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基于混沌机制的人工蜂群算法优化的支持向量机分类器作者：刘霞张姗姗胡铭鉴庞永贵来源：《计算技术与自动化》2015年第02期（1.2.;东北石油大学;电气信息工程学院，黑龙江;大庆163318;3.;新疆石油勘探设计研究院，新疆;克拉玛依;834000;4.;大庆物探一公司，黑龙江;大庆;163357）摘要：支持向量机的分类性能在很大程度上取决于其相关参数的选择，为了改善支持向量机的分类准确率，本文采用基于混沌机制的人工蜂群算法对其参数进行优化。
在传统人工蜂群算法的基础上，采用Logistic混沌映射初始化种群和锦标赛选择策略，进一步提高人工蜂群算法的收敛速度和寻优精度。
该方法采用分类准确率作为适应度函数，利用人工蜂群算法对支持向量机的惩罚因子和核函数参数进行优化。
通过对多个标准数据集的分类测试，证明基于混沌机制的人工蜂群算法优化的支持向量机分类器能够获得更高的分类准确率。
关键字：人工蜂群算法，支持向量机，参数优化，混沌机制，锦标赛选择策略中图分类号：TP311;文献标识码：A;;文章编号：黑龙江省长江学者后备计划（2012CJHB005）Artificial;colony;algorithm;based;on;chaotic;mechanism;optimization;of;support;vector;machine; classifierLIU;Xia1，ZHANG;Shan-shan2，HU;Ming-jian3，PANG;Yong-gui4（1.2.Northeast;Petroleum;University;Electrical;information;engineering;institute，Heilongjiang;Daqing;163318;3.Xinjiang;Design;Institute，China;Petroleum;Engineering，Xinjiang;Karamay;834000;4.Daqing;Gepphysical;Exploration;Company;of;NO.1，Heilongjiang;Daqing;163357）Abstract：;The;classification;performance;of;support;vector;machine;（SVM）;to;a;large;extent;depends;on;the;selection;of;its;parameters，;in;order;to;improve;the;class ification;accuracy;of;support;vector;machine;（SVM），;using;Artificial;bee;colony;algorithm;based;on;chaotic;mechanism;to;optimize;the;para meters;in;this;paper.;On;the;basis;of;the;traditional;artificial;colony;algorithm，;using;the;Logistic;ch aotic;mapping;initialization;population;and;tournament;selection;strategy，;further;improve;the;artifi cial;colony;algorithm;convergence;speed;and;optimization;precision.The;method;adopts;the;classification;accuracy;as;fitness;function，;using;artificial;colony;algorithm;of;support;vector;machine;（SVM）;penalty;factor;and;the;kernel;function;parameter;optimization.;By;standard;data;sets;with;t he;classification;of;the;test，;prove;that;artificial;colony;algorithm;based;on;chaotic;mechanism;opti mization;of;support;vector;machine;classifier;can;achieve;higher;classification;accuracy.Keywords：;Artificial;colony;algorithm，;Support;vector;machine;（SVM），;parameters;optimization，;Chaotic;mechanism，;Tournament;selection;strategy1;引言支持向量机（Support;Vector;Machines，;SVM）是以统计学习理论为基础，针对有限样本的一种通用学习方法，能有效解决小样本、高维数、非线性等问题[1-3]。
基于BERT的短文本相似度判别模型方子卿，陈一飞*（南京审计大学信息工程学院，江苏南京211815）摘要：短文本的表示方法和特征提取方法是自然语言处理基础研究的一个重要方向，具有广泛的应用价值。
本文提出了BERT_BLSTM_TCNN模型，该神经网络模型利用BERT的迁移学习，并在词向量编码阶段引入对抗训练方法，训练出包括句的语义和结构特征的且泛化性能更优的句特征，并将这些特征输入BLSTM_TCNN层中进行特征抽取以完成对短文本的语义层面上的相似判定。
在相关数据集上的实验结果表明：与最先进的预训练模型相比，该模型在有着不错的判定准确率的同时还有参数量小易于训练的优点。
关键词：词向量模型；自然语言处理；短文本相似度；卷积神经网络；循环神经网络中图分类号：G642文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-3044(2021)05-0014-05开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：Short Text Similarity Discrimination Model based on BERTFANG Zi-qing,CHEN Yi-fei*(Nanjing Audit University,Nanjing211815,China)Abstract:Short text representation methods and feature extraction methods are an important direction of basic research in natural language processing,and have a wide range of applications.This paper proposes the BERT_BLSTM_TCNN model.The neural net⁃work model uses BERT's transfer learning and introduces an adversarial training method in the word vector encoding stage to train sentence features that include the semantic and structural features of the sentence and have better generalization performance,and combine these The feature is input into the BLSTM_TCNN layer for feature extraction to complete the similarity determination on the semantic level of the short text.The experimental results on the relevant data set show that:compared with the most advanced pre-training model,this model has a good judgment accuracy rate and also has the advantages of small parameters and easy train⁃ing.Key words:word embedding model;natural language processing;short text similarity;convolutional neural networks;recurrent neu⁃ral networks近些年来随着个人计算机的普及和各种网络信息技术的快速进步，数字化的文本数量也随之呈现爆炸式的增长。
目录摘要........................................................................................................................................ I I 关键词........................................................................................................................................ I I Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... I I Key Words .................................................................................................................................. I I 1引言.. (1)1.1研究意义 (1)1.2国内外研究情况 (1)2支持向量机理论 (3)2.1支持向量机基础理论 (3)2.2C-SVM算法及其变形算法 (7)2.3 V-SVM算法 (9)3 LIBSVM软件 (12)3.1LIBSVM软件简介 (12)3.2LIBSVM软件的使用方法 (12)3.3LIBSVM的工具包 (15)4 Qt图形库 (18)5 系统的设计与实现 (19)5.1分类问题的提出及SVM分类原理 (19)5.2支持向量机与蘑菇毒性分析相结合 (21)5.2.1 蘑菇毒性检测系统总体框架 (21)5.2.2 蘑菇物理属性的数据描述 (21)5.2.3 蘑菇属性数据学习模型的建立 (23)5.2.4 蘑菇毒性预测部分 (26)6 总结 (27)6.1结论 (27)6.2下一步工作 (28)参考文献 (29)致谢 (30)基于支持向量机（SVM）的蘑菇毒性检测系统摘要本文根据模式识别理论，对支持向量机的分类机制，核函数算法和松弛变量的定义进行了研究，采用了LIBSVM工具结合蘑菇毒性样本数据在linux下开发出了蘑菇毒性检测系统，该系统着重分析了样本数据的分割和参数变量的定义对分类精确率的影响。
农业机械学报第51卷增刊2 2020年12月doi:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2020.S2.039基于部首嵌入和注意力机制的病虫害命名实体识别郭旭超唐詹刁磊周晗李林(中国农业大学信息与电气工程学院，北京100083)摘要：为了解决农业病虫害命名实体识别过程中存在的内在语义信息缺失、局部上下文特征易被忽略和捕获长距离依赖能力不足等问题，以农业病虫害文本为研究对象,提岀一种基于部首嵌入和注意力机制的农业病虫害命名实体识别模型(Chinese agricultural diseases and pests named entity recognition with joint radical-embedding and selfattention,RS ADP)。
