广州市白云广雅八年级下U 单元测 含答案

2024届广东省广州市白云区广州白云广雅实验学校物理八年级第二学期期末监测模拟试题注意事项1．考生要认真填写考场号和座位序号。

2．试题所有答案必须填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。

第一部分必须用2B 铅笔作答；第二部分必须用黑色字迹的签字笔作答。

3．考试结束后，考生须将试卷和答题卡放在桌面上，待监考员收回。

一、单选题1．在下列四种情境中,人对物体做功的是A．提着水桶在水平地面上匀速前进B．背着书包慢慢爬上楼梯C．用力推汽车,汽车没动D．举着篮球原地不动2．生活中有许多谚语和歇后语都蕴含着丰富的物理知识，下列能够说明“力的作用是相互”的是A．啄木鸟打洞，全凭嘴硬B．小小秤砣压千斤C．一个巴掌拍不响D．磨刀不误砍柴工3．如图所示，物体运动状态发生改变的是A．铁球运动路径的侧旁有一磁体B．吊在天花板下的静止电灯C．桌上静止的小车D．空中匀速直线下落的降落伞4．将未装满水且密闭的矿泉水瓶，先正立放置在水平桌面上，再倒水放置，如图所示。

两次放置时，水对瓶底和瓶盖的压强分别为p A和p B，水对瓶底和瓶盖的压力分别为F A 和F B，则A．p A＞p B，F A＞F B B．p A＜p B，F A＝F BC．p A＝p B，F A＜F B D．p A＜p B，F A＞F B5．在中国科技馆探索与发现A厅，有一个由可以匀速行驶并装有抛球机构的火车及操作平台构成的展品．如图所示，当匀速行驶的火车在将要通过横跨火车轨道的小桥时，将两个车箱内的小球竖直向上依次抛出，参观者会看到被抛出的小球在越过小桥之后会再回到相应的车厢内，关于这个实验的分析，下列说法中正确的是（忽略空气阻力影响）A．小球抛出后在空中运动过程中，受到两个力作用，一个是火车给的向前的推力，另一个是重力B．小球抛出后在空中运动过程中相对于展品中行驶的火车而言是静止的C．竖直上抛的小球水平方向不受力D．匀速运动的火车在抛出小球前和抛出小球后，火车的机械能保持不变6．如图，取一个瓶口内径略小于乒乓球直径的雪碧瓶，去掉其底部，把一只乒乓球放到瓶口处，然后向瓶里注水，会发现水从瓶口流出，乒乓球不上浮；若用手指堵住瓶口，不久就可观察到乒乓球上浮起来，此实验说明了（）A．浮力产生的原因B．连通器原理C．大气存在压强D．液体的压强与液体的密度和深度有关7．小敏同学和他所骑的轻便自行车总重约600N，上学路上他骑车在20s内匀速通过了一段长100m的平直公路．若自行车所受路面的阻力约为人和车总重力的0.05倍，则通过该段公路时，小敏同学蹬车的功率约为A．150W B．300W C．1500W D．3000W8．下列关于简单机械的论述中，正确的是A．由于定滑轮可以看作是一个等臂杠杆，因此有了杠杆，就没必要使用定滑轮B．在水平路面上，利用动滑轮匀速拖动汽车时，动力大小一定等于汽车重力的一半C．利用滑轮匀速提升重物时，若能省力，则一定费距离D．利用滑轮匀速提升重物时，有可能既省力，又省距离二、多选题9．如图所示y-x图象，它可以表示A．做匀速运动的物体，路程和时间的关系B．同种液体，液体压强与深度的关系C．某一弹簧，受到的拉力和弹簧长度的关系D．电流通过某一导体产生的电热与流经这一导体的电流的关系10．下列说法正确的是（）A．没有力的作用物体就不会运动B．运动的物体一定受到了力的作用C．静止的物体可能受到力的作用D．运动的物体如果不受力，它将永远运动下去三、填空题11．容器内装有适量的水，A、B两实心小球用细线连在一起，将它们放入水中静止后，细绳拉直，如图所示，小球A有部分的体积露出水面。

