西方文明史Key Words

公元前3000年，两河流域与埃及同时出现初期文明。

两河流域Mesopotamia Civilization——出现Uruk Lagash Umma Ur Babylon 这些小城在兴盛与战争之间起起落落。

特别的一个是Babylon，它的统治者Hammurabi颁布《the Code of Hammurabi》, 但最后Babylon还是被Hittite赫梯族人灭亡了。

Nile Delta——尼罗河两侧的沙漠阻碍了外族的入侵，因此，埃及人一直也没有战争意识，Focus on culture。

Upper and Lower Egypt合并。

人们认为king是神明herd the man。

女性在埃及社会地位较高，但是不被允许受教育。

The great temple-tombs=pyramid which constructs by peasants。

当权者变得越发骄奢，religion replace the royal power。

进入Middle Kingdom，所有人民都被允许参政议政。

这时，Mesopotamia人开始入侵Egypt，带来战争技术，他种文化。

Hebrew——是Semite的一支，他们与Mesopotamia城邦进行贸易，过着wandering shepherd的生活，认为urban生活是curse。

统治者Abraham创立了新的宗教。

希伯来中许多人进入埃及境内居住，起初埃及人待他们不错，当埃及人将之视为奴隶时，他们Exodus。

Semite的一支由Moses率领出走埃及，前往Canaan。

这一支人才是准确意义上的犹太人祖先.Yahweh成为他们exclusive神明。

他们进入Canaan，当地人欢迎他们到来。

Philistines非利士人入侵，使得Isreal Kingdom建立，对抗外族入侵，建立Jerusalem。

此后，Isreal 先后被Assyrians，Babylon，Persians占领，特别是巴比伦，它Exile Isreal。

西方文明史总结题型介绍英文部分: 选择10 * 2’判断10* 1’简答4 * 5’(英文表述)中文部分：论述2* 15’ 1 * 20’Chapter 1 The Greek World – The Age of Alexander the Greet1.Polis —城邦2.城邦社会结构（图在ppt上）自由人—libertinus 公民—polite 全权公民（成年男性）—full-citizenship奴隶—helot 外邦人—resident aliens 妇女—woman贵族—aristocrat 平民—commonerLimitation（局限性）a.不是现代意义上的民主，而是男性公民的民主（广大妇女，奴隶，外邦移民无权利）Not in the sense of modern democracy, but full-citizenships of democratic (the women, helot, andresident aliens without rights)b.即是伟大文明的催化剂，又是社会不公的一种暴力机器。

That is not only great civilization of catalyst, but also a kind of social injustice violence machine.The right of full-citizens（权利）a.political rulernd ownerc.polis defender(the hoplite phalanx重装步兵)3.Socrates, Plato and Aristotle(苏格拉底，柏拉图和亚里士多德)a.Socrates(苏格拉底)Know thyself！（认识你自己）Question everything（求索万物）Only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness(快乐从追求美德开始)b. Plato(柏拉图)The academy（雅典学院）Theory of ideas(理念论)The repubilc（理想国）Allegory of the cave（洞穴理论）Equality of man and woman（男女平等）Advocated instead the leadership of enlighted philosopher-king(哲学王) who would control rather than consult the masses.c.Aristotole(亚里士多德)“Golden Mean”（中庸之道）——everthing in moderationLogic（逻辑学）三人思想的异同Socrates：Plato’s teach er,advocated materialism(唯物主义)，contributed more to educationand turned natrual research into human research in philosophy. He believed that in the pursuit of natural truth is endless(把哲学从研究自然转向研究自我，他认为对于自然的真理的追求是无穷尽的)Plato：Aritotle’s teacher,advocated id ealism(唯心主义). He believed that the world is consisted of “idea of the world” and “reasonable world”Aristotle: Encyclopedic scholar, advocated materialism(唯物主义), viewed that education is country function.4.polysism(多神教)5.“Hellenistic” Greece:希腊化时代—Hellenistic（希腊化）=Greek-like6.Alexandar the Great（综合评价）a.one of the most fascinating and controversal figures of historyb. he had an active,searching mind and a great love of physical exertion(运用)c.he was arrogant,but maintained a cool,self-control in the midst of actiond. his fame was enhanced by his ablity to inspire courage in his soldierse. he often got the jump on his enemies,outmaneuvering(以计谋获胜) them before they even knew what was going onf.Alexander was also exceedingly clever and acted decisively(果断的) when others hesitatedg. He could anticipate success and intuitively(直觉的) knew how to cope with(处理) each situationh. He took risks and when the outcome was in doubt,defied uncertainty, and managed each situation with boldnessi.He had a larger vision to bring together many races under one ruler and under one form of government. His goal was to make humankind a single poepleChapter 2 The Roman Republic—Origins,Breakdown and Rebirth1.Fouding of Rome(800BC)罗马城市的建立The legend of Romulus and Remus2.powers of the western meditertaneanGreeks and Carthaginians(迦太基人)3.The conquest of ItalyBy 270BC,Rome had expanded to the southern tip of Italy,had succeeded in establishing contractual alliances(联盟)4.Rome and Carthage(迦太基)—Power of the western mediterraneana.the carthaginians, who had established a commercial hegemony(贸易霸权) believed that the ascendant(优势的) Rome threatened their control of the ragionb.The Carthaginian (Punic) wars 布匿战争（三次）First Punic war- fought over Sicilian citySecond Punic war –Hannibal(汉尼拔)of carthage led army across Alps into ItalyThird Punic war –North Africa becomes Roman province5.罗马共和社会的表现形态Consul（执政官）代替行使国家权力，两名执政官互相牵制Senate（元老院）元老院有权批准、认可法律，并通过执政官掌管财政外交，统辖行省和实施重大宗教措施等。

