安全工程专业英语 第七单元 司鹄

安全工程专业英语教材框架内容研究工科专业英语的教学对于培养复合型工程技术人员必不可少，专业英语教材是完成专业英语教学的基础。

不同的高校，安全工程方向不同，安全工程专业英语的侧重点也应该不一样，这给安全工程专业英语教材的编写带来一定的困难。

设计了安全工程专业英语教材内容及学时。

包括专业基础、专业方向和补充内容三部分，总学时设计了32个学时。

专业基础共包括9部分内容，分别是安全学原理、安全法律法规、安全管理学、风险管理与保险、安全心理学、安全系统工程、安全经济学、安全人机工程和应急救援，每部分内容均设计2学时的学习时间。

专业方向可以根据学校专业方向自行选择，如矿山安全、建筑安全、化工安全等，可以选择其中一个或多个，共设计8学时的学习时间。

补充内容包括教材中增加安全事故案例、词汇、英语语法、摘要和论文写作、学校图书馆和网络资源介绍，设计了4学时的学习时间。

安全工程专业英语教材框架内容21世纪国际间日益频繁的经济、贸易、科技、文化等领域的交往需要大量的能熟练地以英语为工具，自如地获取和交流信息的复合型人才。

专业英语是从语言学习到信息交流的发展，是语言应用与专业知识紧密结合的课程。

专业英语教学担负着促使学生完成从基础阶段到应用阶段过渡的任务，使学生学会在专业领域中用英语进行交流。

专业英语作为大学英语的后续课程对于保证英语的持续学习有着现实意义，是培养复合型人才的重要渠道。

教材在教学诸环节中处于重要地位，是教学大纲的具体体现，是实现教学大纲确定的教学目标的重要保证，专业英语教材是完成专业英语教学的基础。

一、专业英语专业英语（English for Specific Purpose，ESP），又称专门用途英语，是与特定职业、学科或目的相关的英语。

由于特定行业的需要，学习者有明确的学习目的，需要达到在某些学科内使用英语的能力，有特殊的内容，即专门化的内容。

专业英语有独特的词汇、句法和结构模式，与通用英语EGP（English for General Purpose）有很大区别。

安全工程专业英语教学现状与改革探索作者：吝曼卿周德红张民波贾沛来源：《中国校外教育(上旬)》2017年第08期在知识经济高速发展和社会快速进步环境下，为培养的高素质安全工程专业人才，提高安全工程专业英语的教学质量，以目前的教学现状，从多角度分析影响教学质量的原因，并提出提升教学质量的“多元化”改革措施。

对安全工程专业及其他相关专业的专业英语教学产生积极影响。

安全工程专业英语教学改革网络一、引言安全工程的发展是以人类生产、生活过程中发生事故为基础，借助相关学科知识，对人类生产、生活中的不安全因素进行辨识与预测，进而防止或减轻事故损失。

随着社会科技的飞速发展，科学技术日新月异，新世纪安全工程人才不仅要掌握扎实的专业知识，还应能及时了解和掌握世界的前沿动态，具有较强的专业英语阅读能力和交际能力。

因此，很有必要培养具有掌握一定专业英语词汇，能熟练翻译并阅读专业英语材料的专业人才，及时了解专业学科在国际学科发展前沿动态。

然而，由于安全工程所可涉及到矿山、建筑、化工、交通等领域，且各个领域均具有其各自的生产特殊性，使得安全工程专业英语的教学具有一定的复杂性。

目前，在网络发达的新环境下，学生往往借助网络媒介对专业英语进行翻译查询，若仅采用传统的教学模式进行安全工程专业英语的教学，并不能激发学生的学习热情。

因此，很有必要针对安全工程英语的特殊性，结合网络发达的新环境对传统教学模式进行改革，提出能提高安全工程专业英语教学效果的措施。

二、安全工程专业英语的教学现状分析安全工程专业英语是将专业知识与英语工具相结合的一门课程，不仅要求学生有扎实的语言功底，还应有较强的专业知识背景。

但通过多方研究调查可知，大多数高校的安全工程专业英语教学效果不理想，学生的学习兴趣不高，学习动力差。

教师若不重视在课堂教学中的师生互动环节，很容易出现教师在课堂上长独角戏的现象。

最终，学生通过专业英语的学习，仍会收获甚少。

经分析，安全工程专业英语在教学过程中主要存在以下问题：1.安全工程专业英语的参考教材匮乏目前，在安全工程专业英语的授课过程中，主要使用是樊运晓或司鹄主编的《安全工程专业英语》教材。

Ｕnｉt 1safeｔy manaｇement ｓyｓtemＡcciｄent ｃａｕｓatｉon ｍoｄels ﻩ事故致因理论Ｓafety managemeｎt 安全管理Phｙsｉｃａｌｃonditions ﻩ物质条件Mａcｈinｅguａrdinｇﻩ机械保护装置Ｈouse—keepiｎｇ工作场所管理Ｔｏｐmanagement 高层管理人员Ｈuman ｅｒrorｓ人因失误Aｃcidenｔ-pｒonenｅss ｍｏdels 事故倾向模型Muniｔｉoｎs faｃtｏrｙﻩ军工厂Causal fａctorsﻩ起因Rｉskinｇtakiｎgﻩ冒险行为Coｒpｏraｔｅｃｕlture 企业文化Ｌosｓprevention 损失预防Prｏcess indusｔryﻩ制造工业Haｚard coｎtrol 危险控制Intensｉve ｓtudｙ广泛研究Orgａniｚationaｌperｆｏrmａnce 企业绩效Mｕtual trust 相互信任Sａfｅｔｙoffiｃerﻩ安全官员Ｓafeｔy commｉttee 安全委员会Ｓhop-fｌｏｏrﻩ生产区Unioniｚed company 集团公司Seｎioｒitｙﻩ资历、工龄Local ｃuｌturｅ当地文化Absenｔeｅiｓm rａｔｅﻩ缺勤率Power reｌａtioｎｓﻩ权力关系Stａtus review 状态审查Lower—ｌevel managemenｔ低层管理者Business pｅrformanceﻩ组织绩效Ｍｏst seniｏｒexｅcｕtiｖe 高级主管Superｖisory levｅl监督层Ｓａfety pｒincipｌeﻩ安全规则Waｌl—boarｄﻩ公告栏Imｐlement planﻩ执行计划Ｈazarｄidenｔificａtion 危险辨识Ｓａfeｔy pｅrfｏｒmance 安全性能One comｐrｅｈensｉve definition fｏr an orgaｎｉzatｉonａl cｕｌture ｈas been presentｅdｂｙＳｃhein wｈo has said thｅorganｉｚatiｏnal culturｅiｓ“a patteｒn ｏf baｓic asｓumptionｓ–inveｎｔed, dｉｓcovere ｄ，or deveｌoｐｅｄby ａgiven gｒｏup as iｔlearns to cope with iｔs pｒｏbｌｅms of exｔｅrnal adaｐｔａｔiｏn and inｔernal integratioｎ– that h ａs ｗorked weｌl enouｇｈto be consiｄereｄｖａliｄand,tｈｅrｅｆore, to beｔａught to new memｂeｒｓas the corrｅｃt way to peｒcｅive, thin ｋ,and feel in rｅlatiｏn to ｔhosｅｐrobｌemｓ”译文:Scheｉｎ给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式,这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的.由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可,因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员,让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。