首先，该模型将部首嵌入集成到字符嵌入中作为输入，用以丰富语义信息。
其中，针对部首嵌入设计了3种特征提取策略，即卷积神经网络(Convolutional neural network,CNN)、双向长短时记忆网络(Bidirectional long short-term memory network,BiLSTM)和CNN BiLSTM;其次，采用多层不同窗口尺寸的CNNs层提取不同尺度的局部上下文信息;然后，在BiLSTM提取全局序列特征的基础上，采用自注意力机制进一步增强模型提取更长距离依赖的能力;最后，采用条件随机场(Conditional random field,CRF)联合识别实体边界和划分实体类别。
在包含11个类别和24715条标注样本的农业病虫害自制语料上进行了实验。
结果表明，本文模型RS ADP在该数据集上精确率、召回率和F1值分别为94.16%,94.47%和94.32%；在具体实体类别上，RS ADP在作物、病害、虫害等易识别实体上F1值高达95.81%、97.76%和97.23%。
L1(三类翻译标准、翻译路线图)∙三类翻译标准1.3 Classification of Translation∙Roman Jakobson:∙ 1. intralingual translation, a rewording of signs in one language with signs from the same language; (Huaxi Village) 语内翻译∙ 2. interlingual translation, or the interpretation of signs in one language with signs from another language (translation "proper"); 语际翻译∙ 3. intersemiotic translation, or the transfer ("transmutation") of the signs in one language to non-verbal sign systems (from language into art or music). 符际翻译∙例子：Pink Ladies （39 Episodes ）∙by ZHU Deyong (朱德庸）1.4 The Holmes/ Toury “map”翻译研究路线图∙ A seminal paper in the development of the field as a distinct discipline was James S Holmes’s “The name and nature of translation studies”.∙In his Contemporary Translation Theories, Gentzler (1993: 92) describes Holmes’s paper as “generally accepted as the founding statement for the field”.The map consists of a division into pure and applied translation studies./Pure translation studies is divided into theoretical and descriptive translation studies and applied translation studies is subdivided into translator training, translation aids, and translation criticism./ Theoretical translation studies is subdivided into general and partial studies, and descriptive translation studies is subdivided into product-oriented, process-oriented and function-oriented studies. Partial studies is further subdivided into medium restricted……and problem restricted.∙The cruc ial role played by Holmes’s paper is the delineation of the potential of translation studies.L2(Richards北美翻译理论, Pound诗歌翻译主张，Venuti提倡的翻译方法策略)2.2 The Translation Workshop Premise---Jonas Zdanys (Yale):creative process cannot be taught; to attract literature students interested in exploring the theoretical and the practical aspects of poetical translation.Later, he changed his mind.2.3 I. A. Richards: New Criticism and TranslationIvor Armstrong Richards (1893-1979)(visited and worked at Qinghua 6 times; 5 yrs; since 1929; before 1929 at Cambridge, later at Harvard)(Qian Zhongshu, Wu Fuheng, Wang Zuoliang, Li Funing, Zhu Ziqing; Xu Zhimo aroused his interest in Chinese culture and literature)∙If there is one text which best exemplifies the theory of the practice-oriented workshop approach to translation, it is I.A. Richards's Practical Criticism (1929)∙Richards's famous experiment was to give his best Harvard undergraduates thirteen poems from authors ranging from Shakespeare to Ella Wheeler Wilcox. The students received poems with no further information (no title, author's name, or biographical information) and had one week to respond, after which Richards collected the "protocols."∙Aims: (1) to introduce a new kind of documentation into contemporary American culture;(2) to provide a new technique for individuals to discover for themselves what they thinkabout poetry; and (3) to discover new educational methods.∙How does Richards's reading workshop of the twenties relate to today's translationworkshop? First, both introduce new documentation into the culture, often the responses of the not yet fully formed literary critic. As Zdanys's article above indicates, subsequent translation workshops followed Richards's precedent, taking pride in the fact that their students did not yet have any predetermined methodology.∙Richards argued that the translator should not only be aware that a sign (I) indicates something; but that it also (II) characterizes (says the same thing or something new about things); (III) realizes (presents with varying degrees of vividness); (IV) values; (V) influences (desires change); (VI) connects; and (VII) purposes (attempts to persuade) (Richards, 1953: 252-3).∙He argued that translators, with proper education and practice, can come to know the proper methodology to achieve the correct understanding of the primary text.2.4 Ezra Pound: Theory of Luminous Details---Unlike Richards's theory of proper translation, Ezra Pound's theory of translation focused upon the precise rendering of details, of individual words, and of single or even fragmented images.翻译手法分析---Pound's "theory" was based upon a concept of energy in language; the words on the page, the specific details, were seen not simply as black and white typed marks on a page representing something else, but as sculpted images - words engraved in stone. Such an approach allowed for more latitude for an individual translator's response; the translator was seen as an artist, an engraver, or a calligrapher, one who molds words.