西方文明史概述西方文明史概述西方文明是一种以基督文化为核心的文明，从古代希腊时期开始起源，经过数千年的发展和演变，逐步形成了西方文明体系。

上古时期，希腊文明开创了西方思想史，罗马共和国建立了文明规则，而且将希腊文化进行了广泛传播；中世纪时期，基督教开创了西方文化精神，兴起了封建文明，西方文学、绘画、建筑、书法等文化在中世纪进行了大规模的发展和创新；十六世纪以后，出现了科技革命，西方实现了思想上的前进，人文主义得到了发展。

18世纪，工业革命改变了西方人民的生活方式，20世纪，核爆炸使人类进入新的历史阶段。

西方文明具有强大的普遍性、推动性和吸引力，它对世界文明起到重要的推动作用。

西方文明不仅给其他文明带来了思想洗礼，更重要的是它带给世界文明一种博大的想象力和创新活力。

西方文明的精神比重高，侧重于明确的文字记载，凡是非文字的传说、歌谣等只能被称为“民间文学”，它们只有在口头中传播，才有可能传承下来，它们只能作为文学思想的补充，而不是西方文明史的基础。

西方文明体系最大的特征，就是它发展出一种独特的法治精神，它认为法律应该由人民自行制定，而不能依赖神的教导，法律就是至高无上的，人民对法律的尊重是西方文明的重要特征。

西方文明的发展还有一个重要的特征，就是它的理性性，它强调的是理性的思考和行为，它推崇的是科学的发现和应用，它认为逻辑与推理可以解决社会和精神问题，它还敦促人们以正当的手段实现自己的目标，不能依靠私心和欺诈来获取私利。

在西方文明中，人们对科学发展的意识也进一步增强，它强调以理性和科学的态度来看待世界，从而形成以科学为核心的新型文明。

总之，西方文明从古代希腊、罗马时期，到基督教时期，再到文艺复兴时期，最后是科技革命和工业时代，西方文明经历了数千年的变化，它提出了一系列新的思想观念，形成了一种独特的文明体系，它的存在与发展已经成为人类历史上不可或缺的一部分。

西方文明史讲义第一章、绪论：人类文明之大势与泛地中海文明进化论的全球史观：维科、孔多塞、特莱帕。

马克思主义属此。

斯宾格勒、汤因比文化类型史观（文明形态说）：反对文化有优劣并强调诸文明都不能避免“生命周期”。

四阶段：“起源、生长、衰落、解体”。

主要机制：由挑战——应战机制产生文明。

（吴宓书英文本《斯宾格勒之文化论》页边注：“成，住，坏，劫。

生，住，异，灭。

）（《西方的没落》The Decline of the West第2卷举出9个高等文化：（1）埃及文化；（2）巴比伦文化；（3）印度文化；（4）中国文化；（5）希腊罗马文化；（6）阿拉伯文化；（7）墨西哥文化；（8）西欧文化；（9）俄罗斯文化。

其实是八个：古典文化、西方文化、巴比伦文化、中国文化、埃及文化、墨西哥文化、阿拉伯文化、印度文化。

西欧文化，即所谓的“浮士德”文化，也已步入绝境，将来起而代之的是俄罗斯文化。

“文化之灵”的假说。

每一种文化的历史，都只是文化之灵的一个发现、一个化身。

真正的文化之灵都具有宗教性，文化所表露的一切生命的形式，即各种艺术、礼拜、教理、形而上学及数学的形式世界、装饰艺术、诗歌、思想等，都有宗教性。

一切文化的本质是宗教的，因而一切文明的本质，便是伪宗教的。

进而区分“文化”与“文明”两个概念。

文化一发展到老年时代，便入于文明之死亡的绝境，没有哲学、艺术，剩下的只有一群野蛮人，从事于物质的扩张和帝国主义的发展。

）（以中国文化来说，先秦时代是文化时代，汉、唐、宋、明、清时代就是文明时代；以印度文化来说，吠陀时代是文化时代，佛教、印度教时代就是文明时代；以地中海文化来说，希腊时代是文化时代，希腊化、罗马时代就是文明时代；以中东文化来说，早期基督教时代是文化时代，回教时代就是文明时代；以美索布达米亚文化来说，苏美时代是文化时代，巴比伦、亚述时代就是文明时代；以埃及文化来说，古王国、中王国是文化时代，新帝国就是文明时代；以墨西哥文化来说，玛雅时代是文化时代，阿兹提克时代就是文明时代；以秘鲁文化来说，印加帝国以前的时代是文化时代，以后的就是文明时代了。