Unit One安全管理safety management 事故致因accident causation 不安全行为unsafe acts不安全状态unsafe conditions企业安全文化corporate safety culture安全政策safety policyUnit Two系统安全工程system safety engineering 危险辩识hazard identification/identified危险控制hazard control 安全评价safety evaluation危险分析hazard analysis安全准则safety criteria Unit Three安全人机工程safety ergonomics 工作效率work efficiency工作压力job stressors伤害率injury rate人机过程ergonomics process职业伤残work injuryUnit Four工伤保险injury insurance 人因失误human error风险评估risk assessment人机系统ergonomics system工业事故industrial system事故类型accident types Unit Five职业安全健康occupational health and safety职业安全健康管理体系occupational health and safety management system危险源分析hazard analysis 事故分析accident analysis风险管理risk management职业伤害occupational injury Unit Six工业卫生industrial hygiene 物理危害physical hazards 化学危害chemical hazards非电离辐射non-ionizing radiation生物危害biological hazards职业病occupational diseaseUnit Seven安全文化safety culture企业文化corporate culture 高危行业high-risk industry事故率accident rate应急预案emergency plan安全评审safety review Unit Eight安全激励safety motivation 自我激励self-motivation个人需求individual demand 社会需求social needs安全氛围safety atmosphere 生理需求physiological needs。

