Identification of the Dispersion Behavior of Surface Treated Nanoscale Powders

SAFETY DATA SHEET1. IdentificationProduct identifier IOTHALAMIC ACID CAS #2276-90-6Other means of identificationSDS numberLACADSynonyms5-Acetamido-2,4,6-triiodo-N-methylisophthalamic acid * Benzoic acid,3-(acetylamino)-2,4,6-triiodo-5-[(methylamino)carbony l]-Recommended use Diagnostic imaging agent.Recommended restrictionsNone known.Manufacturer/Importer/Supplier/Distributor information Manufacturer MallinckrodtAddress 675 McDonnell pany name Telephone Not available.Emergency phone numberCustomer Service 888-744-141424 Hour Emergency 314-654-1600Chemtrec 800-424-9300E-mailNot available.Hazelwood, MO 63042Item code10832. Hazard(s) identificationNot classified.Physical hazards Not classified.Health hazards Not classified.Environmental hazards Not classified.OSHA defined hazards *Hazards not stated here are "Not classified", "Not applicable" or "Classification not possible".LabelingContains IOTHALAMIC ACID Label elementsNone.Hazard symbolSignal word None.Hazard statement The substance does not meet the criteria for classification.Precautionary statementPreventionObserve good industrial hygiene practices.Response Wash hands after handling.Storage Store away from incompatible materials.DisposalDispose of waste and residues in accordance with local authority requirements.Hazard(s) not otherwise classified (HNOC)None known.Supplemental informationNone.3. Composition/information on ingredientsSubstancesCAS number% Chemical name Common name and synonyms5-Acetamido-2,4,6-triiodo-N-methylisophthal amic acidBenzoic acid,3-(acetylamino)-2,4,6-triiodo-5-[(methylamin o)carbonyl]-2276-90-6IOTHALAMIC ACID100 Composition comments All concentrations are in percent by weight unless ingredient is a gas. Gas concentrations are inpercent by volume.4. First-aid measuresInhalation If dust from the material is inhaled, remove the affected person immediately to fresh air. Oxygen orartificial respiration if needed. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim inhaled the substance.Induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or otherproper respiratory medical device. Call a physician if symptoms develop or persist.Skin contact Rinse skin with water/shower. Get medical attention if irritation develops and persists.Eye contact Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention ifirritation develops and persists.Ingestion IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. If ingestion of alarge amount does occur, call a poison control center immediately. Never give anything by mouthto a victim who is unconscious or is having convulsions. Do not induce vomiting without advicefrom poison control center. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested the substance.Induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or otherproper respiratory medical device. Rinse mouth. If vomiting occurs, keep head low so that stomachcontent doesn't get into the lungs. Get medical attention if symptoms occur.Most importantsymptoms/effects, acute and delayed Dust or powder may irritate eye tissue. Inhalation of dusts may cause respiratory irritation. Coughing. Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.Indication of immediate medicalattention and special treatmentneededOxygen, if needed. Keep victim warm. Keep victim under observation.General information Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.5. Fire-fighting measuresFlammable properties The product is not flammable.Suitable extinguishing media Use any media suitable for the surrounding fires.Unsuitable extinguishing media None known.Specific hazards arising fromthe chemicalDuring fire, gases hazardous to health may be formed.Special protective equipment and precautions for firefighters Wear full protective clothing, including helmet, self-contained positive pressure or pressure demand breathing apparatus, protective clothing and face mask.Fire-fighting equipment/instructions In the event of fire, cool tanks with water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do so without risk.Specific methods Cool containers exposed to flames with water until well after the fire is out. General fire hazards No unusual fire or explosion hazards noted.6. Accidental release measuresPersonal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures Ensure adequate ventilation. Keep unnecessary personnel away. Avoid inhalation of dust from the spilled material. Wear appropriate protective equipment and clothing during clean-up.Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up If sweeping of a contaminated area is necessary use a dust suppressant agent which does not react with the product. Sweep up or vacuum up spillage and collect in suitable container for disposal. Avoid dust formation. Collect dust using a vacuum cleaner equipped with HEPA filter. Following product recovery, flush area with water. For waste disposal, see section 13 of the SDS.Environmental precautions Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.7. Handling and storagePrecautions for safe handling Avoid breathing dust. Avoid contact with eyes. Keep formation of airborne dusts to a minimum.Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. In case of insufficientventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. Handle and open container with care. Washthoroughly after handling.Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. Guard against dust accumulation of this material. Use care in handling/storage.8. Exposure controls/personal protectionOccupational exposure limits No exposure limits noted for ingredient(s).Biological limit values No biological exposure limits noted for the ingredient(s).Exposure guidelines No exposure standards allocated.Appropriate engineering controls Good general ventilation (typically 10 air changes per hour) should be used. Ventilation ratesshould be matched to conditions. If applicable, use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation,or other engineering controls to maintain airborne levels below recommended exposure limits. Ifexposure limits have not been established, maintain airborne levels to an acceptable level.Ventilation should be sufficient to effectively remove and prevent buildup of any dusts or fumesthat may be generated during handling or thermal processing. Ensure adequate ventilation,especially in confined areas.Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipmentEye/face protection Safety glasses with side-shields. Provide eyewash station and safety shower.Skin protectionHand protection Wear protective gloves.Other Wear appropriate chemical resistant clothing.Respiratory protection Particulate air-purifying respirator approved for dust or oil mist is recommended.Thermal hazards Wear appropriate thermal protective clothing, when necessary.General hygiene considerations Avoid breathing dust. Avoid contact with eyes. Handle in accordance with good industrial hygieneand safety practice.9. Physical and chemical propertiesAppearance Powder.Physical state Solid.Form Powder.Color WhiteOdor Odorless.Odor threshold Not available.pH Not available.Melting point/freezing point545 °F (285 °C)Initial boiling point and boilingrangeNot available.Flash point Not available.Evaporation rate Not available.Flammability (solid, gas)Not available.Upper/lower flammability or explosive limitsFlammability limit - lower(%)Not available.Flammability limit - upper(%)Not available.Explosive limit - lower (%)Not available.Explosive limit - upper (%)Not available.Vapor pressure Not available.Vapor density Not available.Relative density Not available.Solubility(ies)Solubility (water)InsolublePartition coefficient(n-octanol/water)Not available.Auto-ignition temperature Not available.Decomposition temperature Not available.Viscosity Not available.Other informationDensity 1.00 estimatedMolecular formula C11H9I3N2O4Molecular weight613.9210. Stability and reactivityReactivity The product is stable and non-reactive under normal conditions of use, storage and transport. Chemical stability Material is stable under normal conditions.Possibility of hazardousreactionsHazardous polymerization does not occur.Conditions to avoid Contact with incompatible materials. Heat, flames and sparks. Avoid spread of dust. Incompatible materials Strong oxidizing agents.Hazardous decompositionproductsNitrogen oxides (NOx). Carbon oxides. Halogens.11. Toxicological informationInformation on likely routes of exposureIngestion Ingestion of large amounts may produce gastrointestinal disturbances including irritation, nausea,and diarrhea.Inhalation Inhalation of dusts may cause respiratory irritation. Coughing.Skin contact May cause skin irritation.Eye contact Dust or powder may irritate eye tissue.Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics Dust or powder may irritate eye tissue. Inhalation of dusts may cause respiratory irritation. Coughing. Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.Information on toxicological effectsAcute toxicity Dusts may irritate the respiratory tract, skin and eyes.Chronic effects Prolonged inhalation may be harmful.Skin corrosion/irritation May cause skin irritation.Serious eye damage/eyeirritationDust or powder may irritate eye tissue.Respiratory or skin sensitizationRespiratory sensitization Due to lack of data the classification is not possible.Skin sensitization Due to lack of data the classification is not possible.Germ cell mutagenicity No data available to indicate product or any components present at greater than 0.1% aremutagenic or genotoxic.Carcinogenicity This product is not considered to be a carcinogen by IARC, ACGIH, NTP, or OSHA. Reproductive toxicity Due to lack of data the classification is not possible.Specific target organ toxicity -single exposureDue to lack of data the classification is not possible.Specific target organ toxicity -Due to lack of data the classification is not possible.repeated exposureAspiration hazard Due to lack of data the classification is not possible.Further information Health injuries are not known or expected under normal use. Handle in accordance with goodindustrial hygiene and safety practice.12. Ecological informationEcotoxicity This product has no known eco-toxicological effects.Persistence and degradability No data is available on the degradability of this product.Bioaccumulative potential No data available.Mobility in soil No data available.Other adverse effects An environmental hazard cannot be excluded in the event of unprofessional handling or disposal.13. Disposal considerationsDisposal instructions Collect and reclaim or dispose in sealed containers at licensed waste disposal site. Dispose ofcontents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations. Hazardous waste code Waste codes should be assigned by the user based on the application for which the product wasused. The waste code should be assigned in discussion between the user, the producer and thewaste disposal company.Waste from residues / unusedDispose of in accordance with local regulations.productsContaminated packaging Empty containers should be taken to an approved waste handling site for recycling or disposal.14. Transport informationDOTNot regulated as dangerous goods.IATANot regulated as dangerous goods.IMDGNot regulated as dangerous goods.Transport in bulk according toThis substance/mixture is not intended to be transported in bulk.Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 andthe IBC Code15. Regulatory informationUS federal regulations This product is not known to be a "Hazardous Chemical" as defined by the OSHA HazardCommunication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200.TSCA exempt status.TSCA Section 12(b) Export Notification (40 CFR 707, Subpt. D)Not regulated.CERCLA Hazardous Substance List (40 CFR 302.4)Not listed.SARA 304 Emergency release notificationNot regulated.OSHA Specifically Regulated Substances (29 CFR 1910.1001-1050)Not listed.CERCLA (Superfund) reportable quantityNoneSuperfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA)Hazard categories Immediate Hazard - NoDelayed Hazard - NoFire Hazard - NoPressure Hazard - NoReactivity Hazard - NoSARA 302 Extremely hazardous substanceNot listed.SARA 311/312 HazardousNochemicalOther federal regulationsClean Air Act (CAA) Section 112 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) ListNot regulated.Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 112(r) Accidental Release Prevention (40 CFR 68.130)Not regulated.Safe Drinking Water ActNot regulated.