1.American GovernmentConstitutionThe United States is a constitutional democracy, a type of government characterized by limitations (boundaries, restrictions) on government power spelled out in a written constitution. Written in 1787, the U.S. Constitution is both the oldest and shortest written constitution in the world. It serves as the supreme (highest, greatest) law (rule, regulation) of the United States.The Constitution•The Constitution outlines a federal government with three separate branches: the legislative (lawmaking) branch (Congress), the executive (decision-making) branch (the presidency), and the judicial branch (the courts).Bill of RightsThe first ten amendments to the Constitution, which safeguard some specific rights of the American people and the states.•Many states ratified (approved) the Constitution in 1788 and 1789 on the condition that Congress amend it to guarantee certain civil liberties. James Madison drafted these first ten amendments himself, which collectively became known as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights protects some specific rights of both the American people and the states. The table on the next page summarizes the twenty-seven amendments to the ConstitutionLegislative BranchCongress is the legislative branch of the federal government and is responsible for creating laws.Congress consists of two chambers, an upper chamber called the Senate (100 members) and a lower chamber called the House of Representatives (435 members).HOR is fixed and proportionally distributed among the 50 states, each one representing the congressional district.Senate: 100 senators, 2 per state.Congress•Congress has the sole (only) authority to make laws, levy taxes, declare war, and print money, among other powers. Congress also controls the federal budget.Executive Branch•The presidency is the executive branch of the federal government. The president is elected every four years and is responsible for enforcing the laws that Congress makes. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and has the power to conduct foreign relations.Judicial Branch•The federal courts make up the judicial branch of the federal government, which consists of regional circuit courts, appeals courts, and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the highest legal authority in the country and has assumed the power of judicial review to decide the legality (validity, truth) of the laws Congress makes.Mythical Founding•Most Americans re-imagine the founding of the United States in mythical terms, as the triumph of wisdom over tyrannical ignorance and as the creation of something new and important in the world.•American citizens tend to revere the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, and the Founding Fathers are seen as models of virtue (quality) and political wisdom.•The iconic image of George Washington on the one-dollar bill or the statue of Abraham Lincoln inside the Lincoln Memorial fits in with this heroic vision of the founders.Struggle Against Tyranny and InjusticeMost Americans often think of their country as the champion of democracy and justice. Many events in American history are therefore seen as part of this struggle. Americans tend to think of the:•Civil War as a battle to end slavery•World War II as the defeat of evil tyrants•Cold War as a triumph of democratic values over communism andtotalitarianism. T oday, many Americans see the fight againstterrorism as the latest example of the United States standing upfor what is right in the world. (World police)–Today, many Americans see the fight against terrorism asthe latest example of the United States standing up forwhat is right in the world. (World police)History as Progress•Although the United States is not a perfect democracy, many Americans interpret its history as progress toward a better democracy. In this view, America has improved from century to century, getting better and more democratic over time.The expansion of the right to vote is the best example.• e.g., At the start of the republic, the right to vote was restricted in most places to older, wealthy, white landowners.Right to Vote•Over time, all citizens won the right to voteIncluding the middle classes, the poor, Women (1920), People of other races (1965), Younger people (1970), American democracy has thus grown as more people have been allowed to participate.2. Superhero mythology reg Intro: HistoryWhat is a myth?A story of unknown authorship that people told long ago in an attempt to answer serious questions about how important things began and occurred.They are stories that explain natural occurrences and express beliefs of right and wrong. Myths usually have a religious or spiritual sense•They are early mans desire to explain the universe.i.e., Apollo, the son of Zeus, drove the chariot of the sun across the skyGods and Goddesses•The gods, goddesses, and heroes are super human in nature.i.e., Atlas bore the weight of the world and the heavens on his shoulders.•Gods sometimes appear in disguised form•Human emotions are experienced by the Gods–i.e., Hera’s jealousy (we will talk about this in a moment)Common Themes in Mythology•Good vs. Evil Light vs. Dark• A metamorphosis may occur Like a butterfly•In Greek mythology–The stories were part of their religion–Their festivals and ritual practices came from the storiesWhat is Greek Mythology?The ancient Greeks were polytheistic, meaning they worshiped multiple gods. They also told many stories (myths) about the gods, which were meant to guide human behavior and teach about the relationship between gods and humans.• The people of ancient Greece shared stories called myths about the gods, goddesses, and heroes in which they believed.• Each god or goddess was worshipped as a deity and ruled over certain areas of the Greeks’ lives.• These exciting stories explained natural phenomena that could not be explained by science in the ancient world.Why is it important?“As one of the major contributors to Western civilization, ancient Greek cultu re has provided the creative energy and prototypes for later forms of Western society. Intellectual and cultural achievements, together with social and economic developments in ancient Greece and its neighboring areas, mark the real beginning of Western civilization and the ending of the uncivilized, barbarous age” (pg. 7).• The Ancient Greek culture has been kept alive by the oral and later written stories handed down through thousands of years.• Modern plays, novels, television programs, movies and even advertisements refer to Greek gods, goddesses, heroes and their stories.• Their history entertains us and provide us with modern Western culture.Gods and Goddesses of the Pantheon on Mount OlympusZeus – Leader of the Olympian Gods (page 12)• He ruled the Olympians.• He was the god of the sky, lightning and thunder carrying a thunderbolt as his symbol (much like a superhero we will talk about in a moment).• He married Hera, his sister, which was a family habit.