安全工程专业词汇（中文）所对应的英文词汇安全操作规程Safety regulations for operations安全极限Safety margins安全间隙safe gap安全监测Safety monitoring安全监察Safety supervision安全检查safe review，SR安全检查表分析safety checklist analysis，SCA安全鉴定：Safety appraisal安全经济效益Safety Cost Effectiveness安全经济学Safety economics安全考核Safety check assessment安全可靠性Safety Reliability安全模拟与安全仿真学Safety simulation & imitation安全评价Safety Assessment安全人体工程Safety livelihood engineering work安全人因工程学Safety human factors engineering安全认证Safety approval and certification安全审核员Safety auditor安全生产指标体系safety production target system安全生产指数safety production index安全事故Safe Accidents安全事故罪Crime of safety accident安全疏散Evacuation安全梯，防火应急出口，安全出口fire escape 安全危害因素Hazardous elements安全系数Safety Factor安全系统工程Safety System Engineering安全销Shear pin安全信息论Safety information theory安全验收评价Safety Assessment Upon Completion安全隐患potential safety hazard 安全预评价Safety Preliminary Evaluation安全阈值Safe threshold value保安矿柱Safety pillars保护装置：Protection devices保险装置Physical protection devices报警设备Warning equipment爆破blasting爆破地震blast seism爆破片bursting disc爆破有害效应adverse effects of blasting爆破有害效应intrinsic safety不安全行为unsafe act抽出式通风exhaust ventilation防爆Explosion-proofing防爆电气设备explosion-proof electrical equipment防爆墙anti-explosion wall防尘工程Dust control engineering防毒Anti-toxin防高温High temprature prevention防护堤protection embankment防护口罩Safety mask防护设备Safeguard辐射防护：Radiation protection高温作业Hotwork个体保护用品Individual protection articles工程事故Engineering accidents工伤事故industial accidents工业防尘：Industrial dust suppression工业防毒：Industrial gas defense工业通风：Industrial ventilation工业灾害控制：Control of industrial disaster 共同安全署(美国) Mutual Security Agency (U. S. )故障假设分析方法what…if，WI故障类型和影响分析failure mode effects analysis，FMEA故障树分析fault tree analysis，FTA锅炉事故：Boiler breakdowns核安全Nuclear safety化工安全Chemical engineering safety环保工程师Environmental Protection Engineer机械通风mechanical ventilation极限载荷limit load监测点monitoring point交通安全教育Traffic Safety Education局部通风local ventilation可靠性分析reliability analysis，RA矿井通风mine ventilation矿井通风方式layout of ventilation shafts矿用安全型：Mine permissible type劳动保护Labour protection临界安全critical safety临界量threshold quantity漏风air leakage起重安全Lifting safety潜在危险Potential hazards缺水事故Water deficiency emergence (or accident)人机工程学ergonomics人机界面：human-machine interface人失误human error伤亡率Rate of casualty伤亡事故Casualty accidents设备事故Equipment accident审查人员authorized person生态安全Ecological safety事故处理Accident handling事故树分析Accident tree analysis事故致因理论：Accident-causing theory事件树分析Event Tree Analysis通风与空调工程Ventilation engineering & air conditioning危险辨识：Hazard identific 危险和可操作性研究hazard and operability study HAZOP危险评估Risk assessment危险源Dangerous source危险源辨识hazard identification危险源控制hazard control危险指数法risk rank，RR违章作业：Operation against rules温度报警器：Temperature alarm矽肺病silicosis系统安全分析System safety analysis系统危险性评价system risk assessment压力容器pressure vessels易燃物品：Inflammable article应急避难所emergency shelter应急对策：Emergency countermeasures应急预案emergency plan有害作业：Harmful work职业安全卫生Occupational health and safety 职业安全卫生标准Occupational health and safety standards职业安全卫生体系Occupational health and safety management system职业危害Occupational hazard重大事故major accident重大危险源major hazard installations注册安全工程师Certified Safety Engineer专项安全评价Safety Specific Evaluation自然通风natural ventilation阻燃剂flame retardant最佳起爆距离optimum burst range作业环境卫生Work environment hygiene作业条件危险性评价法job risk analysis，LEC安全边界Safety limits安全辩证法Safety dialectic安全标志Safety sign安全标准Safety standards安全玻璃Safety glass安全操作规程Safety regulations for operations安全车Security vehicle安全成本Safety cost安全措施Safety measures安全带(飞行器) Safety belts(aircraft)安全带Safety belts安全灯Safety lamps安全等级Safety level安全电气工程Safety electric engineering安全调度(电力系统) Security dispatching(electrical power syste ms)安全度Degree of safety安全对策Safety countermeasures安全阀Relief valves安全法规Safety laws and regulations安全法学Safety jurisprudence安全防护Safety protection安全防护照明Protective lighting安全风险Safe risk安全工程Safety engineering安全工程技术人员Technical personnel of safety engineering安全工程师Safety engineer安全工作体系Safetywork system安全观Safety outlook安全管理Safetymanagement安全管理体系Safety administration system 安全规程Safety regulation安全航速Safe ship speed安全极限Safety margins安全计量Safety measurements安全计量学Safety metrology安全技术Safety techniques安全监测Safety monitoring安全监察Safety supervision安全监控Safety supervising 安全监控系统Safety monitoring system安全检测与监控技术Safety detection & monitoring-controlling tech nique安全检查Safety inspection安全检查表Safety checklists安全健康产品Health and safety production 安全鉴定Safety appraisal安全教育Safety education安全教育学Safety pedagogy安全经济效益Safety cost effectiveness安全经济学Safety economics安全考核Safety check assessment安全科学Safety science安全科学技术Safety technique安全壳(反应堆) Containments(reactors)安全壳系统Containment systems安全可靠性Safety reliability安全控制技术Safety control technology安全控制论Safety cybernetics安全离合器Overload clutches安全立法Safety legislation安全联锁系统Safety interlocking system安全模拟与安全仿真学Safety simulation & imitation安全模式Safety pattern安全培训Safety training安全评价Safety assessment安全气囊Safety gasbag安全墙Safety walls安全人机界面Safetyman-machine interface 安全人体工程Safety livelihood engineering work安全人体学Safety livelihood science安全人因工程学Safety human factors engineering安全认证Safety approval and certification安全三级教育Three degree safety education 安全设备Safety equipment安全设备工程Safety equipment engineering work安全设备学Safety guard science安全设计Safety design安全社会工程Safety social engineering work 安全社会学Safety sociology安全审核员Safety auditor安全生产Safety production安全生理学Safety physiology安全事故Safe accidents安全事故罪Crime of safety accident安全试验Safety experiment安全疏散Evacuation安全素质Safety disposition安全体系学Science of safety system安全统计Safety statistics工程事故Engineering accidents工业安全Industrial safety工业防尘Industrial dust suppression工业防毒Industrial gas defense工业通风Industrial ventilation工业灾害控制Control of industrial disaster 工业照明Industrial lighting公共安全Public safety共同安全署(美国) Mutual Security Agency (U. S. )故障保险Fail safe锅炉安全Boiler safety锅炉爆炸事故Boiler explosion accidents锅炉事故Boiler breakdowns国际海上人命安全公约International convention for safety of life at sea 国家安全法National security law过卷保护装置Over winding safety gears航空安全Aviation safety航天安全Aerospace safety航天救生Space security航天器屏蔽Spacecraft shielding 航行安全V oyage safety核安全Nuclear safety核安全保障Nuclear safeguard核安全保障规章Nuclear safeguard regulations核防护Nuclear protection化工安全Chemical engineering safety火灾事故Fire accident激光安全Laser safety激光安全标准Laser safety standard激光危害Laserhazard激光眼睛防护Laser eye protection集体安全体系Collective security system计算机安全Computer safety家庭安全Family safety监测保护系统Surveillance protection system 降温Falling temperature交通安全教育Traffic safety education交通运输安全Traffic safety结构安全度Structure safety金融安全区Financial safety zone井下安全阀Subsurface safety valve警报Alarm静态安全分析(电力系统安全分析)Electrostatic safety analysis救护Medical aid救生设备Rescue equipment救生装置Survival devices矿山安全Mine safety矿山安全仪器Coalmine safety apparatus矿业安全配备公司(美国)Mine Safety Appliances Company矿用安全型Mine permissible type劳保服装Safety and industrial costume劳保条例Labour insurance regulations劳动安全Labour safety劳动保护Labour protection劳动合同Labour contract劳动条件Labour conditions联合国安全理事会United Nations Security Council漏风Air leakage旅游安全Tourist safety美国国家安全委员会The National Security Council (U. S. )美国劳动部职业安全与卫生局Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Department of Labor, U. S. A. )美国全国公路交通安全管理局National Highway Traffic Safety Administratio n破损安全设计方法Fail-safe designmethods 企业安全Enterprise safety起重安全Lifting safety汽轮机事故Steam turbine accidents潜在危险Potential hazards全球海上遇险与安全系统Global maritime distress and safety system缺水事故Water deficiency emergence (or accident)人为失误Man-made faults伤亡率Rate of casualty伤亡事故Casualty accidents烧毁事故Burn up accidents社区安全Community safety渗毒Toxin leaching生产噪声与振动控制Control of occupational noise & vibration生活安全Living safety生态安全Ecological safety失速警告系统Stall-warning systems食品安全Food safety 事故Accident事故处理Accident handling事故分析Accident analysis事故类别Accident type事故模型Accident model事故频率Accident frequency事故树分析Accident tree analysis 事故损失Accident loss事故统计Accident statistics事故预防Accidentprevention事故致因理论Accident-causing theory适航性Air worthiness适毁性Crashworthiness提升安全装置Lifting safety features天然放射性Natural radioactivity听力保护Hearing protection通风与空调工程Ventilation engineering & air conditioning 通信安全Communication safety头部保护Head protection危害公共安全罪Offences againstpublic security危急保安器Emergency protector危险辨识Hazard identific危险等级Danger level危险评估Risk assessment危险源Dangerous source危险源控制Dangerous source control违章作业Operation against rules未成年工保护Protection of underage employee温度报警器Temperature alarm系统安全分析System safety analysis系统安全工程System safety engineering系统安全性System safety系统安全学System safety science消防工程Fire-fighting engineering消费安全Consumption safety信息安全Information safety行车安全Driving safety压力容器安全Pressure vessel safety压力释放Pressure relief烟温Fume temperature眼部保护Eye protection异常气压防护Protection of anomalous barometric pressure易燃物品Inflammable article应急对策Emergency countermeasures英国矿山安全研究所Safety in Mines Research Establishment有害作业Harmful work再入屏蔽Reentry shielding职业安全卫生Occupational health and safety 职业安全卫生标准Occupational health and safety standards职业安全卫生体系Occupational health and safety management sy stem职业危害Occupational hazard重大危险源Major hazard sources主动安全性Active safety自动保护停机Automatic safety stop作业环境卫生Work environment hygiene座椅背带Seat harness。

