水利水电工程专业英语教材--迟道才
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书名:水利工程专业英语作者:肖毅ISBN:9787114158001出版社:人民交通出版社出版时间:2020-04定价:39元设计、施工及运行等方面英文专业论述,系统梳理了水利工程专业术语的英文释义及科技论文写法,涉及水文与水资源、水利水电工程、港口航道工程以及水利施工管理等相关专业内容。
实施水利工程专业英语课程思政是新时期高校水利专业人才培养的要求,水利工程专业英语教学作为我国基础设施建设人才培养的关键环节,必须要积极转变教学思想,从当前专业英语教学的实际出发,通过选择合适的教材内容,深入挖掘教材当中蕴含的思政元素,让思政内容在潜移默化中影响学生。
课程思政概念的引入能够突出教学目标中的育人价值,将思政元素与英语素质培养结合,能够推动人才培养水平的提高。
选取合适文章内容,明确水利工程专业英语教学的定位。
英语作为西方文化传播的重要载体,对学生的思想能够产生巨大影响,作者在选取文章内容时对此问题进行了关注,没有将英文文章选取工作放在意识形态范畴之外,而是认识到了英语教学对学生思想的影响。
该书作者通过对各类水利工程的专业英文文章进行梳理和论述,将涉及水利工程专业的相关科技文章内容进行了介绍,在课文选取中,作者重点对文章的背后承载着思想文化和价值观念进行了筛选,选取了适合学生阅读的专业内容。
植根于中国国情,突出水利工程专业英语教学的价值。
该书详细介绍了水利工程专业科技论文的写法,涵盖了水利工程各专业的主要内容。
作者在编著过程中,深刻认识到了水利工程专业英语教学对国家、社会的意义和对高素质水利工程专业人才培养的价值,选取内容植根于我国国情,深度挖掘了水利工程专业英语教学的价值,从学生专业能力培养的角度出发,选择了适合学生学情的内容。
课文的覆盖范围广,难度由浅到深,可让学生在学习当中能够快速掌握英语能力,更好地运用英语进行科技论文写作,帮助学生提高英语的理解能力,深化对水利工程专业知识的理解,从而推动课堂教学效果提高,有利于培养出更多具有专业素水利工程专业英语教学活动因为其特殊的语言特点,很多文章内容都是西方的原版,伴随着英美文化的输入和意识形态渗透,学生的思想可受到一定的冲击。
P71 2-1混凝土重力坝类型基本上,重力水坝保持其对设计载荷从几何形状和混凝土的质量和强度稳定坚固的混凝土结构。
一般情况下,它们在一条直线轴构成,但也可以稍微弯曲或成角度,以适应特定的现场条件。
重力坝通常由非溢流坝段(S)和溢出部分或溢洪道。
这两个一般混凝土的施工方法,混凝土重力坝是常规放置大体积混凝土和碾压。
Conventional concrete dams.传统的混凝土大坝。
(1)传统上放置大体积混凝土坝的特点是建筑施工中用的材料和配料使用的技术,混匀,放置,固化和大体积混凝土的温度控制(美国混凝土学会(ACI)207.1 R-87)。
典型溢出和非溢出部分示于图2-1和图2-2。
建筑采用已开发和完善了多年设计和建造大体积混凝土大坝的方法。
普通混凝土的水泥水化过程限制大小和混凝土浇筑的速度和建设就必须在巨石满足裂缝控制要求。
通常采用大尺寸的粗集料,混合比例被选择为产生低坍落度混凝土,使经济,在放置期间保持良好的加工性,水化过程中发育的最低温度上升,并产生重要性能如强度,抗渗性和耐久性。
大坝建设与传统的混凝土容易便于安装管道,压力管道,画廊等,在结构内。
(2)施工过程包括配料和混合,运输,安置,振动,冷却,固化,并准备电梯间的水平施工缝。
在重力坝大体积混凝土通常证明一个现场搅拌站,并需要足够的质量和数量,位于或项目的经济范围内的总根源。
一般是在水桶由卡车,铁路,起重机,索道,或这些方法的组合进行4至12立方码大小不等,从批次厂坝运输。
最大桶大小通常是通过有效地扩散和振动混凝土桩后它被从桶倾倒的能力受到限制。
混凝土被放置在5-升降机至10英尺的深度。
每部电梯由连续层不超过18至20英寸。
振动一般由大的人,气动,开钻式振动器进行。
保洁水平施工缝固化过程中去除表面上的薄弱浮浆薄膜的方法包括绿色切削,湿喷砂和高压气水射流。
传统的混凝土安置的其他详情载于EM 1110-2-2000。
(3)由于水泥水化产生的热量,需要在大体积混凝土的放置和放置几天后仔细的温度控制。
strain meter 应变计set out 放线、放样stake-line temperature sensor 温度传感器测桩线state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标集线站terminal station其他(Others)系survey point 测点check hole 检查孔theoretical point 灌区理论点compartmenttraverse(polygon) 导线(测dense mix 浓浆量)、横断error of traverse 导线闭合差foundation uplift 基础隆起lattice traverse 网格状导线灌浆孔grout holelong side traverse instrument hole 仪器孔长导线open traverse 非闭合primary/secondary and tertiary grout holes 一导线short side traverse 短导线序、二序、三序灌浆孔traverse closure 导线闭合加密灌浆孔距spilt spacingtraverse station 导线点waste mix 弃浆traverse survey 导线测量Survey◆测量()triangulation 测量方法及术语(Methods and Terms)三角测量triangulation network 三角网调整校正adjust 、triangulation of high order 高等级三角网adjustment 平差triangulation point 容许误差allowance 三角点三边测量backsight point 后视点trilateration程控制网basic point 基础点vertical-control net 高bench mark 水准点木桩wood pile Angular Measure)角度测量(compass 罗盘azimuth 方位角chainage(station number) 桩号象限角bearing 方位三角锁chain of triangulation 、器、水准buddle 、check 校核对照气泡圆盘circle 度盘、控制control point 点器圆水坐标点coordinate point 准circular bubbledatum 基础面轴视准collimation axis点基datum point 准十字丝cross-line(cross-hair)偏差depression angle 俯角deviationeasily identifiable point elevation angle 仰角点容易识别eyepiece(ocular) error 误差目镜量field pole(staff) 标杆一等三角测first order triangulationgeodetic foot-screw 学的大地测量脚螺栓量geodetic surveying 大地测水平角horizontal angle量合联测)mark 标志(明joint survey已知点known point 物镜objective lens面水level surface 准垂线铅垂、plumb(plummet)局local triangulation networks 准、观测sight 瞄部三角网准瞄target 国national coordination system 家坐标网目标、监视观测observe 、纬仪theodolite 经point to be located 待定点横轴tranverse axistripod 三脚架置位、定位position踏勘、选点reconnaissance 竖直角vertical angle参考点reference point vertical axis 竖轴量二等三角测second order triangulation Telescope望远镜()1centering 对中reduced level 归化高差run back 返测盘左face leftrun out 往测face right 盘右three-wire leveling 三丝法水准focus 集中、焦点测量地形测量(Topographic Survey focusing 调焦)boundary 边界、界线index error 指标误差inverted position of telescope(reverse construction stake 施工标桩contour 等高线盘右telescope)倒镜、normal position of telescope(direct telescope)contour interval 等高距contouring 绘等高线、正镜盘右contour-length method 光学垂准器等高线延长法optical plummetcontour line 等高线round 测回control network 控制网set 套、组detail 细部、详图station 测站draw 绘图距离测量(Distance Measure)field 外业气barometer 压计fix 固定、确定base line(basic line/datum line) 基线form line 地形图电battery 池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement) grid 格网information 注记、资料、情报电磁波测距marginal information 轮廓注记滤波器滤光片filter 、large-scale 大比例尺的laser alignment system 激光准直系统latitude 纬度、范围laser beam 激光束latitude circle 纬圈prism 棱镜latitude line range 纬线距离测程、legend 图例long range 远程location 定线、程medium range 中定位longitude 经short range 短程度longitude line 测距仪经线range findermap signal 地图、制图信号mapping 制图、测spring balance 弹簧称图、地质素描match line 拼接线卷尺tapemonument 标石invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺、石柱object 高程测量(Height Measurement地物、目标)plan 程、高海拔平面图、略图altitude/elevationplot 近似approximate leveling 置绘图粗平平、profile 断面(图)、纵剖图准自动定平水automatic level 仪difference in altitude(difference of record 记录、资料setup 定置elevation ,height difference) 高差仪器site location error of closure in leveling 差合闭准定位水stake out 放样、定线平置、精平exact leveling 确、立桩symbol 仪(测点)准水level 符号、记号topographic detail 水level circuit 地形细部环合准闭topographic map 地形图尺垫准水level shoe◆原形观测观测仪器和设施线路准水line of level {Instrumentationand Facilities)国national geodetic vertical datum 家大地高air-entraining meter 面准基程掺气剂2Carlson-type piezometer 卡尔逊式渗压计component 零部件coordinator 坐标仪concrete strain meter 砼应变计damping box 阻尼角convergent point 收敛测点differential resistance direct plumb line 正垂线差动电阻double layer rubber sleeve earth pressure cell 土压力盒双层保护forced centering plate 强制embankment piezometer 坝体渗压计对中盘instrument lead 仪器电堤应变计缆embankment strain meterinvar wire 铟瓦丝extended wire 引张线metal ring 计金属环foundation piezometer 基础渗压plumb coordinate meter horizontal inclinometer 水平测斜仪垂线坐标仪pulley 滑轮hydraulic instrument 水力学仪器regulator 调节器水听器hydrophoneriser 立管inclinometer casing 测斜管sensor interface joint meter 界面变位传感器计spool inverted plumb line 倒垂线绕轴steel socket 钢micro piezometer 微压计底座tablet 多点位移计药片multiple position extensometertensioning weight 张拉重锤observation point 观测标点thermistor 热敏电observation well 观测井阻tip 测头视optical alignment line 准线安装过程(Procession of Installation)plate strain meter 钢板计assemble 