• He fathered many children with various goddesses and mortals.Hera – Wife of Zeus• She was the protector of marriage and the home.• She was associated with the peacock, because of her great beauty.• She and Zeus were always quarreling.• She was called the queen of intriguers, a vin dictive and jealous wife, who frequently outwitted her husband, Zeus.Poseidon – God of the Sea• He built an underwater palace with a great pearl and coral throne.• Although he chose Thetis, a beautiful water nymph, as his queen, he, like hisbrother Zeus, was a great wanderer fathering hundreds of children.• He was a difficult god, changeful and quarrelsome, but created many curious forms for his sea creatures.• He invented the horse for his sister Demeter, whom he loved.Hades – God of the Underworld• He was the jealous brother to Zeus and Poseidon.• He made Persephone his wife after stealing her from her mother,Demeter, who was his sister.• Because he was a violent god, who was also very possessive of every newsoul, he rarely left his underworld domain.Athena-Goddess of Wisdom, Justice, War, Civilization and Peace• She was born full grown out of the head of Zeus.• She taught man to use tools and taught his wife to spin and weave.• She was the best-loved goddess on Olympus.• She hated Ares, god of war, often besting him in battle.• The Greek city of Athens is named after her.• She was said to have created the spider.Apollo-The Sun God; God of Music, Poetry, Wisdom, Light and Truth• He was the twin brother of Artemis and the most handsom e of the gods.• He was also the god of the healing arts and of medicine.• He drove his chariot across the sky to pull the sun each day.• His son, Phaethon, drives Apollo’s sun chariot with disastrous resultsSo what does this have to do with superheroes?1.In addition to gods and goddesses, the Greeks included many heroes in their myths. Heroes were either human or demigods (the offspring of a human and a god or goddess).2. Most superheroes of today have their origins in the ancient myths of Greece, Rome, and other old empires. T oday, we worship superheroes in the same ways we once worshipped the gods.Zeus and SupermanBoth Superman and Zeus are born leaders, the most powerful of their respective groups. Superman is often thought of as godlike, the alien deity who has become incredibly protective of his adoptive home. Like Zeus, Superman dons a disguise so that he may walk among the mortals and see what life is like on the ground. But both are much more at home in the sky, soaring above us like the gods they are.Hades and BatmanThe dark prince, preferring underground quarters and with unimaginable wealth 2. As Hades is the dark brother of Zeus, so too is Batman the dark version of Superman. Like Hades, Batman makes his home underground and a significant part of his power comes from his riches. This aspect in particular perhaps makes Batman more like Pluto, the Roman version of Hades (page 37). It’s hard not to think of Batman as ruling the underworld of the DC Universe, deciding the ultimate fate of damned souls. Additionally, Batman is often found on the outside of the JLA circle, the member no one quite trusts, much like Hades and his Olympic family.Poseidon and Aquaman1. Poseidon was the main inspiration for Aquaman. They have the same weapon of choice, the trident and both are considered ruler of the seven seas, able to command the ocean and its inhabitants.2. Perhaps the main difference between the two is that while Poseidon is one of thethree most powerful of the Olympian Gods, Aquaman isn't seen as many people's favorite superhero. I guess it just goes to show that the ancient Greeks thought that the ability to talk to fish was a lot cooler than we do.Hera and Wonder Woman•So, putting aside the warrior aspect of the “Amazon warrior” for a moment, Wonder Woman is really all about the traditions of her people. She fiercely defends her home and her family- just like Hera. While she would likely disagree with Hera about the whole “needing a good man thing”, she does find herself paired with Superman and Steve Trevor quite a bit. At any rate, both are effectively the “mother” of their respective groups, and react quite fiercely if any of her family attacked.What Is A Superhero?1. Like the gods and goddesses of mythology, a superhero possesses extraordinary or superhuman powers and is dedicated to protecting the public. However, by most definitions, characters do not strictly require actual superhuman powers to be deemed superheroes.Terms such as costumed crime fighters or caped crusaders are sometimes used to refer to those such as Batman and Superman.2. Normally, superheroes use their powers to counter day-to-day crime while also combating threats against humanity by super-villains, their criminal counterparts. Often, one of these super-vil lains will be the superhero’s archenemy.Common Traits Many superhero characters display the following traits:2.Extraordinary powers or abilities, relevant skills and/or advanced3.equipment.4.Superhuman strength5. Ability to fly6. Enhanced senses7.The projection of energy bolts8. A strong moral (ethical) code 10. expectation of reward.9. Willingness to risk one’s own safety in the service of good without11.Refusal or strong reluctance to kill or wield lethal weapons.12 A motivation (inspiration)•13. Sense of responsibility (Spider-Man)15. Personal vendetta against criminals (Batman)16.Strong belief in justice and humanitarian service (Superman)17.Independent Wealth or an occupation that allows for minimal supervision18.A headquarters or base of operations kept hidden from the general publicPresentation3 The Old Testament 97Jewish Culture, The Old Testament, and The New TestamentMoses & Exodus:“Let My People Go!”•Moses received revelations from God: burning bush, rod / staff, 10 plagues, parting of the Red Sea•End of 13th century BCE- Moses led the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt during Rames II reign called the EXODUS•Moses led the 12 Tribes of Israel to Mount Sinai where Yahweh gave him the 10 Commandments, uniting the Hebrews under one God•Moses and Hebrews searched for the “Promised Land” or the land of milk and honey, however they wandered in the desert for 40 yearsJewish Culture•Jewish culture emerged and survived in extraordinary circumstances.•The Jewish people were exiled from one country to another in Europe and elsewhere in the world.•As part of the origins of Western civilization, Jewish culture has contributed to the Western historical development by providing substantial religious ingredients and many other aspects of the whole basic framework of Western society.