(SDWA)US state regulations California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65): This materialis not known to contain any chemicals currently listed as carcinogens or reproductive toxins.US. Massachusetts RTK - Substance ListNot regulated.US. New Jersey Worker and Community Right-to-Know ActNot listed.US. Pennsylvania Worker and Community Right-to-Know LawNot listed.US. Rhode Island RTKNot regulated.US. California Proposition 65Not Listed.International InventoriesCountry(s) or region Inventory name On inventory (yes/no)* Australia Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS)Yes Canada Domestic Substances List (DSL)Yes Canada Non-Domestic Substances List (NDSL)No China Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances in China (IECSC)No Europe European Inventory of Existing Commercial ChemicalYesSubstances (EINECS)Europe European List of Notified Chemical Substances (ELINCS)No Japan Inventory of Existing and New Chemical Substances (ENCS)Yes Korea Existing Chemicals List (ECL)No New Zealand New Zealand InventoryNo Philippines Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical SubstancesNo(PICCS)No United States & Puerto Rico Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory*A "Yes" indicates that all components of this product comply with the inventory requirements administered by the governing country(s)A "No" indicates that one or more components of the product are not listed or exempt from listing on the inventory administered by the governingcountry(s).16. Other information, including date of preparation or last revisionIssue date04-08-2015Version #01Further information New US GHS SDS.Disclaimer Mallinckrodt provides the information contained herein in good faith but makes no representationas to its comprehensiveness or accuracy. This document is intended only as a guide to theappropriate precautionary handling of the material by a properly trained person using this product.Individuals receiving the information must exercise their independent judgment in determining itsappropriateness for a particular purpose. MALLINCKRODT MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS ORWARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANYWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE WITHRESPECT TO THE INFORMATION SET FORTH HEREIN OR THE PRODUCT TO WHICH THEINFORMATION REFERS. ACCORDINGLY, MALLINCKRODT WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FORDAMAGES RESULTING FROM USE OF OR RELIANCE UPON THIS INFORMATION.Revision Information Product and Company Identification: Product CodesHazards Identification: US HazardousComposition / Information on Ingredients: Disclosure OverridesPhysical & Chemical Properties: Multiple PropertiesRegulatory Information: United StatesHazReg Data: North America。

Photocatalytic Water Splitting over Spontaneously Hydrated Layered TantalateA2SrTa2O7Án H2O(A=H,K,Rb)Ken-ichi Shimizu,ÃYoshihiro Tsuji,Masato Kawakami,Kenji Toda,Tatsuya Kodama,y Mineo Sato,y and Yoshie Kitayama y Graduate School of Science and Technology,Niigata University,Ikarashi-2,Niigata950-2181y Department of Chemistry&Chemical Engineering,Faculty of Engineering,Niigata University,Ikarashi-2,Niigata950-2181(Received August9,2002;CL-020672)A series of layered perovskite-type tantalates with hydrated interlayer space,A2SrTa2O7Án H2O(A=H,K,Rb),exhibited efficient photocatalytic activity for water splitting into H2/O2 mixture under UV irradiation without loading metal co-catalysts.In view of the current importance of hydrogen as a clean energy source,the development of new photocatalyst for water splitting is an important theme.A variety of photocatalysts, mainly Ti,Nb and Ta based oxides,have been reported to be effective for photocatalytic decomposition of water under UV irradiation.1{9Domen and co-workers5reported that some ion-exchangeable layered oxides,such as K4Nb6O17and K2La2Ti3O10,were advantageous for this reaction as compared to the non-hydrous bulk type catalysts such as SrTiO3.Recently, the bulk type Ta-based oxides,such as NiO/NaTaO3and NiO x/ InTaO4,have been reported as an another group of effective catalysts for water splitting.6{9However,in order to obtain photocatalysts exhibiting high activities for water splitting,it is essential to load a transition metal co-catalysts.We expect that Ta based materials with hydrous layered structure may be an effective photocatalysts for water splitting,though such an attempt has been unsuccessful so far.9This paper reports thefirst successful example of the above strategy;layered perovskite-type tantalates with hydrated interlayer space,A2SrTa2O7Án H2O (A=H,K,Rb),act as highly active catalysts for the photocatalytic decomposition of water into H2and O2without loading co-catalysts.A series of Ruddlesden-Popper type double-layered perovs-kites were prepared as follows.According to the previous reports,10{12A2SrTa2O7(A=Li and K)powders were prepared by a conventional solid state reaction.13Rb2SrTa2O7,which is a new compound,was prepared by calcination of the mixture of stoichiometric amounts of SrCO3(Kanto Chemical,purity;99.9%),Ta2O5(Rare Metallic,purity;99.9%)and150%molar excess of Rb2CO3(Kanto Chemical,purity;99.5%)at1173K for 24h in air.H2SrTa2O7was prepared by the Kþ/Hþexchange; K2SrTa2O7(3g)was added to150mL of dilute HNO3aqueous solution(0.3M)at room temperature for24h with constant stirring.11The crystal structure of the obtained materials was confirmed by X-ray diffraction(MAC Science;MX Labo).The band gap energy estimated by UV diffuse reflectance spectro-scopy(Jasco;V-550)was around3.9to4.0eV,irrespective of the alkali metal cations at the interlayer space.The photocatalytic decomposition of water was performed with a gas-closed circulating system.The catalyst powder(0.5g)was dispersed in 200mL of pure water by a magnetic stirrer in an inner irradiation cell made of quartz.The light source was a400W high-pressure mercury lamp.The amounts of evolved H2and O2were determined using an on-line gas chromatography(Hitachi,TCD,molecular sieve5A column and Ar carrier).In the XRD pattern of K2SrTa2O7recorded immediately aftercalcination,all the observed lines could be indexed on a tetragonalcell(I4/mmm,a=3.9072 A,c=21.6006 A),10;11indicating thatthis compound consists of a single phase of layered perovskite,K2SrTa2O7.14As reported previously,11K2SrTa2O7allowedintercalation of water when exposed to humid air;anhydrous formof K2SrTa2O7completely disappeared after exposing it to humidair for24h,and the corresponding hydrated phase,K2SrTa2O7Án H2O,15appeared simultaneously.The thermogravi-metric analysis of K2SrTa2O7Án H2O showed a distinct loss ofwater at a temperature range of373K<T<743K,which couldbe due to the transformation of hydrate to anhydrous layeredmaterial K2SrTa2O7.The number of hydration in the formula ofK2SrTa2O7Án H2O estimated by the analysis was n=0.9.In theXRD patterns of H2SrTa2O7and Rb2SrTa2O7,recorded afterexposing it to humid air for24h,all the lines could be indexed on aprimitive cell(P4/mmm,a=3.9038 A,c=9.7742 A)and aprimitive cell(P4/mmm,a= 3.9727 A,c=12.7632 A),16respectively.Hence,these materials consist of a single phase oflayered perovskite in a hydrated form,A2SrTa2O7,Án H2O.Fromthe thermogravimetric analysis,the hydration numbers ofH2SrTa2O7Án H2O and Rb2SrTa2O7Án H2O were estimated to ben=0.6and n=3.6,respectively.In the XRD pattern of Li2SrTa2O7,recorded after exposing it to humid air for24h,allthe observed lines could be indexed on a tetragonal cell(I4/mmm,a=3.8470 A,c=18.1094 A),indicating that this compoundconsists of a single phase of layered perovskite,Li2SrTa2O7.12The XRD pattern of Li2SrTa2O7was essentially the same after thedispersion of the sample to the distilled water for6h,followed bydrying at ambient temperature.This indicates that waterintercalation does not occur on this material.Figure1shows a typical time course of gas evolution for thephotocatalytic decomposition of water on H2SrTa2O7Án H2O.Thecatalyst produces H2and O2in a stoichiometric ratio(H2=O2¼2=1).The rates of H2and O2formation were769and358 mol hÀ1(g-cat.)À1,respectively,which were much higher than those of reported photocatalysts without co-catalystsunder the similar reaction conditions.After evacuating thesystem,almost the same rate was reproduced in the second andthird runs.The total amount of H2and O2evolved during theseruns reached21.2and11.2mol(mol cat.)À1,respectively,whichconfirms that the reaction proceeded catalytically.The XRDpattern of the catalyst after the reaction confirmed the preserva-tion of the catalyst structure.The rate of gas evolution over various Ta-based catalysts aresummarized in Table1.The H2evolution rate ofA2SrTa2O7(Án H2O)depended on alkali cation and decreased inCopyrightÓ2002The Chemical Society of Japanthe sequence of H ;K >Rb >Li .Note that the layered perovskite-type tantalates with hydrated interlayer space,A 2SrTa 2O 7Án H 2O (A=H,K,Rb),showed higher H 2formation rate than anhydrous layered tantalate,Li 2SrTa 2O 7.We have also studied the reaction over the non-hydrous tantalates,NaTaO 3and KTaO 3,which were reported to catalyze this reaction.6These materials showed the activity for H 2evolution,though the rate of H 2evolution was lower than those of A 2SrTa 2O 7Án H 2O (A=H,K,Rb).Taking into account the result that the anhydrous layered tantalate,Li 2SrTa 2O 7was less effective than hydrous A 2SrTa 2O 7Án H 2O (A=H,K,Rb),one can conclude that the presence of hydrated interlayer space is important for improving the photocatalytic activity of Ta-based catalysts.In the case of hydrous tantalates,electron-hole pairs may be easily migrated to the interlayer surface consisting of TaO 6before their re-combination,and thus intercalated H 2O molecules may be effectively decomposed.In conclusion,a series of layered perovskite-type tantalates with hydrated interlayer space,A 2SrTa 2O 7Án H 2O (A=H,K andRb),have been found to be efficient photocatalysts for water splitting into H 2and O 2.References and Notes1J.Lehn,J.Sauvage,R.Ziessel,and L.Halaire,Isr.J.Chem.,22,168(1982).2K.Domen,A.Kudo,and T.Onishi,J.Catal.,102,92(1986).3Y.Inoue,T.Kubokawa,and K.Sato,J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun.,1990,1298.4Z.Zou,J.Ye,K.Sayama,and H.Arakawa,Nature ,414,625(2001).5 A.Kudo,A.Tanaka,K.Domen,K.Maruya,K.Aika,and T.Onishi,J.Catal.,111,67(1988);T.Takata,Y.Furumi,K.Shinohara,M.Hara,J.N.Kondo,and K.Domen,Chem.Mater.,9,1063(1997).6 A.Kudo and H.Kato,Chem.Phys.Lett.,331,373(2000).7T.Ishihara,H.Nishiguchi,K.Fukamachi,and Y.Takita,J.Phys.Chem.B ,103,1(1999).8Z.Zou,J.Ye,K.Sayama,and H.Arakawa,Nature ,414,625(2001).9M.Machida,J.Yabunaka,and T.Kijima,Chem.Mater.,12,812(2000).10T.A.Kodenkandath and J.B.Wiley,Mater.Res.Bull.,35,1737(2000).11M.P.Crosnier-Lopez,F.Le Berr,and J.L.Fourquet,J.Mater.Chem.,11,1146(2001).12N.S.P.Bhuvanesh,M .P.Crosnier-Lopez,H.Duroy,and J.L.Fourquet,J.Mater.Chem.,9,3093(1999).13Stoichiometric amounts of SrCO 3and Ta 2O 5with a 150%molar excess of alkali carbonates (Li 2CO 3or K 2CO 3)were mixed together and calcined at 1173K for 24h in air.14The structure of anhydrous K 2SrTa 2O 7can be described asformed from two TaO 6octahedra thick slabs of a perovskite lattice cut along the c direction;these alternate layers are shifted by (a þb )/2(body centered),with the large Sr cations fully occupying the 12-coordination sites.The potassium ions are located in a rock salt type coordination (C.N.=9).15In the XRD pattern of K 2SrTa 2O 7Án H 2O,all the observedlines could be indexed on a primitive cell (P 4/mmm ,a =3.9974 A,c =12.133 A ).Upon hydration,the adjacent layers are stacked immediately above each other in the same arrangement leading to a halving of the c-axis length.16The structure of Rb 2SrTa 2O 7Án H 2O has not been reported.The Rietveld method with the RIETAN2000profile refine-ment program 17was used to refine the structure in the space group P 4/mmm (no.139)with a starting model for the perovskite slabs similar to that observed in K 2SrTa 2O 7Án H 2O.17F.Izumi,in ‘‘The Rietveld Method,’’ed.by R.A.Young,Oxford University Press,Oxford (1993),Chap.13.Table 1.Rates of gas evolution over various tantalates catalyst evolution rate/ mol h À1(g-cat.)À1H 2O 2H 2SrTa 2O 7Án H 2O 769358Li 2SrTa 2O 729.70K 2SrTa 2O 7Án H 2O 747384Rb 2SrTa 2O Án H 2O 17644.7KTaO 349.3 6.6NaTaO 376.0。