2023-2024学年度八年级下册Unit 5学情诊断一、单项选择（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）1.She trained hard for the race, sometimes running ______ 60 miles a week.A. as many asB. as well asC. as much asD. as few as2.--- ______ is the population of India?--- I don’t know. But it has the second ______ population in the world.A. How much; largeB. What; largestC. What; mostD. How much; largest3.It’s ______ for ______ wear that thick coat in summer.A. so; thatB. such; thatC. enough; toD. too; to4.Environmentalists spend much time and energy ______ homes for the animals.A. findingB. looking forC. to findD. to look for5.______ exciting ______ us to have a picnic in spring.A. That is; ofB. It is; ofC. That is; forD. It is; for二、语法选择（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）Do you know Dumbo? It is an elephant ___6___ big ears in the film Dumbo. Now, the elephant is on the red list of animals in danger, especially the Asian elephant in nature. Jinghong, ___7___ village in Southwest China, started a food source base（基地）to help them. The government ___8___ to build the base in December last year. The number of wild Asian elephants grew from 170 to 300 today ___9___ the government worked hard on it.The base has three towns with more than 670 km2. Bananas are one of their ___10___ foods. So people plant more than 38,000 banana trees in the base. And the production of bananas is enough for the elephants. Workers ___11___ built salty ponds（盐池）for the elephants. In the base, the elephants can enjoy delicious food ___12___ they can swim for fun.In late August this year, scientists ___13___ did lots of study in the base before it was open. Chai, one of the scientists said, “We want to give many kinds of foods to ___14___. After finishing the project, elephants will be able to eat in the food source base. This ___15___ stop them looking for food in villages and walking across the farmers fields.”“Elephants family is one of the most important animal groups on the earth, they may die ___16___ if we don’t take methods to protect them. They are very ___17___ to us and the environment. However, there are only ___18___ groups of elephants left. “We hope to share our ways of ___19___ the elephants with other countries and cities. I believe the number of elephants ___20___ bigger in the future. Let’s save the Asian elephants together,” Chai added.6. A. with B. of C. on D. about7. A. a B. an C. the D. /8. A. begins B. began C. is beginning D. was beginning9. A. before B. when C. if D. because10. A. worst B. favorite C. bad D. biggest11. A. too B. also C. either D. neither12. A. but B. so C. or D. and13. A. care B. careful C. carefully D. careless14. A. them B. they C. their D. themselves15. A. should B. can C. must D. need16. A. in B. on C. out D. from17. A. useful B. more useful C. most useful D. the most useful18. A. few B. a little C. a few D. little19. A. help B. helping C. helps D. helped20. A. grows B. grew C. was growing D. will grow三、完形填空（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）When I was a small boy, something happened to me that made me never put any wild creature（生物）in a cage.We lived near a forest, and every evening the mockingbird（知更鸟）would come and ___21___. I decided to catch a young ___22___ and keep it in a cage, and in this way, I would have my own private musician. Then I succeeded in catching one and put it in a cage. At first, the bird was ___23___, so it fluttered（振翅扑腾）in the cage. But finally it was used to living in its new home. I felt very excited with myself and ___24___ some beautiful singing.On the second day, the little bird’s mother flew to the cage with ___25___ in her mouth. Thebaby bird ate everything. I was ___26___ to see this. Certainly the mother bird knew how to feed her baby better than I did.The following morning when I went to see my bird, I found it ___27___ on the floor of the cage. I was terribly surprised and sad! What had happened?Arthur Wayne, a famous biologist, happened to ___28___ my father at that time. After she knew my story, she explained to me, “A mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will ___29___ bring it poison（有毒的）berries. She thinks it better for her baby to die than to lose ___30___.”Since then I have never caught any living creature and put it in a cage. All living things havea right to live free.21. A. dance B. fly C. sing D. jump22. A. bird B. boy C. fish D. thief23. A. happy B. careful C. active D. afraid24. A. looked forward to B. looked out of C. looked for D. looked up25. A. water B. food C. songs D. stones26. A. worried B. pleased C. bored D. tired27. A. alone B. alive C. dead D. sick28. A. invite B. visit C. challenge D. introduce29. A. never B. seldom C. sometimes D. ever30. A. friends B. parents C. freedom D. happiness四、阅读理解（共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分）(A)North American black bears are shy animals. They are fearful by nature, and will usually run away if they see or hear people. Because of this, it can be difficult for scientists to learn about these animals.In order to study black bears, researchers from New Jersey, the USA, catch bears and use drugs to help them go to sleep. Researchers then work out the size and the weight of the bear, take blood to test for diseases, remove a tooth and take it to the lab to find out its age. From these studies, researchers want to find out how many bears live in New Jersey, how long they live, andhow many babies they produce. But in Minnesota, the USA, researchers study bears that are completely awake. The bears know the researchers’ voices and they are not afraid of the research team. With the help of a few grapes to keep the bears busy, researchers can touch them to check their hearts, look at their teeth, and do other jobs. Researchers can also walk or sit with bears for hours and make videos to learn about their everyday lives. In both places, the main purpose is the same—to make sure there is a healthy population of black bears. But the research methods and the kinds of information that researchers are able to collect are quite different.31.In the first paragraph, we can learn that North American black bears are ______.A. shy and fearful animalsB. not found todayC. well known to scientistsD. not afraid of people32.The underlined word “remove” in the second paragraph probably means ______ in Chinese.A. 