科技说明文阅读-精品文档

[科技说明文]科技说明文阅读及答案■ 科技说明文是反映和总结自然科学和社会科学方面的发展状况和最新科研成果的文章。

与一般说明文相比，科技说明文具有科学性、思想性、通俗性、艺术性、知识性等特点。

在语言上，科技说明文常常较多使用科技术语，需要同学们有较广泛的知识面、较强的思维能力和阅读能力。

初中阶段对科技说明文的要求较低，主要体现在以下几个方面：1.把握重要信息，了解说明对象及其特征。

2.把握文章结构，梳理说明顺序。

3.对说明方法的辨识及分析。

4.体会科技说明文准确、简明、严密的语言特点。

■ 阅读过程就是对文本中言语信息的获取、筛选、概括、加工的过程。

科技说明文的阅读过程是一个难点，现在对说明文阅读的考查和过去已经有了很大的不同了，有的老师在讲说明文尤其是科技说明文时，往往偏重于讲说明方法、说明顺序和说明文的语言等知识点，其实现在的中考已经逐渐在淡化这些知识点。

在科技说明文的阅读教学中，教师要引导学生掌握阅读方法，学会处理信息。

下面从近年中考命题的角度来分析科技说明文的阅读技巧：一、标题解读。

科技说明文通常都是事理说明文，文章的题目常常会运用设问句式或一些比较生动的句子来引起读者的阅读兴趣。

如《塑料瓶装水真的“干净”吗？》（2011年湖南省长沙中考语文试题）、《稀土扼住了谁的咽喉》（2011年黑龙江省绥化中考语文试题）等。

命题模式一般为：文章以“……”为题，有什么作用？答题模式是：引起读者思考，提高阅读兴趣，引入说明内容。

命题示例：文章以“太阳风暴对地球影响有多大”为题有什么作用？（2011年江西省中考语文试题《太阳风暴对地球影响有多大？》）二、概括题。

科技说明文常常会从不同的方面来说明某一事理，命题模式一般为：阅读全文，说说文章说明了某一对象的什么特征。

是从哪几个方面来说明的？作者从哪些方面介绍了ＸＸ的几大特征？命题的形式上可以有变化，但只要掌握了规律，此类题目难度系数并不高。

命题示例：阅读全文，说说文章是从哪些角度说明动物眼睛的。

科技说明文-高三语文阅读训练含答案详析一、阅读下面的文字,完成1-3题;航天飞机在布放卫星、发射航天器、观天测地、进行材料科学和生命科学的实验等方面,发挥了重要作用,但它有不尽如人意的地方;航天飞机是由轨道器、固体火箭助推器和外贮燃料箱三大部分组成的;由于航天飞机是以发射火箭的方式发射,又以轨道器绕轨道运行的方式在空间执行任务,再以飞机的方式降落的,因此航天飞机不仅需要大型的设施,还需要有约4000—5000个工作人员来为其服务；当航天飞机进入轨道之前,必须把火箭助推器和外贮燃料箱抛掉,抛掉的费用约占发射费用的42%,而且,它的发射准备工作时间长,每月最多只能发射两次;由此可见,要大幅降低发射成本和使用费用,就必须研制性能更加理想的航天运输工具;人们从普通的航空飞机那里得到了启示：在大气层中飞行时,飞机不携带氧化剂,充分利用空气中的氧,这样可以大大减轻飞机重量;能不能把航天飞机与航空飞机结合在一起呢于是一种新的设想即航空航天飞机简称空天飞机出现了：它既能在大气层中像航空飞机那样利用大气层中的氧飞行,又能像航天飞机那样在大气层外利用自行携带的氧化剂飞行;空天飞机是一种可以在普通机场水平起降、可以重复太空与地面之间往返的飞行器;这是一种将航空航天技术有机结合在一起的新型飞行器;它能像普通飞机那样从地面起飞,以高超音速在大气层内飞行,在30—1300千米高空飞行速度可达12—25倍音速,并直接加速进入地球轨道,成为航天器;它可以完全重复使用,大幅度降低费用;据估计,其费用可能降到目前航天飞机的十分之一;现在,美、英、德、法、日等国投入了大量的人力财力研制空天飞机;英国航空及航天公司与着名的罗依斯——罗尔斯公司正在加紧研制一种名为“霍托尔”的空天飞机;目前已进入包括风洞试验和发动机鉴定在内的概念论证阶段;按设想,“霍托尔”起飞后靠吸气发动机加速至5倍音速,升至2.6万米高空时,开动火箭发动机,将其推入地球轨道作太空飞行;“霍托尔”的研究费用预计达50亿美元;1．下列对航天飞机“不尽如人意”的表述,最准确的一项是A．需要大型的设施和大量的工作人员为其发射服务;B．发射的费用高,准备时间长;C．进入轨道前抛掉火箭助推器和外贮燃料箱;D．抛掉部分的费用占去了整个发射费用的42%,增加了发射成本;2．下列对空天飞机特点的理解,错误的一项是A．空天飞机在大气层中飞行时,不消耗氧化剂,所以可以轻装上阵;B．空天飞机可以在普通机场上起降,这就降低了其发射成本;C．