•At the same time, the Jewish people suffered a lot due to their cultural and religious distinctivenessA brief account of Jewish history•It is said that Jews belong to the Semitic race, as with the original Babylonians, Phoenicians, and Assyrians. They claim to be descended from Abraham, and have emigrated from Mesopotamia (along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) and have settled in the 16th C BC in north Egyppt and then entered Canaan in the 12th C BC. After fighting many wars with local tribes, they ultimately settled on both sides of the Jordan River.The Division and Fall of Israel•After Solomon’s death, a separatist movement headed by Jeroboam rose up in the north of Israel and broke the country into two parts, the south: Judah and the north: Israel (ruled by the descendants of Solomon)•Frequent wars occurred between the two sectors and weakened their power.•In 722 BC, the Assyrian king and his troops attacked Jerusalem and Israel was ruined.•Judah could not evade the fate of being destroyed.•Under the leadership of Nebuchadnezzar II, the king of Babylonia, Jerusalem was besieged twice and the second siege laster three years until the city was finally taken in 586 BC. (Babylonian Captivity)•From then on, Judah and Israel were nonexistent as independent countries. Impact of Ancient Israel•Covenant = formal agreement between Hebrews and God (Yahweh); Hebrews worshipped God and only God, and in return, they would be God’s Chosen People and given Canaan as the Promised Land•Spiritual ideas profoundly influenced Western culture, morality, ethics and conduct •Three of the world’s most dominant religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam all derive their roots from the spiritual beliefs of the Ancient IsraelitesWhat is the bible?•The Bible is a book that can be found almost anywhere on the earth. It has been translated into more than 2000 different languages and dialects. It is also the world's most popular book. Every year more copies of the Bible are sold than any other publication, and the number of sales is increasing.Unknown Authorship1. The Bible is one of the world's oldest books. Its oldest sections were written about 1500 years before the birth of Christ. Even its newest sections were written about 1900 years ago.2. Clearly, then, having been written over a period of about 1600 years, the Bible was not written by one person. No one knows precisely how many people contributed to the Bible. It is estimated there were about forty authors.3. One of the most important facts about the Bible is that those who wrote it did not claim to be the source of the ideas they wrote about. sometimes indirectly, the authors assert that what they were writing really came from God.The Old TestamentThe Old Testament is the first section of the Christian Bible and is based primarily upon the Jewish, Hebrew Bible, a collection of religious writings by ancient Israelites.The importance of Christianity•Christianity is the most important religion in the Western world. Having served asa dominant ideological tool, Christianity once exerted powerful influences on thesocial and intellectual life of the Western world. It is still of much importance to the Western culture, especially in the spiritual life of the Westerners though its heyday has passed. It could be said that no one can understand the West without studying Christianity.However…Christianity has been at the heart of great historical changes and has broken up into several factions, principally Catholicism, the Eastern Orthodoxy and the Protestantism, which all try to interpret the Christian doctrines from different perspectives. This has given rise to more difficulties and complexities for those wishing to acquire a better knowledge of Western religionsChristianity and Judaism•The relationship between Christianity and Judaism proved extraordinarily difficult and complicated due to historical incidents. On one hand, the birth of Christianity indirectly acknowledged the Jewish contribution and the influence of Judaism, and once could also say Christianity could have never been established without the Jewish involvement during the dark years when the Jewish people lived under the cruel oppression of the Roman rule and had begun to fight against it.The New Testament•The New Testament contains 27 parts, which were completed in the later half of the first century AD or the first half of the second century AD. They are all of the recollections of the early Christians. The earliest manuscript was written in Greek and possibly translated from Arabic, the Palestine language. It conists of the four Gospels(brief collections of Jesus’ life), a book of the Acts of the Apostles, Letters, and The Revelations of John.Presentation4 Halloween 97Origins and Traditions OriginsHalloween began two thousand years ago in Ireland, England, and Northern France with the ancient religion of the Celts (Paganism).They celebrated their New Year on November 1st.This day marked the beginning of the dark, cold winter, a time of year that was often associated with human death. On the night of October 31, they celebrated Samhain, when it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth.CostumesPeople thought that they would encounter ghosts if they left their homes…So they wore costumes. This way, the ghosts couldn’t recognize them!Eg. Beetle juice Edward Scissor handsThe Christian InfluenceAs the influence of Christianity spread into Celtic lands, in the 7th century, Pope Boniface IV introduced All Saints' Day, a time to honor saints and martyrs, to replace the Pagan festival of Samhain. It was observed on May 13th.A change of dateIn 834, Pope Gregory III moved All Saint's Day from May 13th to Nov. 1st. Oct.31st thus became All Hallows' Eve ('hallow' means 'saint').All Souls DayNovember 2nd, called All Souls Day, is the day set apart in the Roman Catholic Church for the commemoration of the dead.Trick-or-treating began with the poor in the 15th century…During the All Souls Day festival in England, poor peop le would beg for “soul cakes,” made out of square pieces of bread with currantsFamilies would give soul cakes in return for a promise to pray for the family’s relativeschildren…The practice, which was referred to as "going a-souling" was eventually taken up by children who would visit the houses in their neighborhood and be given ale, food, and money.Today…Children still go from house-to-house, but instead of ale, food, and money, they get candy.With Irish Immigration…In 1848, millions of Irish emigrants poured into America as a result of the potato famine. They brought with them their traditions of Halloween.Halloween came to America.They called Halloween Oidche Shamhna (`Night of Samhain'), as their ancestors had, and kept the traditional observances.When they arrived in America they found that pumpkins were both plentiful and easier to carve than turnips.Chapter 5 The Middle Ages: IntroductionLearning Intentions (goals)1) Know when the Three Stages of the Middle Ages were.2) Know some of the key events from the topic.3)Know the key event the Unit focuses upon.What was the Middle Ages the ‘Middle’ of?•The Middle Ages was the period of European history between 500AD and 1500AD.•Other names for this period include the Dark Ages and the Age of Religion.