拔下B. 移植C. 清洗D. 修补33.Which of the following may NOT be included in the New Jersey studies on bears?A. The age.B. The way of their communication.C. The weight.D. The number of babies they produce.34.In the Minnesota studies, researchers ______.A. can never get close to the bearsB. study the bears while they are asleepC. use grapes to make the bears fullD. learn a lot about the bears’ everyday lives35.What’s the purpose of this passage?A. To introduce North American black bear.B. To tell how researchers learn about North American black bear.C. To call on people to protect North American black bear.D. To tell why researchers learn about North American black bear.(B)Many teachers are afraid that students will use the artificial intelligence (AI) tool ChatGPT to write their reports or do their homework. But other educators are including it in the classroom.Donnie Piercey is a teacher in Kentucky. He told his 23 fifth-grade students to try and make full use of the tool that was creating writing. Piercey says his job is to prepare students for a world where knowledge of AI will be required. He describes ChatGPT as just the newest technology inhis 17 years of teaching that caused worry about the possibility of being not honest in the exams. “As educators, we haven’t found out the best way to use artificial intelligence yet,” he added. “But it’s coming, whether we want it or not.”What is ChatGPT? ChatGPT is a very modern AI chatbot trained by OpenAI which communicates in a conversational way. The dialogue program makes it possible for ChatGPT to answer questions, agree about its mistakes, challenge incorrect ideas and reject wrong requests. ChatGPT quickly became popular after it came out. Many educators around the country say schools need time to get ready for the chatbot. But they also think saying no to AI will be useless against students.___▲___. One student said: “They can help students who have trouble putting their thoughts into writing.” “You can use it for suggestions, but should not use it to do all the work. You shouldn’t fully depend on it,” said McCormick, a ten-year-old student. “You’re not learning anything if you type in what you want, and then it gives you the answer.”36.Why are many teachers afraid of ChatGPT?A. The teachers may use ChatGPT to write their reports or do homework.B. The students may use ChatGPT for writing or doing homework.C. The educators may include ChatGPT in the classroom.D. The schools need time to get ready for ChatGPT.37.What is NOT Piercey’s opinion on ChatGPT?A. We should fully use ChatGPT which creates writing.B. The artificial intelligence is coming.C. With ChatGPT, people needn’t worry about students may be dishonest in the exams.D. Teachers should get students ready for a world where AI knowledge will be needed.38.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. artificial intelligenceB. the best wayC. the possibilityD. being not honest39.What can we learn from Paragraph 3?A. ChatGPT can ask and answer questions itself.B. ChatGPT can challenge correct ideas.C. ChatGPT can refuse to accept wrong requests.D. Saying no to AI will be useless against educators around the country.40.Which sentence can be put back into the blank ___▲___ in the last paragraph?A. Piercey shows the good and bad parts of working with chatbots.B. Piercey’s students say yes to working with chatbots.C. Piercey’s students say no to working with chatbots.D. Piercey’s students can see the good and bad parts of working with chatbots.五、阅读填空（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）You just heard you would have a math test on Friday —the day as your history test. Are they crazy?How will you get all your study done? Don’t worry about it. ___41___Start studying in school.Good learning methods are developed in the classroom as you take notes. ___42___. Make sure your notes are easy to read, and review.___43___When you sit down to study, think about how much time you want to spend on each subject. Most people can keep focused（专注）for about 45 minutes at a time. After that you’ll probably want to take a short break. When your 45 minutes of studying are up, you can take a 15-minute break.Study according to the type of test you’re taking.Many teachers tell students what the format（总体样式）of an exam will be like. ___44___. For example, if you’re going to have multiple-choice questions（选择题）, you’ll pay more attention to studying facts and details.___45___.Sometimes it can be useful to study with your classmates or others in a group. In this way you can make sure that your notes are correct and that you understand the subjects.A. Plan your study time.B. This can help you decide how you study.C. Set up a study group.D. Here is some advice for you.E. Note taking is a way of remembering what you are taught or what you’ve read.六、语篇填词（共5题；每小题1分，满分5分）The giant panda is known as a national treasure of China. The mountains of C___46___ China is one of its habitats（栖息地）. A grown-up giant panda is very heavy, it can be about 100-150 k___47___. Because some people are so c___48___ that they kill giant pandas for their fur, pandas are in d___49___ now. Luckily, many people have realized the importance of saving giant pandas. For example, the WWF, one of the most important environmental o___50___ in the world, has worked on projects to save them.七、首字母填空（共5题；每小题1分，满分5分）51.You are not a child any more. As an a______, you should think more about others.52.She has lots of courage and isn’t afraid of f______ difficulties.53.The main food for giant pandas is b______.54.In China, the long noodles are a s______ of long life.55.Susan put on w______ because she ate more and exercised less.八、完成句子（共25空；每空1分，满分25分）51.他喜欢挑战，想到野外生活。

