四川大学华西医学院骨科学2017年考博真题试卷

一、总结的骨科试题问答题脊柱内固定治疗进展（1999复旦大学外科博士试题）肱骨髁上骨折的诊治原则（2000复旦大学外科博士试题）肱骨髁上骨折分型及手术适应症（2004中山医科大学外科博士试题）骨间后神经嵌压综合征的病因,临床表现,诊断及治疗（2001复旦大学外科博士试题）颈椎病的分类（2002复旦大学外科博士试题）骨肉瘤的临床及X线表现/分型/治疗进展（2003复旦大学外科博士试题）脊柱侧凸的分类,测量及X线判断病变是否稳定（2004复旦大学外科博士试题）脊柱侧弯定义分类治疗（1997中山医科大学外科博士试题）椎管狭窄症的定义、病因、临床表现、诊断和治疗（2006复旦大学外科博士试题）肱骨髁上骨折的治疗原则（1995中山医科大学外科博士试题）全髋关节置换适应症、禁忌症及并发症（1995中山医科大学外科博士试题）骨结核好发部位、治疗原则（1996中山医科大学外科博士试题）骨折愈合临床标准（1996中山医科大学外科博士试题）L4椎体滑脱的治疗原则（1998中山医科大学外科博士试题）人工关节松动的原因（1999中山医科大学外科博士试题）颈椎病手术指征？前后入路选择（2000中山医科大学外科博士试题）手急性化脓性腱鞘炎和深部间隙感染与解剖的关系？（2000中山医科大学外科博士试题）特发性脊柱侧弯中，结构性侧弯和非结构性侧弯的区别。

（2001中山医科大学外科博士试题）膝关节半月板损伤的临床表现及诊断（2004中山医科大学外科博士试题）简述股骨头缺血性坏死的Ficat分期（2006中山大学外科学博士试题） -骨关节炎的诊断和治疗（2006中山大学外科学博士试题）试述人工膝关节置换术后的并发症（2006中山大学外科学博士试题）骨组织工程的治疗进展（2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）良性恶性骨肿瘤的鉴别及骨肉瘤的治疗进展（2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）脊髓型颈椎病的诊断标准，手术方案及其依据（2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）手的功能位，手外伤的急救原则（2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）股骨远端骨折的AO分型，治疗原则及术前、术中并发症（2006中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）生物学接骨（2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题）骨性关节炎的治疗（2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题）腰椎滑脱的分级（2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题）胫骨平台骨折的治疗（2004上海交大医学院骨科博士试题）二期愈合组织学（2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）生物学固定机理（2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）慢性骨髓炎（2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）良恶性骨肿瘤鉴别（2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）股骨颈骨折内固定,关节置换适应症（2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）病例分析:骨筋膜室综合症（2005上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）名词解释Nelaton’s line/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学Vater-Pacinian Corpuscle/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学Ward’s triangle复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2003三军大骨科博士腕管综合症/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2006二军大骨科博士试题肩部撞击症/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2006二军大骨科博士试题手部无人区 /1999中山医科大学外科博士试题脊柱侧弯 /1999中山医科大学外科博士试题应力缓冲效应/1999中山医科大学外科博士试题BMP /2003、2005二军大骨科博士试题Frank's分型/2003西安医科大骨科博士嗅鞘细胞/2003西安医科大骨科博士Weak up test/2003西安医科大骨科博士新月征/2003西安医科大骨科博士腱鞘巨细胞瘤/2003西安医科大骨科博士张力带固定/2003二军大骨科博士试题肥大型骨不愈/2003二军大骨科博士试题CRAMS评分法/2006二军大骨科博士试题VAS评分法/2006二军大骨科博士试题SCI/2006二军大骨科博士试题artificial gut/2006二军大骨科博士试题perioperative period/2006二军大骨科博士试题Volkman挛缩/2006二军大骨科博士试题Perthes病/2006二军大骨科博士试题OPLL/2006二军大骨科博士试题脊髓震荡/2003二军大骨科博士试题静力锁钉/2003二军大骨科博士试题tutrial cord syndrome/2005二军大骨科博士试题Jefferson fracture/2005二军大骨科博士试题Bohler angle/2005二军大骨科博士试题Brown-Sequard syndrome/2005二军大骨科博士试题Bragd sign/2005二军大骨科博士试题McGarge's line/2006二军大骨科博士试题中央脊髓综合征/2003三军大骨科博士Abbreviation Jnjury Scale/2003三军大骨科博士Contagious */2003三军大骨科博士Bennet 骨折/2003三军大骨科博士骨不连/2004华中科技大骨科博士 )骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004华中科技大骨科博士二、骨科名词解释1.高尔夫球肘（Golfer's elbow）即肱骨内上髁炎，是由于肘部过度活动引起肘部屈肌附着处疼痛。