组装pneumatic piezometer 气压式渗压计couple 连接脉动压力pressure fluctuation meter 计prestressed tendon anchorage 埋设embed安装install 索dynamometer 预应力锚测力计绝缘insulate rock bolt extensometer 锚杆测力计维护计single point extensometer 单点位移maintenancespiral sensor 测扭仪监测monitor测压standpipe 管仪器保护protection of instrumentation归纳reduce 强震仪strong-motion seismograghsurface monument 表密封seal 面标点拼接temperature sensor 温度传感器splice提供终端房terminal house supplyterminal station 终端站测试testInformation资料(倾角tilt meter 计)简图计时均压力time average pressure cell assemble schematic 装配合格证书总压力盒total pressure cell certificate书说计velometer 流速使用明descriptionvertical inclinometer 垂直测斜仪维护指南maintenace guideline书震旋式渗压vibrating wire piezometer 计manual 说明振旋式沉降vibrating wire settlement sensor 理工作原operating principle作仪范围operating restraint 操序procedure 水堰量的带微压weir with micro piezometer 计程程基点工作working base point 序分trouble shooting procedure 鼓掌析zerostress-strain meter 其他(Others)计砼无应力间)Acessories and Spare Parts附件及配件(行annular space 环空coil data acquisition 盘绕数据采集 3cement mark(strength of cement /cement 数据记录data recordinggrade) 水泥标号leas drilling hole 引线孔consumptive use of water normal consistance 永久记录permanent record标准稠度用水readout device 读数设备量degree of mobilization 流动性saturated 饱和的dissolution heat ( solution heat ) 溶解热seepage isolation dike 截渗堤final set trapezoidal 梯形终凝flexural strength 抗弯强度◆水工常规试验flyash 粉煤灰砼原材料试验(Test of Raw and Processedhydration heat 水化热Material of Concrete)initial set Aggregate)初凝骨料(abrasion volume by Los Angeles rattler loss on ignition(ignition loss) 烧矢量setting time 凝结时量间洛杉机磨耗silica fume 计accumulated retained percentage 累筛余百硅粉soundness 水泥的安定性分率specific surface area 比表acicular and flaky grain in aggregate 针状与面积specific heat 量片状颗粒含比热water demand ratio 吸水alkali-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应量比外加剂(Admixture)视密度apparent densitybubble stability 泡沫稳定性bulk density (unity weight) 容重clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate bubbling ability 起泡能力chloride content 氯化物含量块及易碎颗粒含土量黏compressive strength rate 抗压强度比软化系数coefficient of softeningcontract with dry rate crush index 压碎指标干缩率dispersing coefficient 干燥状态dry state 分散系数dispersing ability of waterexceeding and inferior grain in-reducing agent 减水剂aggregate 超逊径颗粒含量分散能力loss of slump 塌落度损失细度模数fineness modulussulphate content 硫酸盐含空隙率量gaping place ratesolid content 分计grader retained percentage 筛余百固体含分率量surface tension 颗粒级grain composition 配表面张力water-reducing rate 减水率粒径grain size水(Water)量lightweight matter in aggregate 轻物质含alkalinity 碱度量云母含mica contentcalcion 含水率钙离子moisture content(water rate)carbonic acid mud content 钙酸含泥量chlorion 有机质含organic content 量氯离子equivalent concentration 骨料潜在活性potential reactivity of aggregate 当量浓度oxygen consumption saturation 饱和的耗氧量normal solution (standard 曲线筛sieving curve 分solution) 量soft grain in aggregate 软弱骨料含标准溶液PH value PH坚固性值soundnesswater analysis 水值面含水率表surface moisture content 分析砼(水溶性硫化物water-soluble sulphide Concrete)砼拌和物(水硬性胶凝材料Mixture(Hydraulicity cementitious )material) assurance strength of concrete 砼保证强度bleeding rate age 泌水率龄期4cement-sand ration 灰砂比砂浆(Cement)cement lime mortar 标号水泥石灰砂浆design strength of concrete 砼设计cement mortar 水泥砂浆flowability of concrete 砼的流动性cement-clay mortar 水泥黏土mix proportion (proportion of mixture) 砼配合砂浆epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆比lime mortar 石灰砂浆mixture uniformity 拌和物的均匀性plastering mortar 抹面砂浆penetration-obstruction method 贯入阻力法pointing joint mortar probability of ensuring strength of concrete 砼勾缝砂浆土(Soil强度保证率)accumulation curve (cumulative curve) 累砂率sand rate 计曲线单位用水量unit consumption of wateractivity index 活性指标water retention (water retentiveness) 保水性angle of frictionwater-cement ratio 摩擦角水灰比Atterberg limits(water content as limit) Hardened concrete 阿)硬化砼(太堡界限(界限含水量axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度)California bearing ratio 导热系数载重比coefficient of thermal conductivitycoarse-grained soil cooling rate 冷却率粗粒土coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数砼芯样core of concretecoefficient of cubical徐变变creep deformation (time deformation )compressibility 体积压缩系数形coefficient of curvature 曲率系数form coefficient(form factor) 形状系数compression 压缩freezing -melting circulation 冻融循环compression index frost-resistance mark 抗冻标号压缩指数compression modulus 压缩模数砼热学性能heat property of concreteconsolidated-undrained (quick) shear test height-diameter ration 高径比固结不排水剪(固结快剪)试验linear expansion coefficient 线膨胀系数consolidated-drained (slow) shear test loss of weight 重量损失固结不排水剪(慢剪)试验自振频率natural frequencyconsolidation 固结permeate 渗透consolidation coefficient 透permeated height 渗高度固结系数consolidation settlement 固结沉降permeated-resisting mark 抗渗标号consolidation stress 系固结应力透relative coefficient of permeability 相对渗continuous grading/gradation 连接级配数contraction test(shrinkage test) 收缩试验振频率共resonance frequencycore cutter method sample 试环刀法件creep curve self-grown volume deformation(砼)蠕变曲线自生体积critical slope 变形逸出坡降(临界坡降)Darcy's law 达西定律劈裂抗拉强度splitting tensile strengthdegree of consolidation 固结度static compressive modulus of elasticity 静力degree of free swelling 自由膨胀率抗压弹数direct shear test 导温系数直接剪切试验temperature conductivitydirect shear test of reiteration 反复直剪强度试抗拉弹性模tensile modulus of elasticity 量验绝热温升thermal insulation warmingdistribution curve 分极限拉应变ultimate tensile strain 布曲线drift soil (shifting soil/mass flow) 极限抗拉强度ultimate tensile strength 流土effective angle of inner friction 有效内摩擦角磨损率wear rateeffective strength envelope 有效强度抗冲磨强度wear-resisting strength 包线5expansion force 膨胀力剪(快剪)试验variable head method 变水头法expansion ration(specific expansion) 膨胀率void(pore) ratio 孔隙比渗流filtering flow(seepage flow)water replacement method 灌水法fine-grained soil 细粒土wet density 湿密度flow net(drift net) 流网其它建筑材料hydraulic slope 水力坡降钢筋(steel hydrometer method 比重计法)bending and unbending 反常水头法复弯曲hydrostatic head methodcold bending test 冷弯试验limit equilibrium state 极限平衡状态elongation test 拉伸试验liquefaction 液化nominal diameter 公称直径liquid limit 液限ratio of elongation liquidity index 液化指标伸长率relaxation test maximum dry density 最大干密度松弛试验steel strand 钢绞线method of sieving 筛分法tensile yield strength 拉伸屈服强度Mohr's stress circle 