∙---Pound's theoretical writings fall into two periods: an early imagist phase that, while departing from traditional forms of logic, still occasionally contained abstract concepts and impressions; and a second late imagist phase that was based entirely on words in action and "luminous" details, in which the importance of the thing being represented recedes and the energy or the form language takes in the process of representing becomes more important.logopoeia 义象melopoeia 音象李白长干行∙If one knew the original, one would surely imitate some of its formal features - style, tone, music, repetition of sound; but if one worked from a crib, since that person would not know the formal features, the translator would not thereby be constrained (Elston, 1980: 16). Elston thus inadvertently reverses Pound's theory of translation; the style, the tone, the music, the repetition of sound were in fact precisely those features Pound valued most.Venuti主张翻译就是改写异化翻译保留原文的文化价值观2.7 Lawrence Venuti: Rethinking TranslationHe is editor of the pioneering anthology Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology (1992); author of two major books on translation- The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation (1995) and The Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference (1998); and compiler of The Translation Studies Reader (2000).∙Veneto advocates what he calls at different times "foreignizing translation" and/or "abusive fidelity." By foreignizing he means any translation strategy that resists domestication, fluency, and transparency (Venuti, 1995: 148ff.).∙What features does Venuti suggest that the practicing translator reproduce? Precisely those that signal linguistic and cultural difference. He is attracted to poststructural strategies that foreground the play of the signifier, puns, neologisms, archaisms, dialects, satire, fragmented syntax, and experimental forms, all of which result in discontinuous, fragmented, and less than unified final texts.∙Moreover, Venuti sets up two paradigms for translation: one he calls fluent and the other foreignizing; one opts for acceptable uses of linguistic and cultural terms and images and the other ab-uses or chooses alternatives. For Venuti, there seems no middle ground. With regard to the history of translation in the United States，not all the translators he wishes to categorize as producing fluent translations would agree; （异化）L3（奈达两本书，三个Meaning，三阶段，两个对等，文本形式，译者行为，目的论，basic rules，三类原则，两种翻译类型）3.1 NIDA AND “THE SCIENCE OF TRANSLATING”Eugene Nida’s theory of translation developed from his own practical work from the 1940s onwards when he was translating and organizing the translation of the Bible. His theory took concrete form in two major works in the 1960s: Toward a Science of Translating (Nida 1964a) and the co-authored The Theory and Practice of Translation (Nida and Taber 1969).Nida attempts to move translation (Bible translation in his case) into a more scientific era by incorporating recent work in linguistics.∙Tan Zaixi and Chen Hongwei’ monographs on Nida and translation theories.三个meaning: Meaning is broken down into linguistic meaning（borrowing elements of Chomsky's model), referential meaning (the denotative “dictionary” meaning) and emotiv e (or connotative）meaning. A series of techniques, adapted from work in linguistics, is presented as an aid for the translator in determining the meaning of different linguistic items. Techniques to determine referential and emotive meaning focus on analysing the structure of words and differentiating similar words in related lexical fields.3.1.2 The influence of ChomskyChomsky’s generative-transformational model analyses sentences into a series of related levels governed by rules. In very simplified form, the key features of this model can be summarized as follows:(1) Phrase-structure rules generate an underlying or deep structure which is(2) transformed by transformational rules relating one underlying structure to another (e.g. active to passive)，to produce(3) a final surface structur e, which itself is subject to phonological and morphemic rules.The structure relations described in this model are held by Chomsky to be a universal feature of human language. The most basic of such structures are kernel sentences核心句, which are simple, active, declarative sentences that require the minimum of transformation.Nida i ncorporates key features of Chomsky's model into his “science” of translation. In particular, Nida sees that it provides the translator with a technique for decoding the ST and a procedure for encoding the TT（Nida 1964a: 60），although he reverses Chomsky's model when analysing the ST Thus, the surface structure of the ST is analysed into the basic elements of the deep structure：these are “transferred” in the translation process and then restructured semantically and stylistically into the surface structure of the TT. This three-stage system of translation（analysis, transfer and restructuring奈达三阶段）is presented in Figure 3.1.Kernels are to be obtained from the ST surface structure by a reductive process of back-transformation（逆向转换，Nida 1964a: 63-9). This entails analysis using generative-transformational grammar’s four types of functional class: 翻译过程的四个方面（1）events（often but not always performed by verbs）：（2）objects（often but not always performed by nouns）：（3）abstracts（quantities and qualities, including adjectives）：（4）relationals（including gender, prepositions and conjunctions）．