四川大学华西医学院医学考博真题试卷攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷2017年四川大学华西医院考博肿瘤学一、名解：（8*5分）1、Lumina B型乳腺癌是乳腺癌的一种分子分型，目前在实际临床操作中以免疫组化技术替代分子技术进行近似的分子分类，以指导治疗选择。

主要分为4型，主要分类依据为ER、PR、HER-2、Ki-67。

乳腺癌分子亚型的定义和治疗推荐（2011年St.Gallen共识）亚型定义治疗类型注释Luminal（管腔或激素受体阳性）A型ER和（或）PR阳性HER-2阴性Ki-67低表达（小于14%）单纯内分泌治疗Ki-67染色的质量控制非常重要。

这一亚型几乎不需要化疗，但要结合临床淋巴结状况及其他危险因素综合而定。

Luminal（管腔或激素受体阳性）B型Luminal B（HER-2阴性）：ER和（或）PR阳性HER-2阴性Ki-67高表达（大于等于14%）内分泌治疗±细胞毒性治疗多基因序列分析显示，高增殖基因可预测患者预后较差。

如果不能进行可靠的Ki-67评估，可以考虑一些替代性的肿瘤增殖平谷指标，如分级。

这些替代指标也可用语区分luminal A型和luminal B（HER-2阴性）型，而对后者是否选用化疗及具体化疗方案的选择可能取决于内分泌受体水平表达、危险度及患者志愿。

对于luminal B（HER-2阳性）型的治疗，目前并没有证据表明可以去除细胞毒性治疗。

Luminal B (HER-2阳性)：ER和（或）PR阳性HER-2过表达或增殖Ki-67任何水平细胞毒性治疗+抗HER-2治疗+内分泌治疗Erb-B2 (HER-2)过表达型HER-2阳性（非luminal）ER和PR缺失HER-2过表达或增殖细胞毒性治疗+抗HER-2治疗对非常低危（如pT1a和淋巴结阴性）患者可能考虑不加用全身辅助治疗。

Basal-like (基底样)型三阴性（导管）细胞毒性治疗“三阴性”患者和“基底样”患者有近80%的重合，但前者还包含一些特殊组织学类型，如低危（典型）髓样癌及腺样囊性癌。

骨科各校考博真题总结 This manuscript was revised by the office on December 22, 2012苏州大学医学院2003年博士入学考试骨科卷一、名词解释（4分*5）1、Hangman骨折2、应力遮挡3、Sever病4、棒球肘5、腱袖二、问答（20分*4）1、试述股骨头的血供及其临床意义。

2、试述股骨交锁髓内钉的优缺点。

3、试述髌骨的生理意义，切除后有何影响4、试述骨质疏松胸腰段骨折的外科治疗评价。

四川大学华西医学部2004年考博骨科专业试题一、名词解释：（每题2分）Tissue engineeringColles’ fractureBone-fascia compartment syndromeGaleazzi’s fractureThomas sign二、问答题：⒈上下肢骨传导音的检查方法及意义⒉股骨头血供的特点及其对股骨颈骨折的临床治疗、预后的指导意义⒊脊柱“三柱”理论的原理及其对脊柱骨折治疗的指导意义请简述脊柱骨折治疗的基本原则⒋人工髋关节置换术后骨溶解的病理生理及临床表现目前有效的治疗方法⒌骨关节结核与慢性骨关节化脓性感染的异同请简述两者治疗方法的特点⒍病案分析男性，30岁，伤后8小时入院，双下肢活动障碍，双骶髂关节部肿胀疼痛。