空天飞机可以利用大气层中的氧气飞行,并利用吸气发动机直接加速进入地球轨道; D．空天飞机可以整体重复使用,大幅度降低了费用;3．下列对航天飞机与空天飞机的比较,不正确的一项是A．空天飞机也像航天飞机一样,以轨道器绕道运行方式在空间执行任务;B．航天飞机与空天飞机的发射方式不同,降落方式也不同;C．空天飞机也像航天飞机一样,在大气层外要使用自行携带的氧化剂;D．发射一架空天飞机的费用可能只是发射一架航天飞机费用的十分之一;二、阅读下面的文字,完成4-6题;依托于信息技术革命的网络社会改变了人们传统的空间和时间感受;空间和时间都不再是固定的,成为了“流动的空间”和“压缩的时间”;利用高速传播的音像信息,人们可以立刻进入到一个不同的空间,并参与其中；凭借强大的信息存储能力,不同时间发生的事情都能集中为同一个瞬间;这种变化导致了更为高速有效的经济活动,同时也使得经济组织彻底国际化人们的交往活动进一步加速,满足生活需要的各种活动更为方便快捷；由于减少了面对面的接触,人们也就变得更为独立自由,产生了一种普遍的解放感;新的时空感受给很多人带来了解放和自由的感觉,却也潜移默化地使人丧失了历史深度和特殊的地区认同,使人们在虚拟的数码文化中漂泊无依;这样一种虚拟文化严重挑战传统的男女性别关系、家庭亲情关系;表面上看,信息技术使得社会的组织和结合更为紧密有效,个人自由大幅度增加,个人能力也大幅度增强,但个人责任感和义务感却日益淡薄,自我意识日益脱离群体意识,传统的权威、人与人之间的沟通关系被无情地消解掉,导致了广泛而严重的自恋、孤独和原子化的个人主义,社会面临着解体的危险;简而言之,网络社会深刻地改变了我们所处世界的面貌,它提升了生产力、文化创造力和传播的潜能,但同时也削弱了社会组织的权威和人际关系纽带;在这样一种“流动的空间、压缩的时间”里,时间节奏突然加快、人际交往抽象化带来了社会普遍失去控制的焦虑和无力感,人们迫切地希望找到一种凝聚的力量,来对抗信息时代所产生的高度风险、无限分散、日益抽象化的总体趋势;应对网络社会的挑战,新的社会运动、国家和文明共同体理应发挥驾御和控制作用;各种新兴社会运动,如环境生态保护运动、女性运动等等,其实都是一种对抗网络社会的方式;这些运动和社会组织使人们重新认识并加强了自身的责任感、义务感以及性别认同和家庭纽带;在新形势下,我们应该重新审视国家的作用;在充满风险的、高度抽象化、分散化的网络时代,国家权威是抵制风险、保障社会生活、维护个人权利和尊严的有效力量；在传统家庭解体、各种社会团体日益消解、文化与信仰遭受冲击的情况下,建立起恰当的国家认同感,就有可能驱除人们普遍存在的无力感,使得每一个体重新焕发出自身的创造力;选自环球时报2003年7月7日,有删改4. 下面对“网络社会”的理解,不正确的一项是A. 网络社会依托于信息技术革命,即信息实观大量储存和高速传播;B. 网络社会的时间和空间都不是固定的,人们感受到的是“流动的空间”和“压缩的时间”;C. 网络社会改变了人们传统的时间感受,不同时间发生的事情可以在同一个瞬间展开;D. 网络社会改变了人们传统的空间感受,人们在同一时间里,既可以在这个空间,又可以在另一个空间;5. 对“网络社会深刻地改变了我们所处世界的面貌”一句,理解不正确的一项是A. 网络社会的经济活动和人际交往速度更快,更方便：人们更加独立自由,个人能力得到更大发挥;B. 网络社会提升了生产力和文化创造力,并使信息的传播更快捷、更广泛;C. 网络社会使人与人之间的沟通更方便快捷,加强了人际关系纽带;D. 网络社会使人丧失了历史的深度和地区认同,个人责任感和义务感日益淡薄;6. 下面不属于应对网络社会挑战措施的—项是A. 突破时空限制,发挥家庭的纽带作用,使人际交往更具体;B. 开展新的社会运动,加强社会成员自身的责任感和义务感;C. 建立恰当的国家认同感,使每一个体重新焕发出自身的创造力;D. 发挥文明共同体的驾御和控制作用,强化文化认同和信仰;三、阅读下面一段文字,完成7—9题神奇的基因疗法：人类健康长寿的希望随着人类遗传学的发展,研究人员认识到,人类最基本的遗传单位是染色体上的基因,基因是“制造”和“操纵”人类机体的蓝图,它指挥着细胞合成人类生命的基础——蛋白质;但是,当基因发生变化时,其编码的蛋白质不能履行自己正常的功能,这种情况下可能会出现疾病;经过多年的研究,研究人员寻找到了多种纠正缺陷基因的方法,其中最普遍的方法是将正常的基因插入基因组非特定的位置以取代有缺陷也称为失效或致病的基因;在这种方法中,研究人员通常会利用被称作传病媒介的载体将正常或治疗基因递送到病人的目标细胞