形式对等，功能对等(1) Formal equivalence: Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content ... One is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language. (Nida 1964a: 159)(2) Dynamic equivalence: Dynamic, or functional equivalence is based on what Nida calls “the principle of equivalent effect”, where “the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original recept ors and the message” (Nida 1964a: 159). The message has to be tailored to the receptor’s linguistic needs and cultural expectation and “aims at complete naturalness of expression”.e.g.spring up like mushroom” （汉译“雨后春笋”）四个基本标准（要举例）For Nida, the success of the translation depends above all on achieving equivalent response. It is one of the “four basic requirements of a translation”, which are (p. 164):(1) making sense;(2) conveying the spirit and manner of the original;(3) having a natural and easy form of expression;(4) producing a similar response.批判Lefevere (1993: 7) felt that equivalence was still overly concerned with the word level, while van den Broeck (1978: 40) and Larose (1989: 78) considered equivalent effect or response to be impos sible (How is the “effect” to be measured and on whom? How can a text possibly have the same effect and elicit the same response in two different cultures and times?). Indeed, the whole question of equivalence inevitably entails subjective judgement from the translator or analyst.One of Nida’s fiercest critics is Edwin Gentzler, working from within a deconstructionist perspective (see Lecture 10), criticizes Nida’s work for its theological and proselytizing (度人）standpoint since. In Gentzler’s view, dynamic equivalence serves the purpose of converting the receptors, no matter what their culture, to the dominant discourse and ideas of Protestant Christianity.Ironically, Nida is also taken to task by certain religious groups who maintain that the word of God is sacred and unalterable, the changes necessary to achieve dynamic equivalence thus verging on the sacrilegious.翻译学分支Wilss's science of translation is divided into three related but separate branches of research: (1）a description of a "general science" of translation which involves translation theory;(2) "descriptive studies" of translation relating empirical phenomena of translation equivalence; and (3) "applied research" in translation pointing out particular translation difficulties and ways of solving specific problems.Wilss reacts against the Sapir/Whorf school of thought, which denies the a priori existence of universal categories of thought and whose followers have a skeptical view of the possibility that two languages might share a common core of experience.翻译批判的几个人Gentzler：基于宗教神学的目的Wilss：几个翻译分支术语Wolfram：假设，两种语言不同的经验体验，不可能对等3.3 Functionalist theories in German language countriesThe 1970s and 1980s saw a move away from the static linguistic typologies of translation shifts and the emergence and flourishing in Germany of a functionalist and communicative approach to the analysis of translation. In this lecture, we look at:(1)Kath arina Reiss’s early work on text type and Mary Snell-Hornby’s “integrated”approach;(2) Justa Holz-Mänttäri’s theory of translational action;(3) Hans J. Vermeer’s skopos theory which centred on the purpose of the TT;(4) Christiane Nord’s more detailed text-analysis model which continued the functionalist tradition in the 1990s3.3.1 TEXT TYPE文本类型（信息，操作，表达，多媒体）Katharina Reiss’s work in the 1970s builds on the concept of equivalence, but views the text, rather than the word or sentence, as the level at which communication is achieved and at which equivalence must be sought (Reiss 1977/89: 113-14). Her functional approach aims initially at systematizing the assessment of translations. It borrows Karl Bühler’s three-way categorization of the functions of language. Reiss links the three functions to their corresponding language “dimensions” and to the text types or communicative situations in which they are used.∙The main characteristics of each text type are summarized by Reiss (1977/89: 108-9) as follows:∙(1)“Plain communication of facts”: information, knowledge, opinions, etc. The language dimension used to transmit the information is logical or referential, the content or “topic”is the main focus of the communication, and the text type is informative.∙(2) “Creative composition”: the author uses the aesthetic dimension of language. The author or “sender” is foregrounded, as well as the form of the message, and the text type is expressive.∙(3)“Inducing behavioural responses”: the aim of the appellative function is to appeal to or persuade the reader or “receiver” of the text to act in a certain way. The form of language is dialogic, the focus is appellative and Reiss calls this text type operative.∙(4) Audiomedial texts, such as films and visual and spoken advertisements which supplement the other three functions with visual images, music, etc.