Unit 1 safety management systemAccident causation models 事故致因理论Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machine guarding 机械保护装置House—keeping 工作场所管理Top management 高层管理人员Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查Lower—level management 低层管理者Business performance 组织绩效Most senior executive 高级主管Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识Safety performance 安全性能One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions –invented, discovered，or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive，think, and feel in relation to those problems"译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。

Unit 1 safety man ageme nt system Accide nt causatio n models 事故致因理论Safety man ageme nt 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machi ne guard机械保护装置ingHouse-keep ing 工作场所管理Top man ageme高层管理人员ntHuma n errors 人因失误Accide nt-pro nen ess models 事故倾向模型Mun iti ons factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risk ing tak ing 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss preve nti on 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard con trol 危险控制Inten sive study 广泛研究Organi zati onal performa nee 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Shop-floor 生产区Seni ority资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Abse nteeism rate 缺勤率Power relatio ns 权力关系Status review 状态审查Lower-level man ageme nt 低层管理者Busin ess performa nee 组织绩效Most senior executive 高级主管Supervisory level 监督层Safety prin eiple 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Impleme nt pla n 执行计戈UHazard ide ntificati on 危险辨识Safety performa nee 安全性能译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。

安全工程专业英语pdfSecurity Engineering Professional English PDFEngineering is a field that is constantly evolving, and the field of security engineering is no exception. Security engineering is a specialized area of engineering that focuses on the design, development, and implementation of systems and processes that ensure the protection of people, assets, and information. As the world becomes more interconnected and technology-driven, the importance of security engineering has become increasingly critical.One of the key aspects of security engineering is the ability to effectively communicate and collaborate with various stakeholders, including engineers, project managers, and clients. To this end, proficiency in English is essential for security engineers, as it is the predominant language of international communication in the field. Security engineers must be able to read, write, and comprehend technical documents, reports, and specifications, all of which are often written in English.Moreover, the field of security engineering is highly regulated, with various standards and guidelines that must be adhered to. Thesestandards are often published in English, and security engineers must be able to interpret and apply them accurately. Failure to do so can lead to serious consequences, such as compromised security systems or legal liabilities.In addition to technical proficiency, security engineers must also be able to effectively communicate with non-technical stakeholders, such as managers and clients. This requires the ability to translate complex technical concepts into plain English, ensuring that everyone involved in a project understands the importance and implications of the security measures being implemented.To enhance their English language skills, security engineers can engage in various professional development activities, such as attending conferences, participating in industry-specific training programs, or even pursuing higher education opportunities that focus on security engineering and English language proficiency.One such resource that can be particularly valuable for security engineers is the Security Engineering Professional English PDF. This comprehensive guide provides in-depth coverage of the key concepts and terminology used in the field of security engineering, all presented in clear and concise English. The PDF includes sections on risk assessment, access control, cryptography, and incident response, among other essential topics, ensuring that securityengineers have a robust understanding of the language and concepts necessary for success in their field.By mastering the English language and leveraging resources like the Security Engineering Professional English PDF, security engineers can enhance their professional capabilities, improve their communication skills, and ultimately contribute to the development of more secure and resilient systems that protect individuals, organizations, and society as a whole.。