中;目前,最常见的传痛媒介是已被人为改变携带了人体正常DNA的病毒;病毒在漫长的进化过程中,形成了一套独特的方式将白已的基因递送到人体细胞中,致使人体发病;研究人员试图除去病毒基因组中导致人体患病的基因,并加入治疗基因,然后利用病毒递送基因的特殊能力医治人类疾病;当病毒性传病媒介在抵达目标细胞如肝或肺细胞后,它便将携带的治疗人类基因的遗传物质“卸下”留在目标细胞中;在治疗基因给出的遗传指令下,细胞开始产生具有相应功能的蛋白质,从而恢复目标细胞的正常功能;通常,用于基因疗法传病媒介的病毒类型包括：逆转录病毒、腺病毒、腺相关病毒AAV和疱疹单式病毒;不同的病毒在人体中攻击的目标各不相同,因此它们在作为传病媒介时,携带的治疗基因和目标细胞也不尽相同;当然,除利用传病媒介递送治疗基因治疗疾病的方法外,还有其他几种非病毒递送基因的方法供研究人员选择;其中最简单的方法是直接向目标细胞“注入”治疗性DNA,然而这种方法应用范围十分有限,原因是它只适用于少数人体组织,却需要大量的DNA;现在,研究人员在实验将一条人造染色体或者称第47条染色体注入目标细胞中,这条人造染色体将与人体细胞中的23对46条染色体并存,不影响它们的工作或引起它们发生突变,同时也不会受人体免疫系统攻击;研究人员希望能将人造染色体作为一个大的传病媒介,携带大量的遗传密码;这种方法目前存在的问题是,将如此之大的分子递送到目标细胞的核内十分困难;尽管基因疗法从理论上讲具有很强的可行性,但在实践中却遇到了不少的困难;美国首例基因疗法临床试验开始于1990年,至今没有取得明显的效果;1999年,18岁的杰斯·格尔辛格接受试验性基因疗法治疗鸟氨酸转羧酶缺乏症时,在治疗的第4天由于多器官停止工作而去世;据认为,用作传病媒介的腺痛毒引起人体免疫系统强烈反应是导致杰斯死亡的原因;研究人员发现,有不少因素影响了基因疗法治疗遗传疾病的效果,其中包括基因疗法自然生命短、人体免疫系统反应强烈、病毒传病媒介存在的问题和多基因疾病;具体来说,治疗性DNA不易“融入”基因组以及许多细胞的快速分裂这两方面的问题,导致基因疗法无法取得长久的治疗效果,病人不得不多次接受治疗；人体免疫系统对“入侵者”的强烈反应影响了基因疗法的有效性,同时免疫系统产生的免疫反应导致病人重复接受基因疗法的难度加大；病毒传病媒介会给病人带来潜在的危害,如毒性、免疫及炎症反应;此外,人们担心传病媒介在进入人体后也许会重新恢复致病的活力；对单基因变异引起的疾病来说,基因疗法是最有效的方法;但是实际上,人体许多疾病是由多基因变异引起的,因此单基因疗法难以奏效;选自科技日报>,有删节7.以下对“基因”这一概念的说明,正确的一项是A.基因是人类最基本的遗传单位;B.基因是“制造”和“操纵”生物机体的蓝图;C.基因指挥着细胞合成人类生命的基础——蛋白质;D.当基因发生变化且不能履行自己正常的功能时,人类就会出现疾病;8.以下对“纠正缺陷基因最普遍的方法”的陈述,不正确的一项是A.将正常的基因插入基因组非特定的位置以取代有缺陷也称为失效或致病的基因;B.研究人员通常会利用被称作传病媒介的载体将正常或治疗基因递送到病人的目标细胞中;C.直接向目标细胞“注入”治疗性DNA;D.研究人员试图除去病毒基因组中导致人体患病的基因,并加入治疗基因,然后利用病毒递送基因的特殊能力医治人类疾病;9.下列表述,不符合原文意思的一项是A.目前,最常见的传病媒介是已被人为改变携带了人体正常DNA的病毒;病毒在漫长的进化过程中,形成了—套独特的方式将自己的基因递送到人体细胞中,致使人体发病;B.不同的病毒在人体中攻击的目标各不相同,但它们在作为传病媒介时,携带的治疗基因和目标细胞却是相同的;C.研究人员希望能将人造染色体作为一个大的传病媒介,使之携带大量的遗传密码,尽管将如此之大的分子递送到目标细胞的核内十分困难;D.尽管基因疗法从理论上讲具有很强的可行性,但在实践中却遇到了不少的困难;四、阅读下面短文,回答10-12题;中国的水资源总储量居世界第五,不少江河上已经建造了大型水坝;传统上,修建大坝的原因是变水为宝,不让水白白流掉;修建大坝的地方往往风景很美,而人民很穷;今天的西部大开发中,怒江上将修建13级大型水坝；大渡河主流和支流加在一起,将修建大小水坝356座;在河流上建坝,阻断了天然河道,导致河流的流态发生变化,进而引发整条河流上下游和河口的水文特征发生改变,这是建坝带来的最大生态问题,也是最令人担忧的问题;比如三门峡水利枢纽,就是因为改变了河道的流态,导致坝址上游泥沙淤积;另一方面,施工过程中也可能破坏山坡的平衡而引起滑