Influence of the electrical sliding speed on friction and wear

第四篇汉英常用采矿工程词汇（分类按汉语拼音顺序排列）煤柱尺寸pillar dimension灰色关联分析gray relationship analysis地质构造geological tectonic水文地质hydrogeology极不规则煤层extremely anomalistic coal seam预紧力、预应力pre-tightening force, pre-stress含水的hydrous水力采煤hydraulic cutting coal主（副）井main (auxiliary) shaft敏感性sensitivity国内外at home and abroad瓦斯抽放gas drainage机电一体化mechanical-electrical integration稳定性stability微地震micro-seism动载dynamic loading流变特征rheological characteristic蠕变creep人工神经网络artificial neural network定位orientation保水开采mining without detroying water resource高压注水water injection with high pressure中硬煤层medium hard coal seam层次分析法hierarchy anallysis proceeding煤与瓦斯突出coal and gas bursting模糊综合评判fuzzy comprehensive evaluation综（放）采工作面full-mechanized (caving) mining face 炮采工作面blasting mining face机采工作面mechanized mining face（急）倾斜煤层(steeply) inclined coal seam走向strike倾向direction dip,dip,inclination矿山压力underground pressure支承压力abutment pressure上覆岩层overlying rock strata薄、中厚、厚煤层thin,medium thick,thick coal seam （松散）含水层(loose) aquifer裂缝带crack zone垮落带caving zone顶、底板roof,floor顶煤top coal（掩护式）液压支架(shield) powered support割煤机coal cutter刮板机scrapper胶带输送机belt conveyor片帮coal slide冒顶roof fall岩爆（矿震、冲积矿压）rock burst自燃spontaneous combustion防水（砂）煤柱water(sand)-proof coal pillar陷落柱collapse column煤（岩）巷coal(rock) roadway沿空巷道roadway along gob围岩surrounding rock突水water bursting"三软" soft roof,soft coal,soft floor地应力ground stress（开采）地表沉陷(mining) surface subsidence高产高效high production and high efficiency 回风巷ventilation roadway运输巷transportation roadway火成岩（岩浆岩）igneous rock厚冲积层thick alluvium条带开采strip mining移动、变形movement,distortion极限平衡区limit equilibrium area可靠性，可行性，合理性，适应性reliability, feasibility, rationality,adaptability采出率、回收率mining rate,recovery rate埋管注氮nitrogen injection with buried pipe复合顶板combined roof断层fault喷浆grouting动压dynamic pressure地质灾害geological disasterEH-4电导率成像系统EH-4 electro-conducibility imaging system透气性（渗透性）permeability倾向性liability井下underground设备配套equipment match选型设计lectotype design撤架dismantling supports加固reinforcing安全阀safety valve积水seeper柔性支架flexible support伪斜apparent dip绞车房hoist room(winder chamber)暗立（斜）井blind (slope) shaft底臌floor heave破碎顶板cracked roof解放层protective coal seam电阻应变仪resistance strain instument坑口电厂pithead power plant1．煤炭科学技术总论采矿系统工程mining system engineering采矿系统优化模型model of mining systemoptimization采矿岩石学mining rock mechanics采煤coal mining, coal extraction,coal getting采煤学coal mining地下开采underground mining矸石refuse, waste, dirt, debris 固体可燃矿产solid combustible mineral褐煤lignite, brown coal化石燃料fossil fuel洁净煤技术clean coal technology矿[underground] mine矿床模型model of mineral deposits矿井[underground] mine矿井通风[学] mine ventilation, underground ventilation矿区mining area矿山mine矿山测量[学] mine surveying矿山电气工程mine electric engineering, mine electro-technics矿山机械工程mine mechanical engineering矿山建设mine construction矿山提升[学] mine hoisting, winding矿山运输[学] mine transportation, minehaulage矿田mine filed露天开采, '露天开采学surface mining露天矿surface mine煤coal煤当量coal equivalent煤的综合利用comprehensive utilization of coal, coal utilization煤化学coal chemistry煤矿coal mine, colliery煤矿安全mine safety煤矿机械coal mine machinery煤转化coal conversion煤炭地下技术underground coal gasification煤炭环境保护coal environmental control,environmental protection in coalmining煤炭技术coal technology煤炭加工coal processing煤炭科学coal science煤田coalfield煤田地质勘探coal exploration, coalprospecting煤田地质学coal geology煤岩学coal petrology石煤stone-like coal无烟煤anthracite选煤coal preparation, coal cleaning 烟煤bituminous coal硬煤hard coal2．地质测量A级储量grade A reservesB级储量grade B reservesC级储量grade C reservesD级储量grade D reserves边界角limit angle采场验收测量pit acceptance survey采出率ratio recovery采动系数factor of full extraction采掘工程平面图mine map采煤工作面测量coal face survey采区测量mining district survey采区联系测量transfer survey in mining district 超前影响角advance angle of influence沉井凿井法施工测量construction survey for drop shaft sinking充分采动full subsidence,critical/supercritical extraction充分采动角ZHANGCHIZZubsidence储量管理reserves management导入高程测量elevation transfer survey导水断裂带water conducted zone点下对中centering under roof station地表移动surface movement, groundmovement地表移动观测站observation station of groundmovement地表移动盆地subsidence trough, subsidence basin顶板测点roof station定向连接测量connection survey for shaftorientation 定向连接点connection point for shaft orientation动用储量mining-employed reserves冻结凿井法施工测量construction survey for shaft sinking by freezing method断层几何制图fault geometrisation断裂带fractured zone防水煤岩柱safety pillar under water-bodies非充分采动subcritical extraction刚性结构措施structure rigidity-strengthening measures工业场地平面图mine yard plan贯通测量holing-through survey光电测距导线EDM traverse拐点偏移距deviation of inflection point滑动层sliding layer缓冲沟buffer trench灰分等值线图isogram of ash content回采煤量workable reserves激光指向laser guide几何定向orientation by shaft plumbing近井点near shaft control point井底车场平面图shaft bottom plan井上下对照图location map, site plan井田区域地形图topographic map of [underground] mine field井筒煤柱开采shaft pillar extraction井筒延深测量shaft deepening survey井下测量underground survey井下平面控制测量underground horizontal control survey开采沉陷mining subsidence开拓煤量developed reserves抗变形建筑物deformation resistant structure垮落带caving zone矿区控制测量control survey of mining area矿山工程测量mine survey矿体几何学geometry of ore deposits矿体几何制图geometrisation of ore deposits矿田区域地形图topographic map of mine field立井定向shaft orientation立井施工测量construction survey for shaft sinking立井十字中线标定setting out cross line of shaft center立井中心标定setting out shaft center联系测量transfer survey连接三角形法connection triangle method裂缝角angle of break临界变形值critical deformation values露天矿测量open-pit survey煤层等厚线图isothickness map of coal seam煤层等深线图isobath map of coal seam煤层褶皱几何制图fold geometrisation of coal seam 瞄直法alignment method逆转点法reversal point method柔性结构措施structure yielding measures三量Three Class of Reserves设计损失allowable loss实际损失储量actual loss of reserves水平移动系数displacement factor损失率loss percentage投点shaft plumbing陀螺方位角gyroscopic azimuth陀螺经纬仪定向gyroscopic orientation survey弯曲带sagging zone围护带safety berm下沉系数subsidence factor巷道坡度线标定sitting out roadway gradient巷道碎部测量detail survey for mine workings巷道验收测量footage measurement of roadway 巷道中线标定setting out center line of roadway 岩层移动strata movement移动角angle of critical deformation移动盆地主断面major cross-section of subsidence trough影响传播角propagation angle中天法transit method主要影响半径major influence radius主要影响角正切tangent of major influence angle 注浆凿井法施工测量construction survey for groutingsinking准备煤量prepared reserves钻井凿井法施工测量construction survey for shaftboring最大下沉角angle of maximum subsidence最大下沉速度角angle of maximum subsidencevelocity3．地下开采安全平盘safety berm安全水头safety water head暗井blind shaft, staple shaft薄煤层thin seam爆破采煤工艺blast-winning technology爆破装煤blasting loading变形压力rock deformation pressure闭路供水closed-circuit water supply闭式落煤顺序close-type winning sequence不规则垮落带irregularly caving zone部分开采partial extraction侧支撑压力side abutment pressure采场延伸pit deepening采动裂隙mining-induced fissure采动应力mining-induced stress采垛winning-block采垛角angle of winning-block采段extracting zone采段流煤上山extracting block coal-water rise采高mining height采掘带cut采掘区block采宽cut width采矿站ore station采空区goaf, gob, waste采装loading采煤方法coal wining method, coalmining method采煤工作面coal face, working face采区district, panel采区车场district station, district inset采区准备preparation in district采区设计mining-district design, paneldesign采区上山district rise采区石门district cross-cut采区下山district dip仓储采煤法shrinkage stoping 长壁放顶采煤法longwall mining with sublevel caving长壁工作面longwall face超前巷道advance heading充采比stowing ratio充填倍线stowing gradient充填步距stowing interval充填沉缩率setting ratio充填法stowing method充填能力stowing capacity冲击地压rock burst, pressure bump承压含水层上采煤coal mining above aquifer初撑力强度setting load density, SLD初次放顶initial caving初次来压first weighting出气孔production well出气强度production well capacity出入沟main access储量备用系数reserve factor of mine reserve垂直切片terrace cut slice大巷main roadway带压开采mining under safe water pressure of aquifer单侧沟hillside ditch单煤层大巷main roadway for single seam单体液压支柱hydraulic prop倒台阶采煤法overhand mining底板floor底板载荷集度floor load intensity底帮foot slope底部境界线floor boundary line底鼓floor heave地表境界线surface boundary line地下煤气发生场underground gasifier地下气化工作面underground gasification face地下气化效率efficiency of underground gasification叠加应力superimposed stress顶板roof顶板单位破碎度specific roof flaking ratio顶板回弹roof rebound顶板垮落roof caving顶板垮落角roof caving angle顶板冒落roof fall顶板破碎度roof flaking ratio顶板弱化roof weakening顶板台阶下沉roof step顶板稳定性roof stability顶板压力roof pressure顶帮top slope顶底板移近量roof-to-floor convergence顶底板移近率roof-to-floor convergence ratio 动压巷道workings subject to dynamic pressure动载系数dynamic load coefficient端帮end slope端面距tip-to-face distance端面冒顶roof flaking短壁采煤法shortwall mining断壁工作面shortwall face墩柱heavy-duty pier, breaker props 房顶柱breaker props房式采煤法room mining, chamber mining房柱式采煤法room and pillar mining封闭圈closed level放采比drawing ratio放顶caving the roof放顶距caving interval放煤步距drawing internal放煤顺序drawing sequence非工作帮non-working slope非工作帮坡面non working slope face风力充填pneumatic stowing分层开采slicing分层巷道slice drift, sliced gateway分带strip分带集中斜巷strip main incline drift分带斜巷strop inclined drift分段sublevel分段平巷sublevel entry, longitudinal subdrift分级提运separate transport and hoisting 分流站distribution station分期开采mining by stages分区开采mining by areas分区域开拓areas development辅助水平subsidiary level矸石带waste pack, strip pack, interval of moving monitor,unit advance of monitor高压大射流high pressure large diameter jet 干馏----干燥带distillation and drying zone工作帮working slope工作帮坡面working slope face工作阻力yield load, working resistance 工作面working face工作面顶板控制roof control工作面端头face end工作面回风巷tailentry, tailgate, return airway工作面运输巷headentry, headgate, haulage gateway工作平盘working berm工作线front构造裂隙tectonic fissure构造应力tectonic stress规则垮落带regularly caving zone固定路线permanent haulage line管道水力运输pipeline hydrotransport横向前移cross removal恒阻支柱yielding prop厚煤层thick seam后退式开采retreating mining后支撑压力rear abutment pressure滑移顶梁支架slipping bar composite support 还原带reduction zone缓沟easy access缓慢下沉法gradual sagging method缓斜煤层gently inclined seam回采巷道gateway, entry, gate回柱prop drawing基本顶main roof机械充填mechanical stowing集中大巷gathering main roadway急斜煤层steeply pitching seam, steep seam 坚硬岩层strong strata, hard strata间断开采工艺discontinuous mining technology 架后充填backfill建筑物下开采coal mining under buildings阶段horizon阶段垂高horizon interval阶段流煤上山extracting block coal-water roadway阶段流煤巷main coal-water rise阶段斜长inclined length of horizon近距离煤层contiguous seams近水平煤层flat seam井田尺寸[underground] mine field size井田境界[[underground] mine field boundary井田开拓[underground]mine field development静压巷道workings subject to static pressure 掘进率drivage ratio局部冒顶partial roof fall开采水平mining level, gallery level开采水平垂高lift, level interval开路供水open-circuit water supply开切眼open-off cut开式落煤顺序open-type winning sequence开拓巷道development roadway抗压入强度press-in strength垮采比caving-height ratio垮落法caving method跨采over-the-roadway extraction矿井初步设计preliminary [underground]mine design矿井服务年限[underground]mine life矿井井型production scale of [underground] mine矿井开拓设计[underground]mine development design矿井可采储量workable [underground]mine reserves矿井可行性研究[underground]mine feasibility study矿井设计[underground]mine design矿井设计储量designed [underground]mine reserves矿井设计能力designed[underground]mine capacity矿井施工设计[underground]mine construction design矿井延深shaft deepening矿区地面总体设计general surface layout of mining area矿区规模mining area capacity矿区开发可行性研究feasibility study forming area exploitation矿区总体设计general design of mining area矿山压力rock pressure in mine矿山压力显现strata behaviors控顶距face width离层bed separation离层带注浆充填grouting in separated-bed立井开拓vertical shaft development联络巷crossheading连续开采工艺continuous mining technology溜井draw shaft溜煤石煤coal-water cross-cut溜眼chute临界滑面critical sliding surface漏顶face roof collapse with cavity锚梁网支护roof bolting with bar and wire mesh煤壁wall煤层产出能力coal-seam productive capacity煤房room, chamber煤浆coal slurry煤门in-seam cross-cut煤面清扫cleaning煤水泵slurry pump煤水比coal-water ratio煤水仓coal-slurry sump煤水洞室coal slurry preparation room煤炭地下气化站underground coal gasification station煤岩固化coal/rock reinforcement煤柱coal pillar煤柱支撑法pillar supporting method明槽水力运输flume hydrotransport摩檫支柱frictional prop逆向冲采contrary efflux片帮rib spalling, sloughing平盘berm平硐开拓drift development平行推进parallel advance破煤coal breaking, coal cutting破碎顶板fractured roof, friable roof普氏系数Protodyakonov