安全技术及工程专业英语ContentSection one (1)Mine ventilation (1)Section two (6)Methane and its control (6)Section three (17)Mine fires (17)Section four (21)Accident prevention principles (21)Section five (24)Hazard Identification (24)Section six (29)Accident Investigations (29)Section seven (34)Accident Analysis in Mine Industry (34)Section oneMine ventilationThe two purposes of mine ventilation are: (1) to answer the requirements of the law in regard to supplying a stated quantity of fresh air per minute to each man in the mine, and to dilute render harmless, and sweep away dangerous gases. In coal mines the quantity of fresh air prescribed is generally from 100 to 150cu.ft/min/man in the mine. Some mining regulation specify a maximum limit to the quantity of methane permitted in the return air of coal mines, and some limit the amount of carbon dioxide permissible in the mine air. (2) to make working conditions more comfortable for miners. If conditions of humidity and air temperature are favourable, a decide cooling effect on the men is secured by giving the proper velocity to the an current, and the efficiency of the miners is increased. Dust and fumes from explosives are also removed.Natural and artificial ventilationPress differences required to cause air flow, may be produced by natural or mechanical forces. Flow caused by unequal densities or weights of air columns in or near the openings (due mainly to temperature differences) is “natural-draft” flow, and resulting pressure-differences are “natural draft pressure”. The relatively feeble currents forming complete flow-circuits in undivided single openings, also due to equal densities, are separately termed” convection currents ”. Many metal mines and some small coal mines are ventilated by natural draft alone, which also acts in conjunction with fan pressure in mechanically-ventilated mines; Where its importance largely depends on depth of workings and mine resistance.The effect of natural conditions in creating a circulation of air in a mine is illustrated in Fig 1. It will be assumed that the temperature of the air current at any point in the mine is T1, and the outside temperature is T2. The column of air whose weight tends to produce circulation is H1 for the main shaft, and H2 for the air shaft. H2being composed of two sections, namely H a+H m. The direction in which the air will circulate and the pressure producing circulation may be derived by calculating.The difference between the weights of the two columns is the pressure in pounds per square foot that produces circulation of the air, and the direction of flow will be toward the column of lesser weight as indicated by the arrows in the figure.In mines where the natural ventilation pressure is inadequate to supply the necessary air, fans are used. However, the effect of natural ventilation on the performance of the fan is important. Owing to the change in temperature from summer to winter conditions, natural ventilation may reverse its direction; in one case it assists the fan, in the other case it opposes it.V entilation of coal mines is nowadays almost universally effected by use of the fans, of which there are many types. Such fans may either exhaust the air from the upcast shaft or blow or force the air down the downcast shaft. With few exceptions, exhausting fans at the top of the up-cast shaft are used in modern mines.Fig.1 Natural ventilationAlthough many types of fans are used for mine ventilation, they fall into two classes, viz, the centrifugal or wheel-type fan and the axial-flow or propeller type fan.During recent year the centrifugal fan has found a rival in the axial-flow or propeller-type fan, which is now being used in increasing numbers to such an extent that it is largely replacing the centrifugal fan for mine ventilation.The action of the axial-flow fan differs from that the centrifugal fan in that the air passes axially alone the fan instead of being discharged from the circumference of the fan by centrifugal force. The fan consists essentially of one or more rotors (some- what similar to aeroplane propellers; in the first axial-flow mine fans that rotors wereactually aeroplane propellers). There rotors carry blades and rotate at a high speed within a circular casing which the air enters at one end and is discharged at the other end. The number of rotors or stages depend upon the pressure to be produced, and mine fans may have anything from one to four stages, with the equivalent number of rotors mounted on the same shaft.Although apparently simple in construction and operation, this type of fan calls for a high degree of skill in the design and arrangement of the blades. With the axial-flow fan it is possible to vary the performance by increasing its speed, by increasing the number of stages or rotors, and by altering the pitch or inclination of the blades, and these alterations can be made over fairly wide limits without seriously reducing the efficiency at which the fan works.Underground fansFans are used underground mainly for two purpose, viz, as boosters for assisting the main fan, and as auxiliary fans for the ventilation of headings and blind ends.The use of booster fans underground is confined to cases where the workings have extended to such great distances from the pit-bottom that the surface fan is incapable of circulating the quantity of air necessary for the ventilation of these remote workings and where it would be necessary either to install a larger and additional airways to allow adequate ventilation.Such fans are usually installed in the return airways, but when electrically driven the driven the driving motor must be supplied with fresh of intake air.The distribution of mine ventilationThe present-day practice is to split the air near the bottom of the downcast shaft into several intake airways, each of which serves a certain area of the workings or district of the mine. Similarly, separate returns are provided for the several working areas or districts near the upcast pit-bottom.Splitting the air in this way is essential if the large volumes of air required in modern mines are to be provided, and in addition it offers many advantages, the chief of which are:1.Each district is supplied with fresh air.2.A much large quantity of air circulates in the mine, due to lower resistance by multiple circuits or roadways.3.There is less risk of accumulation of gas.4.In the event of trouble in a district or an explosion, the trouble or damage is more likely to be confined to the particular district in which it occurs and less likely to affect the whole mine.5.The velocity of the air currents in the intakes, returns and workings is lower, and the ventilating pressure required for a given total quantity of air is reduced, with consequent economy in power consumption.Left to its own devices, the air would simply pass down the downcast and take the nearest way to the upcast shaft, leaving the rest of the mine unventilated. To prevent this and ensure the proper distribution of the air throughout the mine, various devices are employed.Stoppings. As the mine workings advace, various connections between the intake and return airways must be sealed, as must also be abandoned roadways in order to prevent air leaking and circulating in areas where it is no longer required. It is required that any road connecting an intake and a return airway which has ceased to be required for the working of the mine shall be effectively sealed forthwith. For this purpose stoppings are constructed to confine the air along the desired course. These stoppings are built from floor to roof and from side to side of the roadways, and are constructed in many ways.In important position they may be built of masonry or concrete, while at other times they may consist merely of debris packed in the roadway to a sufficient thickness to prevent the passage of air.Doors. It is frequently necessary to prevent the passage of air along roadways which must, however, be available for persons or materials to pass. In these cases ventilation doors are employed. Not less than two doors are usually inserted, so that one can remain shut at all times to prevent short-circuiting of the air which would happen if a single door was used. In important situations near the pit-bottom and between main intakes and returns, it is customary to erect three or more door, and inup-to-date mines these are sometimes constructed of steel plates with rubber beading around the edges to reduce leakage to a minimum. In other situations strong wooden doors with door frames built in brickwork surrounds are employed.Sheets. Near the working faces, where the ventilating pressure is small and the ground is unsettled, sheets are sometimes employed as substitutes for doors to divert the air current. These consist of long brattice cloth or sacking, made windproof and usually fireproof, hung from roof to floor, and nailed to a piece of timber, often a roof bar. They can thus be lifted or pushed out of position for men or tubs to pass. The use of sheets is not recommended in position where it is possible to insert doors, as they are far from leakproof and are easily deranged, when they allow the air to short-circuit