莫力应力圆ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度库伦破坏Mohr-coulomb failure criteria 莫尔-Wood)准则木材(curshing strength paralled to the normal stress 法向应力(正应力)oedometer curve 顺纹抗压强度grain 压缩曲线tensile strength paralled to the 量optimum moisture content 最优含水顺纹抗拉强度涌piping 管graincrushing strength across th e plastic limit 塑限横纹抗压强度grain plasticity index 塑性指标tensile strength across to the 空隙水压力pore water pressure空隙率porosity 横纹抗拉强度grainprincipal stress 主)沥青(应力Asphalt脆化点试验Proctor compaction test 普氏击实试验brittle temperature test相对密度relative density 延伸度试验expansion testsand replacement method 灌砂法针入式试验penetration testsaturability (saturation degree/percent 软化点试验softening point testtest of aging saturation) 饱和度老化试验viscosity test 饱和容重saturated unit weight 粘滞性试验Quality Management透seepage deformation 渗变形)质量管理(average 力渗seepage force(seepage pressure) 透平均值deviation standard(error of mean 透渗seepage line 线均方差squares) 速度渗seepage speed 透deviationcoefficient(dispersion shear stress 切向应力(剪应力)离差系数缩限shrinkage limit coefficient)断级间skip(gap/jump) grading 配相关系数index of correlation土specific gravity of soil particle 粒比重界限management limit 管理steady seepage field 统计数稳定渗流场mathematic statistics 理maximum 应力路径stress path 最大值值minimum 最线包总强度total strength envelope 小布三轴压缩试验triaxial compression test 正态分normal distributionunconfined compression strength 保证量quality assurance 无侧限抗压质量强度检测质quality examinationunconsolidated undrained test regression curve 不固结不排水回归曲线 6relative dampness 相对湿度mud crack 泥痕rain print 雨痕本容量sample capacity 样orientation of bedrock 岩层产状sampling frequency 取样频率strike specimen 样品走向dip 倾向统计分析statistical analysisangle of dip (dip angle ) 倾角technical specification 技术规范fold technical standard 褶皱技术标准anticline testing circumstance 试验环境背斜syncline 向斜testing error 试验误差Monocline (homocline) 单斜testing regulation 试验规程dome 穹隆析variance analysis 方差分soft stratum ◆地质(Geology)软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone ) 破碎带地质年代(Geochronology of Geologicaffected zone Ages)影响带platy structure 板状构造Archaeozoic era (erathem) 太古代(界)解理cleavage Proterozoic era (erathem) 元古代(界)fracture(rupture) 断裂古生代(界)Palaeozoic era (erathem)fissure(crack/fracture) 裂隙Mesozoic era (erathem) 中生代(界))岩石类型(Rock typeCenozoic era (erathem) 新生代(界)岩石学petrology Sinian period (system) 震旦纪(系)岩igneous rock 火成寒武纪(系)Cambrian period (system)Ordovician period (system) 奥陶纪(系)岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩lava(vocanic rock) 志留纪(系)Silurian period (system)侵入岩intrusive (invade) rock Devonian period (system) 泥盘纪(系)成石碳纪(系)Carboniferous period (system) 岩effusive rock 深成岩pypabussal rock 二叠纪(系)Permian period (system) 浅三叠纪(系)acid rock 酸性岩Triassic period (system) 侏罗纪(系)Jurassic period (system) 中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock Cretaceous period (system) 白垩纪(系)第Tertiary period (system) 三纪(系)超基性岩ultrabasic rock第Quaternary period (system) 四纪(系)花岗岩granite斑岩Geologic Structural地质构造()porphyryrhyolite 玢岩断层faultsyenite normal fault 正断层流纹岩逆断层reversed fault trachyte 粗面岩diorite parallel fault 平移断层闪长岩andesite 安山岩断层泥gouge擦痕stria 辉长岩gabbrojoint 理节玄武岩basaltprimary joint 理原生节细晶岩aplitesecondary joint 理次生节pegmatite 伟晶岩tension joint lamprophyre 煌斑岩理张节diabase 理卸荷节unloading joint 辉绿岩理片schistosity 橄榄岩dunite理层bedding pumice 浮岩)理(叶理板foliation 沉积岩sedimentary rock波痕ripple mark clastic rock 碎屑岩7clay rock 黏土岩quartz 石英topaz 黄玉chemical rock 化学岩corundum 刚玉biolith 生物岩diamand 金刚石砾岩conglomerateorthoclase 正长石siltstone 粉砂岩plagloclase 斜长石mudstone 泥岩biotite shale 页岩黑云母muscovite saline rock 盐岩白云母amphibole 角闪石limestone 石灰岩phroxene 辉石白云岩dolomiteolivine marl 泥灰岩橄榄石dolomite 白云石volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩kaolinite 高岭石火山块集岩volcanic agglomeratemontmorillonite 蒙脱石tuff 凝灰岩膨润土bentonite metamorphic rock 变质岩斑脱石、illite 板岩slate 伊力石garnet 石榴子石phyllite 千枚岩chlorite 绿泥石schist 片岩serpentine 蛇纹石gneiss 片麻岩pyrite 岩黄铁矿石quartzite 英marble 大理岩hematite 赤铁矿糜棱岩magnetite 磁铁矿mylonitemigmatite 混褐铁矿limonite 合岩)工程地质(cataclasite 碎裂岩Engineering Geology 技土工eotechnics ( geotechnique) 土工学(sediment(deposit) 沉积物(层)G)岩石工程术、漂石boulder 、顽石cobble 卵石岩石力学rock mechanics砾石gravel 力学soil mechanics 土岩石力学地质力学sand 砂、geomechanics engineering geological 粉siltstone 土clay 黏土地质条件conditons 工程砂质黏sandy clay 土问题engineering geological problem 工程地质clayey sand 岩体结构粘质砂土rock mass structure地形黏壤sandy loam 土、亚土geographic and geomorphic conditions土、表土浮regolith ( topsoil ) 地貌条件物理黄loess 土地质现象geophysical phenomenon 土红laterite 水文地质条件hydrogeological conditionsnatural materials 泥炭peat 天然材料海泥、ooze 软泥水库reservoir沉降Rock-forming 造岩矿物(settlement位移Minerals)displacementdeformation 变形滑石talctectonic stress 石膏gypsum 构造应力残余应力residual stress 方解石calcite内摩擦角萤石fluorite angle of internal friction凝聚力)磷灰石apatite 、cohesion 内聚力(粘聚力feldspar pressure tunnel 长石压力隧洞8underground cavern/cavity 地下洞室alluvium 冲积物(层)proluvium(diluvium) 洪积物(层)overburden 覆盖物deluvium 坡积物(层)bed rock(base rock/foundation rock) 基岩eluvium 残积物(层)firm/sound rock 坚硬岩石eolian deposit weak/soft rock 软弱岩石风积物(层)lake deposit 湖积物(层)interbed 夹层marine deposit 海积物(层)zone of fracture (broken zones ) 破碎带glacial (drift) deposit 冰川沉积物(层)homogeneity 均质性colluvial deposit (colluvium)nonhomogeneity/heterogeneity 非均质性崩积物(层)isotropy 各向同性cross-bedding 交错层geologic structure 地质构造anisotropy 各向异性geotectonics 矿物质的物理性质(Physical Character of 大地构造学graben Minerals)地堑horst 地垒hardness 硬度cordance(conformity) 整合光泽lusterdiscordance(unconformity) color 颜色非整合deceptive cordance /conformity 假整合transparencey/pellucidity 透明度地质作用(Physical Geology Action) 条痕streakweathering 风化rent/fracture 断口erosion 侵蚀crystal form 晶形transportation 搬运(Petrology) 岩石学deposition/sediment 类沉积classification 分denudation structure 构造应力剥蚀corrasion 磨蚀texture 结构corrosion fabric 腐蚀组构dissolution 成mineral composition 矿物组溶蚀landslide 滑坡crystalline 结晶质collapse(rock fall) 崩塌非晶质amorphous substance mud flow fossil 化石泥石流earthquake 地震磨圆度degree of roundingintensity 烈度degree of grains 粒度magnitude 震级(Stratum andPhysiognomy) 地层地貌◆水文盆地basin (Hydrology)ground water(subsurface water) 地下水river valley 河谷surface water 地表水河床river bedatmospheric water 地形topography 大气水runoff terrain 径流地势fresh /plain /sweet water attitude 产状淡水river flow/discharge rock base ( batholite) 河水流量岩基peak flood flow 洪峰流量rock stock 岩株flood out flow 岩流rock flow 洪水下泄流量dry season rock loccolith 岩盖枯水季wet season 丰水季岩盆rock lopolithflood (raining) season 岩墙rock dike 汛期non-flood season 岩床rock sill 非汛期5% frequency flood 20 年一遇洪水vein dyke 岩脉flood control 沉积物(层)sediment(deposit) 防汛9(二)工程施工.