广东省广州白云广雅实验学校2024届语文八下期末达标检测试题请考生注意：1．请用2B铅笔将选择题答案涂填在答题纸相应位置上，请用0．5毫米及以上黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将主观题的答案写在答题纸相应的答题区内。

写在试题卷、草稿纸上均无效。

2．答题前，认真阅读答题纸上的《注意事项》，按规定答题。

一、积累与运用。

（28分）1．（2分）选出《关雎》赏析有误的一项( )关关雎鸠,在河之洲。

窈窕淑女,君子好逑。

参差荇菜,左右流之。

窈窕淑女,寤寐求之。

求之不得,寤寐思服。

悠哉悠哉,辗转反侧。

参差荇菜,左右采之。

窈窕淑女,琴瑟友之。

参差荇菜,左右笔之。

窈窕淑女,钟鼓乐之。

A．开篇写河洲滩头雎鸠和鸣,既是自然环境的诗意描写,也是比兴手法的巧妙运用。

B．“流之”“采之”“笔之”写出女子左右采摘荇菜时勤劳灵巧的姿态。

C．“寤寐思服”“辗转反侧”写出男子追求女子没有达到目的时苦闷、焦灼的心情。

D．“琴瑟友之”“钟鼓乐之”表现了窈窕淑女超凡的才艺、脱俗的追求和优雅的品格。

2．（2分）下列句子有语病的一项是（）A．承德是北京和天津重要水源地和生态屏障，三地地缘相接，人缘相亲。

B．自从开展“一帮一”的活动以来，同学之间不但加深了相互了解，而且增进了友谊。

C．面对自然灾害，我们要抱着即使“百防而无一用”，也要“常防不辍”的态度。

D．为了防止这类交通事故不再发生，我市加强了交通安全的教育和管理。

3．（2分）给下列句子排序，最合理的一项是（）①这表明植物也有造血功能。

②利用植物制造出人体所需要的血液，这种愿望如果能够成为现实，那么人类拥有的血库中的血就会取之不尽。

而且安全性也会大大提高。

③科学家发现，在玉米、油菜和烟草等植物体中，含有类似于人体血红蛋白的基因。

④血红蛋白是人体红细胞的重要组成部分，它易于与氧结合和分离，因此具有输送氧的功能。

⑤如果再把铁原子加入其中，就能够造出人体所需要的血红蛋白。

A．③④②①⑤B．④③①⑤②C．③①⑤④②D．⑤④③①②4．（2分）下列句子中加点词语使用不正确的一句是（）A．这个班的人个个自以为是，对于别人提出的意见，总是无人问津．．．．。