•The most common name for this period is the Medieval Period.•‘Medieval’ is the Latin T erm for the ‘Middle Ages’ (it comes from the same word that gave us Median in mathematics).The Early Middle Ages (550 – 1000)Key Events:•End of the Roman Empire•The Rise of Islam•The rule of Barbarian Kings.•Charlemagne creates the Carolingian Empire.•Europe terrified by waves of invaders.•The emergence of Knights and Feudalism.The beginning of the Middle•The Middle Ages begins with the Fall of the Roman Empire in 476.•The Romans had ruled provinces in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa for nearly a thousand years.•Challenges to Roman security increased during the first century (0-100 AD) as tribes from Germania (Germany) began to confront the Romans.Division of Rome•One of the consequences of the weakening of Rome was the division of the Roman Empire.•This was intended to make governing easier.•In 376 AD the Empire was divided into two:•The Western Roman Empire (capital city of Rome)•The Eastern Roman Empire (capital city of Constantinople)The Barbarians takeover•By the end of the 400s Rome had been weakened by political instability.•Roman legions (armies) were stretched thin across an empire that was becoming too large to defend easily.•German tribes such as the Goths, Visigoths, Vandals, Angles and Saxons took advantage of this weakness.•In 476 the Visigoth King Odovocar removed the last Western Roman Ruler from power.Rome’s greatest legacy - Christianity•The Barbarians desired the farmlands, roads and wealth of the Western Roman Empire.•The unintended consequence of conquest was that the tribes spread the Christian faith throughout all the peoples of Europe.•Rome’s official religion since 395 had been Christianity.•This ended nearly three centuries of persecution of Christians (including being burned alive, crucified and thrown into the gladiatorial arenas).•Their was only one recognised church (the Roman Catholic). The Pope is the head of the church.·Christianity became the official religion of Rome following the conversion of Emperor Constantine in 312.•Constantine converted after he claimed to experience a vision of a flaming cross in the sky before a battle.•He promised to convert to Christianity and succeeded in the battle.•Some historians argue that the real reason was it secured the loyalty of Christians in his army (who were becoming a significant and influential group).The Rise of Islam•Christianity had started as an obscure Jewish sect (religion with a small number of followers).•The conversion of Constantine and the Barbarian conquerors ensured that it defined European culture throughout the Middle Ages.•24 years after the fall of western Rome a religious leader was born in Saudi Arabia whose vision would challenge the Christian world view – Muhammed.The Spread of Islam•Muhammad was the prophet of the faith of Islam.•The Islamic Holy Book (The Koran) was the final authority on faith and lifestyle for the followers of Islam. It was recited by Muhammed after receiving a vision from Allah.•Like Christianity, Islam is a monotheistic religion (acknowledging only one God).•Although the Koran mentions both Mary and Jesus respectfully it states that Jesus was another prophet (and not the Son of God or divine).Reasons why tension between the Christian West and Islamic East were inevitable:1. Both religions claimed to be the One True Faith.2. Both religions came from the Middle East and claimed similar places as Holy(e.g. Jerusalem)3. Islamic Empires spread rapidly – and managed to conquer parts of EuropeThe New Medieval World•The end of the Western Roman Empire meant that the political unity of Europe had collapsed.•In response, the German tribes formed their own kingdoms.•Their Kings had limited power so relied upon the loyalty of local land owners (called Lords).The Rise of the Medieval Church•The main source of continuity from Roman to Medieval times was the church.•The Catholic Church had arranged diplomatic meetings with the leaders of barbarian tribes before the Fall of Rome.•It also sent waves of missionaries into German tribal areas (successfully!).•The leader of the Church (the Pope) became a symbol of unity at a time of great disruption.Pope Francis is the reigning pope of the Catholic ChurchCharlemagne the Great Odd facts•‘Carolingian’ just means ‘Descendents of Charles’•The FIRST Charles was ‘Charles Martel’–the grandfather of Charlemagne. The Empire was named after this common family name.•Some of the Charles which followed after the death of Charlemagne included:•CHARLES THE FAT, CHARLES THE BALD AND CHARLES THE SIMPLE!Medieval Europe – Threatened from all sides.The Medieval response: Feudalism•The waves of invaders and raiders during the 800s and 900s made central control of Europe very difficult.• A system based on local power and loyalty emerged. This was known as FEUDALISM: A political and social system that tied together Kings, Lords and Peasants in a relationship based upon loyalty and land.•Feudalism was a way to provide protection and security quickly.•It had one key weakness – the whole system relied upon having LAND to give to people in return for loyalty.•This hunger for land (along with the invasions) resulted in a Medieval Arms race to produce the strongest military and defences.•In this context the creation of heavily armed Knights (now using the stirrups) and castles developed!The Three Invasions – The Vikings•The Vikings came from Denmark, Sweden and Norway.•Due to overpopulation and the harshness of their rocky and cold environment they set out on a series of raids.•The brutality and speed of their attacks made them the most feared threat to Western Europe.•The goals of their invasions differed. In some areas they simply raided monasteries and towns and carried off the treasure, food, women and slaves they needed.•In other cases (such as the region called Normandy) they settled permanently. The Three Invasions – The Islamic•As the Vikings attacked the North and coastal Europe Islamic raids attacked the south.•Muslim forces controlled the islands of Sicily in the Mediterranean and southern Spain.•They used fortresses in these regions to attack Western Europe. Fortresses were also built in France so merchants could be raided.•Muslim forces besieged Rome in 846 and plundered the cathedrals of St.Peter and Paul (although they never raided the city itself). They also destroyed a religious centre at Monte Cassino.•The former Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) had to deal with repeated raids because it was so close to the Middle EastThe Three Invasions – The Magyars•The Magyars originally came from Western Russia.•Like another ‘barbarian’ tribe (The Huns) they were excellent horseman and could shoot arrows while riding.•They carried out a series of raids and managed to left a path of destruction from Eastern Europe to Southern Germany.•Their invasions were stopped in 955 when a German King called Otto the Great defeated them.。