机电类trunion beam 支饺梁dogging beam 锁定梁◆金属结构(Hydromechanical work)启闭机(Hoist)闸门(Gate)wire rope hoist 固定卷扬式启闭机工作门service gatehydraulic hoist emergency gate 事故门液压启闭机monorail hoist 单轨启闭机maintenance gate 检修门overhead crane 桥机sector gate 弧形闸门bridge crane 偏心铰闸门桥机eccentric hinge sector gatesupport frame 机架plane gate 平面闸门reducer 减速器fixed wheel plane gate 定轮平面闸门motor 电动机trashrack 拦污栅pulley 滑轮trash rake 清污机live pulley )动滑轮预埋件(Embedded Partsfixed pulley 底sill 砍定滑轮equalizer pulley 平衡滑轮main guide 主轨drum 卷筒副轨auxiliary guidesteel wire rope 钢丝绳reverse guide 反轨position sensor 高度传感器side guide 侧轨load sensor 荷载传感器lintel 门楣brake 制动器steel liner 钢衬hydraulic system 液压系统高压冲水管high pressure water pipeoil cylinder 油缸pressure balance water pipe 冲水水平管piston rod 活塞杆)部件(组件/Assembly/partspump station gate leaf 门泵站叶oil tank 邮箱crank 拐臂pipe 管道arm 支撑filter seal 水封过滤器accumulator 蓄能器主main seal 水封valve 阀侧水封side seallogic valve top seal 顶水封逻辑阀check valve 单向阀底bottom seal 水封ball valve 球阀节流器水封辅auxiliary seal 助、cartridge valve 插装阀clip plate 压板solenoid operated directional slide block 滑块valve 电磁换向阀side slide block 侧向滑块门式起重机(Grantry Crane)反reverse slide block 向滑块rail 轨道定轮fixed wheellifting mechanism 起升机构轮主main wheeltraveling mechanism 运行机构side wheel 侧轮inspection trolley 重配ballast 检修小车gantry 吊耳lifting ear 门架support column 拉杆门腿lifting linkprimary beam 主梁支饺trunionbridge beam 横梁铰链hingecross beam 端梁饺座hinged supportside beam 铰轴hinged shaft 边梁lifting beam 端盖cover 起吊梁10hook 吊狗progressively 逐渐地purity 纯度buffer 缓冲装置push 推rail clamping device 夹轨器reliable driving wheel 主动轮可靠的residual oil 余油driven wheel 从动轮retraction 回缩其他(Others)run abnormal vibration 反常运行震动secure activate 激活保护separately or simultaneously 单独/anti-clockwise 逆时针同时地set up anticorrosion 防腐架设setting 设置/carry on 继续进行读数shim 行薄垫片执carry outslack 松弛clockwise 顺时针static loading test 静载试验试运行commissioningstill water 静水concentricity deviation 同心度偏差switch off 切断connect 连接synchronize 同步debris 碎片tighten de-energize 拧紧断电under water head condition 探测水压作用条件下detectwet test dry test 无水试验有水试验◆焊接和无损检验(Welding and dynamic loading test 动载试验Nondestructive Testing)加电给energize ……焊接{erection 架立Welding)arc strike 引弧/伸展expansion 弧伤arc welding 扣紧电弧焊fastenautomatic welding fit 安装自动焊back gouging 背面清根flowing water 动水backing 垫板闭门gate closurebase metal gate opening 启门母材build-up welding 堆焊/补焊门位恢复gate position restorationbutt joint 空载试验对接接头idle testcarbon rode impact 碳棒碰撞complete fusion 完全融合in pressure balance condition 平压条件下……lift……into position 将起吊到位角接接头corner joint涂料焊条covered electrode 定位locate降下试件coupon lowerdirect current electrodemanual operation 手动操作直流电极接负noise 噪声negative(DCEN)direct current electrodenote 记录operating gap 直流电极接正运作空隙positive(DCEP)衬垫pack double welding 双面焊particle 微粒double-bevel groove weld 双斜边坡口焊缝执行perform 型坡口焊缝double-J groove weld 双面J型坡口焊缝双面精确定位position accurately Udouble-U groove weld型坡口焊缝精确的precise V double-Vee groove weld 双面/预置/预留pre-set 电极焊条electrode按下按钮press button electrode holder 焊钳11electrosgas welding 电气焊weldment 焊件无损检验(电渣焊Nondestructive Testing)electroslag weldingangled beam filler metal 填充金属斜射波back scatter 背散射fillet weld 角焊缝calibration block 校准试块full fillet weld 大填角焊缝cleaning agent flat welding 平焊清洗剂contact beam 接触波flux 焊剂couplaut 偶合剂药芯焊丝弧焊flux cored arc weldingcrimp 褶皱forehand welding 左焊法definition 清晰度摩擦焊friction weldingdelayed sweep full penetration weld 全融透焊缝延时扫描detergent 去污剂fusion 熔合developer 显像剂fusion line 熔合线double-wall viewing 双壁透照groove weld 坡口焊缝echo 回波heat affecter zone 热影响区eddy current examination 涡流检验横焊horizontal weldingemulsifier 乳化剂lap joint 搭接接头examination medium 检验介质machine welding 机器焊exposure 暴光manual welding 手工焊inage quality indicator overhead welding 象质显示器仰焊inspector 检验师oxyfuel gas cutting(OFC) 氧燃料气割liquid penetrants testing 渗液检验oxyfuel gas welding(OFW) 氧燃料气焊magnetic particle testing 磁粉检验partial penetration weld 非全融透焊缝mass spectrometer 质普仪焊道passnondestructive inspection peening 锤击无损探伤penetrameter 等离子弧焊透度计plasma arc weldingpenetrant plug weld 塞焊渗透剂radiographic testing 射线检验气孔porosityscan postheating 后热扫描scratch 焊后热处理postweld heat treatment 划痕search unit 探头preheating 预热single-wall viewing 电阻焊resistance welding 单壁透照sniffer seal weld 密封焊缝嗅探器straight beam 直射波缝焊seam weldingstreak 条纹半自动焊semi-automatic weldingultrasonic instrument 超声仪单斜边坡口焊缝single-bevel groove weldultrasonic testing 超声波检验型坡口焊缝J single-J groove weld 单面visual testing 目测、外观检验型坡口焊缝单面single-U groove weld Uwheel search unit 轮式探头V单面single-Vee groove weld 型坡口焊缝夹渣slag inclusion X-ray machine X-射线仪)点焊spot welding ◆水轮机(Hydraulic Turbine直坡口焊缝水轮机hydraulic turbine square groove weldreaction turbine 反击式水轮机埋弧焊submerged arc weldingimpulse turbine 冲击式水轮机定位焊tack welding混流式水轮机咬边undercut francis turbine立焊vertical welding axial turbine 轴流式水轮机焊道weld head prototype turbine 原型水轮机12rated head 额定水头inertia 惯性flywheel effect 飞轮效应effective head 有效水头time constant 时间常数net head 净水头mandoor 进入门maximal head 最大水头pit liner 最小水头机坑里衬minimal head elastic layer 弹性垫层spiral case 蜗壳turbine pit 机坑stay ring 座环feedback 反馈wicket gate 导叶main distributing valve main shaft 主轴主配压阀solenoid 主轴密封shaft seal 线圈relay 继电器coupling flange 连接法兰transfer function 传递函数runner 转轮◆runner crown 转轮上冠机械通用词汇abrasion performance 耐磨性runner band 转轮下环abrasion test 磨耗试验runner cone 转轮泄水锥accessory 附件、配件、零件runner blade/bucket 转轮叶片accuracy 准确性、精度head cover 顶盖anti-corrosion 抗蚀底环bottom ringbalance test 平衡试验discharge ring 基础环bearing 轴承draft tube 尾水管bearing box draft tube cone 尾水锥管轴承箱bearing bush 轴瓦、轴套尾水肘管draft tube elbowbearing carrier governor 调速器轴承座bearing collar 轴承环、推力头调速器柜governor cubicle/cabinetbearing cover 轴承盖oil pressure tank/vessel 压力油罐bearing journal 轴颈回油箱oil sump tankbend 弯头gate ring 控制环bend radius 弯曲半径distributor 导水机构bending strength shear pin 剪断销抗弯强度bolt 螺栓筒形阀ring gatebore 钻孔servomotor 接力器bore machine 效率efficiency 镗床brake valve output 出力制动阀by-pass 旁通流量dischargecallipers 卡尺sir admission system 补气系统cardan shaft 万向轴涡流检验vortexcast