Two-Dimensional Gas of Massless Dirac Fermions in Graphene K.S. Novoselov1, A.K. Geim1, S.V. Morozov2, D. Jiang1, M.I. Katsnelson3, I.V. Grigorieva1, S.V. Dubonos2, A.A. Firsov21Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK2Institute for Microelectronics Technology, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia3Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the NetherlandsElectronic properties of materials are commonly described by quasiparticles that behave as nonrelativistic electrons with a finite mass and obey the Schrödinger equation. Here we report a condensed matter system where electron transport is essentially governed by the Dirac equation and charge carriers mimic relativistic particles with zero mass and an effective “speed of light” c∗ ≈106m/s. Our studies of graphene – a single atomic layer of carbon – have revealed a variety of unusual phenomena characteristic of two-dimensional (2D) Dirac fermions. In particular, we have observed that a) the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at halfinteger filling factors; b) graphene’s conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the conductance quantum e2/h, even when carrier concentrations tend to zero; c) the cyclotron mass mc of massless carriers with energy E in graphene is described by equation E =mcc∗2; and d) Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in graphene exhibit a phase shift of π due to Berry’s phase.Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms packed into a dense honeycomb crystal structure that can be viewed as either an individual atomic plane extracted from graphite or unrolled single-wall carbon nanotubes or as a giant flat fullerene molecule. This material was not studied experimentally before and, until recently [1,2], presumed not to exist. To obtain graphene samples, we used the original procedures described in [1], which involve micromechanical cleavage of graphite followed by identification and selection of monolayers using a combination of optical, scanning-electron and atomic-force microscopies. The selected graphene films were further processed into multi-terminal devices such as the one shown in Fig. 1, following standard microfabrication procedures [2]. Despite being only one atom thick and unprotected from the environment, our graphene devices remain stable under ambient conditions and exhibit high mobility of charge carriers. Below we focus on the physics of “ideal” (single-layer) graphene which has a different electronic structure and exhibits properties qualitatively different from those characteristic of either ultra-thin graphite films (which are semimetals and whose material properties were studied recently [2-5]) or even of our other devices consisting of just two layers of graphene (see further). Figure 1 shows the electric field effect [2-4] in graphene. Its conductivity σ increases linearly with increasing gate voltage Vg for both polarities and the Hall effect changes its sign at Vg ≈0. This behaviour shows that substantial concentrations of electrons (holes) are induced by positive (negative) gate voltages. Away from the transition region Vg ≈0, Hall coefficient RH = 1/ne varies as 1/Vg where n is the concentration of electrons or holes and e the electron charge. The linear dependence 1/RH ∝Vg yields n =α·Vg with α ≈7.3·1010cm-2/V, in agreement with the theoretical estimate n/Vg ≈7.2·1010cm-2/V for the surface charge density induced by the field effect (see Fig. 1’s caption). The agreement indicates that all the induced carriers are mobile and there are no trapped charges in graphene. From the linear dependence σ(Vg) we found carrier mobilities µ =σ/ne, whichreached up to 5,000 cm2/Vs for both electrons and holes, were independent of temperature T between 10 and 100K and probably still limited by defects in parent graphite. To characterise graphene further, we studied Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations (SdHO). Figure 2 shows examples of these oscillations for different magnetic fields B, gate voltages and temperatures. Unlike ultra-thin graphite [2], graphene exhibits only one set of SdHO for both electrons and holes. By using standard fan diagrams [2,3], we have determined the fundamental SdHO frequency BF for various Vg. The resulting dependence of BF as a function of n is plotted in Fig. 3a. Both carriers exhibit the same linear dependence BF = β·n with β ≈1.04·10-15 T·m2 (±2%). Theoretically, for any 2D system β is defined only by its degeneracy f so that BF =φ0n/f, where φ0 =4.14·10-15 T·m2 is the flux quantum. Comparison with the experiment yields f =4, in agreement with the double-spin and double-valley degeneracy expected for graphene [6,7] (cf. caption of Fig. 2). Note however an anomalous feature of SdHO in graphene, which is their phase. In contrast to conventional metals, graphene’s longitudinal resistance ρxx(B) exhibits maxima rather than minima at integer values of the Landau filling factor ν (Fig. 2a). Fig. 3b emphasizes this fact by comparing the phase of SdHO in graphene with that in a thin graphite film [2]. The origin of the “odd” phase is explained below. Another unusual feature of 2D transport in graphene clearly reveals itself in the T-dependence of SdHO (Fig. 2b). Indeed, with increasing T the oscillations at high Vg (high n) decay more rapidly. One can see that the last oscillation (Vg ≈100V) becomes practically invisible already at 80K whereas the first one (Vg <10V) clearly survives at 140K and, in fact, remains notable even at room temperature. To quantify this behaviour we measured the T-dependence of SdHO’s amplitude at various gate voltages and magnetic fields. The results could be fitted accurately (Fig. 3c) by the standard expression T/sinh(2π2kBTmc/heB), which yielded mc varying between ≈ 0.02 and 0.07m0 (m0 is the free electron mass). Changes in mc are well described by a square-root dependence mc ∝n1/2 (Fig. 3d). To explain the observed behaviour of mc, we refer to the semiclassical expressions BF = (h/2πe)S(E) and mc =(h2/2π)∂S(E)/∂E where S(E) =πk2 is the area in k-space of the orbits at the Fermi energy E(k) [8]. Combining these expressions with the experimentally-found dependences mc ∝n1/2 and BF =(h/4e)n it is straightforward to show that S must be proportional to E2 which yields E ∝k. Hence, the data in Fig. 3 unambiguously prove the linear dispersion E =hkc∗ for both electrons and holes with a common origin at E =0 [6,7]. Furthermore, the above equations also imply mc =E/c∗2 =(h2n/4πc∗2)1/2 and the best fit to our data yields c∗ ≈1⋅106 m/s, in agreement with band structure calculations [6,7]. The employed semiclassical model is fully justified by a recent theory for graphene [9], which shows that SdHO’s amplitude can indeed be described by the above expression T/sinh(2π2kBTmc/heB) with mc =E/c∗2. Note that, even though the linear spectrum of fermions in graphene (Fig. 3e) implies zero rest mass, their cyclotron mass is not zero. The unusual response of massless fermions to magnetic field is highlighted further by their behaviour in the high-field limit where SdHO evolve into the quantum Hall effect (QHE). Figure 4 shows Hall conductivity σxy of graphene plotted as a function of electron and hole concentrations in a constant field B. Pronounced QHE plateaux are clearly seen but, surprisingly, they do not occur in the expected sequence σxy =(4e2/h)N where N is integer. On the contrary, the plateaux correspond to half-integer ν so that the first plateau occurs at 2e2/h and the sequence is (4e2/h)(N + ½). Note that the transition from the lowest hole (ν =–½) to lowest electron (ν =+½) Landau level (LL) in graphene requires the same number of carriers (∆n =4B/φ0 ≈1.2·1012cm-2) as the transition between other nearest levels (cf. distances between minima in ρxx). This results in a ladder of equidistant steps in σxy which are not interrupted when passing through zero. To emphasize this highly unusual behaviour, Fig. 4 also shows σxy for a graphite film consisting of only two graphene layers where the sequence of plateaux returns to normal and the first plateau is at 4e2/h, as in the conventional QHE. We attribute this qualitative transition between graphene and its two-layer counterpart to the fact that fermions in the latter exhibit a finite mass near n ≈0 (as found experimentally; to be published elsewhere) and can no longer be described as massless Dirac particles. 2The half-integer QHE in graphene has recently been suggested by two theory groups [10,11], stimulated by our work on thin graphite films [2] but unaware of the present experiment. The effect is single-particle and intimately related to subtle properties of massless Dirac fermions, in particular, to the existence of both electron- and hole-like Landau states at exactly zero energy [912]. The latter can be viewed as a direct consequence of the Atiyah-Singer index theorem that plays an important role in quantum field theory and the theory of superstrings [13,14]. For the case of 2D massless Dirac fermions, the theorem guarantees the existence of Landau states at E=0 by relating the difference in the number of such states with opposite chiralities to the total flux through the system (note that magnetic field can also be inhomogeneous). To explain the half-integer QHE qualitatively, we invoke the formal expression [9-12] for the energy of massless relativistic fermions in quantized fields, EN =[2ehc∗2B(N +½ ±½)]1/2. In QED, sign ± describes two spins whereas in the case of graphene it refers to “pseudospins”. The latter have nothing to do with the real spin but are “built in” the Dirac-like spectrum of graphene, and their origin can be traced to the presence of two carbon sublattices. The above formula shows that the lowest LL (N =0) appears at E =0 (in agreement with the index theorem) and accommodates fermions with only one (minus) projection of the pseudospin. All other levels N ≥1 are occupied by fermions with both (±) pseudospins. This implies that for N =0 the degeneracy is half of that for any other N. Alternatively, one can say that all LL have the same “compound” degeneracy but zeroenergy LL is shared equally by electrons and holes. As a result the first Hall plateau occurs at half the normal filling and, oddly, both ν = –½ and +½ correspond to the same LL (N =0). All other levels have normal degeneracy 4B/φ0 and, therefore, remain shifted by the same ½ from the standard sequence. This explains the QHE at ν =N + ½ and, at the same time, the “odd” phase of SdHO (minima in ρxx correspond to plateaux in ρxy and, hence, occur at half-integer ν; see Figs. 2&3), in agreement with theory [9-12]. Note however that from another perspective the phase shift can be viewed as the direct manifestation of Berry’s phase acquired by Dirac fermions moving in magnetic field [15,16]. Finally, we return to zero-field behaviour and discuss another feature related to graphene’s relativistic-like spectrum. The spectrum implies vanishing concentrations of both carriers near the Dirac point E =0 (Fig. 3e), which suggests that low-T resistivity of the zero-gap semiconductor should diverge at Vg ≈0. However, neither of our devices showed such behaviour. On the contrary, in the transition region between holes and electrons graphene’s conductivity never falls below a well-defined value, practically independent of T between 4 and 100K. Fig. 1c plots values of the maximum resistivity ρmax(B =0) found in 15 different devices, which within an experimental error of ≈15% all exhibit ρmax ≈6.5kΩ, independent of their mobility that varies by a factor of 10. Given the quadruple degeneracy f, it is obvious to associate ρmax with h/fe2 =6.45kΩ where h/e2 is the resistance quantum. We emphasize that it is the resistivity (or conductivity) rather than resistance (or conductance), which is quantized in graphene (i.e., resistance R measured experimentally was not quantized but scaled in the usual manner as R =ρL/w with changing length L and width w of our devices). Thus, the effect is completely different from the conductance quantization observed previously in quantum transport experiments. However surprising, the minimum conductivity is an intrinsic property of electronic systems described by the Dirac equation [17-20]. It is due to the fact that, in the presence of disorder, localization effects in such systems are strongly suppressed and emerge only at exponentially large length scales. Assuming the absence of localization, the observed minimum conductivity can be explained qualitatively by invoking Mott’s argument [21] that mean-free-path l of charge carriers in a metal can never be shorter that their wavelength λF. Then, σ =neµ can be re-written as σ = (e2/h)kFl and, hence, σ cannot be smaller than ≈e2/h per each type of carriers. This argument is known to have failed for 2D systems with a parabolic spectrum where disorder leads to localization and eventually to insulating behaviour [17,18]. For the case of 2D Dirac fermions, no localization is expected [17-20] and, accordingly, Mott’s argument can be used. Although there is a broad theoretical consensus [18-23,10,11] that a 2D gas of Dirac fermions should exhibit a minimum 3conductivity of about e2/h, this quantization was not expected to be accurate and most theories suggest a value of ≈e2/πh, in disagreement with the experiment. In conclusion, graphene exhibits electronic properties distinctive for a 2D gas of particles described by the Dirac rather than Schrödinger equation. This 2D system is not only interesting in itself but also allows one to access – in a condensed matter experiment – the subtle and rich physics of quantum electrodynamics [24-27] and provides a bench-top setting for studies of phenomena relevant to cosmology and astrophysics [27,28].1. Novoselov, K.S. et al. PNAS 102, 10451 (2005). 2. Novoselov, K.S. et al. Science 306, 666 (2004); cond-mat/0505319. 