coefficient普通机械化采煤工conventionally-mechanized coal winning technology气化贯通linkage气囊支架air-bag support前进式开采advancing mining前支撑压力front abutment pressure强制放顶forced caving倾倒toppling倾斜长壁采煤法longwall mining to the dip or to the rise倾斜短壁水力采煤法shortwall hydraulic mining in the dip倾斜分层采煤法inclined slicing切口stable, niche区段district sublevel区段集中平巷district sublevel gathering entry, district main entry区段平巷district sublevel entry, district longtudinal subdrift区域性切冒extensive roof collapse全柱开采full pillar extraction柔性掩护支架flexible shield support人工顶板artificial roof入换spotting, train exchange入换站exchange station三下"开采" coal mining under buildings, railways and water-bodies扫清平盘cleaning berm山坡露天采场mountain surface mine射流打击力jet impact force射流烛心动压力jet axis dynamical pressure扇型推进fan advance上覆岩层overlying strata 上装upper level loading上山rise, raise上挖up digging上行式开采ascending mining上行式开采upward mining十字定梁cross bar石门cross-cut始采线beginning line, mining starting line双工作面double-unit face, double face 水采回采巷道stopping entry水力采煤hydraulic coal mining technology 水平分层采煤法horizontal slicing水平分段放顶采煤法top-sliming system of sublevel caving水平切片dropping cut slice水枪monitor水体下采煤coal mining under water-bodies 松动压力broken-rock pressure松软岩层weak strata松软岩层soft strata塌落fall台阶坡面线bench angle掏槽slotting挑顶roof ropping特种支柱specific props铁路下开采coal mining under railways推垮型冒顶thrust roof fall往复式开采reciprocating mining挖底floor dinting挖掘系数excavation factor围岩surrounding rock围岩稳定性stability of surrounding rock伪顶false roof伪倾斜柔性掩护支架采煤法flexible shield mining in the false dip伪斜长壁采煤法oblique longwall mining喂煤机coal feeder无井式地下气化法shaftless gasification无煤柱护巷non-chain-pillar entry protection 无特种柱放顶caving without specific props, caving without breaker props无支柱距prop-free front distance下装lower lever loading下山dip下挖down digging下行式开采descending mining, downward mining巷道断面缩小率roadway reduction ratio巷旁充填roadside packing巷旁支护roadside support限厚开采limited thickness extraction限制区间limit section协调开采harmonic extraction斜井开拓inclined shaft development斜切分层采煤法oblique slicing旋转式推进revolving mining，turning longwall循环working cycle循环进度advance of working cycle循环平均阻力time-weighted mean resistance循环平均阻力mean load per unit cycle岩层控制strata control岩石内摩檫角internal friction angle of rock岩石软化系数softening factor of rock岩石碎胀系数bulking factor, swell factor岩石粘聚力rock cohesion岩应力降低区stress-relaxed area氧化带oxidation zone沿空巷道gob-side entry掩护支架采煤法shield mining移道步距shift spacing移动坑线temporary working ramp移动线路shiftable haulage line应力增高区stress-concentrated area迎山角prop-setting angle有井式地下气化法shaft gasification有效支撑能力practical supporting capacity原岩virgin rock, virgin rock mass原岩应力initial stress, stress in virginrock mass员生裂隙initial fissure运输大巷main haulage roadway, mainhaulageway运输平盘haulage berm增阻支柱late bearing prop再倒退overcasting再生顶板mat, regenerated roof整层开采full-seam mining正台阶采煤法heading-and-bench mining支撑效率supporting efficiency支撑压力abutment pressure支垛crib支护刚度support rigidity支护强度supporting intensity支架可缩量nominal yield of support支柱密度prop density直接顶immediate roof, nether roof直进坑线straight ramp中厚煤层medium-thick seam中斜煤层inclined seam, pitching seam终采线terminal line周期来压periodic weighting主石门main cross-cut主要上山main rise主要下山main dip注砂井storage-mixed bin准备巷道preparation roadway自然平衡拱dome of natural equilibrium,natural arch自重充填gravity stowing自重应力gravity stress综合机械化采煤工艺fully-mechanized coal winningtechnology综合开采工艺combined mining technology综合开拓combined development总回风巷main return airway纵向前移longitudinal removal走向长壁采煤法longwall mining on the strike走向短壁水力采煤法shortwall hydraulic mining on the strike组合台阶bench group4．矿山机械工程安全绞车safety winch安全制动safety braking, emergencybraking 扒爪collecting-arm耙斗scraper bucket耙斗装载机slusher, gathering-arm loader, collecting-arm loader,gathering-arm, scraper loader 耙式浓缩机rake thickener包角wrap angle, angle of contact 刨刀bit, plough cutter刨链plough chain刨煤机kohlenhobel, coal loader, plough, plow刨头plough head刨削阻力ploughing resistance刨削深度ploughing depth刨削速度ploughing speed本架控制local control变位质量equivalent mass不平衡提升unbalanced hoisting部分断面掘进机selective roadheader,partial-size tunneling machine侧卸式装载机side discharge loader采煤机coal winning machine采煤机械coal winning machinery, coal getting machinery采煤联动机coal-face winning aggregate缠绕式提升drum winding铲斗bucket铲斗装载机bucket loader铲装板apron铲煤板ramp plate铲入力bucket thrust force沉降过滤式离心脱水机screen-bowl centrifuge沉降式离心脱水机bowl centrifuge冲压式成型机briquetting machine成组控制batch control, bank control成型机briquetting machine出绳角elevation angle弛张筛flip-flop screen齿轨机车rack track car, rack track locomotive齿辊破碎机toothed roll crusher串车trip, train串车train磁选机magnetic separator错绳圈live turns带式输送机belt conveyor带压移架sliding advance of support单轨吊车overhead monorail, overhead rope monorail挡车栏arrester挡煤板spillplate底座base电气牵引electrical haulage电液控制elector-hydraulic control等厚筛banana vibrating screen低速刨煤slow-speed ploughing调高vertical steering调向油缸lifting ram调斜roll steering定距控制fixed-distance control定压控制fixed-pressure control动力刨煤机dynamischer Hobel, dynamic plough, activated plough多段提升multistage hoisting多水平提升multilevel hoisting, multilevel winding垛式支架chock端头支架face-end support对辊成型机roller briquetting machine二级制动two stage braking, two period braking翻车机tippler, rotary car dumper反井钻机raise boring machine防倒装置tilting prevention device防滑安全系数antiskiding factor防滑装置slippage prevention device防坠器safety catches, parachute放顶煤支架sublevel caving hydraulic support 风镐air pick, pneumatic pick高速刨煤heigh-speed ploughing, rapid ploughing钢丝绳牵引运输wire rope haulage工作机构working mechanism, operating organ, service braking轨道运输track transport, track haulage 刮板链scraper chain, flight chain刮板输送机scraper conveyor, flight conveyor滚筒drum, pulley滚筒采煤机shearer, shearer--loader过渡槽ramp pan过放overfall过放高度overfall height, overfall distance, overfall clearance过卷overwind, overtravel过卷高度overwind height, overwind distance, overraiseclearance过滤机filter过煤高度under clearance, passage height under machine过速overespeed后牵引rear haulage弧形筛seive bend护帮板face guard滑架guiding ramp, plough guide滑行刨煤机Gleithobeol, sliding plough滑行拖钩刨煤机Gleit-schwerthobel, sliding drag-hook plough环式成型机impact briquetting machine机面高度machine height机头部drive head unit机尾部drive end unit机械搅拌式浮选机subaeration flotation machine, agitation froth machine机械牵引mechanical haulage即时前移支架immediate forward support, IFS, one-web back system挤压成型机single lead-screw extruding briquetting machine间隔圈interval turns检验圈inspection cutting turns架节support unit, support section胶套轮机车rubber-tyred locomotive截槽kerf截齿pick, bit截齿配距lacing pattern, pick arrangement 进刀sumping截割比能耗specific energy of cutting截割部cutting unit截割高度cutting height截割滚筒cutting drum截割阻抗cutting resistance截割速度cutting speed, bit speed截割头cutting head截距ntercept截链cutting chain截煤机coal cutter截盘cutting jib, cutting bar截深web, web depth截线cutting line节式支架frame [support]经济提升量economic hoisting capacity, economic winding capacity经济提升速度economic hoisting speed, economic winding speed井架headframe, hoist tower,shaft tower井筒掘进机down-the hole shaft boring machine静力刨煤机statischer Hobel, static plough 卷筒winding drum, hoist drum掘进机械road heading machinery,driving machinery卡轨车road railer, coolie car可爬行坡度passable gradient可伸缩带式输送机extensible belt conveyor可弯曲刮板输送机flexible flight conveyor, armored face conveyor, AFC矿车mine car, pit tub矿井提升机mine winder, mine hoist矿井提升绞车mine hoist矿井提升阻力winding resistance of mine矿井提升阻力系数coefficient of winding resistance of mine矿用机车mine locomotive矿用绞车mine winch, mine winder空气脉动跳汰机air pulsating jig空气室air chamber离地间隙ground clearance of machine离心脱水机centrifuge立轮重介质分选机vertical lifting wheel separator连续采煤机continuous miner链牵引chain haulage邻架控制adjacent control落道derailment迈步支架walking support螺旋滚筒screw drum, helical vaner drum 锚杆钻机roof bolter锚固支架anchor support煤电钻electric coal drill煤浆准备器pulp preprocessor磨擦轮friction pulley, Koipe wheel磨擦圈holding turns, spare turns, dead turns磨擦式提升friction hoisting, Koepe hoisting磨砺性系数coefficient of abrasiveness内喷雾internal spraying内牵引internal traction, integral haulage爬车机creeper爬底板采煤机off-pan shearer, floor-based shearer,喷射式浮选机jet flotation machine偏角fleet angle平衡提升balanced hoisting铺网支架support with mesh-lying device骑槽式采煤机conveyor-mounted shearer普通机械化采煤机组conventionally-mechanized coal winning face unit气力输送air conveying, pneumatic conveying气腿airleg牵引力haulage pull, haulage speed牵引链haulage chain, pulling chain牵引速度travel speed钎杆stem钎头bit, bore bit钎尾shank, bit shank前牵引front haulage前探梁forepole, cantilever roof bar潜孔冲击器down hole hammer潜孔钻机down-the hole drill, percussive drill桥式转载机stage loader切槽cutting groove切削深度cutting depth驱动装置drive unit全断面掘进机tunnel boring machine, TBM, full facer乳化液泵站emulsion power pack人车man car伸缩梁extensible canopy深锥浓缩机deep cone thickener上出绳overlap上漂climbing输送conveying输送带conveying belt输送机conveyor双扭线机构lemniscate linkage双速刨煤dual-speed ploughing水力输送hydraulic conveying顺序控制sequential control梭行矿车shuttle car探钻装置probe drilling system提升不均衡系数hoisting unbalance factor提升富裕系数hoisting abundant factor提升容器hoisting conveyance提升容器自重减轻系数unbalance coefficient of sole weight of hoisting conveyance提升容器载重减轻系数unloading coefficient of hoisting conveyance搪瓷溜槽enameled trough天轮head sheave, sheave wheel推车机car pusher, ram推移装置pusher jack拖板base plate, articulated拖钩刨煤机reibhakenhobel, drag-hook plough拖缆装置cable handler托辊carrying idler, supporting roller 外喷雾external spraying外牵引external traction, independent haulage 尾绳tail rope, balance rope无轨运输trackless transport无极绳牵引运输endless-rope haulage无链牵引chainless haulage下出绳underlap下切深度dinting depth, undercut下扎dipping, penetration巷道掘进机roadheader, heading machine, tunneling machine行走部travel unit, traction unit行走机构travel mechanism, traction mechanism行走驱动装置travel driving unit悬boom悬臂式掘进机boom-type roadheader, boom roadheader压滤器press filter岩石电钻electric rock drill掩护梁caving shield掩护式支架shield [support]摇臂ranging arm摇床shaking table, concentrating table液压牵引hydraulic haulage液压支架hydraulic support, powered support圆盘式真空过滤机disk-type filter凿岩机hammer drill, percussion rock drill凿岩台车drill jumbo, drill carriage张紧装置tensioner, bridge conveyor, take-up device真空过滤机vacuum filter振动筛vibrating screen支撑式支架standing support支撑掩护式支架chock-shield [support]支架伸缩比support extension ratio制动空行程时间time lag, dead time制动系统brake system中部槽linepan终端载荷end load重力运输gravitational conveying, gravity haulage主顶梁main canopy主绳main rope, head rope主尾绳牵引运输main-and-tail rope haulage, main-and-tail haulage专用车special car, specialty car装煤面coal loader装岩机rock loader装岩机muck loader装载机械loader自然加速度natural acceleration自然减速度natural deceleration综合机械化采煤机组fully-mechanized coal winning face unit阻车器car stop, retarder钻杆drill rod钻井机shaft boring machine, shaft borer钻孔采煤机auger, auger machine钻孔机械drilling machine钻装机drill leader钻头bit, bore bit钻巷机drift boring machine钻削采煤机trepanner钻削头treoan wheel最大工作高度maximum working height最大结构高度maximum constructive height最小工作高度minimum working height最小结构高度minimum constructive height最小转弯半径minimal curve radius5. 煤矿安全保护层protective seam被保护层protected seam避难硐室refuge chamber并联网络parallel network测风站air measuring station残存瓦斯residual gas尘肺病pneumoconiosis抽出式通风exhaust ventilation串联通风series ventilation串联网络series network电化学式瓦斯测定器electrochemical type gas detector 等积孔equivalent orifice低瓦斯矿井low gaseous mine调压室pressure balance chamber独立风流separate airflow惰性气体防灭火inert gas for fire extinguishing对角式通风radial ventilation反风reversing the air反风道air-reversing way反风风门doors for air reversing防爆门breakaway explosion door防尘口罩dust mask防火门fire-proof door防火墙fire stopping, water [proof]dam防水闸门water door, bulkhead风表校正曲线calibration curve of anemometer 风窗air regulator风电闭锁装置fan-stoppage breaker风电甲烷闭锁装置fan-stoppage methane-monitorbreaker风阻特性曲线air way characteristic curve风量air flow, air quantity风量按需分配air distribution风量调节air regulation风量自然分配natural distribution of airflow风门air door风墙air stopping风桥air crossing风筒air duct风硐fan drift风障air brattice分区通风parallel ventilation, separateventilation粉尘dust粉尘采样器dust sampler粉尘粒度分布dust size distribution粉尘浓度dust concentration浮尘airborne dust辅助通风机booster fan负压negative pressure高瓦斯矿井gassy mine隔爆explosion suppression 灌浆grouting呼吸器respirator呼吸性粉尘respirable dust混合式通风compound ventilation火风压fire-heating air pressure火区sealed fire area火灾气体fire gases回风return airflow机械通风mechanical ventilaton甲烷报警器methane alarm甲烷断电仪methane-monitor breaker甲烷遥测仪remote methana monitor检定管detector tube角联网络diagonal network进风intake airflow局部阻力shock resistance局部阻力系数coefficient of shock resistance局部通风local ventilation局部通风机auxiliary fan绝对瓦斯涌出量absolute gas emission rate均压防灭火pressure balance for air control 可燃性气体inflammable gases矿尘mine dust矿井堵水water-blocking in mines, sealing off mine water矿井防治水mine water management, prevention of mine water矿井火灾mine fire矿井空气mine air矿井空气调节mine air conditioning矿井内部漏风underground leakage矿井内部漏风率underground leakage rate矿井气候条件climatic condition in mine矿井通风mine ventilation矿井突水water bursting in mines矿井瓦斯mine gas矿井瓦斯涌出量[underground] mine gas emission rate矿井外部漏风surface leakage矿井外部漏风率surface leakage rate矿井有效风量effective air quantity, ventilation efficiency矿山救护队mine rescue team溃浆burst of mortar扩散器fan diffuser扩散通风diffusion ventilation漏风air leakage落尘settled dust煤(岩)与瓦斯突出coal (rock) and gas outburst mine 煤(岩)与瓦斯突出矿井gas explosion煤层注水coal seam water infusion煤层透气性gas permeability of coal seam煤层瓦斯含量gas content in coal seam煤层瓦斯压力coalbed gas pressure煤尘coal dust煤尘爆炸coal dust explosion煤尘爆炸危险煤层coal seam liable to dust explosion 煤的自燃倾向性coal spontaneous combustion tendency煤肺病anthracosis煤矿防尘dust suppression in mine煤矽肺病anthraco-silicosis摩檫阻力frictional resistance。