special tool 专用工具铸造characteristic test auxiliary equipment 特性试验辅助设备chock damper/absorber/cushion 减震器、阴尼器楔子、垫块clamp runout 卡头、夹板摆度clearing of fault 水击water hammer 故障排除clip 导轴承guide bearing 夹具、钳coat operation condition 运行工况涂层correction value 矫正值开度openingcottor pin 开口销空蚀cavitationcoupling flange 抗磨涂层erosion resistant coating 联结法兰damping device 负荷load 缓冲装置13deflection 挠度monkey wrench 活动扳手nail 钉子density 密度nipple 管接头derusting 除锈nut 螺母descale 除垢o-ring O 偏差形环deviationoperating condition 运行情况dial 刻度盘pretreatment 预处理dial gauge 千分尺process 流程、工艺distort 变形screw cap 螺帽dowel pin (setpin) 定位销spigot 偏心凸轮套管、止口eccentric camstroke 偏心销eccentric pin 行程valve 偏心、偏心率、偏心度阀门eccentricityelastic bearing 弹性轴承verticality 垂直度弹性变形elastic deformation washer 垫圈elastic limit 弹性极限楔子板wedgeElectrical Equipment 电气设备及元器件(◆facility 设备、设施)& Element Partsfactory assembly 工厂装配发电机generator 型钢fashioned ironfeed pipe 供水管电动机motor3-phase squirrel-cage asynchronous motor female end 内止口field welding 现场焊缝三相鼠笼式电动机三相绕线式电动表面光洁度、精加工finish 3-phase wind asynchronous机fitting allowance 装配公差电枢motor armature fitting assembling 零件装配fitting face 配合面电刷brush线圈、绕组coil 法兰flangeflatness 平整度energizing coil 励磁线圈stator 缺陷flaw 定子stator core 定子铁芯flexibility 挠性、柔性forge stator winding 定子绕组锻造foundation 基础rotator 转子transformer 变压器摩擦friction隔离变压器isolating transformer gauge 规、计、表互感器齿轮gear mutual inductor globe valve 球阀电流互感器current transformer(CT)grade 电压互感器potential transformer(PT) 等级hardness 硬度高压电器high-voltage equipment热处理heat treatment breaker 断路器interface 分界面、接触面、接口isolating switch 隔离开关bushing 接头、接缝、连接、焊接joint套管结合面、接缝面joint face 绝缘子insulator 润滑剂、润滑材料lubricant 悬式绝缘子suspended insulatorlubrication circuit 润滑管道column-type insulator 支柱绝缘子lubrication oil 润滑油reactor 电抗器电容器机加工machine capacitorlightning rod 机床machine tool 避雷针(器)外止口male end low-voltage electric appliance 低压电器14knife switch 刀开关wiring terminal 接线端子terminal block 接线板、接线盒fuse 熔断器illuminator 照明automatic switch 自动开关lamp 灯contactor 接触器lightning distribution box(board) 触点照明配电箱contact constant close contact 常闭触点screw socket 螺口灯头fluorescence lamp 常开触点日光灯constant open contactbuld 灯泡starter 启动器socket 插座overtravel-limit switch 行程开关grounding 接地changeover switch 转换开关grounding resistance 接地电阻controller 控制器grounding switch 接地开关resistor 电阻器ground connector light resistor 光敏电阻接地体galvanized flat steel 变阻器镀锌扁钢varistorground wire 电磁铁electromagnet 接地线working grounding 母线工作接地busprotection grounding bare bus bar 裸母线保护接地others 其他cable 电缆master switch power cable 电力电缆主令开关induction coil 感应线圈control cable 控制电缆magnetic coil 电磁线圈armored cable 铠装电缆stabilizator 稳压器cab-type cable 橡皮绝缘软电缆bell 电铃电缆夹cable clampIPC cable connector 电缆接头共控机local control unit (LCU) 现地控制单元cable core 电缆芯programmable logic电缆卷筒cable drumcontroller(PLC) 可编程控制器电缆挂钩cable hangerprogrammer 编程器cable rack 电缆架motor valve 电缆终端cable terminal end 电动阀electromagnetic valve 电磁阀H cable 屏蔽电缆◆电气通用词汇裸线bare wirealternation current(AC) 交流电ammeter 电流表allowed value 容许值欧姆表ohmmeter ampere voltmeter 电压表安培automatic operation 电度表kilowatt-hour meter 自动操作bridge megger 兆欧表电桥cabling diagram 继电器relay 电缆连接图capacity of storage battery over current relay 过流继电器蓄电池容量欠流继电器under current relay charging 充电time relay (timer) 时间继电器charging current 充电电流thermal relay 闭合热继电器closeshortdown relay 常闭触点constant close contact 断路继电器constant open contact 蓄电池battery 常开触点battery charger 蓄电池充电器control circuit 控制电路盘屏pannel 电流强度current intensitydirect current (DC) 配电盘swithboard 直流电分线(配电)盒distributing cabinetde-energise (deenergize) 切断、断电15dynamic test 动态试验transient current 瞬时电流transient voltage 瞬时电压electric arc 电弧volt 伏(特)electric leakage 漏电voltage 电压flash test 高压闪络试验wiring scheme generator active power 发电机有功功率接线图withstand voltage test 耐压试验发电机效率generator efficiency◆计算机监控系统(generator reactive power 发电机无功功率Computer Supervisoryinput 输入(量)and Control System)A/D converter 绝缘涂层模数变换器insulating coatinganalog control loop 模拟控制回路insulation grade 绝缘等级automatic-restoration 自恢复insulation test 绝缘试验automatic element 自动化元件interlocker(interlocking) 联锁装置block diagram 方框图kilowatt-hour 千瓦小时、度coaxial cable 同轴电缆leakage protection 漏电保护command 指令line-to-line short circuit 线间短路communication 通信malfunction 误动作compatibility manual operation 手动操作兼容性console 控制台megohm 兆欧current transducer 电流变送器mis-operation 误操作cursor (显示器)光标欧姆ohmD/A converter 数模变换器outlet 引出线、电源插座data bus 数据总线outlet box 引出盒、接线盒database 输出线路数据库outlet linedigital signal 输出量output 数字信号digital screen 显示屏overcurrent protection 电流过载保护electric quantity transducer 电量变送器并联电路parallel circuiteletromagnetic interference power factor 功率因数电磁干扰fiber optic cable 光纤电缆电源power supplyfloppy disk 一次电路软盘primary circuitflowchart rated current 额定电流流程图。
水利水电工程专业课程简介课程编号:********课程名称:投影理论及制图基础英文名称:Projection Theory & Elementary Graphics学分:3.5课程性质:学科基础课开课学期:秋先修课程:主要内容:主要讲授制图的基本知识和基本技能、投影法的基本理论及其应用、空间想象能力和形体表达能力的培养、绘制和阅读工程图样的基本能力、形体常用的表达方法、轴测投影;主要有制图基础、点、直线、平面的投影、基本体的投影、截交线和相贯线、组合体的投影、工程形体常用的表达方法、轴测投影等。
教材:1、《画法几何及土木工程制图》高旭主编,**大学出版社2、《画法几何及土木工程制图习题集》魏海主编,**大学出版社参考书目:1、《画法几何及水利工程制图》许良乾等主编,高等教育出版社、2001年。
2、《画法几何及水利工程制图》胡守忠等主编,中国水利水电出版社、2005年。
3、《画法几何及水利工程制图》方庆等主编,高等教育出版社、1998年。
课程编号:********课程名称:工程测量A英文名称:Engineering Survey A学分:3课程性质:学科基础课开课学期:秋先修课程:高等数学、投影理论及制图基础、计算机基础主要内容:本课程主要内容包括测量基本工作、地形测量和施工测量。
测量基本工作主要介绍高程、角度和距离测量的原理方法。
地形测量主要介绍小地区控制测量的分类与施测方法,大比例尺地形图的测绘,地形图的使用。
施工测量主要介绍施工测量的基本工作、基本方法等。
教材:1、《水利工程测量》(第三版)张慕良等主编,中国水利水电出版社,1994年6月2、《水利水电工程测量》刘普海等主编,中国水利水电出版社,2005年7月参考书目:1、《测量学教程》(第三版)章书寿等主编,测绘出版社,2006年8月2、《测量学》(第四版)**大学等合编,中国建筑工业出版社,1995年6课程编号:********-1,********-2课程名称:理论力学英文名称:Theoretical Mechanics学分:5课程性质:学科基础课开课学期:春,秋先修课程:高等数学Ⅰ、大学物理Ⅰ、投影理论及制图基础主要内容:该课程主要讲授静力学基本概念和基本原理、力系的等效简化、力系的平衡条件及其应用、摩擦及有摩擦的平衡问题、平面静定桁架的内力计算;点的运动、刚体的基本运动、点的合成运动、刚体的平面运动;质点运动微分方程、质心运动定理与动量定理、动量矩定理、动能定理、达朗贝尔原理、虚位移原理以及动力学普遍方程等。
21(帀II英语的词脏特征与译技巧■评《水利专业英语》随着全球化文化交流和经济发展范围的不断扩大,作为中间媒介的专门用途英语正以独特的优势显示其交际功能,故掌握水利专业英语的词汇、句法特点,及翻译技巧对提高我国水利专业翻译水平、促进水利科技国际交流具有重要作用。
但英汉两种语言是在不同的历史和社会条件下发展起来的,两者之间存在着很大的差异,尤其体现在词汇及其意义方面,如在词汇结构及其形态变化、词汇的功能、词汇顺序、词义的对应性等方面存在巨大的差异,这就表明我们在学习、掌握水利英语词汇特征与翻译技巧时,不仅要借助一定的书本工具,还需要具备一定的实践精神。
由孙仕军、刘海生主编,黄冠华、迟道才主审,中国水利水电出版社于2019年8月出版的《水利专业英语》一书,不仅涵盖了水利专业领域的主要技术问题,还突出了水利英语实践运用过程,在一定程度上指出了水利专业英语的词汇特征,讲解了水利专业英语的翻译技巧、水利英语科技论文的写作方法,具有较强的专业性与实用性,可作为研究水利英语词汇特征与翻译技巧的工具。