坡;水坝常常选择在峡谷区,它的谷坡一般说来是不稳定的;例如金沙江虎跳峡,两岸山顶高出江面2500—3000米,江面宽度30—60米,这对于筑坝是有利的一面,但崖高坡陡,容易发生滑坡,虎跳峡就曾因山坡崩坍而引起断流;如果坝址的岩层疏松易坍,施工过程中就必须改变坝的位置,造成一定的经济损失;一旦洪水袭来,还易酿成垮坝灾难;1975年,中国河南驻马店地区在一次猝不及防的特大暴雨中就曾出现严重垮坝事件;修建大坝还会人为诱发地震;至今为止,全世界共有一百多座水库诱发过地震;川西、怒江、金沙江虎跳峡地区本就是地震活动性很高、地质构造运动活跃的地区,这些都是加剧诱发水库地震的高概率因素;近年来中国的天灾人祸,特别是渭河连年不断的水灾,使得五十年代中国三门峡水库的积极倡导者们终于在2003年10月开始承认：三门峡水患;针对2004年洪水并不是太大,泥石流、滑坡、地震却给人民的生命财产造成了极大威胁的状况,国家防总指挥部明确提出：给洪水以出路;这就是一方面要保证河道的畅通,让洪水能够比较顺利地下泻,同时要保证可以调蓄洪水的湖泊、洼地,尽量避免因我们的经济发展去侵占它;这种思路与目前国际上很多国家的想法和做法是一致的;10．下列不属于对于修建峡谷大坝意义的传统认识的一项是A．不让江河之水白白流掉,充分利用水资源发电;B．开发水资源丰富地区,推动当地经济发展;C．就着峡谷地形建造大坝,可以节省建坝投资;D．保证湖泊、洼地可以调蓄洪水,而不去侵占;11．对本文所说修建大坝的危害理解错误的一项是A．影响了河水的天然流向,使河流的流态发生变化,改变水文特征;B．建坝过程会导致峡谷山坡崩坍,建成后会使上游泥沙淤积,影响生态;C．由于岩层土石疏松,大坝建成后可能移位,加剧岩石崩坍;D．诱发地震,洪水之时可能垮坝,给人民的生命财产造成严重损失;12．下列解说,符合原文意思的一项是A．修建大型水坝不是仅仅为了利用水流发电,还应从其他方面认识修建大坝的意义; B．国际上防治洪水的观点和做法,就是要让洪水能够顺利下泻,并有地方调蓄;C．大坝和水库诱发地震要以该地区地震活动性很高、地质构造运动活跃为前提;D．在严酷的现实面前,三门峡水库的积极倡导者们率先认识到水库大坝的危害;参考答案1．B A项,“需要有约4000—5000个工作人员来为其服务”并非说为其“发射”服务；C项文中说“当航天飞机进入轨道之前,必须把火箭助推器和外贮燃料箱抛掉,抛掉的费用约占发射费用的42%”强调的是“费用”；D项“抛掉的费用”不等于“抛掉部分的费用”“增加了”没有比较,可以说成本高但不能说“增加了”,且与B项比较不够全面;2．C “它既能在大气层中像航空飞机那样利用大气层中的氧飞行”说明“利用大气层中的氧飞行”条件是“在大气层中飞行”时,“吸气发动机”是一种名为“霍托尔”的空天飞机这个个体使用的发动机并不能说明所有的空天飞机都使用这种发动机,此外靠“吸气发动机”的“霍托尔”空天飞机上升到万米高空时还要借助火箭发动机的推力才将空天飞机送进地球轨道;A项相关信息“飞机不携带氧化剂,充分利用空气中的氧,这样可以大大减轻飞机重量;”B项,因为它不以发射火箭的方式发射,所以费用就降低了；D项相关信息“它可以完全重复使用,大幅度降低费用;”3．A “轨道器”是原航天飞机的组成部分,空天飞机是完整地进入轨道;4. D;根据第一段“人们可以立刻进入到一个不同的空间”一句可看出“人们在同一时间里,既可以在这个空间,又可以在另一个空间”不合文意;5. C;“加强;人际关系纽带”错;第二段虽然讲人们的“交际活动”进一步加速,但第三段中讲人与人之间的“沟通关系”被无情地消解掉；第四段又说“削弱了”“人际关系纽带”;6. A;第五段谈应对挑战的办法,没有“突破时空限制”的意思;A句应是“染色体上的基因”；B句中的“生物”应为“人类”；D句“不能履行自己正常的功能”说的是基因“编码的蛋白质”;该项所陈述的是非病毒递送基因的一种方法;应是“不尽相同的”;第 10 题：Ｄ这是与目前国际上很多国家的想法和做法一致的思路,不属于传统认识; 第 11 题：Ｃ该项误解了“施工过程中就必须改变坝的位置”一句,施工过程中改变位置不等于大坝建成后移位;第 12 题：Ｂ本文意在指出一味修建水坝的弊端,提出应更换思路,全方位考虑水利建设,而不是说建大坝的意义,故Ａ项错误；修建大坝会人为诱发地震,不以原地质构造为前提,“地震活动性很高、地质构造运动活跃”是加剧诱发水库地震的因素,故Ｃ项错误；从“终于……开始承认”来看,“五十年代三门峡水库的积极倡导者们”很迟才认识到水库大坝的危害,故Ｄ项错误;。