3. Zhang, Y., Small, J.P., Amori, M.E.S. & Kim, P. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 176803 (2005). 4. Berger, C. et al. J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 19912 (2004). 5. Bunch, J.S., Yaish, Y., Brink, M., Bolotin, K. & McEuen, P.L. Nanoletters 5, 287 (2005). 6. Dresselhaus, M.S. & Dresselhaus, G. Adv. Phys. 51, 1 (2002). 7. Brandt, N.B., Chudinov, S.M. & Ponomarev, Y.G. Semimetals 1: Graphite and Its Compounds (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1988). 8. Vonsovsky, S.V. and Katsnelson, M.I. Quantum Solid State Physics (Springer, New York, 1989). 9. Gusynin, V.P. & Sharapov, S.G. Phys. Rev. B 71, 125124 (2005). 10. Gusynin, V.P. & Sharapov, S.G. cond-mat/0506575. 11. Peres, N.M.R., Guinea, F. & Castro Neto, A.H. cond-mat/0506709. 12. Zheng, Y. & Ando, T. Phys. Rev. B 65, 245420 (2002). 13. Kaku, M. Introduction to Superstrings (Springer, New York, 1988). 14. Nakahara, M. Geometry, Topology and Physics (IOP Publishing, Bristol, 1990). 15. Mikitik, G. P. & Sharlai, Yu.V. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2147 (1999). 16. Luk’yanchuk, I.A. & Kopelevich, Y. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 166402 (2004). 17. Abrahams, E., Anderson, P.W., Licciardello, D.C. & Ramakrishnan, T.V. Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 673 (1979). 18. Fradkin, E. Phys. Rev. B 33, 3263 (1986). 19. Lee, P.A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1887 (1993). 20. Ziegler, K. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3113 (1998). 21. Mott, N.F. & Davis, E.A. Electron Processes in Non-Crystalline Materials (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979). 22. Morita, Y. & Hatsugai, Y. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3728 (1997). 23. Nersesyan, A.A., Tsvelik, A.M. & Wenger, F. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2628 (1997). 24. Rose, M.E. Relativistic Electron Theory (John Wiley, New York, 1961). 25. Berestetskii, V.B., Lifshitz, E.M. & Pitaevskii, L.P. Relativistic Quantum Theory (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1971). 26. Lai, D. Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 629 (2001). 27. Fradkin, E. Field Theories of Condensed Matter Systems (Westview Press, Oxford, 1997). 28. Volovik, G.E. The Universe in a Helium Droplet (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2003).Acknowledgements This research was supported by the EPSRC (UK). We are most grateful to L. Glazman, V. Falko, S. Sharapov and A. Castro Netto for helpful discussions. K.S.N. was supported by Leverhulme Trust. S.V.M., S.V.D. and A.A.F. acknowledge support from the Russian Academy of Science and INTAS.43µ (m2/Vs)0.8c4P0.4 22 σ (1/kΩ)10K0 0 1/RH(T/kΩ) 1 2ρmax (h/4e2)1-5010 Vg (V) 50 -10ab 0 -100-500 Vg (V)50100Figure 1. Electric field effect in graphene. a, Scanning electron microscope image of one of our experimental devices (width of the central wire is 0.2µm). False colours are chosen to match real colours as seen in an optical microscope for larger areas of the same materials. Changes in graphene’s conductivity σ (main panel) and Hall coefficient RH (b) as a function of gate voltage Vg. σ and RH were measured in magnetic fields B =0 and 2T, respectively. The induced carrier concentrations n are described by [2] n/Vg =ε0ε/te where ε0 and ε are permittivities of free space and SiO2, respectively, and t ≈300 nm is the thickness of SiO2 on top of the Si wafer used as a substrate. RH = 1/ne is inverted to emphasize the linear dependence n ∝Vg. 1/RH diverges at small n because the Hall effect changes its sign around Vg =0 indicating a transition between electrons and holes. Note that the transition region (RH ≈ 0) was often shifted from zero Vg due to chemical doping [2] but annealing of our devices in vacuum normally allowed us to eliminate the shift. The extrapolation of the linear slopes σ(Vg) for electrons and holes results in their intersection at a value of σ indistinguishable from zero. c, Maximum values of resistivity ρ =1/σ (circles) exhibited by devices with different mobilites µ (left y-axis). The histogram (orange background) shows the number P of devices exhibiting ρmax within 10% intervals around the average value of ≈h/4e2. Several of the devices shown were made from 2 or 3 layers of graphene indicating that the quantized minimum conductivity is a robust effect and does not require “ideal” graphene.ρxx (kΩ)0.60 aVg = -60V4B (T)810K12∆σxx (1/kΩ)0.4 1ν=4 140K 80K B =12T0 b 0 25 50 Vg (V) 7520K100Figure 2. Quantum oscillations in graphene. SdHO at constant gate voltage Vg as a function of magnetic field B (a) and at constant B as a function of Vg (b). Because µ does not change much with Vg, the constant-B measurements (at a constant ωcτ =µB) were found more informative. Panel b illustrates that SdHO in graphene are more sensitive to T at high carrier concentrations. The ∆σxx-curves were obtained by subtracting a smooth (nearly linear) increase in σ with increasing Vg and are shifted for clarity. SdHO periodicity ∆Vg in a constant B is determined by the density of states at each Landau level (α∆Vg = fB/φ0) which for the observed periodicity of ≈15.8V at B =12T yields a quadruple degeneracy. Arrows in a indicate integer ν (e.g., ν =4 corresponds to 10.9T) as found from SdHO frequency BF ≈43.5T. Note the absence of any significant contribution of universal conductance fluctuations (see also Fig. 1) and weak localization magnetoresistance, which are normally intrinsic for 2D materials with so high resistivity.75 BF (T) 500.2 0.11/B (1/T)b5 10 N 1/2025 a 0 0.061dmc /m00.04∆0.02 0c0 0 T (K) 150n =0e-6-3036Figure 3. Dirac fermions of graphene. a, Dependence of BF on carrier concentration n (positive n correspond to electrons; negative to holes). b, Examples of fan diagrams used in our analysis [2] to find BF. N is the number associated with different minima of oscillations. Lower and upper curves are for graphene (sample of Fig. 2a) and a 5-nm-thick film of graphite with a similar value of BF, respectively. Note that the curves extrapolate to different origins; namely, to N = ½ and 0. In graphene, curves for all n extrapolate to N = ½ (cf. [2]). This indicates a phase shift of π with respect to the conventional Landau quantization in metals. The shift is due to Berry’s phase [9,15]. c, Examples of the behaviour of SdHO amplitude ∆ (symbols) as a function of T for mc ≈0.069 and 0.023m0; solid curves are best fits. d, Cyclotron mass mc of electrons and holes as a function of their concentration. Symbols are experimental data, solid curves the best fit to theory. e, Electronic spectrum of graphene, as inferred experimentally and in agreement with theory. This is the spectrum of a zero-gap 2D semiconductor that describes massless Dirac fermions with c∗ 300 times less than the speed of light.n (1012 cm-2)σxy (4e2/h)4 3 2 -2 1 -1 -2 -3 2 44Kn7/ 5/ 3/ 1/2 2 2 210 ρxx (kΩ)-4σxy (4e2/h)0-1/2 -3/2 -5/2514T0-7/2 -4 -2 0 2 4 n (1012 cm-2)Figure 4. Quantum Hall effect for massless Dirac fermions. Hall conductivity σxy and longitudinal resistivity ρxx of graphene as a function of their concentration at B =14T. σxy =(4e2/h)ν is calculated from the measured dependences of ρxy(Vg) and ρxx(Vg) as σxy = ρxy/(ρxy + ρxx)2. The behaviour of 1/ρxy is similar but exhibits a discontinuity at Vg ≈0, which is avoided by plotting σxy. Inset: σxy in “two-layer graphene” where the quantization sequence is normal and occurs at integer ν. The latter shows that the half-integer QHE is exclusive to “ideal” graphene.。

CANBERRA CORPORATIONSAFETY DATA SHEET1. IdentificationProduct identifier: HUSKY 1229 VANDALISM MARK & STAIN REMOVERRecommended use: CleanerRecommended restrictions: None known.Company information: CANBERRA CORP.3610 N. HOLLAND-SYLVANIA RDTOLEDO, OH 43615 United StatesPhone: 419-841-6616 Emergency telephone US: 1-866-836-88552. Hazard(s) identificationPhysical hazards: Flammable aerosols Category 1Health hazards: Skin corrosion/irritation Category 2Germ cell mutagenicity Category 1Carcinogenicity Category 1Reproductive toxicity Category 2Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure Category 2Aspiration hazard Category 1Label elements:Signal word: DangerHazard statement: Extremely flammable aerosol. May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways. Causes skin irritation.May cause genetic defects. May cause cancer. Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child.May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.Precautionary statementsPrevention: Obtain special instructions before use. Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking. Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source. Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use. Do not breathe gas. Wash thoroughly after handling. Avoid release to the environment. Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.Response: If swallowed: Immediately call a poison center/doctor. If on skin: Wash with plenty of water. If exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention. Specific treatment (see this label). Do NOT induce vomiting. If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. Collect spillage.Storage: Store locked up. Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50°C/122°F.Disposal: Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations.Hazard(s) not otherwise classified (HNOC): None known.3. Composition/information on ingredientsChemical characterization: Mixture of solvents and auxiliary agents.Hazardous ingredients: The exact percentage of composition has been withheld as a trade secret.40 - 60% *Methylene Chloride CAS 75-09-220 - 40% *Butane CAS 106-97-810 - 20% *Perchloroethylene CAS 127-18-410 - 20% *Toluene CAS 108-88-32 - 10 *Propane CAS 74-98-61 - 3 *Cocoyl Diethanolamide CAS 68603-42-90.1 - 1 *Propylene Oxide CAS 75-56-94. First-aid measuresInhalation: Move to fresh air. Call a physician if symptoms develop or persist.Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water. Get medical attention if irritation develops and persists.Eye contact: Rinse with water. Get medical attention if irritation develops and persists.Ingestion: Rinse mouth. Get medical attention if symptoms occur.Symptoms/effects, acute and delayed: Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Irritation of eyes and mucous membranes. Irritation of nose and throat. Aspiration may cause pulmonary edema and pneumonitis. Skin irritation. May cause redness and pain. Prolonged exposure may cause chronic effects.Indication of immediate medical attention and special treatment needed: Provide general supportive measures and treat symptomatically. Keep victim under observation. Symptoms may be delayed.General information: IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention. If you feel unwell, seek medical advice (show the label where possible). Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.5. Fire-fighting measuresSuitable extinguishing media: Powder. Foam. Carbon dioxide (CO2).Unsuitable extinguishing media: Do not use water jet as an extinguisher, as this will spread the fire.Specific hazards arising from the chemical: Contents under pressure. Container may explode when exposed to heat or flame. Special protective equipment and precautions for firefighters: Firefighters must use standard protective equipment including flame retardant coat, helmet with face shield, gloves, rubber boots, and in enclosed spaces, SCBA.Fire-fighting equipment/instructions: Move containers from fire area if you can do so without risk. Containers should be cooled with water to prevent vapor pressure build up. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles, if possible. If not, withdraw and let fire burn out.Specific methods: Use standard firefighting procedures and consider the hazards of other involved materials. Move containers from fire area if you can do so without risk. In the event of fire and/or explosion do not breathe fumes.General fire hazards: Extremely flammable aerosol.6. Accidental release measuresPersonal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Keep unnecessary personnel away. Keep people away from and upwind of spill/leak. Keep out of low areas. Wear appropriate protective equipment and clothing during clean-up. Do not breathe gas. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Local authorities should be advised if significant spillages cannot be contained. For personal protection, see section 8 of the SDS.Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Refer to attached safety data sheets and/or instructions for use. Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks, or flames in immediate area). Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Stop leak if you can do so without risk. Move the cylinder to a safe and open area if the leak is irreparable. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. Prevent entry into waterways, sewer, basements or confined areas. For waste disposal, see section 13 of the SDS.Environmental precautions: Avoid release to the environment. Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Avoid discharge into drains, water courses or onto the ground.7. Handling and storagePrecautions for safe handling: Obtain special instructions before use. Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use. Do not use if spray button is missing or defective. Do not spray on a naked flame or any other incandescent material. Do not smoke while using or until sprayed surface is thoroughly dry. Do not cut, weld, solder, drill, grind, or expose containers to heat, flame, sparks, or other sources of ignition. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not re-use empty containers. Do not breathe gas. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Avoid prolonged exposure. Use only in well-ventilated areas. Should be handled in closed systems, if possible. Pregnant or breastfeeding women must not handle this product. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash hands thoroughly after handling. Avoid release to the environment. Observe good industrial hygiene practices.Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Level 1 Aerosol.Store locked up. Pressurized container. Protect from sunlight and do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50°C/122 °F. Do not puncture, incinerate or crush. Do not handle or store near an open flame, heat or other sources of ignition. This material can accumulate static charge which may cause spark and become an ignition source. Refrigeration recommended. Store away from incompatible materials (see Section 10 of the SDS).8. Exposure controls/personal protectionOccupational exposure limitsUS. OSHA Components Type ValueMethylene Chloride (CAS 75-09-2) STEL 125 ppmTWA 25 ppmPropane (CAS 74-98-6) PEL 1800 mg/m3 (1000 ppm)Propylene Oxide (CAS 75-56-9) PEL 240 mg/m3 (100 ppm)Perchloroethylene (CAS 127-18-4) Ceiling 200 ppmTWA 100 ppmToluene (CAS 108-88-3) Ceiling 300 ppmTWA 200 ppmUS. ACGIH Threshold Limit ValuesComponents Type ValueButane (CAS 106-97-8) STEL 1000 ppmMethylene Chloride (CAS 75-09-2) TWA 50 ppmPerchloroethylene (CAS 127-18-4) STEL 100 ppmTWA 25 ppmPropylene Oxide (CAS 75-56-9) TWA 2 ppmToluene (CAS 108-88-3) TWA 20 ppmUS. NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical HazardsComponents Type ValueButane (CAS 106-97-8) TWA 1900 mg/m3 (800 ppm)Propane (CAS 74-98-6) TWA 1800 mg/m3 (1000 ppm)Toluene (CAS 108-88-3) STEL 560 mg/m3 (150 ppm)TWA 375 mg/m3 (100 ppm)Exposure guidelinesUS - California OELs: Skin designation: Toluene. Can be absorbed through the skin.US - Minnesota Haz Subs: Skin designation applies: Perchloroethylene. Skin designation applies.Toluene. Skin designation applies.Appropriate engineering controls: Good general ventilation should be used. Ventilation rates should be matched to conditions. If applicable, use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to maintain airborne levels below recommended exposure limits. If exposure limits have not been established, maintain airborne levels to an acceptable level. Eye wash facilities and emergency shower must be available when handling this product.Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipmentEye/face protection: Wear safety glasses with side shields (or goggles).Hand protection: Wear appropriate chemical resistant gloves.Other: Wear appropriate chemical resistant clothing. Use of an impervious apron is recommended.Respiratory protection: If permissible levels are exceeded, use NIOSH organic vapor cartridge or an air-supplied respirator. Thermal hazards: Wear appropriate thermal protective clothing, when necessary.General hygiene considerations: When using, do not eat, drink or smoke. Always observe good personal hygiene measures, such as washing after handling the material and before eating, drinking, and/or smoking. Routinely wash work clothing and protective equipment to remove contaminants.9. Physical and chemical propertiesAppearancePhysical state Gas. Form Aerosol.Color Not available. Odor Not available.Odor threshold Not available. pH Not available.Melting point/freezing point Not available. Initial boiling point/boiling range 87 °F (30.55 °C) estimated Flash point -156.0 °F (-104.4 °C) Propellant estimated Evaporation rate Not available.Flammability (solid, gas) Not available. Auto-ignition temperature Not available.Upper/lower flammability or explosive limitsFlammability limit – lower (%) Not available. Flammability limit – upper (%) Not available.Explosive limit - lower (%) Not available. Explosive limit - upper (%) Not available.Vapor pressure 40 - 55 psig @20C estimated Vapor density Not available.Relative density Not available. Solubility (water) Not available.Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water) Not available. Decomposition temperature Not available.Viscosity Not available. Specific gravity Not available10. Stability and reactivityReactivity: The product is stable and non-reactive under normal conditions of use, storage and transport.Chemical stability: Material is stable under normal conditions.Possibility of hazardous reactions: Hazardous polymerization does not occur.Conditions to avoid: Avoid temperatures exceeding the flash point. Contact with incompatible materials.Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents. Nitrates. Fluorine. Chlorine.Hazardous decomposition products: Hydrogen chloride.11. Toxicological informationInformation on likely routes of exposureIngestion: Droplets of product aspirated into lungs through ingestion or vomiting may cause a serious chemical pneumonia. Inhalation: May cause damage to organs through prolonged/repeated exposure by inhalation. Prolonged inhalation is harmful. Skin contact: Causes skin irritation. Eye contact: Direct contact with eyes may cause temporary irritation.Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics: Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Irritation of nose and throat. Aspiration may cause pulmonary edema and pneumonitis. Irritation of eyes. Skin irritation.Information on toxicological effectsAcute toxicity: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways. Skin corrosion/irritation: Causes skin irritation.Serious eye damage/eye irritation: Direct contact with eyes may cause temporary irritation.Respiratory or skin sensitization Respiratory sensitization: Not available.Skin sensitization: This product is not expected to cause skin sensitization.Germ cell mutagenicity: May cause genetic defects. Carcinogenicity: May cause cancer.IARC Monographs. Overall Evaluation of CarcinogenicityCocoyl Diethanolamide (CAS 68603-42-9) 2B Possibly carcinogenic to humans.Methylene Chloride (CAS 75-09-2) 2B Possibly carcinogenic to humans.Perchloroethylene (CAS 127-18-4) 2A Probably carcinogenic to humans.Propylene Oxide (CAS 75-56-9) 2B Possibly carcinogenic to humans.Toluene (CAS 108-88-3) 3 Not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans.OSHA Specifically Regulated Substances (29 CFR 1910.1001-1050)Methylene Chloride (CAS 75-09-2) CancerUS. National Toxicology Program (NTP) Report on CarcinogensMethylene Chloride (CAS 75-09-2) Reasonably Anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen.Perchloroethylene (CAS 127-18-4) Reasonably Anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen.Propylene Oxide (CAS 75-56-9) Reasonably Anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen.Reproductive toxicity: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child.Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure: Not classified.Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure: Respiratory system. Skin. Kidneys. Central nervous system. Eyes. Liver. May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.Aspiration hazard: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.Chronic effects: Prolonged inhalation may be harmful. Prolonged exposure may cause chronic effects. May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.12. Ecological informationEcotoxicity: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.Persistence and degradability: No data is available on the degradability of this product.Bioaccumulative potential: No data available.Partition coefficient n-octanol / water (log Kow)Butane 2.89 Methylene Chloride 1.25 Perchloroethylene 3.4 Propane 2.36Propylene Oxide 0.03 Toluene 2.73Mobility in soil: No data available.Other adverse effects: No other adverse environmental effects (e.g. ozone depletion, photochemical ozone creation potential, endocrine disruption, global warming potential) are expected from this component.13. Disposal considerationsDisposal instructions: Collect and reclaim or dispose in sealed containers at licensed waste disposal site. Contents under pressure. Do not puncture, incinerate or crush. Do not allow this material to drain into sewers/water supplies. Do not contaminate ponds, waterways or ditches with chemical or used container. Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations. Dispose in accordance with all applicable regulations.US RCRA Hazardous Waste U List: ReferenceMethylene Chloride (CAS 75-09-2) U080 Perchloroethylene (CAS 127-18-4) U210 Toluene (CAS 108-88-3) U220 Waste from residues / unused products: Dispose of in accordance with local regulations. Empty containers or liners may retain some product residues. This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe manner (see: Disposal instructions). Contaminated packaging: Empty containers must be taken to an approved waste site for recycling or disposal. Emptied containers may retain product residue, follow label warnings even after container is emptied. Do not re-use empty containers.14. Transport informationDOT: UN number: UN1950 UN proper shipping name: Aerosols, flammable Class: 2.1Packing group: Not applicable.Special precautions for user: Read safety instructions, SDS and emergency procedures before handling. Read safety instructions, SDS and emergency procedures before handling.Packaging exceptions: This product meets the exception requirements of section 173.306 as a limited quantity and may be shipped as a limited quantity.15. Regulatory informationUS federal regulations:This product is a "Hazardous Chemical" as defined by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200.All components are on the U.S. EPA TSCA Inventory List.TSCA Section 12(b) Export Notification (40 CFR 707, Subpt. D): Not regulated.CERCLA Hazardous Substance List (40 CFR 302.4):Methylene Chloride, Perchloroethylene , Propylene Oxide, Toluene.SARA 304 Emergency release notification: Propylene Oxide; RQ - 100 LBSOSHA Specifically Regulated Substances (29 CFR 1910.1001-1050)Methylene Chloride - Cancer, Heart, Central nervous system, Liver, Skin irritation, Eye irritationSuperfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) Hazard categoriesImmediate Hazard – Yes Delayed Hazard – Yes Fire Hazard – YesPressure Hazard – No Reactivity Hazard – NoSARA 302 Extremely hazardous substanceChemical name CAS number Reportable quantity Threshold planning quantityPropylene Oxide 75-56-9 100 10000 lbsSARA 311/312 Hazardous chemical: NoSARA 313 (TRI reporting)Methylene Chloride, Perchloroethylene, Toluene, Diethanolamine, Propylene OxideOther federal regulationsClean Air Act (CAA) Section 112 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) ListMethylene Chloride, Perchloroethylene, Propylene Oxide, TolueneClean Air Act (CAA) Section 112(r) Accidental Release Prevention (40 CFR 68.130)Butane, Propane, Propylene OxideSafe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): Not regulated.Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). List 2, Essential Chemicals (21 CFR 1310.02(b) and 1310.04(f)(2) and Chemical Code Number: Toluene 6594Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). List 1 & 2 Exempt Chemical Mixtures (21 CFR 1310.12(c))Toluene 35 %WVDEA Exempt Chemical Mixtures Code Number: Toluene (CAS 108-88-3) 594US state regulationsUS. Massachusetts RTK - Substance List US. New Jersey Worker and Community Right-to-Know Act US. Rhode Island RTK US. Pennsylvania Worker and Community Right-to-Know Law Butane, Methylene Chloride, Perchloroethylene, Propane, Propylene Oxide, TolueneUS. California Proposition 65WARNING: This product contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm.US - California Proposition 65 - CRT: Listed date/Carcinogenic substanceCocoyl Diethanolamide Listed: June 22, 2012Diethanolamine Listed: June 22, 2012Methylene Chloride Listed: April 1, 1988Perchloroethylene Listed: April 1, 1988Propylene Oxide Listed: October 1, 1988US - California Proposition 65 - CRT: Listed date/Developmental toxinToluene Listed: January 1, 1991US - California Proposition 65 - CRT: Listed date/Female reproductive toxinToluene Listed: August 7, 200916. Other information, including date of preparation or last revisionIssue date 01-05-2015Disclaimer The information provided in this Safety Data Sheet is correct to the best of our knowledge, information and belief at the date of its publication. The information given is designed only as a guidance for safe handling, use, processing, storage, transportation, disposal and release and is not to be considered a warranty or quality specification. The information relates only to the specific material designated and may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other materials or in any process, unless specified in the text.Revision Information This document has undergone significant changes and should be reviewed in its entirety.。

SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking1.1. Product Identifier Product name Canon Ink Tank CLI-8C Product Code(s)0621B1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against UseInk for Ink Jet Printer1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Supplier ImporterCanon Europa N.V.Bovenkerkerweg 59, 1185XB Amstelveen, The Netherlands +31 20 5458545, +31 20 5458222Manufacturer Canon Inc.30-2, Shimomaruko 3-Chome, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan 1.4. Emergency Telephone Number *1 Kontakt Giftlinien på tlf.nr.: 82 12 12 12 (åbent 24 timer i døgnet). Se punkt 4 om førstehjælp.*2 Only for the purpose of informing medical personnel in cases of acute intoxications.*3 Ask for Poison InformationSECTION 2: Hazards identification2.1. Classification of the substance or mixtureClassification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008Not classified2.2. Label ElementsLabelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008112Version : 05Malta 112Bulgaria Netherlands +31 (0)30-2748888 [*2]112Poland 112Portugal +351 808 250 143CroatiaRomania +40 21 318 36 06+385 (0)1-23-48-342Slovakia +421 2 5477 4166Issuing date : 22-Apr-2005Slovenia 112Cyprus Spain1121401Sweden 112 [*3]United Kingdom 111 (UK only)Czech Republic Iceland 112+420 224919293Liechtenstein 145SDS # : ICW 0744 R - 02 EU ENNorway+47 22 59 13 00Denmark Switzerland145+45 82 12 12 12 [*1]Estonia 16662Finland +358 (0)9 471977Revision date : 28-Feb-2017France +33 (0)1 45 42 59 59Greece +30 210 7793777Austria Hungary +36 80 20 11 99+43 (0) 1 406 43 43Italy+39 (0)55 7947819Safety Data SheetLatvia+371 67042473Belgium Lithuania +370 687 53378+32 (0) 70 245 245LuxembourgHazard pictogramsNot requiredSignal wordNot requiredHazard statementsNot requiredPrecautionary statementsNot requiredOther InformationContains 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one.May produce an allergic reaction.Contains less than 30% of components with unknown hazards to the aquatic environment.2.3. Other HazardsNoneSECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients 3.2. MixturesChemical name CAS-No EC-No REACH registrationnumber Weight %Classification (Reg.1272/2008)Note toOtherHazardsGlycerin56-81-5200-289-5None 5 - 10NoneEthylene glycol107-21-1203-473-3None 5 - 10Acute Tox. 4 (H302)STOT RE 2 (kidney)(H373)(1)2-Pyrrolidinone616-45-5210-483-1None 5 - 10Eye Irrit. 2 (H319)Substituted phthalocyanine salt CBI CBI CBI 5 - 10Eye Dam. 1 (H318)Aquatic Chronic 3 (H412) Ammonia derivative CBI CBI CBI10 - 15None1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one2634-33-5220-120-9None< 0.05Acute Tox. 4 (H302)Skin Irrit. 2 (H315)Eye Dam. 1 (H318)Skin Sens. 1 (H317)Aquatic Acute 1 (H400) Water7732-18-5231-791-2None60 - 80NoneFull texts of Hazard statement(s) are listed in SECTION 16Note to Other Hazards : The following substance(s) is (are) marked with (1), (2) and/or (3)- (1) Substance for which EU Occupational Exposure Limit(s) is (are) established (See SECTION 8)- (2) PBT substance or vPvB substance under Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006- (3) Substance listed in Candidate List of SVHC for Authorisation under Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006SECTION 4: First aid measures4.1. Description of first aid measuresInhalation Move to fresh air. Get medical attention immediately if symptoms occur.Ingestion Rinse mouth. Drink 1 or 2 glasses of water. Get medical attention immediately if symptomsoccur.Skin Contact Wash off immediately with soap and plenty of water. Get medical attention immediately ifEye Contact Flush with plenty of water. Get medical attention immediately if symptoms occur.4.2. Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayedInhalation None under normal use. Symptoms of overexposure are dizziness, headache, tiredness,nausea, unconsciousness, cessation of breathing.Ingestion None under normal use. Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomitingand diarrhea.Skin Contact None under normal use.Eye Contact None under normal use. May cause slight irritation.Chronic Effects None under normal use.4.3. Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment neededNoneSECTION 5: Firefighting measures5.1. Extinguishing mediaSuitable extinguishing mediaUse CO 2, water, dry chemical, or foam.Unsuitable extinguishing mediaNone5.2. Special hazards arising from the substance or mixtureSpecial HazardNoneHazardous combustion productsCarbon dioxide (CO 2), Carbon monoxide (CO)5.3. Advice for firefightersSpecial protective equipment for fire-fightersNoneSECTION 6: Accidental release measures6.1. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency proceduresAvoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing.6.2. Environmental PrecautionsKeep out of waterways.6.3. Methods and material for containment and cleaning upWipe up with adsorbent material (e.g. cloth, fleece).6.4. Reference to other sectionsNoneSECTION 7: Handling and storage7.1. Precautions for safe handlingAvoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Clean contaminated surface thoroughly. Use with adequate ventilation.7.2. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilitiesKeep in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place. Keep out of the reach of children. Keep away from direct sunlight. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.7.3. Specific end usesInk for Ink Jet Printer. Obtain special instructions before use.SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection8.1. Control parametersExposure LimitsChemical name EU OEL Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Glycerin56-81-5None None TWA: 10 mg/m3None NoneEthylene glycol 107-21-1TWA: 20 ppmTWA: 52 mg/m3STEL: 40 ppmSTEL: 104 mg/m3TWA: 10 ppmTWA: 26 mg/m3STEL: 20 ppmSTEL: 52 mg/m3None TWA: 52 mg/m3TWA: 20 ppmSTEL: 40 ppmSTEL: 104 mg/m3TWA: 20 ppmTWA: 52 mg/m3STEL: 40 ppmSTEL: 104 mg/m3Chemical name Czech Republic Denmark Finland France GermanyGlycerin 56-81-5TWA: 10 mg/m3Ceiling: 15 mg/m3None TWA: 20 mg/m3TWA: 10 mg/m3DFG TWA: 200 mg/m3inhalable fractionCeiling / Peak: 400mg/m3 inhalablefractionEthylene glycol 107-21-1TWA: 50 mg/m3Ceiling: 100 mg/m3TWA: 10 ppmTWA: 26 mg/m3TWA: 10 mg/m3TWA: 20 ppmTWA: 50 mg/m3STEL: 40 ppmSTEL: 100 mg/m3TWA: 20 ppmTWA: 52 mg/m3STEL: 40 ppmSTEL: 104 mg/m3TRGS TWA: 10 ppmTRGS TWA: 26 mg/m3DFG TWA: 10 ppmDFG TWA: 26 mg/m3Ceiling / Peak: 20 ppmCeiling / Peak: 52mg/m3Chemical name Greece Hungary Ireland Italy NetherlandsGlycerin 56-81-5TWA: 10 mg/m3None TWA: 10 mg/m3 mistSTEL: 30 mg/m3 mistNone NoneEthylene glycol 107-21-1None TWA: 52 mg/m3STEL: 104 mg/m3TWA: 10 mg/m3particulateSTEL: 40 ppmparticulateTWA: 20 ppmTWA: 52 mg/m3STEL: 40 ppmSTEL: 104 mg/m3TWA: 10 mg/m3STEL: 104 mg/m3Chemical name Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia SpainGlycerin 56-81-5TWA: 10 mg/m3inhalable fractionTWA: 10 mg/m3 mist None None TWA: 10 mg/m3 mistEthylene glycol 107-21-1TWA: 15 mg/m3STEL: 50 mg/m3TWA: 20 ppmTWA: 52 mg/m3STEL: 40 ppmSTEL: 104 mg/m3Ceiling: 100 mg/m3TWA: 20 ppmTWA: 52 mg/m3STEL: 40 ppmSTEL: 104 mg/m3TWA: 20 ppmTWA: 52 mg/m3TWA: 20 ppmTWA: 52 mg/m3STEL: 40 ppmSTEL: 104 mg/m3Chemical name Sweden United Kingdom Norway Switzerland TurkeyGlycerin 56-81-5None TWA: 10 mg/m3 mist None TWA: 50 mg/m3inhalable dustSTEL: 100 mg/m3NoneEthylene glycol 107-21-1TLV: 10 ppm aerosoland vaporTLV: 25 mg/m 3 aerosoland vaporSTEL: 20 ppm aerosoland vapor STEL: 50 mg/m 3aerosol and vaporTWA: 10 mg/m 3particulatesTWA: 20 mg/m 3 dust TWA: 52 ppm total dust and vapor TWA: 52 mg/m 3STEL: 52 mg/m 3 dustSTEL: 20 ppmTWA: 10 ppm TWA: 26 mg/m 3STEL: 20 ppm STEL: 52 mg/m 3TWA: 20 ppm TWA: 52 mg/m 3STEL: 40 ppm STEL: 104 mg/m 38.2. Exposure controlsAppropriate engineering controlsNone under normal use conditions.Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipmentEye/face ProtectionNot required under normal use.Skin ProtectionNot required under normal use.Respiratory ProtectionNot required under normal use.Thermal hazardsNot Applicable SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties9.1. Information on basic physical and chemical properties AppearanceCyan ; Liquid OdorSlight odorOdor threshold No data available pH7 - 9Evaporation RateNo data available Flammability (solid, gas)Not Applicable Flammability Limits in AirUpper Flammability Limit None; estimated Lower Flammability Limit None; estimated Vapor pressure No data available Vapor density No data available Relative density 1.0 - 1.1Solubility(ies)Water; miscible Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water No data available Explosive properties None; estimated Oxidizing properties None; estimated9.2. Other Information No data availableSECTION 10: Stability and reactivity10.1. Reactivity None10.2. Chemical stability Stable10.3. Possibility of Hazardous ReactionsMelting/Freezing point (°C)Autoignition Temperature (°C)None; estimated No data available Decomposition Temperature (°C)No data available Boiling Point/Range (°C)Viscosity (mPa s) 1 - 5No data availableFlash Point (°C)None (Tag. Closed Cup.)None10.4. Conditions to AvoidNone10.5. Incompatible materialsAcids, Bases, Oxidizing agents, Reducing agents.10.6. Hazardous Decomposition ProductsCarbon dioxide (CO 2), Carbon monoxide (CO), and/or Ammonia.SECTION 11: Toxicological information 11.1. Information on toxicological effectsAcute toxicity LD50 > 2000 mg/kg (Ingestion) (OECD Guideline) Skin corrosion/irritation Non-irritant (OECD Guideline)Serious eye damage/eye irritation Slightly irritating (OECD Guideline)Sensitization Mild sensitizer (OECD Guideline)Germ cell mutagenicity Ames test: NegativeCarcinogenicity No data availableReproductive Toxicity No data availableSTOT - single exposure No data availableSTOT - repeated exposure No data availableAspiration hazard No data availableOther Information No data availableSECTION 12: Ecological information 12.1. ToxicityEcotoxicity effectsNo data available12.2. Persistence and degradabilityNo data available12.3. Bioaccumulative potentialNo data available12.4. Mobility in soilNo data available12.5. Results of PBT and vPvB assessmentThis preparation contains no substance considered to be persistent, bioaccumulating nor toxic (PBT).This preparation contains no substance considered to be very persistent nor very bioaccumulating (vPvB).12.6. Other adverse effects No data availableSECTION 13: Disposal considerations13.1. Waste treatment methodsDispose of in accordance with local regulations.SECTION 14: Transport informationSECTION 15: Regulatory information15.1. Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture (EC) No 1907/2006 Authorisation Not regulated (EC) No 1907/2006 Restriction Not regulated (EC) No 1005/2009Not regulated (EC) No 850/2004Not regulated (EU) No 649/2012Not regulated Other InformationNone15.2. Chemical safety assessment NoneSECTION 16: Other informationFull text of H-Statements referred to under sections 2 and 3H302 - Harmful if swallowed H315 - Causes skin irritationH317 - May cause an allergic skin reaction H318 - Causes serious eye damage H319 - Causes serious eye irritationH373 - May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure H400 - Very toxic to aquatic lifeH412 - Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effectsIATA: Not regulatedNone 14.7. Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL and the IBC CodeNot Applicable 14.3. Transport Hazard Class 14.1. UN numberNone None 14.4. Packing Group None14.5. Environmental Hazards Not classified as environmentally hazardous under UN Model Regulations and marine pollutant under IMDG Code.14.2. UN Proper Shipping Name 14.6. Special Precautions for usersKey literature references and sources for data- World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation on the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans- EU Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, (EC) No 1272/2008, (EC) No 1005/2009, (EC) No 850/2004, (EU) No 649/2012Key or legend to abbreviations and acronyms used in the safety data sheet- PBT: Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic- vPvB: very Persistent and very Bioaccumulative- SVHC: Substances of Very High Concern- EU OEL: Occupational exposure limits at Union level under Directive 2004/37/EC, 98/24/EC, 91/322/EEC, 2000/39/EC,2006/15/EC and 2009/161/EU.- TWA: Time Weighted Average- STEL: Short Term Exposure Limit- IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer- IATA: International Air Transport Association- CBI: Confidential Business InformationIssuing date :22-Apr-2005Revision date :28-Feb-2017Revision Note Entirely revisedThis product falls under (EC) No 1907/2006 Article 31-3.DisclaimerThe information provided on this SDS is correct to the best of our knowledge, information and belief at the date of its publication. The information given is designed only as a guide for safe handling, use, processing, storage, transportation, disposal and release and is not to be considered as a warranty or quality specification. The information relates only to the specific material designated and may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other material or in any process, unless specified in the text.。

