿迹的同时，一种相反的思想在西方社会发展起来了。

2020 PET全真模拟 Test 4[复制]填空题大写！作文用黑色或深蓝色水笔！您的中文名： [填空题] *_________________________________Reading1 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B)2 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B)3 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B)4 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：C)5 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：C)6 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：F)7 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：D)8 [填空题] *9 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：A) 10 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：C) 11 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：D) 12 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：A) 13 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B) 14 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：A) 15 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：C) 16 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：G) 17 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：D) 18 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B) 19 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：A) 20 [填空题] *21 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B)22 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：A)23 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：D)24 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：D)25 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：A)26 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：C)27 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：TO)28 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：WHO) 29 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：WHAT) 30 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：THE) 31 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：TOO) 32 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：IF|WHETHER) Writing1 [上传文件题] *2/3 [上传文件题] *Listening1 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B)2 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B)3 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：A)4 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B)5 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B)6 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：C)7 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：A)8 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：C)9 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B)10 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：A)11 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：A)12 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B)13 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B)14 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：PARROTS|SEA PARROTS) 15 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：LAND|THE LAND)16 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：WINTER|THE WINTER)17 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：RABBITS)18 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：80000|EIGHTY THOUSAND) 19 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：COUNT)20 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B)21 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：C) 22 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：B) 23 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：A) 24 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：C) 25 [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：A)。

雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑4 Test4 阅读解析 Passage2,相应的译文，请点击：剑4 T4 阅读译文 P2-考古学的本质和目的。

Question 14答案：YES关键词：creativity, investigative work定位原文：第1段第1句“Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.”解题思路：题目说考古学既包括创新也包括认真的分析调査工作。

原文：考古学部分是对过去财富的发现，部分是科学分析的严谨工作，部分是创造性想像的练习，因此答案为TURE。

Question 15答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：ancient languages定位原文：无解题思路：题目说考古学家必须能够翻译古代语言文本。

原文没有提及题目的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 16答案：NO关键词：movies定位原文：第2段最后一句“However far from reality such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeology is an exciting quest—the quest for knowledge about ourselves and our past.”解题思路：题目说电影为考古学家的工作提供了真实的画面。

原文的表述是：相反，这些描述(指上句所说的电影)和现实差距甚远(far from reality such portrayals are)，因此很明显答案应为FALSE。

Question 17答案：YES关键词：anthropolo?gist定位原文：第4段第1句至第3句“Anthropology, at its broadest, … from other societies.”解题思路：题目说人类学家从不止一个角度来定义文化。