风力机wind turbine风电场wind power station wind farm 风力发电机组wind turbine generator system WTGS 水平轴风力机horizontal axis wind turbine垂直轴风力机vertical axis wind turbine轮毂（风力机）hub (for wind turbine)机舱nacelle支撑结构support structure for wind turbine关机shutdown for wind turbine正常关机normal shutdown for wind turbine紧急关机emergency shutdown for wind turbine空转idling锁定blocking停机parking静止standstill制动器brake停机制动parking brake风轮转速rotor speed控制系统control system保护系统protection system偏航yawing设计和安全参数design situation设计工况design situation载荷状况load case外部条件external conditions设计极限design limits极限状态limit state使用极限状态serviceability limit states极限限制状态ultimate limit state最大极限状态ultimate limit state安全寿命safe life严重故障catastrophic failure潜伏故障latent fault dormant failure风特性wind characteristic风速wind speed风矢量wind velocity旋转采样风矢量rotationally sampled wind velocity 额定风速rated wind speed切入风速cut-in speed切出风速cut-out speed年平均annual average年平均风速annual average wind speed平均风速mean wind speed极端风速extreme wind speed安全风速survival wind speed参考风速reference wind speed风速分布wind speed distribution瑞利分布RayLeigh distribution威布尔分布Weibull distribution风切变wind shear风廓线风切变律wind profile wind shear law 风切变指数wind shear exponent对数风切变律logarithmic wind shear law风切变幂律power law for wind shear下风向down wind上风向up wind阵风gust粗糙长度roughness length湍流强度turbulence intensity湍流尺度参数turbulence scale parameter湍流惯性负区inertial sub-range风场wind site测量参数measurement parameters测量位置measurement seat最大风速maximum wind speed风功率密度wind power density风能密度wind energy density日变化diurnal variation年变化annual variation轮毂高度hub height风能wind energy标准大气状态standard atmospheric state风切变影响influence by the wind shear阵风影响gust influence风速频率frequency of wind speed环境environment工作环境operational environment气候climate海洋性气候ocean climate大陆性气候continental climate露天气候open-air climate室内气候indoor climate极端extreme日平均值daily mean极端最高extreme maximum年最高annual maximum年最高日平均温度annual extreme daily mean of temperature 月平均温度mean monthly temperature空气湿度air humidity绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity降水precipitation雨rain冻雨freezing rain霜淞rime雨淞glaze冰雹hail露dew雾fog盐雾salt fog雷暴thunderstorm雪载snow load标准大气压standard air pressure平均海平面mean sea level海拔altitude辐射通量radiant flux太阳辐射solar radiation直接太阳辐射direct solar radiation天空辐射sky radiation太阳常数solar constant太阳光谱solar spectrum黑体black body白体white body温室效应greenhouse effect环境温度ambient temperature表面温度surface temperature互联interconnection输出功率output power额定功率rated power最大功率maximum power电网连接点network connection point电力汇集系统power collection system风场电器设备site electrical facilities功率特性power performance静电功率输出net electric power output功率系数power performance自由流风速free stream wind speed扫掠面积swept area轮毂高度hub height测量功率曲线measurement power curve外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve年发电量annual energy production可利用率availability数据组功率特性测试data set for power performance measurement 精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty in measurement分组方法method of bins测量周期measurement period测量扇区measurement sector日变化diurnal variations浆距角pitch angle距离常数distance constant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion障碍物obstacles复杂地形带complex terrain风障wind break声压级sound pressure level声级weighted sound pressure level; sound level视在声功率级apparent sound power level指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准面风速acoustic reference wind speed标准风速standardized wind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度reference roughness length基准距离reference distance掠射角grazing angle风轮风轮wind rotor风轮直径rotor diameter风轮扫掠面积rotor swept area风轮仰角tilt angle of rotor shaft风轮偏航角yawing angle of rotor shaft风轮额定转速rated turning speed of rotor风轮最高转速maximum turning speed of rotor风轮尾流rotor wake尾流损失wake losses风轮实度rotor solidity实度损失solidity losses叶片数number of blades叶片blade等截面叶片constant chord blade变截面叶片variable chord blade叶片投影面积projected area of blade叶片长度length of blade叶根root of blade叶尖tip of blade叶尖速度tip speed浆距角pitch angle翼型airfoil前缘leading edge后缘tailing edge几何弦长geometric chord of airfoil平均几何弦长mean geometric of airfoil气动弦线aerodynamic chord of airfoil翼型厚度thickness of airfoil翼型相对厚度relative thickness of airfoil厚度函数thickness function of airfoil中弧线mean line弯度degree of curvature翼型族the family of airfoil弯度函数curvature function of airfoil叶片根梢比ratio of tip-section chord to root-section chord叶片展弦比aspect ratio叶片安装角setting angle of blade叶片扭角twist of blade叶片几何攻角angle of attack of blade叶片损失blade losses叶尖损失tip losses颤振flutter迎风机构orientation mechanism调速机构regulating mechanism风轮偏测式调速机构regulating mechanism of turning wind rotor out of the wind sideward变浆距调速机构regulating mechanism by adjusting the pitch of blade整流罩nose cone顺浆feathering阻尼板spoiling flap风轮空气动力特性aerodynamic characteristics of rotor叶尖速度比tip-speed ratio额定叶尖速度比rated tip-speed ratio升力系数lift coefficient阻力系数drag coefficient推或拉力系数thrust coefficient偏航系统滑动制动器sliding shoes偏航yawing主动偏航active yawing被动偏航passive yawing偏航驱动yawing driven解缆untwist塔架tower独立式塔架free stand tower拉索式塔架guyed tower塔影响效应influence by the tower shadow <<功率特性测试>>功率特性power performance净电功率输出net electric power output功率系数power coefficient自由流风速free stream wind speed扫掠面积swept area测量功率曲线measured power curve外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve年发电量annual energy production数据组data set可利用率availability精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty in measurement分组方法method of bins测量周期measurement period测量扇区measurement sector距离常数distance constant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion复杂地形地带complex terrain风障wind break声压级sound pressure level声级weighted sound pressure level视在声功率级apparent sound power level 指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准风速acoustic reference wind speed 标准风速standardized wind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度reference roughness基准距离reference distance掠射角grazing angle比恩法method of bins标准误差standard uncertainty风能利用系数rotor power coefficient力矩系数torque coefficient额定力矩系数rated torque coefficient起动力矩系数starting torque coefficient最大力矩系数maximum torque coefficient过载度ratio of over load风力发电机组输出特性output characteristic of WTGS调节特性regulating characteristics平均噪声average noise level机组效率efficiency of WTGS使用寿命service life度电成本cost per kilowatt hour of the electricity generated by WTGS 发电机同步电机synchronous generator异步电机asynchronous generator感应电机induction generator转差率slip瞬态电流transient rotor笼型cage绕线转子wound rotor绕组系数winding factor换向器commutator集电环collector ring换向片commutator segment励磁响应excitation response制动系统制动系统braking制动机构brake mechanism正常制动系normal braking system紧急制动系emergency braking system空气制动系air braking system液压制动系hydraulic braking system电磁制动系electromagnetic braking system机械制动系mechanical braking system辅助装置auxiliary device制动器释放braking releasing制动器闭合brake setting液压缸hydraulic cylinder溢流阀relief valve泻油drain齿轮马达gear motor齿轮泵gear pump电磁阀solenoid液压过滤器hydraulic filter液压泵hydraulic pump液压系统hydraulic system油冷却器oil cooler压力控制器pressure control valve压力继电器pressure switch减压阀reducing valve安全阀safety valve设定压力setting pressure切换switching旋转接头rotating union压力表pressure gauge液压油hydraulic fluid液压马达hydraulic motor油封oil seal刹车盘brake disc闸垫brake pad刹车油brake fluid闸衬片brake lining传动比transmission ratio齿轮gear齿轮副gear pair平行轴齿轮副gear pair with parallel axes 齿轮系train of gears行星齿轮系planetary gear train小齿轮pinion大齿轮wheel , gear主动齿轮driving, gear从动齿轮driven gear行星齿轮planet gear行星架planet carrier太阳轮sun gear内齿圈ring gear外齿轮external gear内齿轮internal内齿轮副internal gear pair增速齿轮副speed increasing gear增速齿轮系speed increasing gear train中心距center distance增速比speed increasing ratio齿面tooth flank工作齿面working flank非工作齿面non-working flank模数module齿数number of teeth啮合干涉meshing interference齿廓修行profile modification , profile correction啮合engagement, mesh齿轮的变位addendum modification on gears变位齿轮gears with addendum modification圆柱齿轮cylindrical gear直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gear single-helical gear节点pitch point节圆pitch circle齿顶圆tip circle齿根圆root circle直径和半径diameter and radius齿宽face width齿厚tooth thickness压力角pressure angle圆周侧隙circumferential backlash蜗杆worm蜗轮worm wheel联轴器coupling刚性联轴器rigid coupling万向联轴器universal coupling安全联轴器security coupling齿tooth齿槽tooth space斜齿轮helical gear人字齿轮double-helical gear齿距pitch法向齿距normal pitch轴向齿距axial pitch齿高tooth depth输入角input shaft输出角output shaft柱销pin柱销套roller行星齿轮传动机构planetary gear drive mechanism 中心轮center gear单级行星齿轮系single planetary gear train柔性齿轮flexible gear刚性齿轮rigidity gear柔性滚动轴承flexible rolling bearing 输出联接output coupling刚度rigidity扭转刚度torsional rigidity弯曲刚度flexural rigidity扭转刚度系数coefficient of torsional起动力矩starting torque传动误差transmission error传动精度transmission accuracy固有频率natural frequency弹性联接elastic coupling刚性联接rigid coupling滑块联接Oldham coupling固定联接integrated coupling齿啮式联接dynamic coupling花键式联接splined coupling牙嵌式联接castellated coupling径向销联接radial pin coupling周期振动periodic vibration随机振动random vibration峰值peak value临界阻尼critical damping阻尼系数damping coefficient阻尼比damping ratio减震器vibration isolator振动频率vibration frequency幅值amplitude位移幅值displacement amplitude速度幅值velocity amplitude加速度幅值acceleration amplitude控制与监控系统远程监视telemonitoring协议protocol实时real time单向传输simplex transmission半双工传输half-duplex transmission 双工传输duplex transmission前置机front end processor运输终端remote terminal unit调制解调器modulator-demodulator数据终端设备data terminal equipment 接口interface数据电路data circuit信息information状态信息state information分接头位置信息tap position information监视信息monitored information设备故障信息equipment failure information告警alarm返回信息return information设定值set point value累积值integrated total integrated value瞬时测值instantaneous measured计量值counted measured metered measured metered reading 确认acknowledgement信号signal模拟信号analog signal命令command字节byte位bit地址address波特baud编码encode译码decode代码code集中控制centralized control可编程序控制programmable control微机程控minicomputer program模拟控制analogue control数字控制digital control强电控制strong current control弱电控制weak current control单元控制unit control就地控制local control联锁装置interlocker模拟盘analogue board配电盘switch board控制台control desk紧急停车按钮emergency stop push-button限位开关limit switch限速开关limit speed switch有载指示器on-load indicator屏幕显示screen display指示灯display lamp起动信号starting signal公共供电点point of common coupling闪变flicker数据库data base硬件hardware硬件平台hardware platform层layer level class模型model响应时间response time软件software软件平台software platform系统软件system software自由脱扣trip-free基准误差basic error一对一控制方式one-to-one control mode一次电流primary current一次电压primary voltage二次电流secondary current二次电压secondary voltage低压电器low voltage apparatus额定工作电压rated operational voltage额定工作电流rated operational current运行管理operation management安全方案safety concept外部条件external conditions失效failure故障fault控制柜control cabinet冗余技术redundancy正常关机normal shutdown失效-安全fail-safe排除故障clearance空转idling外部动力源external power supply锁定装置locking device运行转速范围operating rotational speed range 临界转速activation rotational speed最大转速maximum rotational speed过载功率over power临界功率activation power最大功率maximum power短时切出风速short-term cut-out wind speed 外联机试验field test with turbine试验台test-bed台架试验test on bed防雷系统lighting protection system外部防雷系统external lighting protection system内部防雷系统internal lighting protection system等电位连接equipotential bonding接闪器air-termination system引下线down-conductor接地装置earth-termination