and rob the working places of ventilation.Air crossings. To ensure the supply of air to all parts of the mine, if frequently becomes necessary that an intake airway and a return airway shall cross each other. In such cases an air-tight bridge, called an air crossing, overcast or cross over has to be constructed.Regulators. In order to obtain the desired distribution of air between the various districts, it is usually necessary to restrict the amount of air flowing into certain districts which offer a low resistance to air flow. This is effected by the use of regulators. It is obvious that without regulators large volumes of air would tend to flow in the splits of low resistance, leaving only small quantities for the remote workings which offer a high resistance.A regulator usually consists of a small sliding door or adjustable shutter set in an ordinary ventilating door.Section twoMethane and its controlMethane and respirable dust are the two common problems encountered in underground coal mining. They are more severe in modern longwall mining because of high production.Methane and its drainageOnce the air enters the mine shaft, its composition changes and becomes mine air. most notably, the dust and hazardous gases will increase and dilute the concentration of oxygen. In addition, the air temperature, humidity, and pressure will all change. When those changes occur slightly, the mine air, which is not significantly different from the atmospheric air, is called fresh air. This usually refers to the air before passing through the working faces. After passing through working face or gob it is called the return air.In general, mine gas refers to all the hazardous gases in mines. The most frequently encountered hazardous in underground coal mines are methane(CH4), carbon dioxide(CO2), carbon monoxide(CO), sulphur dioxide(SO2), hydrogen sulfide(H2S), nitrogen dioxide(NO2) and hydrogen(H2).Methane or marsh gas, by miners it is termed firedamp or simply “gas”, is the major component of the hazardous gases in underground coal mines. It occupies approximately 80~96% by volume. Thus normally when one speaks of mine gas, one means methane. It is colorless and odorless; its diffusivity is about 1.6 times that of air. Since it has a low specific gravity (0.554), methane is easily accumulated near the roof of the roadway and working faces. Though it is harmless to breathe in small quantities, it is suffocating if its concentration is very high.The most dangerous problem with methane is the potential of methane explosion. It will be ignited when its concentration is between 5 and 16% ( 9.5% is the most dangerous ) and the air temperature is from 1.200 to 1.3820F ( 650~7500C). Some coal seams and rock strata contain large amounts of methane, and under high pressure, the coal and gas will burst out suddenly and simultaneously. Obviously, certainappropriate measures must be employed to extract methane from these coal seams in advance.The amount of methane emission in an underground coal mine can be expressed either by the absolute amount or the relative amount of emission. The absolute amount of emission is the absolute amount of emission per unit time in the whole mine. Its volumetric unit will be ft 3/day (m 3/day) or ft 3/min (m 3/min). However, the relative amount of emission is the average amount of emission per ton coal produced within a certain period of time, ft 3/ton (m 3/ton).During a normal production period the methane concentration is diluted to below the lowest limit allowed by law mainly adjusting the volume of the ventilated air. The required volume of air in a working face can be determined by k c Q Q gasair =;where Q air is the required fresh air volume in ft 3/min (m 3/min). C is the maximum allowable limit of methane concentration in the return air, generally 1~1.5%. The allowable limit of methane concentration varies from country to country. For instance, the limit in China is 1%; Holland 1.5% up to 2% in some area; West Germany 1~1.5%; France 1.5~2% for some faces with monitoring instrument; and in the U.S. 1~2%. K is the nonuniform coefficient of gas emission, generally 1.5.Following the recent rapid development in longwall machinery, the longwall productivity has improved greatly while the coal produced is much smaller in size. These two events increase the amount of methane emission tremendously and consequently require a much larger volume of ventilated air. For example, in the United States the fresh air required at the longwall face is from 1.800 to 50.000 ft 3/min (510~1.417m 3/min).Most of the methane produced during coalification and metamorphism escapes to the atmosphere through fissures in the strata. A small part stays in the fissures in the surrounding strata and still another small part remains in the coal. The methane stays in the coal or the fissures in the surrounding strata either in free or adsorbed state. The free methane moves freely in the coal or the fissures and fractures in the strata, whereas the gas molecules in the adsorbed methane tightly adhere to the surface of theinterior fissure or the interior of coal particles. Under certain conditions, the free and adsorbed states are in equilibrium. As the pressure, temperature, and mining conditions change, the equilibrium will be destroyed. When the pressure is increased or the temperature is decreased, some parts of the free methane will become adsorbed. Conversely, some of the adsorbed methane will be released to become free methane. During mining operation the coal seams and the surrounding strata are subjected to continuous fracturing, which increases the passageways for the methane and destroys the equilibrium between the free and adsorbed methane that exists under natural conditions. As a result, some of the adsorbed methane will be freed. Thus under normal conditions, as mining progresses, the methane in the coal and the surrounding strata will be released continuously and uniformly. This is the basic form of methane emission. Only methane in the free gas state can flow into mine workings.Methane content of seam and surrounding strata is the most important factor controlling the amount of methane to be emitted. If the seam contains a large amount of methane, it will emit more methane during mining. In addition, methane content in the coal seam and the surrounding strata also depends on the seam depth and geological conditions. Generally methane content in creases with seam depth. If the seam is close to the surface, especially if there are outcrops, methane will escape to the atmosphere and consequently methane content will be lower. The seam inclination is also a controlling factor. Since flowing along the bedding planes is much easier than flowing perpendicular to them, the larger the seam inclination, the more the methane escapes. If the surrounding strata are thick and tight in structure, the methane will more likely remain in the strata. Conversely, if the fissures are well developed in the strata, the methane will escape easily.If the seam being mined has a high methane content, the mining method employed should be those that extract with high recovery and leaves as leaves as little coal in the gob possible. In this respect, longwall mining is the most suitable.During coal cutting the amount of methane emission increases sharply. However, different methods of coal cutting produce different amounts of methane emission. It depends mainly on the amount of coal cut loose, the size of the newly exposed coalface, and the size of the broken coal, For example, if air picks are used, the amount of methane emission increases 1.1~1.3 times; 1.4~2.0 times for blasting;1.3~1.6 times for shearer cutting; and 2.0~4.0 times for hydraulic jetting. This is why coal seams with high methane content are not suitable for hydraulic mining. In modern longwall faces, the shearer cuts rapidly, resulting in high production. Consequently the amount of methane emission is large. It will be necessary to strengthen ventilation in order to reduce the methane concentration.If longwall mining with the full-caving method is used, the methane originally stored in the roof strata and adjacent seams will be released and will flow into the normal ventilation networks. This is especially true during the periodic roof weighting when the main roof acts vigorously and caves in large areas. It may also reactivate the static air accumulated in the gob and flow into the face area and the tailentry. If the sealing method is used, the gob must be kept sealed tightly, because in a sealed gob, the methane accumulated may reach as high as 60~70% in the static air. The methane-rich static air should not be allowed to leak into the normal ventilation networks If, on the other hand, the open gob is employed, the gob must be ventilated adequately to reduce the potential of accumulating high concentrations of methane in certain areas.Methods of Preventing Methane Explosion 1There are three requirements methane explosion: a minimum concentration of methane and of oxygen and a suitable heat source. The min. concentration, 5％，is the lower explosion limit, and 15% is the upper limit. If below 5%, it forms a bluish stable combustion