广东省广州市白云区广州白云广雅实验学校2024年八年级物理第二学期期末考试试题考生须知：1．全卷分选择题和非选择题两部分，全部在答题纸上作答。

选择题必须用2B铅笔填涂；非选择题的答案必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔写在“答题纸”相应位置上。

2．请用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔在“答题纸”上先填写姓名和准考证号。

3．保持卡面清洁，不要折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。

一、选择题1．下列说法中正确的是（）A．机械的功率越小，其机械效率越低B．在相同时间内，效率高的机械做功多C．功率大的机械一定比功率小的机械做功多D．功率大的机械一定比功率小的机械做功快2．做托里拆利实验时，下面哪种情况对管内水银柱的竖直高度有影响A．玻璃管的粗细B．玻璃管倾斜C．玻璃管插入水银槽的深度D．外界大气压的变化3．如图所示，用滑轮组提升重物时，重800N的物体在10s内匀速上升了1m，已知拉力F为500N，则提升重物的过程中（）A．滑轮组的机械效率是80% B．绳子自由端被拉下3mC．做的有用功是500J D．拉力F的功率为50W4．如图甲所示，水平桌面上盛满水的容器中放有一个钢珠。

把木块轻轻放入容器中，木块静止时如图乙所示。

以下说法正确的是()A．钢珠不受浮力作用B．木块受到的浮力大于钢珠受到的浮力C．两图中容器对桌面的压强相等D．两图中水对容器底的压强不相等5．测量同一只鞋在不同水平路面滑动时的摩擦力，下列说法正确的是A．在柏油路面和冰面上测得的摩擦力都相同B．在同一路面．无论鞋内是否放上铁块，摩擦力都一样C．只要鞋被拉动了，测力计的读数就等于鞋受到的摩擦力的大小D．在同一路面鞋以不同的速度做匀速运动，测力计的示数都相同6．一小船中装有木料（ρ木＜ρ水）并漂浮于静止的池塘水面上，当将小船舶中的木料全部搬出并抛入池塘中后，池塘中的水面高度将A．不知其变化情况B．升高C．降低D．不变7．下列器材中，利用连通器原理工作的是（）A．用吸管吸饮料B．密度计C．水位计D．气垫船8．下列说法中不正确的是（）A．摩擦起电并没有创造电荷，而是电子在物体间转移B．在探索比原子更小的微观世界的历程中，人们首先发现了电子C．用手捏海绵，海绵的体积缩小了，说明分子间有间隙D．将两块表面平滑的铅块压紧后，它们会粘在一起时因为分子间存在引力9．如图所示，在伽利略理想实验中，小球每次均从斜面a点自由滚下，分别经过图中b，c，d各位置，关于小球的动能、重力势能、机械能描述正确的是（）A．小球的重力势能一直在减小B．在d点的重力势能小于在c点的重力势能C．从b点运动到c点的过程中，动能转化为重力势能D．从a到b小球速度越来越大，机械能越来越大10．下列四幅图中，利用流体流速越大压强越小的原理来获得升力的是（）A．降落伞下降B．热气球升空C．火箭发射D．飞机起飞11．把篮球竖直抛向空中，忽略空气阻力，哪一图像能正确反映球从离手后至落回手前重力势能E与时间t的关系A．B．C．D．12．对于小孩从滑梯上匀速下滑的过程，下列说法正确的是A．动能变小，势能变大，机械能不变B．动能不变，势能变小，机械能变小C．动能变大，势能变小，机械能变小D．动能不变，势能变大，机械能不变二、填空题13．两个滑轮按如图所示的方式组合，用5N的拉力F拉动绳端，使物体在5s内水平向左匀速滑动1m，物体与地面间的摩擦力为9N，则拉力F的功率为_________________W，滑轮组的机械效率为_________________。