system接地线earth conductor接地体earth electrode环形接地体ring earth external基础接地体foundation earth electrode等电位连接带bonding bar等电位连接导体bonding conductor保护等级protection lever防雷区lighting protection zone雷电流lighting current电涌保护器surge suppressor共用接地系统common earthing system接地基准点earthing reference points持续运行continuous operation持续运行的闪变系数flicker coefficient for continuous operation 闪变阶跃系数flicker step factor最大允许功率maximum permitted最大测量功率maximum measured power电网阻抗相角network impedance phase angle正常运行normal operation功率采集系统power collection system额定现在功率rated apparent power额定电流rated current额定无功功率rated reactive power停机standstill起动start-up切换运行switching operation扰动强度turbulence intensity电压变化系数voltage change factor风力机端口wind turbine terminals风力机最大功率maximum power of wind turbine风力机停机parked wind turbine安全系统safety system控制装置control device额定载荷rated load周期period相位phase频率frequency谐波harmonics瞬时值instantaneous value同步synchronism振荡oscillation共振resonance波wave辐射radiation衰减attenuation阻尼damping畸变distortion电electricity电的electric静电学electrostatics电荷electric charge电压降voltage drop电流electric current导电性conductivity电压voltage电磁感应electromagnetic induction 励磁excitation电阻率resistivity导体conductor半导体semiconductor电路electric circuit串联电路series circuit电容capacitance电感inductance电阻resistance电抗reactance阻抗impedance传递比transfer ratio交流电压alternating voltage交流电流alternating current脉动电压pulsating voltage脉动电流pulsating current直流电压direct voltage直流电流direct current瞬时功率instantaneous power有功功率active power无功功率reactive power有功电流active current无功电流reactive current功率因数power factor中性点neutral point相序sequential order of the phase电气元件electrical device接线端子terminal电极electrode地earth接地电路earthed circuit接地电阻resistance of an earthed conductor 绝缘子insulator绝缘套管insulating bushing母线busbar线圈coil螺纹管solenoid绕组winding电阻器resistor电感器inductor电容器capacitor继电器relay电能转换器electric energy transducer电机electric machine发电机generator电动机motor变压器transformer变流器converter变频器frequency converter整流器rectifier逆变器inverter传感器sensor耦合器electric coupling放大器amplifier振荡器oscillator滤波器filter半导体器件semiconductor光电器件photoelectric device触头contact开关设备switchgear控制设备control gear闭合电路closed circuit断开电路open circuit通断switching联结connection串联series connection并联parallel connection星形联结star connection三角形联结delta connection主电路main circuit辅助电路auxiliary circuit控制电路control circuit信号电路signal circuit保护电路protective circuit换接change-over circuit换向commutation输入功率input power输入input负载load加载to load充电to charge放电to discharge有载运行on-load operation空载运行no-load operation开路运行open-circuit operation 短路运行short-circuit operation 满载full load效率efficiency损耗loss过电压over-voltage过电流over-current欠电压under-voltage特性characteristic绝缘物insulant隔离to isolate绝缘insulation绝缘电阻insulation resistance 品质因数quality factor泄漏电流leakage current闪烙flashover短路short circuit噪声noise极限值limiting value额定值rated value额定rating环境条件environment condition 使用条件service condition工况operating condition额定工况rated condition负载比duty ratio绝缘比insulation ratio介质试验dielectric test常规试验routine test抽样试验sampling test验收试验acceptance test投运试验commissioning test维护试验maintenance test加速accelerating特性曲线characteristic额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current额定频率rated frequency温升temperature rise温度系数temperature coefficient端电压terminal voltage短路电流short circuit current可靠性reliability有效性availability耐久性durability维修maintenance维护preventive maintenance工作时间operating time待命时间standby time修复时间repair time寿命life使用寿命useful life平均寿命mean life耐久性试验endurance test寿命试验life test可靠性测定试验reliability determination test 现场可靠性试验field reliability test加速试验accelerated test安全性fail safe应力stress强度strength试验数据test data现场数据field data电触头electrical contact主触头main contact击穿breakdown耐电压proof voltage放电electrical discharge透气性air permeability电线电缆electric wire and cable电力电缆power cable通信电缆telecommunication cable油浸式变压器oil-immersed type transformer干式变压器dry-type transformer自耦变压器auto-transformer有载调压变压器transformer fitted with OLTC空载电流non-load current阻抗电压impedance voltage电抗电压reactance voltage电阻电压resistance voltage分接tapping配电电器distributing apparatus控制电器control apparatus开关switch熔断器fuse断路器circuit breaker控制器controller接触器contactor机械寿命mechanical endurance电气寿命electrical endurance旋转电机electrical rotating machine直流电机direct current machine交流电机alternating current machine同步电机synchronous machine异步电机asynchronous machine感应电机induction machine励磁机exciter饱和特性saturation characteristic开路特性open-circuit characteristic负载特性load characteristic短路特性short-circuit characteristic额定转矩rated load torque规定的最初起动转矩specifies breakaway torque交流电动机的最初起动电流breakaway starting current if an a.c.同步转速synchronous speed转差率slip短路比short-circuit ratio同步系数synchronous coefficient空载no-load系统system触电；电击electric block正常状态normal condition接触电压touch voltage跨步电压step voltage对地电压voltage to earth触电电流shock current残余电流residual current安全阻抗safety impedance安全距离safety distance安全标志safety marking安全色safety color中性点有效接地系统system with effectively earthed neutral 检修接地inspection earthing工作接地working earthing保护接地protective earthing重复接地iterative earth故障接地fault earthing过电压保护over-voltage protection过电流保护over-current protection断相保护open-phase protection防尘dust-protected防溅protected against splashing防滴protected against dropping water防浸水protected against the effects of immersion过电流保护装置over-current protective device保护继电器protective relay接地开关earthing switch漏电断路器residual current circuit-breaker灭弧装置arc-control device安全隔离变压器safety isolating transformer避雷器surge attester ; lightning arrester保护电容器capacitor for voltage protection安全开关safety switch限流电路limited current circuit振动vibration腐蚀corrosion点腐蚀spot corrosion金属腐蚀corrosion of metals化学腐蚀chemical corrosion贮存storage贮存条件storage condition运输条件transportation condition空载最大加速度maximum bare table acceletation电力金具悬垂线夹suspension clamp耐张线夹strain clamp挂环link挂板clevis球头挂环ball-eye球头挂钩ball-hookU型挂环shackleU型挂钩U-bolt联板yoke plate牵引板towing plate挂钩hook吊架hanger调整板adjusting plate花篮螺栓turn buckle接续管splicing sleeve补修管repair sleeve调线线夹jumper clamp防振锤damper均压环grading ring屏蔽环shielding ring间隔棒spacer重锤counter weight线卡子guy clip心形环thimble设备线夹terminal connectorT形线夹T-connector硬母线固定金具bus-bar support 母线间隔垫bus-bar separator母线伸缩节bus-bar expansion外光检查visual ins振动试验vibration tests老化试验ageing tests冲击动载荷试验impulse load tests 耐腐试验corrosion resistance tests 棘轮扳手ratchet spanner专用扳手special purpose spanner 万向套筒扳手flexible pliers可调钳adjustable pliers夹线器conductor holder电缆剪cable cutter卡线钳conductor clamp单卡头single clamp双卡头double clamp安全帽safety helmet安全带safety belt绝缘手套insulating glove 绝缘靴insulating boots护目镜protection spectacles 缝焊机seam welding machine。

Study on the Properties ofSemiconductorsSemiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between a conductor and an insulator. They are essential components of modern electronic devices. The study of the properties of semiconductors is crucial for the development of new technologies.One of the most important properties of semiconductors is their band structure. A band structure determines how electrons move within a material. In semiconductors, there are two bands that are important for their electrical properties: the valence band and the conduction band. The valence band is the band that contains the electrons that are bound to the atoms in the material. The conduction band is the band that contains the electrons that are free to move within the material.The energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band is called the band gap. For semiconductors, the band gap is small enough that electrons can be excited from the valence band to the conduction band by thermal energy or by absorbing photons. This property makes semiconductors useful for devices such as solar cells and light-emitting diodes.The electrical conductivity of semiconductors can be controlled by doping them with impurities. Doping is the process of intentionally adding impurities to a material to change its electrical properties. Doping can either increase or decrease the electrical conductivity of a semiconductor. N-type doping adds impurities that provide excess electrons to the material, making it more conductive. P-type doping adds impurities that remove electrons from the material, making it less conductive.Another important property of semiconductors is their mobility. Mobility is a measure of how easily electrons can move within a material in response to an electric field. Semiconductors with high mobility are more efficient at conducting electricity than those with low mobility.Recent research has focused on developing new semiconductor materials with improved properties. For example, researchers have developed so-called “two-dimensional” materials that are only a few atoms thick. These materials have unique electrical and optical properties and could be useful for developing new types of electronic devices.In conclusion, the study of the properties of semiconductors is essential for the development of modern electronic devices. Semiconductors have unique electrical properties that can be controlled through doping and other techniques. Improving the properties of semiconductors is an area of active research and could lead to new technologies in the future.。

电子设备对于交流的影响英语作文英文回答：Impact of Electronic Devices on AC Power.Electronic devices have become an indispensable part of modern life, from smartphones and laptops to refrigerators and air conditioners. These devices consume electricity, which is typically supplied by alternating current (AC) power. The impact of electronic devices on AC power is multifaceted and involves factors such as power consumption, voltage fluctuations, and harmonic distortion.Power Consumption.Electronic devices vary significantly in their power consumption. Small devices, such as smartphones and tablets, typically consume less than 10 watts, while larger appliances, such as refrigerators and air conditioners, can consume hundreds of watts or even kilowatts. The totalpower consumption of electronic devices in a household can add up to a significant portion of the overall electricity bill.Voltage Fluctuations.Electronic devices can cause voltage fluctuations on AC power lines. When a device is turned on or off, it can draw a large amount of current, causing the voltage to drop. This can affect other devices connected to the same power line, potentially leading to performance issues or even damage. Voltage fluctuations can also be caused by the intermittent nature of some electronic devices, such as air conditioners and refrigerators.Harmonic Distortion.Many electronic devices produce harmonic distortion on AC power lines. Harmonics are frequencies that aremultiples of the fundamental frequency of AC power (60 Hzin North America and 50 Hz in Europe). Harmonic distortion can cause problems for electrical equipment, as it can leadto overheating, insulation breakdown, and reduced efficiency.Mitigation Strategies.There are several strategies that can be employed to mitigate the impact of electronic devices on AC power. These include:Using energy-efficient devices.Avoiding turning on multiple high-power devices simultaneously.Installing surge protectors to protect against voltage fluctuations.Using power conditioners to reduce harmonic distortion.By implementing these strategies, it is possible to reduce the impact of electronic devices on AC power and ensure the reliable and efficient operation of electricalequipment.中文回答：电子设备对交流电的影响。