PART I. PATENTS1)amorphous character 美[əˈmɔ:rfəs]无形性2)abstract concept of property 抽象的财产概念3)real property 不动产4)tort law 侵权法5)the metaphysics of the law 法律玄学6)statutory 法定的7)the statute 成文法8)patented items，processes，combinations 专利产品、方法、组合9)justification 正当理由10)anti-trust and government regulation 反垄断和政府法规11)the foundations of patent protection 专利保护的基础12)the Statute of Monopolies 《垄断法》，也称《专卖条例》13)guilds 行会，互助会14)exclusive rights 独占权，专有权15)royal privilege 皇家特权16)important patent 引进型专利17)patentee 专利权人18)royal prerogative 王权，君主特权19)halt 抑制20)an incentive theory of patents 专利的激励理论21)inventive and important patents 发明专利和引进型专利22)meritorious 有价值的23)Revolution 独立战争24)Articles of Confederation 《联邦条例》美国1781-1789的第一部宪法25)Constitutional Convention 制宪会议26) a constitutional patent power 保障专利的宪法性权力27)more rigid constitutional constraints 更加刚性的宪法性约束28)the trademark statute 商标法29)pre-empt 优先于30)pre-emption 优先适用31)has no effect at all 无任何效力32)revisions 修订33)validity of patents 专利的合法性34)the Patent Office has been vested with 专利局被授予35) a patent application satisfies 专利申请符合36)codified 成文法化37)United States Code 《美国法典》38)design and plant patents 外观设计专利及植物专利39)application 申请40)grant 授予41)use 使用42)challenge 异议43) a new ，useful，and nonobvious process or product 一种具有新颖性、实用性及非显而易见性的方法或产品44)the patent application 专利申请45)specification 说明书46)claims 权利要求47)asserted 主张的48)prior state of the art 现有技术49)patentable 可授予专利的50)disclosure 公开，披露51)accrue 产生52)issued 授予53)trade secrets 商业秘密54)unfair competition 不正当竞争55)search 检索56)ascertain 确定57)examiner 审查员58)be in agreement 达成一致（合意）59)similar or identical 类似的或者相同的60)interference proceeding 抵触审查程序61)priority 优先权62)the Patent Office Board of Interference Proceedings 专利局抵触审查委员会63)amended 修正64)patent items 专利权期限65)exempt 使免除（责任）66)infringement 侵权67)be renewed 专利续展68)public domain 公有领域69)make，use or sell 生产、使用、销售70)be exploited （专利被）利用、实施71)working the patent 实施专利72)compulsory 强制许可73)be sold outright 卖断74)non-exclusively 非排他性许可75)on a geographic basis 以地域为界76)implication 暗指77)violation 违反78)authorization 授权79)charge of infringement 侵权诉讼80)unwarranted 不当，无正当理由81)novelty，utility，and nonobviousness 新颖性、实用性和非显而易见性82)litigated 诉争的83)re-examine 复审、84)invalid 无效的85)declaratory judgment 确权判决86)controversy 争论87)“pro”and “anti”赞成、反对88)the “bargain”or contract theory “交易”或契约论89)the “natural rights”theory 自然权利论90)bargain theory 交易理论91)premise 前提92)enumerate 逐条陈述93)all title to 全部产权94)obligation 义务95)utility 实益96) a taking of the inventor’s property 剥夺发明人的财产97)the standard of patentability 专利性标准98)optimum 最好的、适宜的、有利的99)the subject matter of patents 专利权客体100)ideas v. applications 发明构思与专利申请101)improvements 技术改进102)patentable 可取得专利的，可授予专利的103)laypersons 世俗人，外行人104)the application of an idea 构思的应用105)law of nature 自然法则106)the statutory scheme 法律的保护机制107)manufactures 制品108)a composition of matter 物质的组合109)intangible 无形的110)new and useful improvement 新颖、实用的改进111)naturally-substance 自然产生的物质112)printed-matter 印刷品113)bar限制114)business methods 商业方法115)mere chemical formulas 纯粹的化学公式116)systems of bookkeeping 记账系统117)fundamental truths，original causes，motives，methods of calculation 基本事实，起因，动机，计算方法118)mental steps 思维步骤119)the application of an abstract principle 抽象原理的运用120)apportion these interests 利益分配121)products of nature 自然产品122)concentrated or purified products of nature 人工浓缩或提纯的自然产品123)an ingenious way 独创方法124)chemical process化学方法125)derivative 衍生物126)mathematical method 数学方法127)abstract principle 抽象的原理128)new life forms 新的生命形式129)eligible 符合条件的130)compositions of matter 物质的组合131)she may patent the resulting chemical 申请专利132)manufacture 制品133)structure，rather than its content，that is inventive 是结构具有创造性，而不是其内容134)inventive characteristics 创造性135)machines 机器136)capture 采用137)mathematical manifestations 数学证明138)mathematical formulas （or “algorithms”）数学公式（或算法）139)test for patentability of a process 方法的专利性检验标准140)physical phenomena 物理现象141)jeopardize 危及142)the program 计算机程序143)Semiconductor Chip Protection Act 半导体芯片保护法144)FDA美国食品及药物管理局145)a working requirement 实施发明的要求146)utility patents 实用专利147)plant patents 植物专利148)design patents 外观设计专利149)utility 实用150)distinctiveness 独特性151)nonobviousness 非显而易见性152)asexually reproducing plant 无性繁殖植物153)statutory bars/bar 法定限制154)anticipation 在先公开155)a grace period of 12 months 12个月的宽限期156)application priority 申请优先权157)printed publication，public use，sale 印刷出版，公开使用，销售158)the principle of substantial identity 实质等同原理159)a senior inventor 在先发明人160)junior inventor 在后发明人161)the availability of a documentary description by prior patent or publication 在现有专利或出版物中可查阅到对该专利的文字性描述162)at issue 争议中的（the invention ~）163)publicly disseminated or accessible 公开传播或广为知悉164)interference proceedings 抵触审查程序165)conflicting claims 相互抵触的权利要求166)concealment 隐藏167)diligence 勤勉168)foreign anticipation 国外在先公开169)oral publication 口头公开170)those knowledgeable in the particular art 具备特定行业专业知识人员171)prior use 在先使用172)a prior invention 在先发明173)judicial construction 司法解释174)active or continuous 积极或持续的175)publicly available 公开获得176)atomic energy information 原子能信息177)reference to prior publication 现有出版物中的参考文献178)an “enabling disclosure”可实施的公开性文件179)enable a person having ordinary skill in the appropriate art to duplicate the invention 使所属领域的普通技术人员能够重现发明180)a specification 说明书181)the total combination of prior art and references 现有技术和参考文献的完整结合182)describe 描述，阐明183)substantial and realized anticipation 实质性的和有意识的在先公开184)substantially identical to 实质相同185)rough similarity 大致相似186)that which infringes，if later，anticipates，if earlier在后为侵权，在先为在先公开187)substantiality test of infringement 侵权的实质性检验标准188)unconscious or accidental 无意识的或者偶然的189)a count 事项，特征190)be so intentional or noticed 可意识到的或者被注意的191)（除了）inventor prior to invention is disabling 使（在法律上）无资格的，这里指丧失专利性192)the double patenting bar 重复授权专利限制193)the patent policy favoring speedy disclosure 鼓励尽快公布发明的专利政策194)without divulging the secrets of the invention 未透露发明的秘密195)the policies of statutory bar 法定限制的立法目的196)pirate 剽窃197)file 有时候可以作“申请专利”之意198)the patent monopoly 专利垄断权199)application priority 申请优先权200)publicity and limited disclosures 公开性和有限公布201)the effective life of a patent 专利的有效期202)public use 公开使用203)patent prosecution process 专利申请程序204)“limited”or “restricted” use 限于一定范围内或秘密使用205)be pledged to confidentiality 保证保守秘密206)experimental use 试验性使用207)a balancing process 衡平方法208)the experimentation exception 实验性例外209)the principle of substantial identity 实质等同原则210)jeopardy 危险211)Priority depends upon three factors：the time of conception，the time of reduction to practice，and the use of due diligence in pursuing both patent protection and perfection of the discovery.优先权取决于三个因素：构思时间、付诸实践的实践、在寻求专利保护和发明物的有效性过程中的应有注意212)the first conceive generally has priority to patent protection 先构思者常享有专利保护的优先权213)A junior inventor can never challenge a senior inventor unless the junior inventor reduces to practice first.除非后发明人首先将构思付诸实践，否则不能对在先发明人提出异议214)“priority paradox”优先权悖论215)only more diligent than one other person who conceives later 比后构思着更勤勉即可216)qualitative utility 决定专利的实用性217)curiosity 奇异性218)an impermissible fraudulent quality 不被允许的欺诈性219)presumed utility 推定的实用性220)hold otherwise would be to grant a patent on an unknown range of applications 不能授予未知适用领域的专利221)speculative utility 推测的实用性222)a specific utility 特定实用性223)a “monopoly of knowledge”对知识的垄断224)substantial utility 实际的实用性225)those skilled in the art 该技术领域内的技术人员226)synergism 协合作用227)combination patent 组合专利228)secondary considerations 间接证据229)commercial success 商业上的成功230)the long-felt-but-unfulfilled-need doctrine 早已产生但未获满足的需求理论231)“flash of creative genius”requirement “创造性的灵光一现”条件232)Subjective standard 主观标准233)Objective standard 客观标准】234)Subjective ingenuity 主观创造力articulation and implementation 理解和实施235)Negative rules of invention 否定发明规则236)ad hoc rules 特殊规则237)journeyman mechanic 普通技术工匠238)overbreadth 过于宽泛239)uncertainty 不确定性240)“equivalent substitution”等同替代241)indicia 标记象征，表明事实可能存在的情况242)in such a black-letter way 以这么被普遍接受的方法243)“unusual or surprising result”异常的或奇异的效果244)the statutory test 法定检验标准245)the duty of candor 真实陈述义务246)pertinent 相关的247)analogous 类似于248)reconstructing the prior art 重现现有技术249)functional 功能性的250)“by reference to the purpose sought”参照其所述追求的目标251)a well-established field 公认的技术领域252)secondary evidence 间接证据253)unexpected results 意想不到的效果254)subtests 次级标准255)objective tests 客观标准256)nexus 联系257)long felt 感知已久的258)history of the art 特定技术的历史259)a competitive edge 竞争优势260)ideas per se 构思本身261)prior patents 现有专利262)reject 驳回263)a doctrine of constructive prior art 推断现有技术理论264)judicial fiat 司法判断、裁量265)double-patenting 重复授予专利权266)the statutory period 法定期限267)best-mode 最佳实施方式268)the double-patenting bar 禁止重复授权269)running afoul of 与…发生冲突270)terminal disclaimer 最终放弃271)the patenting process 专利审批程序272)the claims 权利要求273)a complaint，answer 起诉书，答辩状274)ex parte nature 单方性质275)the patentee 专利权人276)prohibit the “stealing”of another’s patent 禁止“窃取”他人的专利277)delegate 侵权，转让278)assignees 受让人279)joint invention 共同发明280)good-faith 善意281)deceptive intent 欺诈动机282)aggregate effort 共同努力283)prosecuting a patent application 进行，推进284)initial examination 初步审查285)rejection 驳回286)reexamination 复审287)Patent Office’s Board of Appeals 专利局申诉委员会288)the primary examiner 主审员289)the deference 尊重290)privy 利害关系人291)allowance 允许292)remand a dubious allowance 将一项有争议的准许发回293)the specification and claims 说明书和权利要求书294)in its best mode 以最佳方式295)an enabling disclosure 是能够公开的296)trial and error 反复试验、试错297)the “how-to-use”doctrine “如何使用”原则298)exploitation 实施299)trespassing 侵犯300)the rule prohibiting patents on newly discovered properties of old elements 禁止对事物的新功能授予专利原则301)the limits of agency discretion 专利局裁量权限范围302)the judicial arena 司法管辖范围303)equitable estoppel or laches 衡平法上的禁止翻供或者疏忽懈怠304)the economic well-being 经济利益305)inter alia 特别是306)precedential strength 先例效力307)claims drafting 撰写权利要求308)“in a patent claim，more means less”在专利权利要求书中，多意味着少309)preamble 序言310)transition 过渡311)the body 正文312)comprising 包括313)“reading on”照搬抄袭314)the duty of candor 真实陈述义务315)presumption of patent validity 专利的有效性推定316)ex parte 仅有双方当事人317)the striking of an application 驳回专利申请318)an interference proceeding 专利抵触审查程序319)attorney’s fees 律师费320)negligence 过失321)material information 重要信息322)materiality 重要性323)scienter 明知，故意324)culpability 有罪行为，可归咎之行为325)guilty of patent fraud 专利欺诈罪326)an arm’s length adversary 地位平等的对当事人327)reissue and re-examination 换发专利证书与复审328)intentionally deceptive conduct 故意欺骗行为329)the exhaustion of remedies doctrine of administrative law 行政法上的用尽救济原则330)stay 中止331)the Patent and Trademark Office 美国专利与商标局332)judicial review 司法审查333)Federal Circuit 联邦巡回法院334)the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院335)district court 地区法院336)de novo 重新审理337)true appeals 正式的上诉338)file wrapper estoppel 禁止反悔339)the proper course 正当方法340)claim interpretation – differentiation，literality，and equivalence 对权利要求的解释-不同、字面相同和等同341)the doctrine of claim differentiation 权利要求不同原则342)literal overlap 文字上重叠343)equivalents 等同344)absolute identity 绝对等同345)a substantial equivalent 实质等同346)practical interchangeability 实质上的互换性347)a pioneer patent 首创性专利348)the exclusive right to make，use，or sell the invention 制造、使用、销售其发明的独占权349)a compulsory license 强制许可350)non-renewable 不能续展的351)patent pending 专利待批352)direct，indirect，and contributory infringement 直接侵权、间接侵权、共同侵权353)good faith or ignorance 善意或不知情354)notice of the patent 专利权声明355)staple 主要的，重要的356)evidentiary device 取证方法357)innocent infringer 无过错侵权人358)license agreement 许可协议359)innocent infringement 无过错侵权360)duplicate 仿造361)hornbook law 法律常识362)extraterritorial effect 域外效力363)repair and reconstruction 修复与再造364)first sale “exhausts”the patent rights 首次销售穷竭365)repair-reconstruction dichotomy 修复与再造两分法366)“essentialness”，“keyness”or“spentness”本质性、关键性或费用367)Infringement defenses ——misuse 侵权抗辩——滥用专利权368)relief 法律补救方法369)nonstaple 非主要产品370)remedies 救济措施371)injunctive relief 禁令救济372)damages 损害赔偿373)attorneys’ fee 律师费374)costs 诉讼费用375)profits 侵权所获利润376)preliminary relief 临时禁令377)the standard of “likelihood of success on the