2024届广东省广州白云广雅实验学校物理八年级第一学期期末联考试题注意事项1．考生要认真填写考场号和座位序号。

2．试题所有答案必须填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。

第一部分必须用2B 铅笔作答；第二部分必须用黑色字迹的签字笔作答。

3．考试结束后，考生须将试卷和答题卡放在桌面上，待监考员收回。

一、选择题1．下列措施不能减弱噪声的是A．在摩托车上安装消声器B．城市道路两旁的隔声板C．工厂用防声耳罩D．显示噪声等级的装置2．如图所示，甲乙丙三个相同的烧杯内盛有质量相等的水、酒精、和盐水，则甲乙丙三个烧杯中的液体分别是（）A．酒精、水、盐水B．水、盐水、酒精C．水、酒精、盐水D．盐水、水、酒精3．在探究树荫下光斑的综合实践活动中，为了研究孔的大小对光斑形状的影响，小华设计了四种开有不同形状孔的卡片甲，并用另一张卡片乙覆盖在甲上，如图所示．接着，从图示位置沿箭头方向水平移动乙，观察光斑形状的变化情况．下列合乎要求的是A．B．C．D．4．用一支示数为39C的体温计，没有甩就去测量一个38C的发烧病人的体温，当时的气温为36C，则体温计的示数是A．36C B．38C C．39C D．以上都有可能5．下列有关声现象的说法中错误的是（）A．在《爸爸去哪儿》节目中，孩子们很容易辨别出爸爸发出的声音，这主要是爸爸声音的音调不同B．蒙上双眼仅凭声音也能大致确定声源的方位是由于“双耳效应”C．文明城市要求植树种草，树木和花草既能美化城市也具有减弱噪声的作用D．古代行军宿营时，士兵枕着牛皮制的箭筒睡在地上，能及早听到敌人的马蹄声，是因为大地传声比空气快6．某同学在做研究凸透镜成像实验时，保持凸透镜位置不变，如图先后使烛焰位于a、b、c、d四点，并分别调整光屏的位置，实验后他归纳出以下说法，其中正确的是( )A．使烛焰位于a点时，屏上出现的实像最小B．使烛焰位于c点时，屏上出现的实像最大C．使烛焰位于b点时，成缩小的实像D．使烛焰位于d点时，成放大的实像7．下列估测值最接近实际的是（）A．中学生课桌高度约为40cmB．人体感觉舒适的温度约为37℃C．一个中学生的质量约为500gD．骑自行车的速度约为5m/s8．汽车后刹车灯的光源，若采用发光二极管（LED)，则通电后亮起的时间会比采用白炽灯大约快0.5s，故有助于后车驾驶员提前做出反应，即遇到情况时可提前0.5s刹车．在限速为110krn/h的高速公路上，行车安全距离约可以减少A．3m B．7m C．15m D．25m9．关于声现象，下列说法中正确的是A．用超声波能粉碎人体内的“小石头”，说明声波具有能量B．“不敢高声语，恐惊天上人”中的“高”是指声音的音调高C．中考期间，学校周围禁鸣喇叭，这是在声音传播的过程中减弱噪声D．“闻其声而知其人”主要是根据声音的响度来判断的10．用镜头焦距不变的照相机给某同学拍了一张清晰的半身像，现要改拍全身像，则应（）A．照相机远离该同学，镜头向后缩B．照相机远离该同学，镜头向前伸C．照相机靠近该同学，镜头向后缩D．照相机靠近该同学，镜头向前伸11．为了防止出现静电火花，引起火灾，加油站都贴有这样的提示：请“熄火加油”、“禁止抽烟”、“不要使用手机”等。