layer around the flame without initiating explosion. If larger than 5%, there is insufficient amount of oxygen to promote the chemical reactions leading to explosion. When the methane content in fresh air 9.5%, once it encounters a heat source of sufficient temperature, the whole amount of methane and oxygen will participate in the chemical reactions.It must be noted, however, that as the oxygen content in the air decreases, the lower explosion limit will slowly increase while the upper explosion limit will drop sharply. When the oxygen content is decreased to 12%, the methane-air mixture will not be ignited. If the gob is sealed, there will be considerable accumulation of methane. But it will not be ignited even if there were spontaneous combustion in theremanent coal. This is due to the fact that in the sealed gob, there is insufficient amount of oxygen in the air.The ignition temperature is the lowest temperature for igniting a methane explosion and generally ranges from 1,202 to 1,292 F(650~700℃). There are many underground heat sources that can ignite a methane explosion. These include any exposed fires, spontaneous coal combustions, electric arcings, high temperature gases from blastings, every hot metal surfaces and sparks due to impact and friction. However, once the methane-oxygen mixture encounters the heat source it requires a minimum reaction time before explosion. Although the reaction time is extremely short(Table),it is very important for mining operations. Therefore, when using permissible explosives, as long as the shot-firing is properly implemented, the methane will not be ignited.In underground coal mines , methane explosion can occur in any place, however, most of them occur at the working faces where methane emission is the largest. Based on the factors contributing to methane explosion, the most effective methods for preventing methane explosion are to reduce the accumulation of methane and to eliminate high-temperature heat sources.The areas where methane is likely to accumulate are the gob, working faces at the development entries, gob-side tailentry T-junction, near cutting drums off the shearer, and in the roof fall cavities.It is very likely that methane accumulates to high concentration in the gob. In the United States the gobs are ventilated to prevent methane accumulation and to reduce the temperature. In most other countries the gobs are tightly sealed that itcompletely cuts off any fresh air flowing into the gob or prevents high-concentration methane air flowing out of the gob. In any event, if amount of methane emission is large, some methods of methane drainage directly from the gob to the surface are necessary. The withdrawn methane can be used as a fuel or as a raw material for chemical by-products.Frequently at the working faces of the development entries. due to insufficient air volume and speed, the methane cannot be effectively diluted and/or swept away. The methane concentration may reach a critical level. Since the specific gravity of methane is very small, it tends to accumulate near the roof line and forms a methane layer, sometimes up to 8~12 in (200~300mm) thick. It can be diluted or swept away by directing air flowing at 1.64~3.28ft/ sec(0.5~1m/sec). If necessary, a guide board or pipe, or perforated compressive air pipe may be installed along the roof line to dilute the methane layer.To increase the air volume and air speed is an effective method for diluting the methane concentration in the entries. But if the methane emission is very heavy, other supplementary measures are necessary. These include; (1) natural drainage-in this method, several entries are driven alternately. The methane will drain itself during the period of alternate stoppage; (2) drain as advance-in this method, holes are drilled on either one or both ribs approximately 49~66ft(15－20m) outby from the face. Each hole is connected to the drainage pipe out; (3) holes are drilled ahead of the face and the methane is drained for a period of time before the face is advanced.Methods of Preventing Methane Explosion 2The tailentry corner is the major area where high-concentration methane accumulates. This is due to the facts that, first, it serves as the major exit for the high-concentration methane in the gob, and second, when the fresh air reaches the tailentry T-junction it has to make a 90°turn which results in a turbulent air flow in the tailentry corner. Consequently, the methane accumulated in this area cannot be carried away. Several methods can be employed to eliminate the problems:1. If the methane emission is heavier, some drainage methods are necessary in the tailentry corner (Fig.2).A steel pipe 150~300ft (46~92m)long is installed long the tailentry. The gob end of the pipe extends through the curtain separating the tailentryfrom the tailentry corner. The methane accumulated in the corner will flow out through the pipe due to air pressure differentials. If the air pressure differential is too small, the drainage efficiency can be increased by installing a high-pressure water pipe or a compressed-air pipe alongside the steel pipe with nozzles at predetermined intervals connecting the two pipes.Fig 2 Method of draining methane accumulated at the tailentry corner if the methaneemission is medium high2. When the methane emission is larger than 176~212ft3/min(5-6m3/min), some special measures of methane drainage must be employed.If the coal seam has a high methane content, methane emission under high production by longwall mining will be very high. In such cases, it would be rather difficult and uneconomical to dilute the methane by increasing ventilation alone. Therefore, methane drainage must be considered. Methane drainage involves drilling boreholes into the solid coal, the roof and sometimes the floor. The methane contained in the coal or rock within a radius of up to 200ft(60m), depending on the permeability, will flow into the boreholes from which the methane is vacuum-pumped, viapipelines, to the surface.In the United states, the most common method for methane drainage in longwall mining is by surface boreholes. Before the retreat mining begins, one to three surface boreholes, depending on the panel length, are sunk along the centerline of the panel.Each borehole is sunk to a depth near the roof of the coal seam. The first borehole is usually located approximately 500ft（155m）from the panel setup room.Methane begins to emit from the borehole when the longwall face reaches to a few meters within the borehole. The initial methane flow rate is high but erratic. It becomes stabilized after nearly 60 days. It is not uncommon that using this method the total methane flow reaches 1,000,000ft3/day and the methane emission from the gob is reduced by more than 50%.Another gob degasification method for advancing longwall panel where methane emission of up to 3,000ft3/ min ( 85m3/min ) per ton of coal is liberated, is shown in Fig.3-in(10-cm) holes are drilled into the roof from the return entry at an angle of 60°for about 90 ft deep and at 75-90 ft ( 23-27m ) intervals. Bottom holes are also drilled at an angle to stay under and ahead of the faceline. All holes are fitted with 4-in (10-cm) pipe and packed. The methane is vacuum-pumped to the surface and released into the atomosphere. This method can also be applied to retreat longwall panels with multiple entries, except that the holes will have to be drilled from the second entry.3. Water Infusion Water infusion involves drilling in seam horizontal holes into the solid coal ahead of mining. High pressure water from 300 to 1,500 psi is injected into the boreholes. The high-pressure water moves away in a cylindrical water front. As the water moves away from the borehole, the methane is also driven away. In order to prevent water leakage and to increase the infusion zone, hole is generally either grouted or sealed with packers at 5 ft (1.5m) intervals. In general the infusion zone is approximate twice the length of the grouted portion of the hole. Therefore, with proper orientation and spacing of boreholes, the advancing water fronts can be merged to form a complete seal which in effect prevents the methane from being emitted into the coal face. In addition, water infusion tends to wet the coal before it is broken by the cutting machine. This is a very effective way of reducing the respirable dust level.Fig.2 Gob degasification method for advancing longwall panel Fig.3 A shows a longwall retreating panel using one hole for water infusion. The panel width is 500ft (152m). The infusion hole is 275 ft (84m) long. A plastic pipe 255 ft (78m) long is inserted into the hole, with the outer 225 ft (69m) grouted. This leaves a 50-ft (15-m) open section at the bottom of the hole for water infusion. With this arrangement the infusion zone can cover the whole face width. The infusion holes along the panel length direction should be spaced at less than 400 ft(122m) so that the infusion zones will merge to from a complete seal.Alternatively, two short holes, one from each side of the panel, can be drilled for water infusion in order to avoid the difficulties associated with long horizontal-hole drilling (Fig.4).。