∙These methods occupy the last two rows of Table 5.1 and can be described as follows: ∙(1) The TT of an informative tex t should transmit the full referential or conceptual content of the ST. The translation should be in “plain prose”, without redundancy and with the use of explicitation when required(采用明晰化译法).∙(2) The TT of an expressive text should transmit the aesthetic and artistic form of the STThe translation should use the “identifying” method, with the translator adopting the standpoint of the ST author（采用统一译法）.∙(3) The TT of an operative text should produce the desired response in the TT receiver.The translation should employ the “adaptive” method, creating an equivalent effect among TT readers（采用顺应译法）.∙(4) Audio-medial texts require what Reiss calls the “supplementary” method, supplementing written words with visual images and music（采用辅助手段译法）.Katharina Reiss (1971: 54-88) also lists a series of intralinguistic and extralinguistic instruction criteria (Instruktionen) by which the adequacy of a TT may be assessed. These are:∙(1)intralinguistic criteria（言内标准）:semantic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic features;∙(2)extralinguistic criteri a（言外标准）: situation, subject field, time, place, receiver, sender and “affective implications”(humour, irony, emotion, etc.).3.3.3 TRANSLATORIAL ACTIONThe translatorial action model proposed by Holz-Mänttäri’ (Translatorisches Handeln: Theorie und Methode) takes up concepts from communication theory and action theory with the aim, amongst others, of providing a model and guidelines applicable to a wide range of professional translation situations. Translatorial action views translation as purpose-driven, outcome-oriented human interaction and focuses on the process of translation as message-transmitter compounds (信息传递综合体，Botschaftstrager im. verbund) involving intercultural transfer: 译者行为（六类）Interlingual translation is described as “translatorial action from a source text” and as a communicative process involving a series of roles and players (pp. 109-11): ∙■the initiator（发起者）: the company or individual who needs the translation.∙■the commissioner（中介）: the individual who contacts the translator.∙■the ST producer（原文本作者）: the individual within the company who writes the ST, not necessarily always involved in the TT production.∙■the TT producer（目的语文本作者）: the translator(s) and the translation agency or department.∙■t he TT user（目的语文本使用者）: the person who uses the TT, for example as teaching material or sales literature.∙■t he TT receiver（目的语文本接受者）: the final recipient of the TT, for example the students in a TT user’s class or clients reading the translated sales literature.背：What is functionally suitable has to be determined by the translator, who is the expert in translatorial action and whose role is to make sure that the intercultural transfer takes place satisfactorily.In the 'translatorial text operations' (the term Holz-Mänttäri uses for the production of the TT), the ST is analysed solely for its “construction and function profile” (pp. 139-48). Relevant features are described according to the traditional split of 'content' and 'form' (p. 126): ∙(1) Content, structured by what are called “tectonics”(按“构造学”构建), is divided into(a) factual information and (b) overall communicative strategy.∙(2) Form, structured by “texture”（按“纹理”构建）, is divided into (a) terminology and(b) cohesive elements.3.3.4 SKOPOS THEORY目的论∙S kopos is the Greek word for “aim” or “purpose” and was introduced into translation theory in the 1970s by Hans J. Vermeer as a technical term for the purpose ofa translation and of the action of translating. The major work on skopos theory(Skopostheorie) is Grundlegung einer allgemeine Translationstheorie (《通用翻译理论基础》，Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation), a book Vermeer co-authored with Katharina Reiss (Reiss and Vermeer 1984).Basic roles∙(1) A translatum (or TT) is determined by its skopos.∙(2) A TT is an offer of information (lnformationsangebot) in a target culture and TL concerning an offer of information in a source culture and SL.∙(3) A TT does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way. (不可回译) ∙(4) A TT must be internally coherent.∙(5) A TT must be coherent with the ST∙(6) The five rules above stand in hierarchical order, with the skopos rule predominating.原则: 1.skops rule(1)(2); 2.coherence rule(4)(5); 3.fidelity rule(3)∙Rule 2 is important in that it relates the ST and TT to their function in their respective linguistic and cultural contexts. The translator is once again (as was the case in Holz-Mänttäri’s theory) the key player in a process of intercultural communication and production of the translatum. The irreversibility in point 3 indicates that the function of a translatum in its target culture is not necessarily the same as in the source culture.∙Rules 4 and 5 touch on general skopos “rules” concerning how the success of the action and information transfer is to be judged: the coherence rule, linked to internal textual coherence, and the fidelity rule, linked to intertextual coherence with the ST.∙The coherence rule states that the TT “must be interpretable as coherent with the TT receiver's situ ation” (Reiss and Vermeer 1984: 113).