2022年广东省广州市白云区白云广雅实验学校八下期中物理试卷1.“估测”是物理学中常用的一种重要方法，考试时，小丽同学对所涉及到的一些物品进行了估测，其中明显不合理的是A．一个初中学生所受重力约为500NB．华为手机荣耀8的质量大约200gC．一个成年人正常步行时的速度约为1.2m/sD．一张A4纸平铺对桌面的压强约为100Pa2.立定跳远是中学生体育测试项目之一，如图所示是立定跳远时的分解图，下列说法不正确的是A．运动员起跳后仍能继续向前运动，是因为运动员具有惯性B．运动员鞋底的花纹是为了增大鞋底的粗糙程度，从而增大摩擦力C．运动员落入沙池时，运动员对沙池的压力和沙池对运动员的支持力是一对平衡力D．运动员落入沙池时，沙池中留下深深的脚印，力改变物体的形状3.如图，小方坐在水平向右加速行驶的列车上用餐时发现，桌面上的一个茶叶蛋突然水平向左滚动，而桌上的茶杯却纹丝不动，由此判断，下列说法不正确的是A．茶杯相对桌面静止，水平方向不受力B．茶叶蛋受到的摩擦力水平向右C．茶叶蛋向左运动是因为具有惯性D．茶杯受到水平向右的摩擦力4.对下列与压强有关的示例中说法不正确的是A．高压锅做饭更快捷，是锅外大气压强增加，提高了锅内水的沸点B．菜刀钝了磨一磨，切菜更轻松，是在被切物体承受的最大压强一定时，减小受力面积，从而减少了压力C．吸管喝饮料利用了大气压强原理D．水坝建得上窄下宽是因为液体压强随着深度的增加而增加5.被细绳拴着的小球在光滑水平面内绕O点做圆周运动，轨迹如图中虚线圆所示（小球与水平面间的摩擦阻力及空气阻力忽略不计）。

某时刻细绳突然断开，此时小球速度大小为v，一段时间后小球运动到水平面上的P点，速度为v1（如图），下列说法正确的是A．脱离点为C点，且速度v>v1B．脱离点为B点，且速度v=v1C．脱离点C点，速度v=v1D．无法确定脱离位置，速度v=v16.2022年5月，一架正在高空中飞行的飞机，风挡玻璃突然爆裂，此时副驾驶整个上半身被“吸”出舱外，导致这一现象发生的原因是A．副驾驶受到的重力突然减小B．舱内气压变大，舱外气压变小C．舱内空气流速小压强大，舱外空气流速大压强小D．舱内温度降低，压强突然增大7.如图所示，小明沿着竖直的杆匀速上爬，所受的摩擦力为f1；后来沿杆匀速下滑，所受的摩擦力为f2。

2023-2024学年广东省广州市白云区八年级（下）期末数学试卷一、选择题：本题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。

在每小题给出的选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。

1.下列各式中，是最简二次根式的是()A. B. C. D.2.若代数式有意义，则x的取值范围是()A. B. C. D.3.在中，若，，，则()A. B.C. D.是锐角三角形4.足球赛中，某国家足球队首发上场的11名队员身高如表：身高176178180182186188192人数1232111则这11名队员身高的众数是()A.180B.182C.192D.1785.在四边形ABCD中，，要使四边形ABCD成为平行四边形，则在下列条件中，应增加条件()A. B.C. D.6.若是方程的解，则直线的图象与x轴交点的坐标为()A. B. C. D.7.已知点，在直线上，若，则()A. B. C. D.8.如图，数轴上的点A表示的数是，点B表示的数是2，于点B，且，以A点为圆心，AC为半径画弧交数轴于点D，则点D表示的数是()A. B. C. D.9.一次函数不经过第三象限，则的大致图象是()A. B. C. D.10.如图，正方形ABCD中，，点E在边CD上，且将沿AE对折至，延长EF交边BC于点G，连接AG，下列结论：①点G是BC中点；②；③其中正确的是()A.①②B.①③C.②③D.①②③二、填空题：本题共6小题，每小题3分，共18分。

11.______.12.直线向下平移3个单位得到的直线解析式为______.13.“正方形的四条边都相等”的逆命题可以写成______，该逆命题是______命题填写“真”或“假”14.甲、乙、丙、丁四名同学参加掷实心球测试，每人掷5次，他们的平均成绩恰好相同，方差分别是，，，，则这四名同学掷实心球的成绩最稳定的是______.15.如图，四边形ABCD，，，，，，P为AB边上的一动点，以PD，PC为边作平行四边形PCQD，则对角线PQ的长的最小值是__________.16.如图，在中，，，，动点P从点B出发沿射线BC以的速度移动，设运动的时间为t秒，当为等腰三角形时，t的取值为______.三、解答题：本题共9小题，共72分。