科技说明文范文400字作文(精选10篇)科技说明文范文400字作文【篇1】对于科技这个词语，大家都很熟悉。

简单说来，科技就是科学技术。

从广义的角度来看，它是指自然科学技术和社会科学技术的总和。

改革开放以来，随着时间的推移，科技如雨后春笋，正在祖国大地迅猛地发展。

环顾生活，科技是无处不在的，科技就在我身边!我们的家中有不少的科技品。

手机是必不可少的，它能帮我们和远方的亲戚打说话，这时我们会感觉地球缩小了。

现在的手机科技发展速度惊人，现在的手机不仅能给远方的亲戚打说话，还有了电脑和电视的功能，也可以上网玩游戏，看电影，听音乐。

还能够联通科技手表进行通话。

科技给我们带来了欢乐。

电脑也是是或需要的，它也能网玩游戏，看电影，听音乐还能做文件等，有了电脑你还可以与朋友视频、通话。

不难看出，这一切，人们享用的都是科技的成果!由此可知，科技，帮助我们创造了优越的生活环境;科技，提高了我们的生活质量;科技，是全世界人们智慧的结晶;科技，提高了我们的生活质量;科技，为我们祖国插上了“翅膀”!科技说明文范文400字作文【篇2】在未来的几十年里，会有一种新型的科技馆问世。

它就是人民科技馆。

从外观看来，整个建筑显螺旋上升形态，表现了科学技术的不断进步。

建筑的中间是一个具有标志性的巨大琉璃球体，镶嵌在一潭清水之间，它寓意着生命的诞生。

建筑外形西低东高，螺旋上攀，如巨翼翔升，腾飞。

其昂扬特立的身姿风采，在全世界科技馆家族中独一无二。

在晚上，国周明灯完全打开后，灯光映在玻璃物上，就像一座闪亮的海底水晶宫。

在人民科持馆的前方有两行白杨树，白杨树的中间有一个水渠，水渠里装满了水。

给人一种很清爽的感觉，水渠里还有一些水鱼儿，红的，白的，黑的，黄的，黑白相间的'都有，它们可机灵啦!而且这个水渠的水不管怎么下大雨，不管怎么污染，它都不会变得污浊。

走进科技馆，里面的样子更可以让观看的人们叹为观止。

金色的，带有光泽的墙纸，透明，晶莹的地板砖，高大玻璃柜，里面放着一件又一件让人心动，又惊奇的发明和制作。

科技说明文阅读题及答案科技说明文阅读题及答案大家都写过作文，肯定对各类作文都很熟悉吧，尤其是在作文中有重要意义的说明文，说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。

它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。

优秀的说明文都具备一些什么特点呢？以下是小编收集整理的科技说明文阅读题及答案，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。

①长期以来，我国城市路面非“黑”即“白”（黑色沥青和白色水泥两种颜色），而在欧洲，如英国、德国、荷兰等国，彩色路面已较为普及。

通过道路颜色的不同，如红、绿、蓝、黄等，提示不同车辆的驾驶者在规定的路面上行驶，从而避免了车辆的混行，大大增强了安全性。

②现在，国内一些城市也开始采用彩色路面。

以北京为例，当汽车行驶到二环路雍和宫到东直门转弯处时会发现此处路面与别处不同，一是呈暗红色，原来此处为事故多发地，改变路面颜色以引起司机注意；二是路面加铺了一层颗粒状防滑材料。

在上海的局部地区还出现了碧绿色、橘黄色的路面，各种车辆“各行其道”。

这种彩色路面不仅美化了市容，还能起到防滑、提示司机减速以减少交通事故发生，方便交通管理等作用。

③与此同时，一种新颖的多孔隙沥青透水路面也应运而生。

这种能够吸纳回收雨水的路面技术的采用，对于缺水的城市来说，无疑是一个福音。

这种技术将沥青路面做成“三层”：最上层安置了透水材料，中间层安置了雨水分流设施，将来自最上层的雨水分流到排水管以回收利用，最底层为密封层，防止雨水渗透到地下。

④透水路面采用的是在普通沥青中加入了强化纤维的混合料，使路面孔隙率由普通沥青路面的4%左右提高到15%—25%，有的'甚至高达30%，大大提高了路面吸收雨水的能力。