两种翻译类型■Documentary translation(文献型翻译) “serves as a document of a source culture communication between the author and the ST recipient” (Nord 2005: 80). Such is the case, for example, in literary translation, where the TT allows the TT receiver access to the ideas of the ST but where the reader is well aware that it is a translation. Other examples of documentary translation given by Nord are word-for-word and literal translation and “exoticizing translation” (p.81). In the latter, certain culture-specific lexical items in the ST are retained in the TT in order to maintain the local colour of the ST.■An instrumental translation（工具型翻译）“serves as an independent message transmitting instrument in a new communicative action in the target culture, and is intended to fulfil its communicative purpose without the recipient being conscious of reading or hearing a text which, in a different form, was used before in a different communicative situation” (p. 81) The TTreceivers read the TT as if it were a ST written in their own language. The function may be the same for both ST and TT. For instance, a translated computer manual or software should fulfil the function of instructing the TT receiver in the same way as the ST does for the ST reader. Nord calls these “function-preserving translations”.Nord’s Text Analysis in Translation is aimed primarily at providing translation students with a model of ST analysis which is applicable to all text types and translation situations. The model is based on a functional concept, enabling understanding of the function of ST features and the selection of translation strategies appropriate to the intended purpose of the translation. She thus shares many of the premises of Reiss and Vermeer’s work (as well as Holz-Mänttäri’s consideration of the other players in the translation action), but pays more attention to features of the ST. 分析的是原文不是译文，Nord关注原文的风格，Resis关注目的(1) the importance of the translation commission (or “translation brief”, as Nord terms it);(翻译委托书的重要性)(2) the role of ST analysis;（原文分析的作用）(3) the functional hierarchy of translation problems. （翻译问题功能排序）(1) The importance of the translation commission(Nord 1997: 59-62): Before close textual analysis, the translator needs to compare ST and TT profiles defined in the commission to see where, the two texts may diverge. The translation commission should give the following information for both texts:∙■the intended text functions;∙■the addressees (sender and recipient);∙■the time and place of text reception;∙■the medium (speech and writing);∙■the motive (why the ST was written and why it is being translated),(2) The role of ST analysis (pp. 62-7): Once the above ST-TT profiles have been compared,the ST can be analysed to decide on functional priorities of the translation strategy. Nord’s list of intratextual factors (2005: 87-142) is one possible model for the ST analysis. These factors are:∙■subject matter∙■content: including connotation and cohesion∙■presuppositions: real-world factors of the communicative situation presumed to be known to the participantsL4The two general translation strategies identified by Vinay and Darbelnet（1995：30-42）are direct translation and oblique translation(直接翻译与间接翻译), which is similar to the “literal vs. free” division discussed in Lecture 2. Indeed, “literal” is given by the authors as a synonym for direct translation（2004：128）．The two strategies comprise seven procedures, of which direct translation covers three:（1）Borrowing (借词) e.g. saloon(沙龙), film（菲林）,talent show (达人秀)，PK （player killing对决）(2）Calque（仿造词语）e.g.the English calque “Better late than the late” on the road signs of American expressway for the Chinese version “晚了总比完了好/迟到总比丧命好”.(3) Literal translation （直译）In those cases where literal translation is not possible, Vinay and Darbelnet say that the strategy of oblique translation (间接翻译) must be used. This covers a further four procedures:(4) Transposition (词性转换) e.g.verb → noun: “as soon as she got up” →“dès son lever”; adverb →verb: “He will soon be back”→ “I1 ne tardera pas à rentrer.” *lit. “He will not tarry in returning”+.(5) Modulation (调节) e.g.Vinay and Darbelnet place much store by modulation as “the touchstone of a good translator”, whereas transposition “simply shows a very good command of the target language”(6) Equivalence （等值）e.g.'like a dog in a game of skittles'] can be rendered as 'like a bull in a china shop').(7) Adaptation(改编) e.g.Vinay and Darbelnet suggest that the cultural connotation of a reference to the game of cricket in an English text might be best translated into French by a reference to the Tour de France.A further important parameter taken into account by Vinay and Darbelnet is that of servitude and option: 受限(不得已必须改)，选择（可选改译，直译不改也行）∙■servitude(受限) refers to obligatory transpositions and modulations due to a difference between the two language systems;∙■option (选择) refers to non-obligatory changes that are due to the translator’s own style and preferences.