2024年广东省广州市广雅中学八年级下册物理期末统考试题请考生注意：1．请用2B铅笔将选择题答案涂填在答题纸相应位置上，请用0．5毫米及以上黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将主观题的答案写在答题纸相应的答题区内。

写在试题卷、草稿纸上均无效。

2．答题前，认真阅读答题纸上的《注意事项》，按规定答题。

一、选择题（每题1.5分，共30题，45分）1．甲起重机的功率小于乙起重机的功率，当两台机器正常工作时，下列说法正确的是A．甲比乙做功慢B．甲比乙做功用时短C．甲比乙做功少D．甲比乙机械效率低2．下列关于压强和浮力的说法正确的是（）A．液体内部向各个方向的压强均相等B．浸在液体中的物体所受浮力的方向与重力的方向相反C．潜水艇是通过改变自身的浮力实现上浮和下潜的D．大气压强随着海拔的升高而升高3．下列说法中，正确的是A．小明用力水平推水平面上的桌子没推动，此时推力和摩擦力大小相等B．自行车车座的面积较大是为了增大压强C．地面上静止的物体受到的支持力和它对地面的压力是一对平衡力D．潜水艇在水面下上升时，受到的压强与浮力都变小4．如图所示，用水平力F=30N，按住一重G=10N的木块在竖直墙壁上，当木块沿竖直方向匀速下滑时，木块受到的摩擦力的大小是（）A．40N B．30N C．20N D．10N5．下列事件中，力对物体做了功的是（）A．用力推汽车，没有推动B．将重物从一楼扛到二楼C．举重运动员举着杠铃保持不动D．提着水桶在水平路面上匀速前行6．如下图所示，描述正确的是（）A．图甲中橡皮泥船采用改变自重的办法来增加载货量B．图乙中“蛟龙号”从海面潜入海底是通过改变浮力大小来实现的C．图丙中茶叶匀速下沉时所受重力大于浮力D．图丁中北极熊母子坐在一块不断熔化缩小的浮冰上，浮冰排开液体体积在减小7．在第十七届“渝洽会”上，重庆造恩斯特龙408型直升机（如图所示）签下了20架大订单。

该型直升机在加速上升的过程中（忽略燃油变化），下列关于直升机的动能和势能变化情况的描述，正确的是：A．动能增大，势能减小B．动能减小，势能增大C．动能增大，势能增大D．动能减小，势能减小8．用沿斜面的力F1=2N把物体甲拉上斜坡，用沿斜面的力F2=3N把另一物体乙拉下斜坡，两次运动距离相同，F1、F2对物体所做的功分别为W1、W2，功率分别为P1、P2，如果P1>P2，则（）A．W1=W2B．W1>W2C．F2做功比F1快D．F2做功的时间比F1长9．如图所示，人对物体做功的是（）A．提着书包在水平地面上匀速前进B．小朋友尽全力也没有把石头搬起来C．双手举杠铃静止不动D．人搬箱子匀速上楼10．下列措施中，能使蒸发加快的是（）A．把蔬菜用保鲜膜包好放入冰箱B．给盛有酒精的瓶子盖上瓶盖C．给播种后的农田覆盖地膜D．用电热吹风机吹湿的头发11．对下列与压强有关的事例，解释不正确的是（）A．用吸管喝饮料利用了大气压强B．高压锅是利用液体的沸点随气压增大而升高的原理制造的C．水坝下部比上部建造的宽是因为液体压强随着深度的增加而减小D．火车进站时旅客不能越过安全黄线，依据的是流体中流速大的地方压强小12．“一切物体在没有受到力的作用时，总保持静止状态或匀速直线运动状态．”总结概括出这重要规律的科学家是A．亚里士多德B．伽利略C．牛顿D．托里拆利13．如图所示，是小红将两端开口的玻璃管一端扎上橡皮膜，倒入如图所示液体时，观察到的现象。