机工英语考试题库及答案一、单选题（每题2分，共40分）1. The machine is designed to operate at a speed of ________.A. 1000 rpmB. 1500 rpmC. 2000 rpmD. 2500 rpm答案：B2. The ________ of the engine is crucial for its performance.A. efficiencyB. capacityC. powerD. torque答案：A3. The ________ system is responsible for cooling the engine.A. lubricationB. exhaustC. coolingD. fuel答案：C4. The ________ is used to measure the temperature of the machine.A. thermometerB. ammeterC. voltmeterD. tachometer答案：A5. The ________ is a key component in the transmission system.A. clutchB. brakeC. gearD. belt答案：C6. The ________ is used to control the speed of the machine.A. governorB. regulatorC. controllerD. actuator答案：A7. The ________ is responsible for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.A. generatorB. motorC. alternatorD. transformer答案：A8. The ________ is used to reduce the speed of the machine.A. pulleyB. leverC. gearD. belt答案：C9. The ________ is used to measure the pressure of the machine.A. manometerB. barometerC. voltmeterD. ammeter答案：A10. The ________ is a type of bearing that allows for rotation.A. ball bearingB. roller bearingC. plain bearingD. thrust bearing答案：A11. The ________ is used to control the flow of fuel into the engine.A. carburetorB. injectorC. pumpD. filter答案：B12. The ________ is a type of valve that controls the flow of fluids.A. gate valveB. check valveC. globe valveD. butterfly valve答案：A13. The ________ is used to measure the electrical current in a circuit.A. voltmeterB. ammeterC. ohmmeterD. wattmeter答案：B14. The ________ is a type of joint that allows for limited movement.A. riveted jointB. welded jointC. bolted jointD. pinned joint答案：C15. The ________ is used to measure the electrical resistance in a circuit.A. voltmeterB. ammeterC. ohmmeterD. wattmeter答案：C16. The ________ is a type of bearing that operates on a sliding surface.A. ball bearingB. roller bearingC. plain bearingD. thrust bearing答案：C17. The ________ is used to measure the electrical power in a circuit.A. voltmeterB. ammeterC. ohmmeterD. wattmeter答案：D18. The ________ is a type of bearing that supports a rotating shaft.A. ball bearingB. roller bearingC. plain bearingD. thrust bearing答案：A19. The ________ is used to control the temperature of the machine.A. thermostatB. regulatorC. controllerD. actuator答案：A20. The ________ is a type of valve that prevents backflow of fluids.A. gate valveB. check valveC. globe valveD. butterfly valve答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）21. The ________ is a type of bearing that supports a rotating shaft and reduces friction.答案：ball bearing22. The ________ is used to convert the linear motion of a piston into the rotational motion of a crankshaft.答案：crankshaft23. The ________ is a type of valve that controls the flow of fluids by rotating a disc.答案：butterfly valve24. The ________ is used to measure the electrical voltage in a circuit.答案：voltmeter25. The ________ is a type of bearing that operates on a rolling element.答案：roller bearing26. The ________ is used to convert the rotational motion of a crankshaft into linear motion.答案：piston27. The ________ is a type of valve that controls the flow of fluids by sliding a gate.答案：gate valve28. The ________ is used to measure the electrical current in a circuit.答案：ammeter29. The ________ is a type of bearing that operates on a sliding surface and reduces friction.答案：plain bearing30. The ________ is used to measure the electrical resistance in a circuit.答案：ohmmeter三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）31. The governor is used to control the speed of the machine. (对/错)答案：对32. The clutch is a key component in the transmission system. (对/错)答案：对33. The pulley is used to increase the speed of the machine. (对/错)答案：错34. The ammeter is used to measure the electrical current in a circuit. (对/错)答案：对35. The generator is responsible for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. (对/错)36. The carburetor is used to control the flow of fuel into the engine. (对/错)答案：对37. The thrust bearing is used to support a rotating shaft. (对/错)答案：错38. The voltmeter is used to measure the electrical voltage in a circuit. (对/错)答案：对39. The gate valve is a type of valve that controls the flow of fluids by rotating a disc. (对/错)答案：错40. The ohmmeter is used to measure the electrical resistance in a circuit. (对/错)四、简答题（每题10分，共20分）41. Explain the function of a thermostat in a machine.答案：A thermostat is a temperature control device that regulates the temperature of a machine by controlling the flow of coolant. It maintains the engine at an optimal operating temperature by opening or closing the cooling system's flow path as needed.42. Describe the purpose of a regulator in an electrical circuit.答案：A regulator in an electrical circuit is a device that maintains a constant voltage level by adjusting the output voltage to compensate for changes in load or input voltage. It ensures that the voltage supplied to the circuit remains stable and within the desired range, preventing damage to sensitive electronic components.。

Semiconductor Materials• 1.1 Energy Bands and Carrier Concentration• 1.1.1 Semiconductor Materials• Solid-state materials can be grouped into three classes—insulators(绝缘体）, semiconductors, and conductors. Figure 1-1shows the electrical conductivities δ (and the correspondingresistivities ρ≡1/δ)associated with(相关）some important materialsin each of three classes. Insulators such as fused（熔融） quartz and glass have very low conductivities, in the order of 1E-18 to 1E-8S/cm;固态材料可分为三种：绝缘体、半导体和导体。

图1－1 给出了在三种材料中一些重要材料相关的电阻值（相应电导率ρ≡1/δ)。

绝缘体如熔融石英和玻璃具有很低电导率，在10-18 到10-8 S/cm;and conductors such as aluminum and silver have high conductivities, typically from 104 to 106 S/cm. Semiconductors have conductivities between those of insulators and those of conductors. The conductivity of a semiconductor is generally sensitive to temperature, illumination（照射）, magnetic field, and minute amount of impurity atoms. This sensitivity in conductivity makes the semiconductor one of the most important materials for electronic applications.导体如铝和银有高的电导率，典型值从104到106S/cm;而半导体具有的电导率介乎于两者之间。

电脑影响艺术的作文英文The Impact of Computers on Art。

In today's digital age, computers have become an integral part of our lives, revolutionizing various fields, including art. The advent of computers has significantly influenced the way artists create, showcase, and perceive art. This essay aims to explore the impact of computers on art, highlighting both the positive and negative aspects.Firstly, computers have provided artists with new tools and mediums for artistic expression. Digital art has emerged as a popular form, enabling artists to create stunning visuals using software programs. With the help of computers, artists can manipulate images, experiment with colors, and create intricate designs that were once unimaginable. Moreover, computer-generated art allows for easy editing and modification, giving artists the freedom to explore different possibilities without the fear of irreversible mistakes.Furthermore, computers have democratized the art world by making it more accessible. The internet has provided a platform for artists to showcase their work to a global audience. Online galleries and social media platforms have become virtual art spaces, eliminating the need for physical galleries or exhibitions. This has opened up opportunities for emerging artists to gain recognition and establish their careers without the need for traditional gatekeepers. Additionally, art enthusiasts can now explore and appreciate art from different cultures and eras without having to travel or visit museums physically.Moreover, computers have played a crucial role in the preservation and restoration of art. Through digital imaging techniques, experts can analyze and document artworks, ensuring their longevity. This has helped in the conservation of valuable pieces that may have deteriorated over time. Additionally, computers have made it possible to recreate lost or damaged artworks, allowing future generations to experience and appreciate them.On the other hand, the influence of computers on art has not been without its drawbacks. Some argue that the ease of digital art creation has led to a decline in traditional art forms, such as painting and sculpting. The tactile experience and craftsmanship associated with traditional art are often lost in the digital realm. Moreover, the over-reliance on computers may stifle creativity, as artists may become too dependent on software programs and templates, limiting their originality and innovation.Furthermore, the widespread availability of digital art has also raised concerns regarding copyright infringement. With the ease of copying and distributing digital files, artists may find it challenging to protect their original work from unauthorized use or reproduction. This poses a threat to the economic viability of artists who rely on selling their artwork for a living.In conclusion, computers have undeniably had a significant impact on the world of art. They have revolutionized the way art is created, showcased, andpreserved. While computers have provided artists with new tools and opportunities, there are also challenges that need to be addressed. Striking a balance between the digital and traditional art forms is crucial to ensure the continued growth and development of the art world in the digital age.。

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：灯泡发明对人的负面影响英文英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Dim Side of Bright Ideas: The Negative Impacts of the Light BulbWhen Thomas Edison patented the first commercially viable incandescent light bulb in 1879, he proclaimed "We will makeelectricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles." Little did he know just how prophetic those words would become. The light bulb was a groundbreaking invention that brought illumination into homes, businesses, and streets across the world. However, like many transformative technologies before and after it, the light bulb's brilliant ability to vanquish darkness came with unintended negative consequences that have impacted human health, nature, and even our philosophical view of the world.From my perspective as a student, one of the most concerning impacts has been the way artificial light has disrupted our natural circadian rhythms and sleep cycles. Humans evolved over millions of years to synchronize our biological clocks with the rising and setting of the sun. When the sun went down, it was time to sleep. Our bodies would release melatonin, lowering body temperature and initiating the restorative processes that occur during quality sleep. With the advent of electric lighting, we gained the ability to essentially extend daylight indefinitely by filling our homes, offices, and cities with bright artificial illumination. While this was an incredible convenience, it came at a biological cost.Exposure to blue-enriched artificial light in the evening suppresses melatonin production and tricks our bodies intothinking it's still daytime. This chronic circadian disruption has been linked to a host of negative health impacts including increased risks of obesity, diabetes, depression, cancer, and cardiovascular problems. As a student pulling frequentall-nighters with the benefit of bluelight-emanating computer and phone screens, I've experienced firsthand the challenges of maintaining a healthy sleep schedule in our over-illuminated modern world. Studies show that most people in developed nations are chronically sleep deprived, and part of the blame lies squarely on Edison's bright idea.In addition to impacting our health, light pollution from ubiquitous outdoor lighting has had detrimental effects on the natural world. Artificial lights disrupt the circadian rhythms of various plants and animals whose biological cycles depend on the natural day/night cycle. This can impact their breeding, feeding, migration, and survival patterns in profound ways. One example is newly hatched sea turtles, which use dim natural light from the moon and stars to find their way to the ocean after emerging from their nests. The glow from beachfront resorts and urban areas can confuse and lead them in the wrong direction, often onto deadly roads and parking lots instead of the shoreline.Excess artificial lighting has also contributed to diminishing our pristine views of the night sky. In most cities and suburbs today, the overglow of light pollution washes out all but the brightest celestial bodies from view. As a kid, I remember being captivated by starry nights camping in the wilderness. But such unobscured views of the galactic splendor are increasingly rare in the light-saturated modern world. This may seem like merely an aesthetic concern, but it represents a severing of our connection to the cosmos that