∙Clearly, this is a crucial difference. Vinay and Darbelnet stress (p. 16) that it is option, the realm of stylistics, that should be the translator’s main concern.4.2 CATFORD AND TRANSLATION “SHIFTS”∙Although Vinay and Darbelnet do not use the word “shift”, in discussing translation shift, that is in effect what they are describing. The term itself seems to originate in Catford’s A Linguistic Theory of Translation (1965), where he devotes a chapter to the subject.Catford (1965: 20) follows the Firthian and Hallidayan linguistic model, which analyses language as communication, operating functionally in context and on a range of different levels (e.g. phonology, graphology, grammar, lexis) and ranks (sentence, clause, group, word, morpheme, etc.) 用了功能语言学两个分类A formal correspondent, a textual equivalentCatford considers two kinds of shift: (1) shift of level and (2) shift of category: 两类转换∙(1) A level shift(1965: 73-5; 2000: 141-3) would be something which is expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another; this could, for example, be: ∙■plural in English being translated by a quantifier in Chinese: e.g. “She planted 500 trees last year.” (去年她植了500棵树。
系统集成认证考试试卷与答案1、多选题分值: 2Which three statements accurately describe layer 2 Ethernet switches?(Choose Three)A:Microsegmentation decreases the number of collisions on the network正确答案B:if a switch receives a frame for an unknown destination, it uses ARP to resolve the addressC:Spanning Tree Protocol allows switches to automatically share vlan informationD:Work in the data link layer according to the MAC address to forward frames正确答案E:Establishing vlans increases the number of broadcast domains正确答案F:Switches that are configured with vlans make forwarding decisions based on both l ayer 2 and layer 3 address information2、多选题分值: 2得分：2Which two components combine the Oracle Instance? (Choose two)A:Oracle DatabaseB:Memory Structure (SGA)正确答案C:Background Processes正确答案D:Database Files3、多选题分值: 2得分：2which of the following command can be used to check the current login user nam e on Linux platform(redhat/centOS 5or 6 )?(Choose Two)A:whoami正确答案B:lognameC:echo $LOGNAME正确答案D:whoiam4、多选题分值: 2if you can ping a remote server(8.8.8.8) in you local server ,besides ,you want to k now if the 21 port is open or not on the remote server ,how to check?(chose two)A:telnet 8.8.8.8 21正确答案B:netstat -an|grep 21C:nc -v 8.8.8.8 21正确答案D:ssh 8.8.8.8 215、多选题分值: 2得分：2What does the database do in nomount stage? (Choose two)A:Allocating the SGA正确答案B:Starting the background processes正确答案C:Associating a database with a previously started instance.D:Locating and opening the control file specified in the parameter file.6、多选题分值: 2得分：2What attacks can be implemented through customer service staff?(Choose all that a pply)A:Virus正确答案B:Phishing正确答案C:Social engineering正确答案D:Misoperation正确答案7、多选题分值: 2得分：2Which of the following are information security basic features?(Choose Three)A:Confidentiality正确答案B:Integrity正确答案C:Availability正确答案D:Non repudiation8、多选题分值: 2得分：2Which three windows host-based tools are typically used to verify the connectivity? (Choose Three)A:ping正确答案B:tracert正确答案C:arp正确答案D:TCPE:UDP9、多选题分值: 2得分：2Which of the following access control methods are DAC?(Choose Two)A:ACL正确答案B:File access control of Unix system with "rwx".正确答案C:Security labelD:Access control based on position10、多选题分值: 2得分：2Which information can be list by executing LIST command in RMAN? (Choose two)A:Backup sets that contain a backup of a specified list of datafiles正确答案B:Copies of a specified list of datafiles正确答案C:Files that need a backupD:Backups that can be deleted11、单选题分值: 2得分：2Which of the following authentication method is based on who you are?A:CaptchaB:Security questionsC:Digital certificateD:Iris正确答案12、单选题分值: 2得分：2How long should we change password at least?A:3 months正确答案B:6 monthsC:9 monthsD:Every year13、单选题分值: 2得分：2Which of the following authentication method is based on what you have?A:FingerprintB:Software token card正确答案C:PasswordD:Your birthday14、单选题分值: 2The following command is stop the replication agent: $ttadmin -reppolicy manual o cs $ttrepadmin -repstop ocsA:YESB:NO正确答案15、单选题分值: 2得分：2Which initialization parameter define the alert_SID.log location?A:background_dump_dest正确答案B:core_dump_destC:shadow_core_dumpD:user_dump_dest16、单选题分值: 2得分：2Which backupground process is used for AWR collection?A:SMONB:CKPTC:PMOND:MMON正确答案17、单选题分值: 2得分：2The junior DBA in your organization has accidentally deleted the alert log file. Wha t will you do to create new alert log file?A:Create the new text file file as ALERT.LOG.B:You have to recover the alert log file from the valid backup.C:Change the value for the BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST parameter.D:No action required.The file would be created automatically by the instance.