X 光片下示耻骨联合分离3Cm，双侧骶髂关节脱位，骶骨骨折。

请给出治疗方案并说明理由。

海第二医科大学2004年骨科学（博士）一骨科学（实用骨科学临床骨科学）1 名词应力遮挡 OSTEOPOROSIS 桥接接骨板 SHENTON线 TINEL征。

2 问题1）生物学接骨2）骨性关节炎的治疗3）腰椎滑脱的分级4）胫骨平台骨折的治疗5）。

广州中医药大学04年骨科博士入学考试题骨伤：1、名词解释：15分盖氏骨折脊髓损伤的分型 colles骨折2、问答题A、从AO治疗原则的转变，试述中西医结合治疗骨折的理论和技术的优势、不足及展望。

2010北京大学医学院骨外科考博试题（二）名词解释：（每小题5分）1、股骨距；2、Colles 骨折；3、膝关节损伤三联征；4、Trendelendurg试验；（三）问答题：（每小题10分）1、BO原则和骨折的愈合标准？2、Denis“三柱”和脊髓损伤的Frankel功能分级？2011北医一、名词解释：1、Monteggia骨折2、Risse征3、髌骨软骨软化症4、叩击试验（Tinel征）二、问答题：1、试述脊柱侧弯的8个病因。

2、骨组织工程种子细胞的研究进展。

3、股骨头缺血坏死的X线分期和治疗。

2011年北京大学医学部骨外科考博试题第一部分（40分）一、名词解释（5分每题）1、Thomas征2、Pauwel角3、Monteggia fracture4、Cobb角二、问答题（10分每题）1、试述髋关节结核的分型、诊断及治疗原则2、挤压综合征的诊断及治疗第二部分（60分）一、病例分析（5分每题）较简单。

考第一诊断及进一步确诊与治疗。

1、痛风性关节炎急性发作2、慢性化脓性骨髓炎二、简答题1、脊髓损伤的Frankel分级方法（5分）2、骶骨骨折的Dinel分型及临床意义（5分）3、肌肉骨骼肉瘤的Enneking分期（10分）4、肌肉骨骼肉瘤手术边界分类（10分）5、恶性骨肉瘤保肢手术的适用证与禁忌症（10分）6、试述Ewing肉瘤的特异性融合基因及意义。

四、论述7.桡骨远端骨折的诊断，治疗进展，对手术和非手术治疗的理解。

8.股骨转子间骨折的髓内和髓外固定的选择。

9.小腿骨筋膜室间隔区综合症的诊断、治疗第四军医20111.骨折的二期愈合；2.浮膝损伤；3.Jefferson骨折4.Dugas征5.Mipo二、简答：15*31.股骨颈骨折的Garden分型；2.开放性骨折的Gustilo分型；3.颈椎病的分型；三、问答：30*1骨肌系统肿瘤的外科分期2010北京大学医学院骨外科考博试题（二）名词解释：（每小题5分）1、股骨距；2、Colles 骨折；3、膝关节损伤三联征；4、Trendelendurg试验；（三）问答题：（每小题10分）1、BO原则和骨折的愈合标准？2、Denis“三柱”和脊髓损伤的Frankel功能分级？2011北医一、名词解释：1、Monteggia骨折2、Risse征3、髌骨软骨软化症4、叩击试验（Tinel征）二、问答题：1、试述脊柱侧弯的8个病因。