inspired wonder, philosophy, and scientific inquiry in our ancestors for millennia.From a philosophical perspective, the domination of electric lighting could be seen as humankind's rejection of the natural rhythms that governed life on Earth since its beginnings. By extending the boundary of daylight indefinitely, we've placed ourselves outside the cyclical existence that defined the premodern human experience. Some would argue this explicable dominance over nature's constraints represented human ingenuity at its finest. Others may view it as a troubling example of our hubris and willingness to disrupt ancient natural orders for convenience and economic interests.Personally, while I'm grateful for the incredible opportunities for productivity, education, and connection to the world thatartificial illumination has enabled, I worry we've gone too far in bright-ening our nights. Our biology wasn't designed to be exposed to lighting all hours of the day and night. Perhaps Edison's invention worked too well in vanquishing the darkness our primal selves still require on a regular basis.So what's the solution? I don't think the answer is to return to a pre-electric existence of candles and lanterns. However, I do believe we need to be more judicious and intentional about our use of artificial lighting. We should be thoughtful about minimizing excessive and unnecessary illumination, especially in residential outdoor areas and commercial spaces at night. Building codes and civic policies should encourage home and facility designs that provide adequate lighting while limiting light trespass into the public and private spaces of others.On a personal level, each of us should strive for better sleep hygiene by minimizing our exposure to bright lights and screen illumination in the hours before bed. Simple steps like installing dimmers, using blue light filters on devices, or simply turning off electronics well before desired sleep time can help our bodies properly initiate the circadian signals for quality rest. Perhaps most importantly, we should make an effort to regularly experience periods of true darkness by camping, stargazing, orjust turning off all lights in our homes for chunks of time. Rediscovering the sublime beauty and silence of the night sky and the inky blackness that defined most of human history may foster a greater appreciation for darkness' vital role in our lives.The light bulb was one of the greatest inventions in human history, vastly improving quality of life for billions across the globe. However, like many innovations, it came with unforeseen consequences that have disrupted our internal biology, altered our external environment, and possibly even shifted our philosophical relationship with the natural world. While I'm deeply grateful for Edison's bright idea, I believe the scales have swung too far away from the darkness we still require. By striking a more judicious balance between illumination and night, we can continue benefiting from this brilliant technology while mitigating its darker impacts on ourselves and the planet we all inhabit.篇2The Negative Impacts of the Invention of the Light BulbWhen we think about groundbreaking inventions that have shaped the modern world, the light bulb is undoubtedly one of the first that comes to mind. Developed in the late 19th centuryby Thomas Edison and others, the humble light bulb revolutionized society by providing clean, safe, and efficient illumination for homes and businesses. However, while this invention has brought tremendous convenience and progress, it has also had significant negative impacts that are often overlooked. In this essay, I will explore the various ways in which the light bulb has adversely affected humanity and the environment.One of the most significant drawbacks of the light bulb is its contribution to light pollution. Prior to the widespread use of artificial lighting, the night sky was a canvas of twinkling stars and celestial wonders. However, with the proliferation of streetlights, billboards, and illuminated buildings, light pollution has become a pervasive problem, particularly in urban areas. This excessive and misdirected artificial light not only obscures our view of the night sky but also disrupts the natural cycles of many species, including migratory birds, sea turtles, and insects.Light pollution has far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and biodiversity. For instance, artificial lighting can disorient and confuse species that rely on celestial cues for navigation, reproduction, and other vital behaviors. Additionally, light pollution can disrupt the delicate balance of predator-preyrelationships, as some species may become more visible and vulnerable to predators under artificial light. This disruption can have cascading effects on entire food webs and ecosystem dynamics.Another significant negative impact of the light bulb is its contribution to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. While modern light bulbs are more energy-efficient than their predecessors, the sheer quantity of lighting used globally still accounts for a substantial portion of global energy demand. The production and distribution of electricity for lighting often relies on the burning of fossil fuels, which releases greenhouse gases and contributes to climate change.Climate change, in turn, poses a severe threat to human societies and the natural world. Rising temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather events can lead to devastating consequences, including droughts, floods, and the displacement of millions of people. Furthermore, climate change is expected to exacerbate existing environmental challenges, such as biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and food insecurity.The light bulb has also been linked to potential health risks, particularly in the context of exposure to artificial light at night. Numerous studies have suggested that exposure to blue-richlight from electronic devices and energy-efficient light bulbs can disrupt our circadian rhythms, which regulate sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and other physiological processes. Disruptions to our circadian rhythms have been associated with an increased risk of various health problems, including obesity, diabetes, depression, and certain types of cancer.Moreover, the widespread use of artificial lighting has contributed to the erosion of our connection with the natural world. In many urban areas, people rarely experience true darkness or witness the grandeur of a starry night sky. This disconnection from nature can have profound psychological and emotional consequences, as humans have evolved to be deeply influenced by the rhythms and cycles of the natural world.While the light bulb has undoubtedly brought immense benefits to humanity, it is crucial to acknowledge and address its negative impacts. As responsible citizens and stewards of the planet, we must strive to strike a balance between the convenience of artificial lighting and the preservation of our natural environment and ecological systems.One potential solution is to embrace more sustainable and environmentally friendly lighting technologies, such assolar-powered or motion-sensor-activated lighting systems.Additionally, implementing stricter regulations and guidelines for outdoor lighting can help mitigate light pollution and protect sensitive ecosystems.Furthermore, raising awareness and promoting educational campaigns about the importance of dark sky preservation and the impacts of light pollution can encourage individuals and communities to adopt more responsible lighting practices.In conclusion, while the invention of the light bulb has been a remarkable technological achievement, its negative impacts on the environment, biodiversity, energy consumption, and human health cannot be ignored. As we continue to rely on artificial lighting in our modern lives, it is imperative that we find ways to mitigate these impacts and strive for a more sustainable and harmonious coexistence with nature. By acknowledging and addressing these challenges, we can ensure that the light bulb remains a beacon of progress while preserving the delicate balance of our planet and the well-being of future generations.篇3The Dim Side of Bright Ideas: How the Light Bulb Dimmed Humanity's PathWe've all been there - staying up way too late, basking in the warm glow of artificial light as we cram for a test or binge another episode of the newest hit show. The light bulb is so integrated into our modern lives that it's hard to imagine a world without it. But have we truly weighed the costs of this illuminating invention?As I've researched the history and impacts of the light bulb for this paper, I've come to realize that for all the convenience and productivity it brought, it has also cast some darker shadows over humanity. From environmental fallout to disrupted biological rhythms, the ubiquitous light bulb has taken a toll that we are still reckoning with today.Let's start with the ecological price tag. The insatiable hunger for electricity to power our light bulbs has fueled environmental degradation on a massive scale. The mining and burning of coal has laid waste to entire landscapes and pumped huge quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Hydro-electric dams required to generate electricity have fragmented river systems and displaced communities. Even "clean" nuclear power leaves us grappling with scattered radioactive waste sites. All to keep those glass spheres aglow.Then there are the more insidious biological impacts. As humans, we evolved over millions of years in harmony with the natural daily cycle of light and dark in sync with the rising and setting sun. The advent of electric light has essentially allowed us to override this genetic hardwiring, enabling us to be awake and active whenever we please.This disruption of our circadian rhythms has been linked to all kinds of physical and mental health issues - from increased risks of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular problems to higher rates of depression and even certain cancers. Our bodies simply weren't designed to be exposed to lighting conditions so detached from the natural world.Speaking of the human body, have you ever noticed how harsh, fluorescent lighting can give you a headache or just make you feel kind of...blah? There could be more to that sluggish feeling than just your morning grogginess. Exposure to certain types of light bulbs and light wavelengths has been shown to negatively impact our hormone regulation, mood, and even gene expression at the cellular level.While energy-efficient LED bulbs are an improvement over older models, there are still concerns about potential retinal damage from the concentrated blue light they emit. That geckoselling you light bulbs doesn't seem so cute and friendly when you realize his products might be degrading your eyesight over time.But perhaps most distressing are the implications of light pollution - the excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive artificial light that has become the gilded blight of our modern society. With so much light spilling upwards into the atmosphere, starry night skies are increasingly being eclipsed from view.For many city-dwellers, witnessing the jaw-dropping majesty of the Milky Way strewn across an inky backdrop is becoming an experience relegated to childhood trips to the countryside. As our ancestors spent millennia gazing up at those cosmic vistas and letting their minds wander amongst those ancient points of light, could something profound within our human spirit be diminishing as our re light obscures that primordial luminous canvas?Light pollution doesn't just tarnish the night sky, either. It wreaks havoc on fragile ecosystems that depend on predictable light-dark cycles. From sea turtle hatchlings confused and wandering fatally off course to migratory birds becoming disoriented