merits”“胜诉可能性”标准378)“beyond question that the patent is valid and infringed”专利有效且侵权均无疑问379)a reasonable royalty for the use 合理的使用费380)liquidation 清偿381)exceptional case 特殊情况382)knowing infringement by a defendant 被告明知侵权383)the doctrine of federal pre-emption 联邦优先原则384)undesirable conduct 不良行为385)trade secret law 商业秘密法PART II. TRADEMARKS1)guild 行会2)confusion 混淆3) a mechanism for proving identification as well as a technique for providing a marketingadvantage 商品识别机制以及市场优势手段4)the Anglo-American common law of trademark 英美普通商标法5)“palming off”假冒6)good well 商誉7)unconstitutional 违宪8)the interstate commerce clause 州际贸易条款9)in gross 大量的，大批的10)appurtenant 附属于11)adoption 选择，选定12)priority of use 在先使用13)gross/appurtenant dichotomy 总体功能和从属功能两分法14)within the same geographical area or between the same or similar products 在相同地域之内，或在相同或相近的商品之间15)in a line of products 商品的种类16)federal registration 联邦注册17)the Principal Register 商标主簿注册18)constructive notice 推定通知19)federal jurisdiction 联邦管辖权20)forum 法庭21)incontestability 不容争议性（指注册商标人从注册之日起已连续5年在商业上使用该商标于商品或服务上，并在继续使用，他对该商标使用权即属不容争议）22)anti-dilution 反淡化23)“intent-to-use ”provision “使用意向”条款24)“deadwood”provision 条款25)distinctiveness 显著性26)novelty 新颖性27)originality 独创性28)coined or fanciful 杜撰的或者奇异的29)priority of appropriation 优先使用30)equity 公平、正义31)on an equal footing 处于同等地位32)the doctrine of constructive notice 推定通知原则33)prior use 在先使用34)likelihood 可能性35)confusion，mistake，or deceit 混淆、讹传或欺骗36)abandon 放弃37)two consecutive years 连续两年38)non-use 不使用39)concurrent use 共同使用40)approximate similarity 大概相似41)“mark”标记42)Secondary meaning and descriptiveness 第二含义及描述43)descriptive marks 描述性商标44) a challenged mark 争议商标45)synonymous 同义46) a prima facie presumption 初步推定47)supplemental register 辅簿注册48)the primary register 主簿注册49)well-defined factors 明确的因素50)generic 产品的通用名称51)suggestive 暗示性的52)arbitrary or fanciful 独特的，奇异的53)“deceptively misdescriptive”禁止虚伪欺骗的描述54)trade 行业55)in the descriptive/distinctive continuum 具备描述性/显著性的商标56)“recapture”再次获得57)immortal or scandalous marks ,national symbols，or names of living figures 不道德的或诽谤性标志、国家象征或在世人的姓名58)geographic marks 地理标志59)to be examined in their entirety，and not dissected 从整体上进行检验，而不是分割的60)principles of equity as well as of statutory law 公平原则和法律规定61)fashion a remedy tailored to the individual case 根据个案采取补救措施62)disparage 毁谤63)institutions 组织64)contempt 侮辱65)offensive 冒犯性66)standing 身份、资格67)immediate 直接68)arbitrary 随意的69)majority vote 多数票决70)the supplemental register 辅簿注册71)the principal register 主簿注册72)capable of 有可能73)diversity 联邦法院管辖权74)dilution 商标淡化75)expansion of trademark doctrine 商标权扩展理论76)consumer loyalty 消费者的信任77)goodwell 商誉78)legitimate complaint 合法诉因79) a property right 财产权80)anti-dilution 反商标淡化81)enjoin 禁止82)likeness 肖像83)prophylactic theory 预防理论84) a theory of misappropriation 禁止权利滥用理论85)likelihood of expansion 商标权扩展的可能性86)is tantamount to 相当于87)consumer expectations 消费者期望88)market reality 市场现状89)the similarity of consumers 消费者的相似性90)foreign…to 与…不相关91)relatedness 相关性92)the interests protected 受法律保护的利益93)the right of the prior user to enter a related field，the right to protect its reputation fromassociation with inferior goods，and the right of the public in being free from confusion and mistake.在先使用者进入相关市场的权利，保护商标所有者的商誉不受劣质商品损害的权利，公众免除混淆和讹误的权利94)vend 出卖95)prove a negatives 这里指证明不可能发生混淆的情况96) a recognizable number of consumers 确有部分消费者97)strength of 影响力98) a property interest 财产利益99)relief 救济措施100)state anti-dilution statutes 州反淡化法101)loss of trademark protection and partial protection 商标保护及部分保护的丧失102)partial rights 部分权利103)the doctrine of regional priority 区域优先使用理论104)publication 公布注册105)concurrent use 共同使用106)inter parties 在当事人之间107)senior registrant 先注册人108)a pre-registration user 注册前的使用人109)good faith junior users 善意的后使用人110)infringement action 侵权诉讼111)unauthorized user 未经授权的使用人112)junior registrant 后注册人113)“to the best of his knowledge and belief”尽其所知和所能114)concurrent registration 同时注册115)pragmatics of trademark litigation 商标诉讼实用主义116)factual inquiry 事实调查117)allocation 权利分配118)opposition proceedings，interference proceedings，cancellation proceedings，de novo concurrent registration proceedings 异议程序，抵触申请程序，撤销程序及再同时注册程序119)judicial decree 司法裁决120)the Commissioner 局长121)abandonment 放弃122)actual abandonment 事实放弃123)constructive or legal abandonment 推定放弃或法定放弃124)actual commercial use 真正的商业使用125)token use 象征性使用126)“bona fide use”善意使用127)nonuse 不使用128)interstate州际的129)intrastate 州内的130)police 管制131)“naked licensing”无保证许可132)licensees 被许可人133)incontestability 不可争议性134)the substantive law 实体法135)“the cancellation provisions”撤销条款136)the incontestability defenses 不可争议性抗辩137)federal publication 联邦公告138)circuits 巡回法院139)defensive/offensive 抗辩/指控140)dictum 法官的附带意见141)interpose the defense 提出抗辩142)“fair use”合理使用143)trademark practice 商标的使用144)Trademark Law Revision Act of 1988“TLRA”1988年商标法修正条例145)“use in trade”在商业中使用146)intent-to-use 使用意向147)contingent registration 备用注册148)“constructive use”推定使用149)Trademark Office 商标局150)notice of allowance 批准通知151)standing 身份、资格152)the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board “TTAB”商标审理与申诉委员会153)Commissioner 局长154)de novo judicial trial 重新审查155)the prevailing party 胜诉方156)original proceeding 初审程序157)a thorough conviction 足以确信158)the Official Gazette of the Office 商标局公报159)first use in commerce 商业中的首次使用160)collusive or contrived 串通的或者图谋的161)token transactions 象征性交易162)the screening process 审查程序163)the use in trade requirement 在商业中使用的要求164)in a similar fashion 以类似的方式165)“registration use”注册使用166)euphemism 委婉的说法167) a search of existing registrations 对已有注册商标的检索168)axiomatic 不言自明的169)“in connection with”有关170)standing 启动异议程序的资格171)contravene 违反172)sects 教派、学派173)subject matter 商标的客体174)certification marks 证明商标175)labor union 工会176)cancellation 撤销177)registrability 注册资格178)“seal of approval”认证179)“related companies”相关公司180)franchising arrangement 特许经营权协议181)collective marks 集体商标182)collective trade (or service) marks and collective membership marks 集体贸易（或服务）商标和集体成员资格商标183)vest 归属于184)service marks 服务商标185)a correlative holding 一相关裁决186)business name 厂商名称187)primary purpose 主要目的188)trade dress 包装189)design patent 外观设计专利190)ornamental 装饰的191)the functional bar 功能上的限制192)generic drugs 通用药品193)a Hobson’s choice 无选择余地194)a utility patent 实用专利195)complexity 复杂性196)minimal complexity 最低限度的复杂性197)dispense with 无需198)equitable remedies 衡平法上的救济措施199)federal subject matter jurisdiction 按照标的物确定联邦法院管辖权200)“palming off”假冒201)“commercial parties”从事商业经营之人202)injunctive relief 禁令救济203)a windfall 横财204)cause of action 诉因205)standing of sue 起诉资格206)pecuniary 经济利益207)marketplace evils 市场弊端208)business ethics 商业道德209)touchstone 标准210)likelihood of confusion 混淆的可能性211)strength of the mark 商标的影响力212)per se 本身213)equitable 衡平法上有效的214)similarity of goods or services 商品或服务的相似性215)the average consumer 普通消费者216)character and similarity of markets 市场特征及其相似性217)“impulse”buying 冲动性购买218)“discriminating purchaser”区别购买者理论219)channels of trade 销售渠道220)wholesale 批发221)retail 零售222)doctrine of expanded rights 商标权扩展理论223)“related goods”doctrine 相关商品原则224)monopolization 垄断225)subsidiary evidence 补充证据226)inference 推论227)proving a negative 反面证明228)equitable relief 衡平法上的救济229)judicial skepticism 司法怀疑理论230)fair and collateral use 合理使用与平行使用231)statutory license 法定许可232)the equitable doctrines of laches，estoppel，and unclean hands 衡平法上的迟误原则、禁反言原则和不清白之手原则233)fair comment 合理评论234)consumer fraud 欺骗消费者235)gray market goods 灰色商品236)“black market”goods 黑市商品237)“parallel imports”平行进口238)lobby 游说议员者239)Customs Service 海关服务局240)common control 共同控制241)cumulative 累计性的242)items of cost 费用项目243)gross 全部销售额244)vindicate 维护245)private attorney general 私人出庭检察官246)exemplary or punitive damages 惩戒性或惩罚性损害赔偿PART III. COPYRIGHT1)foundations of copyright protection 版权之保护基础2)mercantile interests 商业利益集团3)dissemination 发行4)Statute of Anne 《安娜法》5)monopolistic copyright protection 独占性版权保护6)publication rights 出版权7)“common law”普通法8)Copyright Act of 1976 1976年版权法9)fixation of the work into tangible form 以固有形式固定作品10)circumscribe 限制11)writings 作品12)examination 审查13)forms of expression 表达形式14)prints 印刷品15)musical compositions 音乐作品16)paintings，statues 绘画、雕刻17)deposit 交存样本18)registration 版权注册19)the Secretary of State 国务卿20)Register of Copyright 版权登记册21)Berne Convention 伯尔尼公约22)copyright notice 版权标记23)sound recordings 录音24)“performance rights”表演权25)exploitation 利用26)common law copyright 普通法上的版权27)artistic creation 艺术作品28)statutory copyright 成文法上的版权29)copyright basics 版权的基本原则30)fixation in a tangible medium 固定在有形介质上31)“work for hire”雇佣作品32)derivative works 演绎作品33)plays，motion pictures 喜剧，电影34)other adaptations of the basic work 原作品的改编35)substantially similar 实质相似36)original expression 具有原创性的表达37)Gone With The Wind 《飘》38)originality 原创性39)work of40)work of independent creation 独立创作的作品41)literary works，musical works，dramatic works，choreographic works，graphic works，audiovisual works，and sound recordings 文学作品、音乐作品、戏剧作品、舞蹈作品、图形作品、音像作品、录音作品42)“original works of authorship”原创作品43)The subject matter of copyright 版权的客体44)works of fine arts 美术作品45) a restrictive interpretation 限制解释46)lithograph 石版画47)reproduction 复制品48)“modicum”少量，一点点49)directories，compilations 名录，汇编物50)repositories 数据库51)factual information 事实信息52)“forms”or“style”“形式”或“风格”53)copyrightable works 可享有版权的作品54)utilitarian objects 实用物品55)utilitarian works 实用作品56)accounting system 记账方法57)business methods 商业方法58)insurance forms and instruments 保险表格及契据59)the idea-expression dichotomy 思想-表达二分法60)duplicated the plans 按图施工61)The Berne Convention Implementation Act 伯尔尼公约实施法62)“architectural plans”建筑设计图63)utilitarian-nonutilitarian dichotomy实用-非实用二分法64)noncopyrightable works 不可享有版权的作品65)choreography 舞蹈66)choreographic notation 舞谱67)oral presentations 口头表达形式68)typefaces 字体69)“works of authorship”创作作品70)“original works of authorship”原创作品71)computer programs，phonorecords，and dramatic personalities 计算机程序，唱片和戏剧人物72)dramatic character 戏剧人物73)tortuous conduct 侵权行为74)direct perception test 直接感知测试75)the National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works （CONTU）美国版权作品新技术应用委员会76)the resulting protection 最终保护77)the code of a program 程序代码78)source code 源代码79)the object code 目标代码80)Semiconductor Chip Protection Act 半导体芯片保护法81)hybrid 混合法82)mask works 掩膜作品83)commercial exploitation 商业上利用84)“reverse engineer”反向工程85)sound recordings 录音作品86)composer 作曲者87)performer 表演者88)producer 录音作品制作者89)compulsory license 强制许可90)remedies 补偿91)infringement actions 侵权诉讼92)the compulsory fee 强制许可使用费93)copyright formalities ——registration and notice 版权手续——登记和标记94)fair users 合理使用者95)innocent infringement 无辜侵权96)exclusive rights 专有权97)the reproduction right，the derivative work right，the distribution right，the performanceright，and the display right 复制权，演绎作品权，发行权，表演权，展览权98)“transmitting organizations”传播组织99)translations，arrangements，dramatizations，fictionalizations, films，recordings，abridgments，condensations 译文，编排，改编成戏剧，小说，电影，录音制品，删节本，缩写本100)adaptations 改编101)derivations 演绎102)transfer of ownership 所有权转移103)rental，lease，or leading 出租、租借、出借104)the “first sale”doctrine 初卖原则105)part with 放弃106)statutory exception 法定例外107)possession 占有108)alienation 转让109)scienter 明知、故意110)mass medium 大众传媒111)pantomime 哑剧112)public performance 公开表演113)for profit 营利目的114)establishments 机构115)charitable 慈善目的116)display 展览117)lawful owner of 合法所有者118)unconscious infringement 无意识侵权119)plagiarism 剽窃120)vicarious or related infringement 转承侵权或相关侵权121)circumstantial evidence 旁证，间接证据122)contact 接触123)access and substantial similarity 查看版权作品的机会和实质相似124)expert testimony 专家证言125)circumstantial evidence rule 间接证据规则126)illicit copying or unlawful appropriation 非法复制或非法盗用127)lay observer 非专业的观察者128)coincidence 巧合129)paradigmatic act of infringement 典型的侵权行为130)fair game 准许捕猎的猎物，意指可自由使用的素材131)characters and sequence 人物和顺序132)stock figures 陈旧的形象133)prototypes ，or stereotypical figures 原型或模式化形象134)a privilege 免责135)the dynamics of fair use 合理使用的作用136)“taken”引用137)“public figure”公众人物138)“contributory infringement”共同侵权139)home-typing 家庭录制行为140)purpose and character of the use 使用的目的和性质141)“private” fair use doctrine 私人合理使用理论142)commercial nature 营利目的143)an educational purpose 教学目的144)public policy 公共政策145)nature of the work 作品的性质146)form book 表格账簿147)the economic impact 经济影响148)implied consent theory 默示同意理论149)preliminary injunction 临时禁令150)the proporitional amount and substance of the use 使用的数量比例及其实质内容151)“the more the taking，the more the infringement ”引用的越多，侵权的可能性越大152)“reverse proportionality”反比例153)Committee on the Judiciary，House Rep 众议院司法委员会154)paraphrase 意译，释义155)The effect on the original author’s economic market 对原创作者经济市场的影响156)parody，burlesque，and satire 滑稽模仿，滑稽剧和讽刺作品157)fair use and fair speech 合理使用与言论自由158)Bills of Rights 权利法案159)carte blanche 无限制授160)a rule of reason 合理性原则161)photocopying 复印162)“Agreement on Guidelines for Classroom Copying in Not-For-Profit Educational Institutions”关于非营利性教学机构为课堂教学复制的指南的协议163)out-of-print works 绝版作品164)the functional-equivalents test 功能性等同测试165)interfere with，detract from 妨碍、毁损166)deplete 降低。