通读全书,可发现该书具有以下几大特色。
一、图文结合,阐明了水利英语词汇的特点水利专业英语文献中大量使用专业词汇,他们包括本科使用的专业技术词汇、各学科通用的半专业词汇和书面的非专业词汇,而这些专业词汇本身及其用法具有一定特色。
《水利专业英语》一书采用图文结合的方法,揭示了专业技术词汇、半专业词汇、书面非专业词汇的定义,指明了水利英语的词汇。
其中,在第五单元“Dams”中,作者借用Free-body diagram of the cross section of a gravity dam解析图和Maximum observed uplift under some existing gravity dams解析图指明了专业技术词的定义特点,专业技术词汇是指水利科学或专业中应用的专业词汇或术语,其意义狭窄、单一,专业性强,一般只使用在各自的专业范围内,且这类词一般字母较多,而且字母越多词义越狭窄,出现的频率也不高。
高等学校水利类统编教材《水利专业外语》迟道才周振民主编上传人单位:华北水利水电学院水利系目录Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性 (3)Lesson 2 the Hydrologic Cycle 水循环 (5)Lesson 3 hydrology 水文学 (7)Lesson 4 underground water 地下水 (11)Lesson 5 what causes flooding洪水是怎样形成的 (16)Lesson 6 nature of water pollution 水污染的性质 (19)Lesson 7 Planning for water resources development水资源开发规划 (22)Lesson 8 reservoirs 水库 (26)Lesson 9 Properties of concrete混凝土的特性 (30)Lesson 10 basic concepts of reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土基本概念 (35)Lesson 11 dams 坝 (38)Lesson 12 embankment dams 土石坝 (42)Lesson 13 concrete gravity dam on rock foundations 岩基上的混凝土重力坝.. 46 Lesson 14 Arch dams 拱坝 (51)Lesson 15 spillways溢洪道 (56)Lesson 16 design forces 设计作用力 (61)Lesson 17 Significance of infiltration and process of infiltration入渗重要性及过程 (65)Lesson 18 evapotranspiration 腾发量 (68)Lesson 19 irrigation methods 灌溉方法 (71)Lesson 20 irrigation canals灌溉渠道 (79)Lesson 21 land drainage 耕地排水 (83)Lesson 22 methods of applications of drip irrigation systems滴灌系统的应用方法 (88)Lesson 23 hydraulic turbines水轮机 (92)Lesson 24 hydro-electric power 水力发电 (96)Lesson 25 differential leveling 水准测量(微差水准测量) (102)Lesson 26 construction and equipment施工和设备 (107)Lesson 27 engineering economy in water resources planning水利规划中工程经济 (110)Lesson 28 soil erosion and soil conservation 土壤侵蚀与土壤保持 (116)Lesson 29 groundwater and climate change地下水与气候变化 (120)Lesson 30 irrigation performance evaluation 灌溉运行评价 (124)Lesson 31 bidding, bid opening and award of contract招标、开标和授予合同 127 Lesson 32 how to write a scientific paper如何撰写科技论文 (131)Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性Water is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring inrelatively pure form on the earth’s surface. Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water. Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates cracks of much solid land. The Polar Regions (原文polar regions) are overlaid with vast quantitiesof ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1percent to 2 percent by weight. It has been estimated that the amount of water inthe atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of50,000 tons.在地球表面以相对纯的形式存在的一切化合物中,水是人们最熟悉的、最丰富的一种化合物。
水利水电工程专业英语英文词汇strain meter 应变计set out 放线、放样stake-line temperature sensor 温度传感器测桩线state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标集线站terminal station其他(Others)系survey point 测点check hole 检查孔theoretical point 灌区理论点compartmenttraverse(polygon) 导线(测dense mix 浓浆量)、横断error of traverse 导线闭合差foundation uplift 基础隆起lattice traverse 网格状导线灌浆孔grout holelong side traverse instrument hole 仪器孔长导线open traverse 非闭合primary/secondary and tertiary grout holes 一导线short side traverse 短导线序、二序、三序灌浆孔traverse closure 导线闭合加密灌浆孔距spilt spacingtraverse station 导线点waste mix 弃浆traverse survey 导线测量Survey◆测量()triangulation 测量方法及术语(Methods and Terms)三角测量triangulation network 三角网调整校正adjust 、triangulation of high order 高等级三角网adjustment 平差triangulation point 容许误差allowance 三角点三边测量backsight point 后视点trilateration程控制网basic point 基础点vertical-control net 高bench mark 水准点木桩wood pile Angular Measure)角度测量(compass 罗盘azimuth 方位角chainage(station number) 桩号象限角bearing 方位三角锁chain of triangulation 、器、水准buddle 、check 校核对照气泡圆盘circle 度盘、控制control point 点器圆水坐标点coordinate point 准circular bubbledatum 基础面轴视准collimation axis点基datum point 准十字丝cross-line(cross-hair)偏差depression angle 俯角deviationeasily identifiable point elevation angle 仰角点容易识别eyepiece(ocular) error 误差目镜量field pole(staff) 标杆一等三角测first order triangulationgeodetic foot-screw 学的大地测量脚螺栓量geodetic surveying 大地测水平角horizontal angle量合联测)mark 标志(明joint survey已知点known point 物镜objective lens面水level surface 准垂线铅垂、plumb(plummet)局local triangulation networks 准、观测sight 瞄部三角网准瞄target 国national coordination system 家坐标网目标、监视观测observe 、纬仪theodolite 经point to be located 待定点横轴tranverse axistripod 三脚架置位、定位position踏勘、选点reconnaissance 竖直角vertical angle参考点reference point vertical axis 竖轴量二等三角测second order triangulation Telescope望远镜()1centering 对中reduced level 归化高差run back 返测盘左face leftrun out 往测face right 盘右three-wire leveling 三丝法水准focus 集中、焦点测量地形测量(T opographic Survey focusing 调焦)boundary 边界、界线index error 指标误差inverted position of telescope(reverse construction stake 施工标桩contour 等高线盘右telescope)倒镜、normal position of telescope(direct telescope)contour interval 等高距contouring 绘等高线、正镜盘右contour-length method 光学垂准器等高线延长法optical plummetcontour line 等高线round 测回control network 控制网set 套、组detail 细部、详图station 测站draw 绘图距离测量(Distance Measure)field 外业气barometer 压计fix 固定、确定base line(basic line/datum line) 基线form line 地形图电battery 池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement) grid 格网information 注记、资料、情报电磁波测距marginal information 轮廓注记滤波器滤光片filter 、large-scale 大比例尺的laser alignment system 激光准直系统latitude 纬度、范围laser beam 激光束latitude circle 纬圈prism 棱镜latitude line range 纬线距离测程、legend 图例long range 远程location 定线、程medium range 中定位longitude 经short range 短程度longitude line 测距仪经线range findermap signal 地图、制图信号mapping 制图、测spring balance 弹簧称图、地质素描match line 拼接线卷尺tapemonument 标石invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺、石柱object 高程测量(Height Measurement地物、目标)plan 程、高海拔平面图、略图altitude/elevationplot 近似approximate leveling 置绘图粗平平、profile 断面(图)、纵剖图准自动定平水automatic level 仪difference in altitude(difference of record 记录、资料setup 定置elevation ,height difference) 高差仪器site location error of closure in leveling 差合闭准定位水stakeout 放样、定线平置、精平exact leveling 确、立桩symbol 仪(测点)准水level 符号、记号topographic detail 水level circuit 地形细部环合准闭topographic map 地形图尺垫准水level shoe◆原形观测观测仪器和设施线路准水line of level {Instrumentationand Facilities)国national geodetic vertical datum 家大地高air-entraining meter 面准基程掺气剂2Carlson-type piezometer 卡尔逊式渗压计component 零部件coordinator 坐标仪concrete strain