这种材料的特点还决定了其使用寿命要高于传统路面，因为它能避免冬季道路冻结对路面材料结构造成的破坏。

另外，下雨时，这种路面不积水，不溅水，汽车行驶时不易打滑，有利于交通安全。

⑤目前在欧洲，透水路面的普及率已达15%一18%。

科技说明文训练（有答案有解析）（一）白蚁的破坏作用常言说：“千里之堤，溃于蚁穴”。

1998年长江流域遭遇特大洪水，一些堤坝出现“涌”就是蚁害所致。

当然，这里所说的“蚁”不是普通的蚂蚁，而是土白蚁。

土白蚁行踪诡秘，为害隐蔽。

一些外表看来完好无损的河堤土坝很可能已经遭受严重破坏。

荆江大堤上飞驰的小吉普竟然全车陷落在土坝中，至于行人、水牛跌入坝中“陷阱”情形就更是屡见不鲜了。

那么，小小的白蚁为什么能掏空千里之堤，使之毁于一旦呢？①科学研究的结果告诉我们，我国的白蚁大体上可分为三类：木栖性白蚁、土栖性白蚁和土木两栖性白蚁。

②破坏堤坝的白蚁主要是土栖性白蚁，即专在土中筑巢的一类白蚁。

③一个成年蚁巢内的几百万只白蚁在一起过着“有组织、有纪律”的群体生活。

④白蚁的社会有严格的分工：蚁王、蚁后专门繁殖后代；兵蚁负责安全保卫；工蚁数量最多，从事筑巢、觅食等基本劳动。

⑤土白的巢穴在地下可深达两米，主巢大约1－2立方米，主巢周围的副巢多达百余个，巢穴之间有四通八达的蚁道相连。

⑥由于土白蚁不断在堤坝内分群、蚕食、筑巢，使得堤坝中蚁巢星罗棋布。

⑦一旦汛期来临，水位高涨，水流溢入蚁道、蚁穴，就会出现堤坝管涌、渗漏和滑坡等险情；如果不及时排除，则会堤崩坝垮，出现灾难性后果。

土白蚁对人类而言是一种有害昆虫。

土白蚁蚁群庞大，繁殖迅速，习性隐蔽，破坏力强，要彻底消除它的危害并非易事。

近年来，科学工作者已在这个领域取得了多项研究成果，“千里之堤，固若金汤”的远景必将成为现实。

1．下面是对第2段部分内容的概括，选择与其相应的句子，将它（它们）的序号写在括号内。

写土白蚁的社会分工（）写土白蚁的群体生活（）写土白蚁对堤坝破坏严重的直接原因和由此产生的后果（）2．第1段中画线的句子使用了＿＿＿＿＿＿的说明方法，第2段第⑤句使用了＿＿＿＿＿＿的说明方法。

3．本文的说明顺序是下列哪一项？选择正确答案，将它的字母写在括号内。

（）A．由整体到部分 B．由主要到次要C．由概括到具体 D．由结果到原因4．从文中找出能恰当、准确表达下列语意的词语，分别写在横线上。

科技说明文阅读及答案【篇一：2013高考各地语文卷科技说明文阅读题及答案】的文字，完成7-9题病毒不同于其他所有生物，它不是由细胞组成的。

一个细胞中的结构要进行生命活动：进食、产生能量、生长、对环境的改变作出反应。

但这一切病毒都没有。

当它呆在细胞外时，它实际上是很小的、无生命的、懒惰的颗粒。

它进入细胞后，灾难就来了。

所有的病毒都由两部份组成：核酸构成的核和包住核的一层蛋白质，在有些情况下是脂肪或类脂的包膜。

蛋白质外表或类脂包膜（如果有的话）使病毒依附上细胞膜----然后病毒进入细胞。

实际上这并不容易。

病毒外衣的表面必须刚好依附在细胞膜的“接收器”的位置。

即使在理想的条件下，病毒与合适的细胞的几千次撞击中，也只有一次能使它们正确地连接。

这就可以解释为什么通常的病毒只对特定的细胞起作用。

狂犬病和感冒则是最明显的例外，它们能感染的范畴级广。

一旦病毒依附上细胞，它有几种方法穿过细胞膜进入细胞。

在细胞膜上开一个小洞让它进去，有脂肪包膜的病毒能将它们的包膜与细胞膜融合而使它们进入细胞。

当病毒进入细胞，它就开始回复成它自己了。

要理解它都干了些什么，我们必须更进一步了解它的核酸中心。

核酸存在于每个活的细胞和病毒中。

它们有两种基本种类——dna和rna。

dna构成基因组合。

这意味着一个特定的dna里储藏了构造和维持一种特定生物体的信息。

dna是怎样决定生物的形式和功能的呢？它控制细胞和生物体制造蛋白质。

不同的dna产生不同的蛋白质，不同的蛋白质构成不同的生物体。

rna是干什么的呢？rna在细胞中的主要功能是充当信息的传递者。

它将信息从dna（在所有细胞的细胞核中）传递到合成蛋白质的地方（在细胞核外）。

dna像模板一样造出正确的rna，rna又同样制造出正确的蛋白质。

病毒要么有dna，要么有rna，但不会两样都有。

在病毒中，rna不是信息的传递者而是基因物质。

病毒进入并强迫细胞制造出更多的病毒，必须有一些蛋白质和核酸的组合与细胞的类似。

[分析]本文的题目“白蚁的破坏作用”主要是通过第二段的说明体现出来的。

第一段主要通过举例子的方法形象、生动地说明了土白蚁的破坏作用，从而引出了下文的话题：“小小的白蚁为什么能掏空千里之堤，使之毁于一旦呢？”第二段就是承上文具体说明了土白蚁的生活习性以使土白蚁破坏的直接原因及严重后果。

第三段则展望了未来消除白蚁危害的远景。

①第一题是对第二段文字的具体分析。

第二段的七句话说明了以下内容：第一句说明白蚁的分类；第二句指出说明的对象土石蚁及其姘征——筑巢；第三句说明土白蚁的生活习性——群体生活；第四句说明土白蚁的分工；第五、六句说明土白蚁在堤坎内筑巢的情况，这也就是白蚁破坏堤坎的直接原因；第七句则是说明严重的后果的。

②第一段中画线的句子用了举例子的说明方法具体说明了“一些外表看来完好无损的河堤土坎很可能已经遭受严重破坏”这句话的内容。

第二段的第⑤句话则适用了列数字的说明方法，“两米”、“1—2立方米”、“百余个”等几个具体数字说明了白蚁之所以能使大堤受到严重损害的原因。

③第三题涉及到本文说明顺序的问题，本文的说明顺序很显然是逻辑顺序，但究竟是哪一种具体的类型呢？本文开头就指出了土白蚁掏空千里之堤，使之毁于一旦的结果，然后又具体说明了造成这种后果的原因，所以应选D。