2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一（精选）(总分：126.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.（分数：2.00）A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate3.An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneousB.negativeC.adverseD.prompt4.Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent5.Generally, vaccine makers______the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.（分数：2.00）A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate6.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate jointsand______toxins and impurities.（分数：2.00）A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out7.Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotels of______standards.（分数：2.00）A.equivalentB.likelyC.alikeD.uniform8.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.（分数：2.00）A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful9.According to the Geneva______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.（分数：2.00）A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines10.Environmental officials insist that something be done to______acid rain.（分数：2.00）A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn11.It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately12.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________13.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.（分数：2.00）A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed14.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's lit up .（分数：2.00）A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained15.Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.（分数：2.00）A.localB.unfamiliarC.goodD.unfavorablerm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy .（分数：2.00）A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery17.The period from 3, 000 to 1, 000 B. C. E. , when the use of bronze became common , is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.（分数：2.00）A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread18.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread19.Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.（分数：2.00）A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of20.Many questions about estrogen's effects remain to be elucidated , and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.（分数：2.00）A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated21.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.（分数：2.00）A.faultB.deviationC.discretionD.discrepancy22.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.（分数：2.00）A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable三、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 version's sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human【C1】______could provide clues to【C2】______the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】______H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】______humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious 【C5】______occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only 【C6】______cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment【C7】______compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according toa 2006 estimate. H5N1's saving grace — and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now — is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】______its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs【C9】______the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】______to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.interactB.interfaceC.connectionD.contamination(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.stoppingB.stoppedC.have stoppedD.stop(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.contactedB.contractedC.concentratedD.infected(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.onB.inC.ofD.with(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.breakoutB.take placeC.happenD.outbreak(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.accountsB.numbersC.countsD.takes(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.MoreoverB.StillC.FurthermoreD.Thereafter(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.givenB.givingC.to giveD.speaking of(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.parsingB.parsedC.to parseD.having parsed(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.presentlyB.potentiallyC.potentlyD.importantly四、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)If you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pneumonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarkable havethese one-time wonder drugs become. Modern medicine relies on antibiotics — not just to cure diseases, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Yet now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about to end. In some ways, bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past we've always developed new ones that killed them again. Not this time. Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25, 000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic. Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world — not just in medical facilities, but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica (南极洲) . How did we reach this point without viable successors to today's increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isn't much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researchers have discovered promising candidates, but can't reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them. This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencies, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics — although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market. One day, though, these will fall to resistance too. Ultimately, we need, evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but don't otherwise inconvenience the little blighters. When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding resistance. Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D. If we do, one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author is trying to______.（分数：2.00）A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics(2).The warning from health authorities implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow(3).The appalling misuse of antibiotics, according to the passage, ______.（分数：2.00）A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries(4).The market failure refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics(5).During the presentation of the two solutions, the author carries a tone of______.（分数：2.00）A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessnessWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children______.（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery______.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD.always feels the world around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills______.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are______.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline______.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child's happinessFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun's output without being impeded by the Earth's atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun's output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite's control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max's observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite's instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun's energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun's mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun's surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max's instruments registered a 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth's surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max's data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's output. Some scientists have thought that the satellite's aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max's observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA's Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to______.（分数：2.00）A.sunspot activityB.unusual weather patternsC.increased levels of dustD.fluctuations in the Earth's temperature(2).Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?（分数：2.00）A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.B.Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C.There is not enough sunlight during the day.D.The Earth's atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.(3).Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?（分数：2.00）A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.Solar Max's instruments were getting old.C.The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max's instruments.D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max's detectors.(4).The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.an ongoing research effortB.a question that can never be answeredC.an issue that has been resolvedD.historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns(5).What does this passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.The components of the Earth's atmosphere,B.The launching of a weather satellite.C.The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D.The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Optical illusions are like magic, thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses. But there's more to them than that, according to Dr. Beau Lotto, who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy. What they reveal, he says, is that the whole world is the creation of our brain. What we see, what we hear, feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the world, but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world. It's a best guess based on the past experience of the individual, a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains. The world is literally shaped by our pasts. Dr. Lotto, 40, an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London, has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions, sculptures and installations, which have been included in art-science exhibitions. He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions, which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us. For centuries, artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background. The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired. But Dr. Lotto believes it's a learnt response; in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us. "Context is everything, because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality, " says Dr. Lotto. "What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what the human race has experienced through its history, " This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the "R" and the "L" sound. This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. "Differentiating between them has never been useful, so the brain has never learnt to do it. It's not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot hear the difference. " Dr. Lotto's experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. "Yes, my work is idea-driven, " he says. "But lots of research, such as MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I don't believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory. You have to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology. "（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word "them" in the first paragraph refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.(2).According to the passage, what is known about Dr. Beau Lotto?（分数：2.00）A.Though he is a neuroscientist, he has shocked the scientific world with his extensive research in art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.B.Dr. Lotto is a professor at University College London who is specialized in a number of disciplines such as art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.C.Dr. Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitions in the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr. Lotto has set out to create visual illusions, sculptures and installations which well combined the knowledge of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.(3).Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr. Lotto's study?（分数：2.00）A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world, to a great measure, is created and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see, hear, feel, and the truth may be contrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporary forms of the world, which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actually created by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.(4).According to Dr. Lotto, what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter againsta dark background than being against a light background?（分数：2.00）A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against a light one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.(5).Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?（分数：2.00）A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment and the brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study in neuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated from human body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the research is carried out in proper natural context.The biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da Vinci, used in nearly 400, 000 surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier. But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system. There also have been a few disturbing, freak incidents: a robotic hand that wouldn't let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table. Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm? Some doctors say yes, concerned that the "wow" factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries. Many U. S. hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot. The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs. Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States. For surgeons, who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robothands don't shake. Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions. But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now "is the increase in number of reports received" about da Vinci. Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths. Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldn't quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors aren't required to report such things; device makers and hospitals are. Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they don't train them how to do specific procedures robotically, he said, and that it's up to hospitals and surgeons to decide "if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases. " A 2010 New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at using the robotic system. But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed. New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center. She said the surgeon's many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor. She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button, instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.（分数：10.00）(1).Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.(2).According to some doctors, which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasm for da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.(3).What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn't finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.(4).What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?（分数：2.00）A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training on the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to used robots.(5).What is the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by。