and lethally trapped in cities, the consequences ofour light trespassing into the darkness has proven devastating for wildlife.Even our own bodies' melatonin production has been shown to be suppressed by excessive exposure to light at night. That could help explain increasing rates of diseases like breast cancer as our bodies struggle to maintain optimal hormone levels. When every street corner and parking lot is flooded with retina-searing light, our circadian cadence is constantly being disrupted.Of course, it would be overly simplistic to place all the blame at the feet of the light bulb itself. The inventors like Thomas Edison who patented early designs for incandescent bulbs could hardly foresee this vast ecological and biological toll two centuries ago.They were simply trying to craft a more convenient,longer-lasting solution to illuminate homes, businesses, and streets compared to the dim glow of gas lamps and candles. Perhaps back then, the ability to bring more light into their world seemed like an empowering next step for humanity's march of progress.Yet as someone alive today, I can't help but feel a twinge of nostalgia for the pre-electric days when the boundaries betweenday and night felt more defined. When humans awoke with the sun and wound down at dusk, their bodies aligned with ancient circadian codes. When every home's evening activities were bathed in a softer, warmer candlelight instead of harsh electrical rays.Does this sound like some idyllic, pre-industrial utopia? Maybe it was still gritty and difficult in reality. After all, obtaining adequate lighting for tasks was a constant challenge before light bulbs. Reading or working by candlelight put major strain on the eyes and carried fire risks. Women of the era certainly didn't miss lugging heavy oil lamps around or meticulously trimming their wicks.Yet perhaps there was something beautiful in how night whispered humans to sleep in those bygone days, leaving the inky canvas of the heavens undisturbed. It's an idea worth pondering as we increasingly sacrifice our night skies and our sleep to the glaring hum of artificial radiance surrounding us at all hours.So where does this leave us in the modern age ofneon-soaked cities andDay-Glo screenshots glowing all night? Well, there's certainly no putting that light bulb genie back in the bottle. Electric lighting has become utterly indispensable tocontemporary life and work. We'd be plunged back into the proverbial dark ages without it.But that doesn't mean we can't make wiser choices about how we wield that power. Using smarter light bulbs, enforcing better light pollution laws, and developing urban areas with circadian health in mind could all go a long way. Even making an effort to minimize our own exposure to light at night, particularly in the hours before bedtime, can yield benefits to our well-being.Ultimately though, I can't help but feel that the light bulb - for all its initial empowering brilliance - has cast some long shadows over the increasingly detached, overlit, andsleep-deprived path we've since wandered down as a society. This little glass orb that helped us defy the natural cycle of night may have paradoxically caused us to lose something vital - our own centuries-cultivated harmony with the sublime cosmic rhythms that once guided our slumbers.So tonight, I'll try to put down my phone earlier. I'll dim those LED bulbs and light a couple candles instead, letting those dancing amber halos flicker across the walls. And if it's a clear night, I'll make sure to look out the window up at the sweet pinprick of starlight glimmering in the velvety expanse.Maybe then I'll catch a fleeting glimpse of how our ancestors lived before we could manufacture our own inferior approximation of celestial radiance. How they once moved in sync with the sun, moon, and stars whose timeless light took our humble innovations and rendered them little more than a bright flicker in the cosmos' eye.Word Count: 1,996。

大学英语四级考试精读荟萃100篇(41):电的影响Can electricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies. The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia.Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review, released in draft form late last week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence"suggests a casual link"between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields—those having very longwave-lengths—and leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer, While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as "a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans."The report is no reason to panic—or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, tit generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects, For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth's own magnetic field, The electric fields surrounding apower line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Such "ionizing" radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.The Pentagon is for from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having "biased the entire document" toward proving a link. "Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that (electromagnetic fields) present in the environmentinduce or promote cancer," the Air Force concludes. " It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report." Then Pentagon's concern is understandable. There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense systems built into every warship and plane.1. The main idea of this passage is[A]. studies on the cause of cancer[B]. controversial view-points in the cause of cancer[C]. the relationship between electricity and cancer.[D]. different ideas about the effect of electricity on caner.2. The view-point of the EPA is[A]. there is casual link between electricity and cancer.[B]. electricity really affects cancer.[C]. controversial.[D].low frequency electromagnetic field is a possible cause of cancer3. Why did the Pentagon and Whit House object to the release of the report? Because[A]. it may stir a great deal of debate among the BushAdministration.[B]. every unit of the modern military has depended on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment.[C]. the Pentagon's concern was understandable.[D]. they had different arguments.4. It can be inferred from physical phenomenon[A]. the force of the electromagnetic field is too weak to be harmful.[B]. the force of the electromagnetic field is weaker than the electric field that the cells generate.[C]. electromagnetic field may affect health.[D]. only more powerful radiation can knock electron out of human body.5. What do you think ordinary citizens may do after reading the different arguments?[A].They are indifferent. [B]. They are worried very much.[C]. The may exercise prudent avoidance. [C]. They are shocked.Vocabulary1. preposterous 反常的，十分荒谬的，乖戾的2. leukemia 白血病3. malignancy 恶性肿瘤4. legitimate 合法的，合理的5. paranoia 偏执狂，妄想狂。

风力发电机wind turbine 风电场wind power station wind farm风力发电机组wind turbine generator system WTGS水平轴风力发电机horizontal axis wind turbine垂直轴风力发电机vertical axis wind turbine 轮毂（风力发电机）hub (for wind turbine)机舱nacelle支撑结构support structure for wind turbine 关机shutdown for wind turbine正常关机normal shutdown for wind turbine 紧急关机emergency shutdown for wind turbine 空转idling锁定blocking停机parking静止standstill制动器brake停机制动parking brake风轮转速rotor speed控制系统control system保护系统protectionsystem偏航yawing设计和安全参数designsituation设计工况design situation载荷状况load case外部条件externalconditions设计极限design limits极限状态limit state使用极限状态serviceability limit states极限限制状态ultimatelimit state最大极限状态ultimatelimit state安全寿命safe life严重故障catastrophicfailure潜伏故障latent faultdormant failure风特性wind characteristic风速wind speed风矢量wind velocity旋转采样风矢量rotationally sampled windvelocity额定风速rated windspeed切入风速cut-in speed切出风速cut-out speed年平均annual average年平均风速annualaverage wind speed平均风速mean wind speed极端风速extreme wind speed安全风速survival wind speed参考风速reference wind speed风速分布wind speed distribution瑞利分布RayLeigh distribution威布尔分布Weibull distribution风切变wind shear风廓线风切变律wind profile wind shear law风切变指数wind shear exponent对数风切变律logarithmic wind shear law风切变幂律power law for wind shear下风向down wind 上风向up wind阵风gust粗糙长度roughnesslength湍流强度turbulenceintensity湍流尺度参数turbulencescale parameter湍流惯性负区inertialsub-range风场wind site测量参数measurementparameters测量位置measurementseat最大风速maximum windspeed风功率密度wind powerdensity风能密度wind energydensity日变化diurnal variation年变化annual variation轮毂高度hub height风能wind energy标准大气状态standardatmospheric state风切变影响influence bythe wind shear阵风影响gust influence风速频率frequency ofwind speed环境environment工作环境operationalenvironment气候climate海洋性气候ocean climate大陆性气候continentalclimate露天气候open-air climate室内气候indoor climate极端extreme日平均值daily mean极端最高extrememaximum年最高annual maximum 年最高日平均温度annual extreme daily mean of temperature月平均温度mean monthly temperature空气湿度air humidity绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity降水precipitation雨rain冻雨freezing rain霜淞rime雨淞glaze冰雹hail露dew雾fog盐雾salt fog雷暴thunderstorm 雪载snow load标准大气压standard airpressure平均海平面mean sealevel海拔altitude辐射通量radiant flux太阳辐射solar radiation直接太阳辐射direct solarradiation天空辐射sky radiation太阳常数solar constant太阳光谱solar spectrum黑体black body白体white body温室效应greenhouseeffect环境温度ambienttemperature表面温度surfacetemperature互联interconnection输出功率output power额定功率rated power最大功率maximumpower电网连接点networkconnection point电力汇集系统powercollection system风场电器设备siteelectrical facilities功率特性powerperformance静电功率输出net electricpower output功率系数powerperformance自由流风速free streamwind speed扫掠面积swept area轮毂高度hub height测量功率曲线measurement power curve外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve 年发电量annual energy production可利用率availability数据组功率特性测试data set for power performance measurement精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty in measurement分组方法method of bins 测量周期measurement period测量扇区measurement sector日变化diurnal variations 浆距角pitch angle距离常数distance constant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion 障碍物obstacles复杂地形带complexterrain风障wind break声压级sound pressurelevel声级weighted soundpressure level; sound level视在声功率级apparentsound power level指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准面风速acousticreference wind speed标准风速standardizedwind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度referenceroughness length基准距离referencedistance掠射角grazing angle风轮风轮wind rotor风轮直径rotor diameter风轮扫掠面积rotor sweptarea风轮仰角tilt angle ofrotor shaft风轮偏航角yawing angleof rotor shaft风轮额定转速ratedturning speed of rotor风轮最高转速maximumturning speed of rotor风轮尾流rotor wake尾流损失wake losses风轮实度rotor solidity实度损失solidity losses叶片数number of blades叶片blade等截面叶片constantchord blade变截面叶片variable chordblade叶片投影面积projected area of blade叶片长度length of blade 叶根root of blade叶尖tip of blade叶尖速度tip speed浆距角pitch angle翼型airfoil前缘leading edge后缘tailing edge几何弦长geometric chord of airfoil平均几何弦长mean geometric of airfoil气动弦线aerodynamic chord of airfoil翼型厚度thickness of airfoil翼型相对厚度relative thickness of airfoil厚度函数thickness function of airfoil中弧线mean line弯度degree of curvature翼型族the family ofairfoil弯度函数curvaturefunction of airfoil叶片根梢比ratio oftip-section chord toroot-section chord叶片展弦比aspect ratio叶片安装角setting angleof blade叶片扭角twist of blade叶片几何攻角angle ofattack of blade叶片损失blade losses叶尖损失tip losses颤振flutter迎风机构orientationmechanism调速机构regulatingmechanism风轮偏测式调速机构regulating mechanism ofturning wind rotor out ofthe wind sideward变浆距调速机构regulatingmechanism by adjustingthe pitch of blade整流罩nose cone顺浆feathering阻尼板spoiling flap风轮空气动力特性aerodynamiccharacteristics of rotor叶尖速度比tip-speedratio额定叶尖速度比ratedtip-speed ratio升力系数lift coefficient阻力系数drag coefficient推或拉力系数thrustcoefficient偏航系统滑动制动器sliding shoes 偏航yawing主动偏航active yawing被动偏航passive yawing 偏航驱动yawing driven 解缆untwist塔架tower独立式塔架free stand tower拉索式塔架guyed tower 塔影响效应influence by the tower shadow<<功率特性测试>>功率特性power performance净电功率输出net electric power output功率系数power coefficient自由流风速free stream wind speed 扫掠面积swept area测量功率曲线measuredpower curve外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve年发电量annual