④这一小题是词语的练习，重要的是先理解题中所给的语意，根据这些语意再去找相应的词语就简单的多了。

⑤这一小题考察的是分析说明文语言特点的能力。

说明文的语言以准确为前提，有的文章以平实为主，有的则以生动见长。

本文的语言以平实为主，同时，题中要分析的词语“对人类而言”在文中起到的是限制作用，限制了土白蚁危害的对象，使文章的语言更准确，说明内容更科学，如果去掉的话，则只是笼统地说土白蚁是害虫，并且与本文所说明的内容也不能完全一放起来，所以去掉它就不够准确了。

[分析]本文共有两段文字，第一段文字从太阳能以外的其它能源——化石燃料，核聚变发电的角度说明“利用太阳以发电是一种必然的选择”这一内容，从而说明了，在一定时期内（化石燃料面监枯竭，核聚变发电又未有商品化的一段时间）太阳能是人类生存最重要的能源这一说明中心。

科技主题的优秀说明文800字5篇现在，正是一个科学技术高速发展的时代，随着科技的发展，人类文明正不断向前迈进，许多新奇的东西也纷纷被发明和发现。

所以我认为，科技发展利大于弊。

下面小编给大家带来关于科技的说明文，方便大家学习。

科技主题的优秀说明文1随着科学技术的高度发展，科技是利是弊成了人们热议的话题。

它可以造福于人类，让人类的明天更加美好光明，但同时它又是一把双刃剑。

近年来有人为它所救，也有人因此深受伤害，如何运用科技成果显然成了一个重大的问题。

时代日新月异，科技突飞猛进，世界正在发生天翻地覆的变化，科技给人带来了太多的思考。

古时候，人们如果不在一起，那就很难联系上，如果远隔千里，交流就变得十分麻烦了;然而如今互联网高度发展，地球成了一个小小的村子，你可以随时随地跟千里之外的亲人保持联系。

不仅如此，现在交流方式也多种多样，可以发信息、打电话、语音聊天、视频通话，在以前却只有写信一途。

古时候，人类照明十分麻烦，而且总是存在很多隐患，因为蜡烛是明火，如果把它安置在易燃物附近，倒下就会后患无穷;自从爱迪生发明了电灯，光亮就无处不在，而且各式各样的灯十分美观。