正确答案18、单选题分值: 2How many file types does the Oracle Database consists?A:twoB:three正确答案C:fourD:five19、单选题分值: 2得分：2The database is create in default NOARCHIVELOG mode.A:YES正确答案B:NO20、单选题分值: 2得分：2Which is the default directory of awrrpt.sql that can generate an AWR report?A:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/正确答案B:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/C:$ORACLE_BASE/admin/rdbms/D:$ORACLE_BASE/rdbms/21、单选题分值: 2得分：2What is the default log mode when the database is created?A:NOARCHIVELOG mode正确答案B:ARCHIVELOG mode22、单选题分值: 2得分：2What is the default interval of AWR snapshot?A:30 minutesB:1 hour正确答案C:2 hourD:1 day23、单选题分值: 2Which is the default path of alert log in Oracle 11g if the ORACLE_SID is cc?A:$ORACLE_BASE/diag/rdbms/cc/cc/trace正确答案B:$ORACLE_BASE/admin/cc/bdumpC:$ORACLE_HOME/diag/rdbms/cc/cc/traceD:$ORACLE_HOME/admin/cc/bdump24、单选题分值: 2得分：2which command display H3C switch system logsA:display logbuffer正确答案B:display system logC:show loggingD:display logs25、单选题分值: 2得分：2For Static Route,Uses a route that a network administrator enters into the router m anually?A:YES正确答案B:NO26、单选题分值: 2Both Windows and Linux server can use tracert command track network path.A:YESB:NO正确答案27、单选题分值: 2得分：2which is the purpose of a router?A:to interconnect networks and choose the best paths between them正确答案B:to provide the connection points for the mediaC:to serve as the endpoint in the network , sending and receiving dataD:to provide the means by which the signals are transmitted from one networked de vices to another28、单选题分值: 2which one is the purpose of a switch?A:to connect separate networks and filter the traffic over those networks so that the data is transmitted through the most efficient routeB:to choose the path over which data is sent to its destinationC:to serve as the endpoint in the network, sending and receiving dataD:to provide network attachment to the end systems and intelligent switching of the data within the local network正确答案29、单选题分值: 2得分：2which command can be used to calculate file size？A:dfB:du正确答案C:ddD:dm30、单选题分值: 2得分：2You have a user ocs ,and a group called tt ,how to add tt into ocs secondary gro up without clearing previous group arrangementA:usermod -G tt ocsB:usermod -a -G tt ocs正确答案C:usermod -g tt ocsD:usermod -a -g tt ocs31、单选题分值: 2得分：2in linux operation system(redhat/centOS 5or 6 ),how to check which process is usin g the port(5037)?A:lsof -i :5037正确答案B:netstat -an|grep 5037C:telnet localhost 5037D:lsof -i 503732、单选题分值: 2得分：2how to check password expire time of user "ocs" on Redhat6&Centos6 platform?A:passwd -l ocschange -l ocsC:chage -l ocs正确答案D:pam_tally2 -u ocs33、单选题分值: 2得分：2to check network issus,you need to ping a server 8.8.8.8 ,the frequency is 2s,packag e size is 128bytes,totally ping 100 times,pls give right commandA:ping -c 128 -s 100 -i 2 8.8.8.8B:ping -s 128 -c 100 8.8.8.8C:ping -s 128 -c 100 -i 2 8.8.8.8正确答案D:ping -s 128 -i 100 -c 2 8.8.8.834、单选题分值: 2得分：2we hava a file ,called a.txt ,now we want to find lines which include test or tast ke yword ,pls show how to do show these lines and the line numberA:grep 't[ae]st' a.txtB:grep -n 't[a,e]st' a.txtC:grep -n 't[a-e]st' a.txtgrep -n 't[ae]st' a.txt正确答案35、单选题分值: 2得分：2in the linux platform (redhat/centOS 5or6 )，when you start a process ,but failed ,t he log reports that IP address(or port) is already in use ,which one is the most rea sonable?A:IP address is invalidB:the route is not rightC:the firewalled is startedD:the port is occupied正确答案36、单选题分值: 2得分：2how to query the current time zoneA:dateB:date -R正确答案C:hwclockD:hwclock -R37、单选题分值: 2得分：2which of the following directory is used to store system kernel on Linux operating system？A:/homeB:/rootC:/systemD:/boot正确答案38、单选题分值: 2for /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny acl file,which one has higher priority to be used to authority when a request comes ?A:/etc/hosts.allow正确答案B:/etc/hosts.denyC:same priorityD:it depends on39、单选题分值: 2Which command is used to find data files, programs, directories that match the sea rch argument?A:findsearchC:locate正确答案D:which40、单选题分值: 2得分：2Which file contains the filesystems to be automatically mounted during boot?A:/etc/mountB:/etc/fstab正确答案C:/etc/inittabD:/etc/boot41、单选题分值: 2得分：2What classification of IBM S824?A:mainframeB:Midrange computer正确答案C:Blade serverPC Server42、单选题分值: 2得分：2What's the cache size for M1215 by default license?A:256MBB:512MBC:1024MBD:none正确答案43、单选题分值: 2得分：2NewStartHA command service-migrate can switch services that have gone out of th e cluster management. Is that true?A:YESB:NO正确答案44、单选题分值: 2得分：2NewStartHA allows initialization and management of cluster and services via cli (co mmand line) or web. Is that true?A:YES正确答案NO45、单选题分值: 2得分：2NewStartHA command service-enable can be executed only when both nodes are in normal state (UP), otherwise it may cause service switchover or stop. Is that true?A:YES正确答案B:NO46、单选题分值: 2得分：2Which features don't need to be satisfied for the machine room decoration？A:Dust preventionB:Anti-static electricityC:Invisible light正确答案D:Fire-retardant47、单选题分值: 2The line sequence for the type of TIA/EIA 568A is as follows: OrangeWhite->Orang e->GreenWhite>Blue->BluWhite->Green->BronwWhite->BronwA:YESB:NO正确答案48、单选题分值: 2得分：2Dry powder and foam extinguisher can used to put out a fireA:YESB:NO正确答案49、单选题分值: 2得分：2The machine room should have waterproof damage measure, make sure the machi ne room is safeA:YES正确答案B:NO50、单选题分值: 2得分：2All network cable, fiber cable, information module, distribution frame, rack should n eat and labeled, to ensure maintenance is convenient and flexible operation.A:YES正确答案B:NO。