General survey of western culture/civilization 西方文明概述Q 1:When and where did western culture originate? How long does it last?Keys: Western culture originated in Greek, Roman and perhaps Celtic culture, which is known as classicism. It lasted almost 5000 years since the origin of Cretan society, her rapid growth, high prosperity and world influence didn’t come until the Renaissance.Celtic/ˈkɛltɪk, ˈsɛl-/ 1. ADJ If you describe something as Celtic, you mean that it is connected with the people and the culture of Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and some other areas such as Brittany. 凯尔特人的; 凯尔特文化的[usu ADJ n]classicism/ˈklæsɪˌsɪzəm/ 1. N-UNCOUNT Classicism is a style of art practised especially in the 18th century in Europe. It has simple regular forms and the artist does not attempt to express strong emotions. (特指十八世纪欧洲艺术界的)古典风格Cretan['kritən] n. 克里特岛人adj. 克利特岛的；克利特岛人的renaissance /rəˈneɪsəns/ N-PROPER The Renaissance was the period in Europe, especially Italy, in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, when there was a new interest in art, literature, science, and learning. 文艺复兴时期Q2:What did western culture benefit from besides classist origins?Key: Jewish cultureQ3:Where did Jewish culture originate? What is it famous for?Keys: Jewish culture took root in the Middle East. It is famous for its originality and persistency in religious faith as well as the Jewish People’s ability to endure tortuous experiences in national migration and overseas Diaspora. Besides, Christianity was founded out of the Jewish anti-Roman struggle.tortuous英[ˈtɔːtʃuəs] 美[ˈtɔːrtʃuəs] adj. [usually before noun] (formal)1 (usually disapproving) 拐弯抹角的；含混不清的；冗长费解的not simple and direct; long, complicated and difficult to understand 同义词：convoluted2 (of a road, path, etc. 道路、小路等) 弯弯曲曲的；逶迤的；蜿蜒的full of bends 同义词：winding 【派生词】tortuously adv.Diaspora [daɪˈæspərə][sing.] (formal)1 the diaspora （犹太人的）大流散the movement of the Jewish people away from their own country to live and work in other countries2 （任何民族的）大移居the movement of people from any nation or group away from their own countryQ4: Say something about Christianity.Christianity came out of Jewish culture.Christianity gradually expanded into a major religion in the West and a dominant ideological power. (increasing dissemination and wide popularity)With the admission of Christianity to its ranks alongside classicism and Jewish culture, western society became integrated and established.Christianity had played a tremendous role in the ways of thinking and modes of behaviors among Westerners.Christianity allows and even encourage people from different races, sexes and origins to be accepted without discrimination. (Roman ruler accepted it as a state religion.)Christianity –conservation and corruption -- Religious Reformation –schism with Christianity –Catholicism, Protestantism and Eastern OrthodoxyQ5: What’s the cause and the consequence of Religious Reformation?Key: With the passage of time (随着时间的流逝)and the entrenchment of its hierarchical system, Christianity’s leading body was inclined to be more conservative and corrupted, giving rise to increasing levels of complaints and opposition. Hence，the Religious Reformation is inevitable and led to the schism within Christianity. Catholicism, Protestantism, and the Eastern Orthodoxy worked independently of each other in the name of Jesus Christ.entrenchment [ɪnˈtrentʃmənt]noun 1 [U] ~ (of sth) 牢固确立；根深蒂固the fact of sth being firmly established 2 [C, usually pl.] 堑壕；战壕a system of trenches (= long narrow holes dug in the ground by soldiers to provide defence)hierarchical[ˌhaɪəˈrɑːkɪkl]adj. 按等级划分的；等级制度的arranged in a hierarchy a hierarchical society/structure/organization 分等级的社会/ 结构/ 组织schism [ˈskɪzəm]noun [C, U] (formal) 分裂；宗派活动；（尤指）教会分裂strong disagreement within an organization, especially a religious one, that makes its members divide into separate groupsCatholicism [kəˈθɒləsɪzəm] N-UNCOUNT 天主教教义Catholicism is the traditions, the behaviour, and the set of Christian beliefs that are held by Catholics.Protestantism[ˈprɑːtɪstəntɪzəm] N-UNCOUNT Protestantism is the set of Christian beliefs that are held by Protestants. 新教; 新教教义Eastern Orthodoxy[ˈiːstən ˈɔːθədɒksi] 东正教;希腊正教;东正教会Q6:Why is the Medieval period (Middle Ages) (about 476 --1453)one of the darkest ages in Western civilization?Key: Because the majority of the Western population could not enjoy significantly any intellectual, political and economic freedom. With the Germanic intrusion and Roman decline, Western culture suffered from a period of arrested growth while barbarous Germanic tribes were intent upon destruction and spoil at the beginning of their conquest.medieval/ˌmɛdɪˈiːvəl/ BRIT also mediaeval ADJ Something that is medieval relates to or was made in the period of European history between the end of the Roman Empire in AD 476 and about AD 1500. 中世纪的Germanic [dʒɜːˈmænɪk] adj. 1 德国的；德国人的；有德国（或德国人）特点的connected with or considered typical of Germany or its people 2 日耳曼语（族）的connected with the language family that includes German, English, Dutch and Swedish among othersQ7: What came after the dark age? Why is this period important in the history of Western culture? Keys: Renaissance. It confirms and manifests humanist thinking and application; the European thinkers and practitioners fostered critical spirit and opposed to scholasticism during the Renaissance, which paved the way for the development of science and technology. The pluralist and humanist developed; the emergency of the Renaissance is both a resistance to theological autocratic ideology and an affirmation of classical literature; it suggests the approval and advocacy of a new spirit focusing on secular ideas with humanism as its core, constituting elements of hedonism, free will and skepticism.scholasticism [skəˈlæstɪsɪzəm]noun [U] 经院哲学a system of philosophy, based on religious principles and writing, that was taught in universities in the Middle Ages pluralist [ˈplʊərəlɪst] adj. also pluralistic 1 (of a society 社会) 多元性的；多元化的having many different groups of people and different political parties in it 2 (philosophy 哲) 多元主义的；多元论的not based on a single set of principles or beliefs noun 1 多元主义者（认为社会中不同群体可以有益地和平共处的人）aperson who believes that it is possible and good for different groups of people to live together in peace in our society 2 兼职者；（尤指）兼任神职者（同时担任两个或以上的职务）a person who has more than one job or position at the same time, especially in the Church theological [ˌθiːə'lɒdʒɪk(ə)l] adj. 神学(上)的;神学性质的;根据圣经的autocratic[ˌɔːtəˈkrætɪk] adj. 独裁者的;专制的;专横的hedonism [ˈhedənɪzəm] noun [U] 享乐主义the belief that pleasure is the most important thing in life 【派生词】hedonistic adj.skepticism [ˈskeptɪsɪzəm] n. 怀疑态度;怀疑主义= skepticismQ8: What achievements were made during the Enlightenment era? What’s the climax of Enlightenment?Keys: The Enlightenment thinkers presented a set of systematic ideas far more profound and integrated than those that emerged during the Renaissance, which provided a body of intact theoretical principles for the bourgeois revolution and the later capitalist state. Scientific and other new knowledge circulated widely among the broad masses of the people. The climax is French Revolution. The famous slogan Freedom, Equality and Philanthropy originated from the Revolution and continued to inspire generations of revolutionaries all over the world. bourgeois 英[ˈbʊəʒwɑː]美[ˌbʊrˈʒwɑː] adj. 1 中产阶级的belonging to the middle class 2 (disapproving) 追求名利且平庸的；世俗的interested mainly in possessions and social status and supporting traditional values 3 (politics 政) 资产阶级的；资本家的supporting the interests of capitalismQ9: What happened after the victory of the bourgeois revolution?Keys: The heyday of capitalism and colonialism came and there was a prosperous evolvement of Western culture. Classicism, realism, romanticism, naturalism, modernism and post-modernism were the most influential trends.Q10: What are the two periods of Western culture after the Second World War? What ideologies emerged ?Key: The passage from the end of the Second World War to the early 1970s marks the first phase while the years since then could be counted as the second phase. Ideologies: modernism, existentialism, feminism, post-colonialism, deconstruction and post-construturalism.。