灯火通明、永不熄灭成为一道独特的现代城市夜景。

以前，身处底层社会的百姓，不仅吃不饱，穿不暖，更可怕的是疾病的困扰。

那时的人身体羸弱，身高不如现在，体重更不必说，就连出生时母子的死亡率也非常高。

贫苦百姓生活在有病难治的恐惧之中。

而现在医学十分发达，只有几种病解决不了，而且我相信，在不久的未来，人们肯定会攻破剩下的医学难关。

当然，科技带给我们的危害也不小。

现在的武器十分发达，如果大战真正爆发，后果不堪设想，人类很可能就此走向灭亡。

就算没有杀伤力巨大的武器，人类社会的生存安全也十足堪忧。

在科技发达的现代社会，很多人借助外卖、快递的便利都不愿活动，身体素质越来越差。

身体素质差的同时，还有外在的环境被破坏，客观上让人们的身体健康再度受到威胁。

我们也知道，工业污染、汽车尾气等因素归根到底是由科技的发展所引起的。

历年高考英语真题分类汇编之阅读理解科技说明文（2023年1月浙江卷）CA machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion.Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There's never a stage at which the sys tem knows what it's talking about.”What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean.Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that's why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.28.Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph?A.To explain the use of a software program.B.To show the cleverness of Project Debater.C.To introduce the designer of Project Debater.D.To emphasize the fairness of the competition.29.What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Arguments.B. Doubts.C. Errors.D. Differences.30.What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond?A. Create rules.B. Comprehend meaning.C. Talk fluently.D. Identify difficult words.31.What can we learn from the last paragraph?A.Social interaction is key to understanding symbols.B.The human brain has potential yet to be developed.C.Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.D.Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.（2023年1月浙江卷）DAccording to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed ( 安装) has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven't given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they'll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Mackn ick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE) project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” s olar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home garde ns, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soilimprovement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that's going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.32.What do solar developers often ignore?A.The decline in the demand for solar energy.B.The negative impact of installing solar panels.C.The rising labor cost of building solar farms.D.The most recent advances in solar technology.33.What does InSPIRE aim to do?A.Improve the productivity of local farms.B.Invent new methods for controlling weeds.C.Make solar projects environmentally friendly.D.Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.34.What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?A. To conserve pollinators.B. To restrict solar development.C. To diversify the economy.D. To ensure the supply of energy.35.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Pollinators: To Leave or to StayB. Solar Energy: Hope for the FutureC. InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD. Solar Farms: A New Development(2022年全国乙卷）CCan a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s eyes in the sky technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews efforts.By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-valueservices for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.B.Drones ability to work at high altitudes.C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.D. Drones reliable performance in remote areas.29. What does maintenance underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Personnel safety.B. Assistance from drones.C. Inspection and repair.D. Construction of infrastructure.30. What function is expected of the rail drones?A. To provide early warning.B. To make trains run automatically.C. To earn profits for the crews.D. To accelerate transportation.31. Which is the most suitable title for the text?A. What Faults Can Be Detected with DronesB. How Production of Drones Can Be ExpandedC. What Difficulty Drone Development Will FaceD. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways（2022年全国Ⅰ卷）DHuman speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages.More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touchingthe lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on?A. Its variety.B. Its distribution.C. Its quantity.D. Its development.33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.B. They could not open and close their lips easily.C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A. Supporting evidence for the research results.B. Potential application of the research findings.C. A further explanation of the research methods.D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?A. It is key to effective communication.B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.C. It is a complex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evolution of human beings.（2022年全国Ⅱ卷）DAs we age, even if we're healthy, the heart just isn't as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early60s. And among people who don't exercise, the changes can start even sooner."Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken," says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That's what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven't been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of non aerobic（无氧）exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health."We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts," says Levine. "And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump（泵送）a lot more blood during exercise." But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn't change, he says."The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven't already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility," Levine says. "We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all."Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine's findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?A. The right way of exercising.B. The causes of a heart attack.C. The difficulty of keeping fit.D. The aging process of the heart.33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?A. Diet plan.B. Professional background.C. Exercise type.D. Previous physical condition.34. What does Levine's research find?A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?A. Making use of the findings.B. Interviewing the study participants.C. Conducting further research.D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.（2022年北京卷）DQuantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype (炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of do llars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparin g what we are doing with others.”Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend oranyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________.A.sympatheticB.unconcernedC.doubtfulD.excited32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing?A.His dominance in physics.B.The competition in the field.C.His confidence in PyQuantum.D. The investment of tech companies.33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?A.Open.B.Cool.eful.D.Resistant.34. Which would be the best title for the passage?A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?（2022年浙江卷）BAll around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small packages.Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban areas where access to natur e is often not that easy,” says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from theatmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally.24. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement?A. It has achieved notable success.B. It is led by a number of schools.C. It began in Europe in the 1970s.D. It will spread to the countryside.25. What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK?A. To promote eco-tourism.B. To improve forestry research.C. To popularise gardening.D. To get people close to nature.26. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest?A. They are small in size.B. They are thickly planted.C. They are foreign species.D. They are heavily fertilised.（2021年全国Ⅱ卷）DAn Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags （标签）on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape，color and texture （质地）of grass. That way，cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concems about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their valuehas risen, making them appealing targets.32.What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?A. Soil pollution.ck of workers.C.Aging machines.D. Low profitability.33. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?A.Monitor the quality of grass.B.Cure the diseased cattle.C.Move cattle to another field.D.Predict weather changes.34.Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?A. He wants to help them earn a living.B.He thinks men can do the job better.C. He is inexperienced in using robots.D.He enjoys the traditional way of life.35.How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?A.Increase the value of cattle.B. Bring down the cost of labor.C.Make the job more appealing.D.Keep cattle from being stolen.（2021年全国乙卷）You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin V on Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash.Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of V on Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes.Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.In a piece from 2018, V on Wong wanted to illustrate（说明）a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” V on Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped（倾倒）from a truck all at once.V on Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.28.What are V on Wong's artworks intended for？______A.Beautifying the city he lives in.B.Introducing eco-friendly products.C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.D.Reducing garbage on the beach.29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3？______A.To show the difficulty of their recycling.B.To explain why they are useful.C.To voice his views on modern art.D.To find a substitute for them.30. What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers？______A.Calming.B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing.D.Challenging.31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text？______A.Artists' Opinions on Plastic SafetyB.Media Interest in Contemporary ArtC.Responsibility Demanded of Big CompaniesD.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures（2020全国I卷）DThe connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow（发光）in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team f ound that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can besprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source（电源）—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission（传输）.Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A. To detect plants’ lack of waterB. To change compositions of plantsC. To make the life of plants longer.D. To test chemicals in plants.34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?A. They will speed up energy production.B. They may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energy consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Can we grow more glowing plants?B. How do we live with glowing plants?C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?（2020年全国II卷）BSome parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.。

本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==四年级科技类说明文阅读理解篇一：小学四年级语文说明文阅读理解题小学四年级语文说明文阅读理解题班级姓名（一）阅读下面文章，完成第1-6题。

什么是智力？有人说，智力的涵义包括聪颖、预见、速度，能同时应付很多事件。

有人把智力定义为学习、作判断的能力和想象力。

在现代文献中，智力常常指的是抽象思维的能力、推理的能力和整理信息的能力。

还有人把智力表达得更简洁，说智力是作猜测，是发现一些新的内在秩序的"出色的猜测".对许多人来说，就是你不知怎么办时，无计可施时，惯常的做法不奏效时，所需要的创新能力。

那么人的智力是否高于其他动物呢？这取决于脑的发达程度，脑只有外面那一层——大脑皮层——明显地与形成"新的联想"有关。

而人的大脑皮层甚至比甜橙皮还薄，大约只有2毫米，仅相当于一枚一角硬币的厚度。

人的大脑皮层布满了皱褶，但是如果把它剥离下来并将它展开，它的面积大约相当于4张打印纸。

黑猩猩的大脑皮层只有1张打印纸那么大；猴子的像明信片那么大；老鼠的只有邮票那么大。

因此，人的智力比动物的智力高很多。

（节选自《大脑如何思维》，有删改，作者威廉。

卡尔文）1.选文的说明对象是______________________.2.选文的说明顺序是__________________________________________.3.第二段选文运用的说明方法___________________________________.4.第二段选文中两次用到"大约"一词，这体现了选文语言的什么特点？答：__________________________________________________________5.用简洁的语言概括选文的主要内容。