energyproduction数据组data set可利用率availability精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty inmeasurement分组方法method of bins测量周期measurementperiod测量扇区measurementsector距离常数distanceconstant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion复杂地形地带complexterrain风障wind break声压级sound pressurelevel声级weighted soundpressure level视在声功率级apparentsound power level指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准风速acousticreference wind speed标准风速standardizedwind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度referenceroughness基准距离referencedistance掠射角grazing angle比恩法method of bins标准误差standarduncertainty风能利用系数rotor power coefficient力矩系数torque coefficient额定力矩系数rated torque coefficient起动力矩系数starting torque coefficient最大力矩系数maximum torque coefficient过载度ratio of over load 风力发电机组输出特性output characteristic of WTGS调节特性regulating characteristics平均噪声average noise level机组效率efficiency of WTGS使用寿命service life 度电成本cost perkilowatt hour of theelectricity generated byWTGS发电机同步电机synchronousgenerator异步电机asynchronousgenerator感应电机inductiongenerator转差率slip瞬态电流transient rotor笼型cage绕线转子wound rotor绕组系数winding factor换向器commutator集电环collector ring换向片commutatorsegment励磁响应excitationresponse制动系统制动系统braking制动机构brakemechanism正常制动系normalbraking system紧急制动系emergencybraking system空气制动系air brakingsystem液压制动系hydraulicbraking system电磁制动系electromagnetic brakingsystem机械制动系mechanicalbraking system辅助装置auxiliary device制动器释放brakingreleasing制动器闭合brake setting液压缸hydraulic cylinder溢流阀relief valve泻油drain齿轮马达gear motor齿轮泵gear pump电磁阀solenoid液压过滤器hydraulic filter液压泵hydraulic pump液压系统hydraulic system油冷却器oil cooler压力控制器pressure control valve压力继电器pressure switch减压阀reducing valve安全阀safety valve设定压力setting pressure 切换switching旋转接头rotating union压力表pressure gauge液压油hydraulic fluid 液压马达hydraulic motor油封oil seal刹车盘brake disc闸垫brake pad刹车油brake fluid闸衬片brake lining传动比transmission ratio齿轮gear齿轮副gear pair平行轴齿轮副gear pairwith parallel axes齿轮系train of gears行星齿轮系planetarygear train小齿轮pinion大齿轮wheel , gear主动齿轮driving, gear从动齿轮driven gear行星齿轮planet gear行星架planet carrier太阳轮sun gear内齿圈ring gear外齿轮external gear内齿轮internal内齿轮副internal gearpair增速齿轮副speedincreasing gear增速齿轮系speedincreasing gear train中心距center distance增速比speed increasingratio齿面tooth flank工作齿面working flank非工作齿面non-workingflank模数module齿数number of teeth啮合干涉meshinginterference齿廓修行profilemodification , profilecorrection啮合engagement, mesh齿轮的变位addendum modification on gears变位齿轮gears with addendum modification圆柱齿轮cylindrical gear 直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gear single-helical gear节点pitch point节圆pitch circle齿顶圆tip circle齿根圆root circle直径和半径diameter and radius齿宽face width齿厚tooth thickness压力角pressure angle圆周侧隙circumferential backlash蜗杆worm蜗轮worm wheel 联轴器coupling刚性联轴器rigid coupling万向联轴器universalcoupling安全联轴器securitycoupling齿tooth齿槽tooth space斜齿轮helical gear人字齿轮double-helicalgear齿距pitch法向齿距normal pitch轴向齿距axial pitch齿高tooth depth输入角input shaft输出角output shaft柱销pin柱销套roller行星齿轮传动机构planetary gear drivemechanism中心轮center gear单级行星齿轮系singleplanetary gear train柔性齿轮flexible gear刚性齿轮rigidity gear柔性滚动轴承flexiblerolling bearing输出联接output coupling刚度rigidity扭转刚度torsionalrigidity弯曲刚度flexural rigidity扭转刚度系数coefficientof torsional起动力矩starting torque传动误差transmissionerror传动精度transmissionaccuracy固有频率naturalfrequency弹性联接elastic coupling刚性联接rigid coupling 滑块联接Oldham coupling固定联接integrated coupling齿啮式联接dynamic coupling花键式联接splined coupling牙嵌式联接castellated coupling径向销联接radial pin coupling周期振动periodic vibration随机振动random vibration峰值peak value临界阻尼critical damping 阻尼系数damping coefficient阻尼比damping ratio 减震器vibration isolator振动频率vibrationfrequency幅值amplitude位移幅值displacementamplitude速度幅值velocityamplitude加速度幅值accelerationamplitude控制与监控系统远程监视telemonitoring协议protocol实时real time单向传输simplextransmission半双工传输half-duplextransmission双工传输duplextransmission前置机front endprocessor运输终端remote terminalunit调制解调器modulator-demodulator数据终端设备dataterminal equipment接口interface数据电路data circuit信息information状态信息stateinformation分接头位置信息tapposition information监视信息monitoredinformation设备故障信息equipmentfailure information告警alarm返回信息returninformation设定值set point value累积值integrated totalintegrated value瞬时测值instantaneous measured计量值counted measured metered measured metered reading确认acknowledgement信号signal模拟信号analog signal命令command字节byte位bit地址address波特baud编码encode译码decode代码code集中控制centralized control可编程序控制programmable control微机程控minicomputer program模拟控制analoguecontrol数字控制digital control强电控制strong currentcontrol弱电控制weak currentcontrol单元控制unit control就地控制local control联锁装置interlocker模拟盘analogue board配电盘switch board控制台control desk紧急停车按钮emergencystop push-button限位开关limit switch限速开关limit speedswitch有载指示器on-loadindicator屏幕显示screen display指示灯display lamp起动信号starting signal公共供电点point ofcommon coupling闪变flicker数据库data base硬件hardware硬件平台hardwareplatform层layer level class模型model响应时间response time软件software软件平台softwareplatform系统软件system software自由脱扣trip-free基准误差basic error一对一控制方式one-to-one control mode一次电流primary current一次电压primary voltage二次电流secondary current二次电压secondary voltage低压电器low voltage apparatus额定工作电压rated operational voltage额定工作电流rated operational current运行管理operation management安全方案safety concept 外部条件external conditions失效failure故障fault控制柜control cabinet冗余技术redundancy正常关机normal shutdown失效-安全fail-safe 排除故障clearance空转idling外部动力源externalpower supply锁定装置locking device运行转速范围operatingrotational speed range临界转速activationrotational speed最大转速maximumrotational speed过载功率over power临界功率activation power最大功率maximumpower短时切出风速short-termcut-out wind speed外联机试验field test withturbine试验台test-bed台架试验test on bed防雷系统lightingprotection system外部防雷系统externallighting protection system内部防雷系统internallighting protection system等电位连接equipotentialbonding接闪器air-terminationsystem引下线down-conductor接地装置earth-termination system接地线earth conductor接地体earth electrode环形接地体ring earthexternal基础接地体foundationearth electrode等电位连接带bondingbar等电位连接导体bondingconductor保护等级protection lever 防雷区lighting protection zone雷电流lighting current电涌保护器surge suppressor共用接地系统common earthing system接地基准点earthing reference points持续运行continuous operation持续运行的闪变系数flicker coefficient for continuous operation闪变阶跃系数flicker step factor最大允许功率maximum permitted最大测量功率maximum measured power电网阻抗相角network impedance phase angle正常运行normaloperation功率采集系统powercollection system额定现在功率ratedapparent power额定电流rated current额定无功功率ratedreactive power停机standstill起动start-up切换运行switchingoperation扰动强度turbulenceintensity电压变化系数voltagechange factor风力发电机端口windturbine terminals风力发电机最大功率maximum power of windturbine风力发电机停机parkedwind turbine安全系统safety system控制装置control device额定载荷rated load周期period相位phase频率frequency谐波harmonics瞬时值instantaneousvalue同步synchronism振荡oscillation共振resonance波wave辐射radiation衰减attenuation阻尼damping畸变distortion电electricity电的electric静电学electrostatics电荷electric charge电压降voltage drop电流electric current导电性conductivity电压voltage电磁感应electromagnetic induction励磁excitation电阻率resistivity导体conductor半导体semiconductor电路electric circuit串联电路series circuit电容capacitance电感inductance电阻resistance电抗reactance阻抗impedance传递比transfer ratio交流电压alternating voltage 交流电流alternatingcurrent脉动电压pulsatingvoltage脉动电流pulsatingcurrent直流电压direct voltage直流电流direct current瞬时功率instantaneouspower有功功率active power无功功率reactive power有功电流active current无功电流reactive current功率因数power factor中性点neutral point相序sequential order ofthe phase电气元件electrical device接线端子terminal电极electrode地earth接地电路earthed circuit接地电阻resistance of anearthed conductor绝缘子insulator绝缘套管insulatingbushing母线busbar线圈coil螺纹管solenoid绕组winding电阻器resistor电感器inductor电容器capacitor继电器relay电能转换器electricenergy transducer电机electric machine发电机generator电动机motor变压器transformer变流器converter变频器frequencyconverter整流器rectifier逆变器inverter传感器sensor耦合器electric coupling 放大器amplifier振荡器oscillator滤波器filter半导体器件semiconductor光电器件photoelectric device触头contact开关设备switchgear控制设备control gear闭合电路closed circuit断开电路open circuit通断switching联结connection串联series connection并联parallel connection 星形联结star connection 三角形联结deltaconnection主电路main circuit辅助电路auxiliary circuit控制电路control circuit信号电路signal circuit保护电路protectivecircuit换接change-over circuit换向commutation输入功率input power输入input输出output负载load加载to load充电to charge放电to discharge有载运行on-loadoperation空载运行no-loadoperation开路运行open-circuitoperation短路运行short-circuitoperation满载full load效率efficiency损耗loss过电压over-voltage过电流over-current欠电压under-voltage特性characteristic绝缘物insulant隔离to isolate绝缘insulation绝缘电阻insulationresistance品质因数quality factor泄漏电流leakage current闪烙flashover短路short circuit噪声noise极限值limiting value额定值rated value额定rating环境条件environment condition使用条件service condition工况operating condition 额定工况rated condition 负载比duty ratio绝缘比insulation ratio介质试验dielectric test常规试验routine test抽样试验sampling test验收试验acceptance test 投运试验commissioning test维护试验maintenance test加速accelerating特性曲线characteristic额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current额定频率rated frequency 温升temperature rise温度系数temperaturecoefficient端电压terminal voltage短路电流short circuitcurrent可靠性reliability有效性availability耐久性durability维修maintenance维护preventivemaintenance工作时间operating time待命时间standby time修复时间repair time寿命life使用寿命useful life平均寿命mean life耐久性试验endurancetest寿命试验life test可靠性测定试验reliability determinationtest现场可靠性试验fieldreliability test加速试验accelerated test安全性fail safe应力stress强度strength试验数据test data现场数据field data电触头electrical contact主触头main contact击穿breakdown耐电压proof voltage放电electrical discharge透气性air permeability电线电缆electric wireand cable电力电缆power cable通信电缆telecommunication cable油浸式变压器oil-immersed typetransformer干式变压器dry-typetransformer自耦变压器auto-transformer有载调压变压器transformer fitted withOLTC空载电流non-loadcurrent阻抗电压impedancevoltage电抗电压reactancevoltage电阻电压resistancevoltage分接tapping配电电器distributingapparatus控制电器controlapparatus开关switch熔断器fuse断路器circuit breaker控制器controller接触器contactor机械寿命mechanical endurance电气寿命electrical endurance旋转电机electrical rotating machine直流电机direct current machine交流电机alternating current machine同步电机synchronous machine异步电机asynchronous machine感应电机induction machine励磁机exciter饱和特性saturation characteristic开路特性open-circuit characteristic负载特性load characteristic短路特性short-circuit characteristic额定转矩rated load torque规定的最初起动转矩specifies breakaway torque 交流电动机的最初起动电流breakaway starting current if an a.c.同步转速synchronous speed转差率slip短路比short-circuit ratio 同步系数synchronous coefficient空载no-load系统system触电；电击electric block 正常状态normal condition 接触电压touch voltage跨步电压step voltage对地电压voltage to earth触电电流shock current残余电流residual current安全阻抗safetyimpedance安全距离safety distance安全标志safety marking安全色safety color中性点有效接地系统system with effectivelyearthed neutral检修接地inspectionearthing工作接地workingearthing保护接地protectiveearthing重复接地iterative earth故障接地fault earthing过电压保护over-voltageprotection过电流保护over-currentprotection断相保护open-phaseprotection防尘dust-protected防溅protected againstsplashing防滴protected againstdropping water防浸水protected againstthe effects of immersion过电流保护装置over-current protectivedevice保护继电器protectiverelay接地开关earthing switch漏电断路器residualcurrent circuit-breaker灭弧装置arc-controldevice安全隔离变压器safetyisolating transformer避雷器surge attester ;lightning arrester保护电容器capacitor forvoltage protection安全开关safety switch限流电路limited currentcircuit振动vibration腐蚀corrosion点腐蚀spot corrosion金属腐蚀corrosion ofmetals化学腐蚀chemicalcorrosion贮存storage贮存条件storagecondition运输条件transportationcondition空载最大加速度maximum bare tableacceletation电力金具悬垂线夹suspensionclamp耐张线夹strain clamp挂环link挂板clevis球头挂环ball-eye球头挂钩ball-hookU型挂环shackleU型挂钩U-bolt联板yoke plate牵引板towing plate挂钩hook吊架hanger调整板adjusting plate花篮螺栓turn buckle接续管splicing sleeve补修管repair sleeve调线线夹jumper clamp防振锤damper均压环grading ring屏蔽环shielding ring间隔棒spacer重锤counter weight线卡子guy clip心形环thimble设备线夹terminal connectorT形线夹T-connector硬母线固定金具bus-bar support母线间隔垫bus-bar separetor母线伸缩节bus-bar expansion外光检查visual ins振动试验vibration tests 老化试验ageing tests冲击动载荷试验impulse load tests耐腐试验corrosion resistance tests棘轮扳手ratchet spanner 专用扳手special purpose spanner万向套筒扳手flexible pliers可调钳adjustable pliers 夹线器conductor holder 电缆剪cable cutter卡线钳conductor clamp 单卡头single clamp双卡头double clamp安全帽safety helmet安全带safety belt绝缘手套insulating glove 绝缘靴insulating boots护目镜protection spectacles缝焊机seam welding machine。