大一西方文明史知识点梳理西方文明史是人类历史上的一个重要组成部分，对于了解西方社会文化、思想演变以及世界历史的发展具有重要意义。

本文主要对大一西方文明史的知识点进行梳理，以帮助读者更好地了解和掌握这一领域的基本内容。

1. 古希腊文明古希腊文明是西方文明史的开端，对政治制度、哲学思想、艺术等领域都产生了深远的影响。

其中的雅典民主制度、苏格拉底的辩论艺术、柏拉图的理念世界等都是重要的知识点。

2. 古罗马帝国古罗马帝国是西方文明史的另一个重要阶段，它不仅继承了古希腊的文明成果，还在法律、行政管理、城市建设等方面有独特贡献。

重要的知识点包括罗马法、行省制度、罗马建筑等。

3. 拜占庭帝国拜占庭帝国是罗马帝国东部的延续，对于东方地区的文化与宗教产生了深远影响。

重要的知识点有拜占庭教堂建筑、东正教对艺术的影响等。

4. 文艺复兴运动文艺复兴是欧洲14至17世纪时期的一场重要的思想文化运动，它标志着中世纪的结束与近代的开始。

知识点包括人文主义思想、文艺复兴艺术家与作品、印刷术的传播等。

5. 宗教改革宗教改革是16世纪欧洲的一场重要社会运动，主要由马丁·路德等人发起。

知识点包括宗教改革的原因和动力、新教的兴起与天主教的改革、宗教信仰的多元化等。

6. 启蒙运动启蒙运动是18世纪欧洲的一场重要思想运动，提倡理性思维、个人自由与人权的理念。

知识点包括启蒙思想家与作品、法国大革命的影响、启蒙运动对科学和哲学的贡献等。

7. 工业革命工业革命是18世纪末至19世纪初英国发生的一场重大变革，标志着现代工业社会的兴起。

知识点包括纺织业的机械化、蒸汽机的发明、工人运动与社会改革等。

8. 殖民扩张与帝国主义欧洲国家在18至20世纪对其他地域的殖民扩张对世界历史产生了深远影响。

知识点包括殖民地的开发与统治、印度反殖民斗争、世界两次大战对殖民地的影响等。

9. 两次世界大战两次世界大战是20世纪最重要的冲突事件，对于西方文明史产生了深刻的影响。

西方文明史一、考试范围（全书）重点在词汇、引言、部分段落二、试题类型英文题、中文题各占试题总分的50%1.选择题和判断题共占试题总分的30%2.英文简答题占试题总分的20%-30%3.中文论述题占试题总分的40%-50%三、重点（一）专有名词：皇帝名词，事件（基本事实）基本事实简答二、哲学思想page 16 （三位）22页相互关联、继承、发展、联系三、亚力山大（书上，14-16）柏拉图（二）罗马共和------体现------三个层次怎么建立与完善=>三个人的执政，关系，如何互相解释，标志事件两个改革39页-49页武力争战（三个）三者相互关联战争之后的改革（三）基督教与犹太的传承关系犹太教建立过程的重大事件=>背景，罗马国教page 63耶稣（重要人物）如何传教（突破了犹太），如何向门徒传教（人们为什么）怎么发展壮大的（皇帝迫害=> 奥古斯汀《上帝之城》帮助凯撒被刺杀，屋大维胜出，安东尼，（埃及艳后）权力真空奥古斯都元首制（54页）权力，外在方式，接受（人们接受他的体制）罗马和平外在表现----细节词语（五）一教会与世俗之争（根源）德国标志事件：教皇的力量如何发展（147页-151页）隐修克里尼运动，格里高立133页，授权争议，（教皇）=>最高潮约翰王与教皇争权=>约翰王的教皇国=>耶路撒冷，十字军东征，来龙去脉,影响四黑暗时期/盛期，骑士主义的思想女性地位上升（六）英法为代表的专制统治体制=>最终结果光荣革命《人权法案》法国的巅峰地位路易十四，如何建立自己独裁形式，对外管理的主要方式（凡尔赛宫）作用巴黎的沙龙选择、判断、简答，在PPT中找论述，看书中的导言、上课重点分析的段落。

西方文明史复习资料考试题型：名词解释、填空题、简答题、论述题1、什么是欧洲文明？三大要素：古典遗产Classical Heritage 蛮族入侵Barbarian Invasions基督教Christianity.四大特色：海洋、延续、多元、西进四大遗产：古希腊的理性Ancient Greek rationality古罗马的法律Ancient Roman legal codes希伯来的信仰Ancient Hebrew faith日尔曼的进取Germanic spirit of venture2、西方文明沿革的历史轨迹米诺斯文明（约BC20----15世纪）——迈锡尼文明（约BC16-----12世纪）——古典希腊文明（BC8----1世纪）——古罗马文明（BC7----AD5世纪）——【中世纪基督教文明（5----15世纪）——现代西方文明（15世纪---）】或——【拜占庭文明——东正教文明、伊斯兰教文明】3、文明【重点】（可用书本上的定义）一个特定的人群，在特定的时空范围内积累的物质财富和精神财富。

物质文明：遗存、器物，生产生活的技术水平。

精神文明：哲学、宗教、文学艺术、思想。

功能文明：管理体制、运行机制。

“文明”第一次作为一个名词使用是法国启蒙思想家密拉波于1756年在《人类的朋友》一书中提出的。

4、“文明”与“文化”的异同【重点】文化——人类所创造的一切物质和精神成果的总和。

文明——是发展到高级阶段的人类文化，是文化中积极进步的成果，是人类一定历史发展阶段所形成的历史形态。

文化与文明的异同：异：高级阶段积极进步的成果同：两者的相互联系和相互重合的部分，远远多于它们所表现出来的差异与区分之处。

从广义上讲，文明和文化可以基本等同，没必要过多地纠缠它们的细微差别。

5、人类的起源【重点】地球的历史可分为太古代、元古代、古生代、中生代和新生代。

古猿出现在新生代第三纪的渐新世，人类由古猿演化而来。

从猿到人经过了三个阶段：攀树的猿群、正在形成中的人、完全形成中的人。