meter 砼应变计damping box 阻尼角convergent point 收敛测点differential resistance direct plumb line 正垂线差动电阻double layer rubber sleeve earth pressure cell 土压力盒双层保护forced centering plate 强制embankment piezometer 坝体渗压计对中盘instrument lead 仪器电堤应变计缆embankment strain meter invar wire 铟瓦丝extended wire 引张线metal ring 计金属环foundation piezometer 基础渗压plumb coordinate meter horizontal inclinometer 水平测斜仪垂线坐标仪pulley 滑轮hydraulic instrument 水力学仪器regulator 调节器水听器hydrophoneriser 立管inclinometer casing 测斜管sensor interface joint meter 界面变位传感器计spool inverted plumb line 倒垂线绕轴steel socket 钢micro piezometer 微压计底座tablet 多点位移计药片multiple position extensometertensioning weight 张拉重锤observation point 观测标点thermistor 热敏电observation well 观测井阻tip 测头视optical alignment line 准线安装过程(Procession of Installation)plate strain meter 钢板计assemble 组装pneumatic piezometer 气压式渗压计couple 连接脉动压力pressure fluctuation meter 计prestressed tendon anchorage 埋设embed安装install 索dynamometer 预应力锚测力计绝缘insulate rock bolt extensometer 锚杆测力计维护计single point extensometer 单点位移maintenancespiral sensor 测扭仪监测monitor测压standpipe 管仪器保护protection of instrumentation归纳reduce 强震仪strong-motion seismograghsurface monument 表密封seal 面标点拼接temperature sensor 温度传感器splice提供终端房terminal house supplyterminal station 终端站测试testInformation资料(倾角tilt meter 计)简图计时均压力time average pressure cell assemble schematic 装配合格证书总压力盒total pressure cell certificate书说计velometer 流速使用明descriptionvertical inclinometer 垂直测斜仪维护指南maintenace guideline书震旋式渗压vibrating wire piezometer 计manual 说明振旋式沉降vibrating wire settlement sensor 理工作原operating principle 作仪范围operating restraint 操序procedure 水堰量的带微压weir with micro piezometer 计程程基点工作working base point 序分trouble shooting procedure 鼓掌析zerostress-strain meter 其他(Others)计砼无应力间)Acessories and Spare Parts附件及配件(行annular space 环空coil data acquisition 盘绕数据采集 3cement mark(strength of cement /cement 数据记录datarecordinggrade) 水泥标号leas drilling hole 引线孔consumptive use of water normal consistance 永久记录permanent record 标准稠度用水readout device 读数设备量degree of mobilization 流动性saturated 饱和的dissolution heat ( solution heat ) 溶解热seepage isolation dike 截渗堤final set trapezoidal 梯形终凝flexural strength 抗弯强度◆水工常规试验flyash 粉煤灰砼原材料试验(Test of Raw and Processedhydration heat 水化热Material of Concrete)initial set Aggregate)初凝骨料(abrasion volume by Los Angeles rattler loss on ignition(ignition loss) 烧矢量setting time 凝结时量间洛杉机磨耗silica fume 计accumulated retained percentage 累筛余百硅粉soundness 水泥的安定性分率specific surface area 比表acicular and flaky grain in aggregate 针状与面积specific heat 量片状颗粒含比热water demand ratio 吸水alkali-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应量比外加剂(Admixture)视密度apparent densitybubble stability 泡沫稳定性bulk density (unity weight) 容重clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate bubbling ability 起泡能力chloride content 氯化物含量块及易碎颗粒含土量黏compressive strength rate 抗压强度比软化系数coefficient of softeningcontract with dry rate crush index 压碎指标干缩率dispersing coefficient 干燥状态dry state 分散系数dispersing ability of waterexceeding and inferior grain in-reducing agent 减水剂aggregate 超逊径颗粒含量分散能力loss of slump 塌落度损失细度模数fineness modulussulphate content 硫酸盐含空隙率量gaping place ratesolid content 分计grader retained percentage 筛余百固体含分率量surface tension 颗粒级grain composition 配表面张力water-reducing rate 减水率粒径grain size水(Water)量lightweight matter in aggregate 轻物质含alkalinity 碱度量云母含mica contentcalcion 含水率钙离子moisture content(water rate)carbonic acid mud content 钙酸含泥量chlorion 有机质含organic content 量氯离子equivalent concentration 骨料潜在活性potential reactivity of aggregate 当量浓度oxygen consumption saturation 饱和的耗氧量normal solution (standard 曲线筛sieving curve 分solution) 量soft grain in aggregate 软弱骨料含标准溶液PH value PH坚固性值soundnesswater analysis 水值面含水率表surface moisture content 分析砼(水溶性硫化物water-soluble sulphide Concrete)砼拌和物(水硬性胶凝材料Mixture(Hydraulicity cementitious )material) assurance strength of concrete 砼保证强度bleeding rate age 泌水率龄期4cement-sand ration 灰砂比砂浆(Cement)cement lime mortar 标号水泥石灰砂浆design strength of concrete 砼设计cement mortar 水泥砂浆flowability of concrete 砼的流动性cement-clay mortar 水泥黏土mix proportion (proportion ofmixture) 砼配合砂浆epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆比lime mortar 石灰砂浆mixture uniformity 拌和物的均匀性plastering mortar 抹面砂浆penetration-obstruction method 贯入阻力法pointing joint mortar probability of ensuring strength of concrete 砼勾缝砂浆土(Soil强度保证率)accumulation curve (cumulative curve) 累砂率sand rate 计曲线单位用水量unit consumption of wateractivity index 活性指标water retention (water retentiveness) 保水性angle of frictionwater-cement ratio 摩擦角水灰比Atterberg limits(water content as limit) Hardened concrete 阿)硬化砼(太堡界限(界限含水量axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度)California bearing ratio 导热系数载重比coefficient of thermal conductivitycoarse-grained soil cooling rate 冷却率粗粒土coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数砼芯样core of concrete coefficient of cubical徐变变creep deformation (time deformation )compressibility 体积压缩系数形coefficient of curvature 曲率系数form coefficient(form factor) 形状系数compression 压缩freezing -melting circulation 冻融循环compression index frost-resistance mark 抗冻标号压缩指数compression modulus 压缩模数砼热学性能heat property of concreteconsolidated-undrained (quick) shear test height-diameter ration 高径比固结不排水剪(固结快剪)试验linear expansion coefficient 线膨胀系数consolidated-drained (slow) shear test loss of weight 重量损失固结不排水剪(慢剪)试验自振频率natural frequency consolidation 固结permeate 渗透consolidation coefficient 透permeated height 渗高度固结系数consolidation settlement 固结沉降permeated-resisting mark 抗渗标号consolidation stress 系固结应力透relative coefficient of permeability 相对渗continuous grading/gradation 连接级配数contraction test(shrinkage test) 收缩试验振频率共resonance frequencycore cutter method sample 试环刀法件creep curve self-grown volume deformation(砼)蠕变曲线自生体积critical slope 变形逸出坡降(临界坡降)Darcy's law 达西定律劈裂抗拉强度splitting tensile strengthdegree of consolidation 固结度static compressive modulus of elasticity 静力degree of free swelling 自由膨胀率抗压弹数direct shear test 导温系数直接剪切试验temperature conductivity direct shear test of reiteration 反复直剪强度试抗拉弹性模tensile modulus of elasticity 量验绝热温升thermal insulation warmingdistribution curve 分极限拉应变ultimate tensile strain 布曲线drift soil (shifting soil/mass flow) 极限抗拉强度ultimate