骨科各校考博真题 Document serial number【KKGB-LBS98YT-BS8CB-BSUT-BST108】四川大学博士入学考试试题骨科专业2004年一、名词解释：（每题2分）Tissue engineeringColles’ fractureBone-fascia compartment syndromeGaleazzi’s fractureThomas sign二、问答题：⒈上下肢骨传导音的检查方法及意义？⒉股骨头血供的特点及其对股骨颈骨折的临床治疗、预后的指导意义？⒊脊柱“三柱”理论的原理及其对脊柱骨折治疗的指导意义？请简述脊柱骨折治疗的基本原则？⒋人工髋关节置换术后骨溶解的病理生理及临床表现？目前有效的治疗方法？⒌骨关节结核与慢性骨关节化脓性感染的异同？请简述两者治疗方法的特点？⒍病案分析男性，30岁，伤后8小时入院，双下肢活动障碍，双骶髂关节部肿胀疼痛。

X光片下示耻骨联合分离3Cm，双侧骶髂关节脱位，骶骨骨折。

请给出治疗方案并说明理由。

骨外：1 颈椎病的手术方法有哪些，请阐述各方法的适应症及优缺点2 阐述人工全髋关节翻修术中骨缺损的分类和处理方法3 何谓骨不连，如何处理4 骨肿瘤切除方法有哪些，如何定义第二军医大学2005年矫形外科学（博士）一、填空题1′×10空＝10分1、多发性损伤的抢救措施（A-F 中英文填写）2、股骨头的血供_____，_________，_________，________。

3、化脓性骨髓炎的感染途径_____，_________，______。

4、急性骨髓炎骨坏死的原因_________，________。

二、名词解释2′×10题＝20分1、tutrial cord syndrome2、Jefferson fracture3、BMP4、Bohler angle5、Brown-Sequard syndrome6、Bragd sign7、McGarge's line三、简答题 5分×4题＝20分1、脊柱的三柱理论2、Cerebral palsy的临床分型，哪一型最常见？3、Barton骨折的定义及诊治要点五、问答题 30分1、骶骨骨折的Denis分类及临床意义（7′）2、股骨头无菌性坏死的原因及分期（原因至少写出8个）（7′）3、开放性骨折的处理原则及进展（8′）4、微创脊柱外科的发展历程及进展（8′）2003一、名词解释1.BMP2.张力带固定3.肥大型骨不愈4.脊髓震荡5.静力锁钉二、论述题1.二期愈合组织学2.生物学固定机理3.慢性骨髓炎4.良恶性骨肿瘤鉴别5.股骨颈骨折内固定,关节置换适应症三、病例分析:骨筋膜室综合症同济医科大学博士入学考试试题骨科学2004年一名解（原题为英文）1。