《安全工程专业英语》课程教学大纲课程代码：080632037课程英文名称：Professional English for Safety Engineering课程总学时：16 讲课：16 实验：0 上机：0适用专业：安全工程大纲编写（修订）时间：2017年7月一、大纲使用说明（一）课程的地位及教学目标本课程是安全工程专业本科生的专业基础课，是使学生从英语学习的通识性阅读过渡到学术性阅读的重要桥梁课程。

通过本课程的学习，学生能在应用并提高英语基本技能当的基础上，学习科技英语的基本表达，并对安全工程专业方向的词汇及用法有所掌握，进而实现“以英语为工具获取专业所需信息”的目标。

（二）知识、能力及技能方面的基本要求1、巩固和扩充对英语基本词汇和词组的理解和应用能力。

2、明确和掌握科技英语的特点，熟悉专业英语书籍和科技期刊中常用的文字表达方式及基本翻译技巧。

3、进一步提高综合运用英语语法基本知识的能力，尤其是长句和复杂句的分析和理解能力。

4、增加化工、安全、环境等方面的专业词汇量，并从中探寻词汇变化规律，提高对专业词汇的运用能力。

5、提高专业文献阅读速度和理解能力。

（三）实施说明1．教学方法：讲授时，尽可能结合学生已有的英语学习基础，阐明专业英语与基础英语的区别和练习，帮助学生建立基于学术词汇的新的英语学习体系和方法，并积极引导学生通过专业英语的学习巩固提高原有的英语基础。

课堂讲授实行启发式、引导式教学，力求做到高效、丰富，突出重点，并注意将培养和提高学生的解决实际问题的能力放在重要位置。

坚持课堂讨论和练习是教好、学好本门课程的关键。

在整个教学过程中，将根据正常教学进度事先布置一定量的讨论题，要求学生按时完成，并在课堂上加以讨论。

适时进行随堂练习检查学生的掌握情况，并布置一定量的课后作业，加以巩固。

2．教学手段：在教学中采用电子教案、多媒体课件及多媒体教学系统等先进教学手段，以确保在有限的学时内，全面、高质量地完成课程教学任务。

安全工程专业英语词汇及翻译(司鹄版)Unit6Industry hygiene工业卫生physical hazard物理危害、物质危害nonionizing radiation非电离辐射adverse effects副作用loud noise嘈杂的声音chemical bum化学烧伤live electrical circuits 带电电路confined space密闭空间hearing loss听力丧失physical or mental disturbance身体或精神障碍annoyance烦恼power tools电动工具impulse脉冲sound level meter噪声计jet engine 喷气式发动机time-weighted average时间加权平均heat stress 热应力、热威胁shivering 颤抖hard labor辛苦工作fatigued疲劳的living tissue活组织plastic sealer塑料密封机biological hazard 生物危害potable water饮用水sewage污水physical contact身体接触allergic reaction 过敏反应severe pain剧烈疼痛manual handing手工处理airborne空中的on a daily basis每天hazard communication standard危害通识规定stipulation规定、条款trade name商标名工业卫生被定义为：“致力于预测、识别、评估和控制环境因素或压力的科学与技术，这些压力产生或来自与工作场所，能够造成疾病、损害人们的幸福安康、或是工程或社区居民的工作效率不高，并使他们感觉到很不舒服。

（P67）当噪音导致暂时或永久的听力丧失，使身体或精神发生紊乱，对语言交流产生干扰，或对工作、休息、放松、睡觉产生干扰时，它是一种非常严重的危害。