tensile strength 流土effective angle of inner friction 有效内摩擦角磨损率wear rate effective strength envelope 有效强度抗冲磨强度wear-resisting strength 包线5expansion force 膨胀力剪(快剪)试验variable head method 变水头法expansion ration(specificexpansion) 膨胀率void(pore) ratio 孔隙比渗流filtering flow(seepage flow)water replacement method 灌水法fine-grained soil 细粒土wet density 湿密度flow net(drift net) 流网其它建筑材料hydraulic slope 水力坡降钢筋(steel hydrometer method 比重计法)bending and unbending 反常水头法复弯曲hydrostatic head methodcold bending test 冷弯试验limit equilibrium state 极限平衡状态elongation test 拉伸试验liquefaction 液化nominal diameter 公称直径liquid limit 液限ratio of elongation liquidity index 液化指标伸长率relaxation test maximum dry density 最大干密度松弛试验steel strand 钢绞线method of sieving 筛分法tensile yield strength 拉伸屈服强度Mohr's stress circle 莫力应力圆ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度库伦破坏Mohr-coulomb failure criteria 莫尔-Wood)准则木材(curshing strength paralled to the normal stress 法向应力(正应力)oedometer curve 顺纹抗压强度grain 压缩曲线tensile strength paralled to the 量optimum moisture content 最优含水顺纹抗拉强度涌piping 管graincrushing strength across th e plastic limit 塑限横纹抗压强度grain plasticity index 塑性指标tensile strength across to the 空隙水压力pore water pressure空隙率porosity 横纹抗拉强度grainprincipal stress 主)沥青(应力Asphalt脆化点试验Proctor compaction test 普氏击实试验brittle temperature test 相对密度relative density 延伸度试验expansion testsand replacement method 灌砂法针入式试验penetration test saturability (saturation degree/percent 软化点试验softening point testtest of aging saturation) 饱和度老化试验viscosity test 饱和容重saturated unit weight 粘滞性试验Quality Management透seepage deformation 渗变形)质量管理(average 力渗seepage force(seepage pressure) 透平均值deviation standard(error of mean 透渗seepage line 线均方差squares) 速度渗seepage speed 透deviationcoefficient(dispersion shear stress 切向应力(剪应力)离差系数缩限shrinkage limit coefficient)断级间skip(gap/jump) grading 配相关系数index of correlation土specific gravity of soil particle 粒比重界限management limit 管理steady seepage field 统计数稳定渗流场mathematic statistics 理maximum 应力路径stress path 最大值值minimum 最线包总强度total strength envelope 小布三轴压缩试验triaxial compression test 正态分normal distributionunconfined compression strength 保证量quality assurance 无侧限抗压质量强度检测质quality examinationunconsolidated undrained test regression curve 不固结不排水回归曲线 6relative dampness 相对湿度mud crack 泥痕rain print 雨痕本容量sample capacity 样orientation of bedrock 岩层产状sampling frequency 取样频率strike specimen 样品走向dip 倾向统计分析statistical analysisangle of dip (dip angle ) 倾角technical specification 技术规范fold technical standard 褶皱技术标准anticline testing circumstance 试验环境背斜syncline 向斜testing error 试验误差Monocline (homocline) 单斜testing regulation 试验规程dome 穹隆析variance analysis 方差分soft stratum ◆地质(Geology)软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone ) 破碎带地质年代(Geochronology of Geologicaffected zone Ages)影响带platy structure 板状构造Archaeozoic era (erathem) 太古代(界)解理cleavage Proterozoic era (erathem) 元古代(界)fracture(rupture) 断裂古生代(界)Palaeozoic era (erathem)fissure(crack/fracture) 裂隙Mesozoic era (erathem) 中生代(界))岩石类型(Rock typeCenozoic era (erathem) 新生代(界)岩石学petrology Sinian period (system) 震旦纪(系)岩igneous rock 火成寒武纪(系)Cambrian period (system)Ordovician period (system) 奥陶纪(系)岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩lava(vocanic rock) 志留纪(系)Silurian period (system) 侵入岩intrusive (invade) rock Devonian period (system) 泥盘纪(系)成石碳纪(系)Carboniferous period (system) 岩effusive rock 深成岩pypabussal rock 二叠纪(系)Permian period (system) 浅三叠纪(系)acid rock 酸性岩Triassic period (system) 侏罗纪(系)Jurassic period (system) 中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock Cretaceous period (system) 白垩纪(系)第Tertiary period (system) 三纪(系)超基性岩ultrabasic rock 第Quaternary period (system) 四纪(系)花岗岩granite斑岩Geologic Structural地质构造()porphyryrhyolite 玢岩断层faultsyenite normal fault 正断层流纹岩逆断层reversed fault trachyte 粗面岩diorite parallel fault 平移断层闪长岩andesite 安山岩断层泥gouge擦痕stria 辉长岩gabbrojoint 理节玄武岩basaltprimary joint 理原生节细晶岩aplitesecondary joint 理次生节pegmatite 伟晶岩tension joint lamprophyre 煌斑岩理张节diabase 理卸荷节unloading joint 辉绿岩理片schistosity 橄榄岩dunite理层bedding pumice 浮岩)理(叶理板foliation 沉积岩sedimentary rock波痕ripple mark clastic rock 碎屑岩7clay rock 黏土岩quartz 石英topaz 黄玉chemical rock 化学岩corundum 刚玉biolith 生物岩diamand 金刚石砾岩conglomerate。
水利水电工程专业英语的阅读与翻译水利水电工程专业英语的阅读与翻译刘景植编二OO四年十二月水利水电工程专业英语的阅读与翻译前言当前,世界科学技术发展十分迅速,为了了解、学习和借鉴国外先进的科学技术,为我国的社会主义建设服务,需要大量的阅读和翻译国外科技文献资料。
另外,近年来和在以后的若干年内,我国在水利水电建设中,从国外引进了且还将继续引进大批先进技术和设备,为了尽快消化这些新技术和装好、用好及管理好这些设备,也需要详细地阅读和翻译引进的技术和设备的技术说明文件。
要提高专业科技英语的阅读和翻译能力,除需要掌握英语语法的基本知识和基本词汇及具有相当广泛的专业知识之外,还必需熟悉专业词汇和科技英语中一些常用词、词组或短语,熟悉科技英语常见的句型和文体,以及掌握翻译科技文献的基本技巧。
本教材宗旨在帮助学生提高顺利地阅读或翻译科技专业英语文献资料的能力,希望通过本书能够达到以下几个目的。
1、使学生熟悉英语词汇的构词规律及掌握确定科技英语词汇词义的方法。
2、使学生熟悉典型的科技英语句型、文体。
3、使学生掌握科技英语文献翻译的基本技巧。
4、为学生提供一部分专业英语词汇及常用词组或短语。
第一章词的构成及科技术语翻译方法§1 词的构成专业英语的许多词汇都具有其特定的意义,在构词方法上则大量引用希腊和拉丁词素,用合成与派生方法构词,因此,掌握英语的构词规律,可以帮助记忆新词,扩大词汇量和提高阅读能力。
英语的单词主要由三部分组成:1、简单的单根词如work、stone、man等。
单根词在英语中只占极少数,且意义明确,不难记住。
2、由几个单根词组成的复合词如workman(工人)、stonework(石工)等,复合词在英语中的数量也有限,只要了解了组成的每一单根词义,该词的意义也就自然明确了。
3、由单根词、复合词或一些单独使用的词根加上词头和词尾的派生词,英语中大多数的词都属于这种词。
英语单词中的词根是词中最基本的部分,表达该词的基本意义,虽然词根的数量有限,但却是构成单词的基础,能繁衍出大量的派生词,所以掌握专业英语中常见词根的涵义,是熟悉和扩大专业词汇量的关键。
•Permeat 渗入,渗透=percolate=seepage •overlay 覆盖•impair 损害•raw 原状的,原始的•available 可利用的•sanitary 卫生的,保健的•basin 盆地,流域•hydrologic 水文学的,水文的•hydrologic cycle 水循环•precipitation 降水,降雨•runoff 径流•percolate 渗透•drought 干旱季节,旱灾•vadose渗流 infiltration•flowage 泛滥,积水•sub-surface water 地下水•flooding 洪水泛滥,漫灌•levee 堤;筑堤•deluge 洪水;大雨,暴雨•meandering 蜿蜒的;曲流的•winding 曲折的;弯曲的;迂回的•erode 侵蚀;冲刷;腐蚀•enhancement增加提高•objectionable不适合的•sluice-way=sluiceway 泄洪道•ungated 无门的;闭塞的•orifice 孔口;管口•detention basin 蓄洪区;拦洪区•retarding basin滞洪水库•abutment坝座•embankment土堤•impermeable 不渗透的,不透水•uplift 上托力,扬压力,上举•heel 坝踵,上游坡脚•tailwater 尾水,尾水位•toe 坝趾,坡脚,坝脚•pretest 事先实验•fieldtest野外试验•tensile拉力的•factor 系数,倍数,因素•coefficient 折算率,程度•chute 斜槽,瀑布,泻物架•infiltration 渗流•spillway 溢洪道•stage construction 分期施工•drainage basin流域•50-year frequency flood 五十年一遇洪水•outlet works 泄水(排水,河口)工程•discharge capacity 泄水能力•soil conservation 土壤保持•water and soil erosion 水土流失•flow hydrograph流量过程线•the Yangtze River 长江•the estimated flow径流量•Mississippi River 密西西比河•water table 地下水位•soil erosion土壤侵蚀•the outer curve 凹岸take。