1 A new model of metal plasticity and fracture with pressure and lode dependence(MIT)

1.the Iron Age 铁器时代2.covalent bonding 共价键，共价结合posites 复合材料4.crystal lattice 晶体点阵，晶格position and structure 成分和结构6.tensile strength抗拉强度，抗张强度7.ferrous metals 黑色金属8.gray cast iron 灰口铸铁9.austennitic stainless 奥氏体不锈钢10.weldability and hardenability 可焊性和可淬性11.refractory metals 难溶金属11.carbide and nitride碳化物和氮化物12.stiffness 刚度13.corrosion 腐蚀14.the Bronze Age 铜器时代15.metallic bonding 金属键，金属结合16.polymers 高分子材料17.ceramics and glasses 陶瓷和玻璃18.elementaty cell 晶胞19.direction indices晶向指数20.synthesis and processing 合成和加工21.yeild strength 屈服强度22.nonferrous metals 有色金属23.white cast iron白口铸铁24.martensitic stainless steels 马氏体不锈钢25.castability and formability 铸造性能与模锻性能26.titanium and nickel钛和镍27.precious metals 贵金属28.oxide and sulfide氧化物和硫化物29.die cast alloy压铸合金30.elasticity 弹性，弹力31.brittleness脆性32.fatigue strength 疲劳强度33.corrosion腐蚀34.annealing 退火35.high compressive strength 高压缩强度材料工程materials engineering 金属及其化合物metals and their alloys 面心立方晶格face-centered cubic lattice 材料塑性the plasticity of materials 普碳钢plain-carbon steels 陶瓷ceramics 合金元素alloying elements 表面处理surface treatment 金属物理性能the physical property of metals 材料科学materials science 金属材料metallic materials 体心立方晶格body-centered cubic lattice 材料的强度the strength of materials 有色金属nonferrous metals 合金钢alloy steels 铝及铝合金aluminums and aluminum alloys 加工硬化work hardening 热处理heat treated 金属力学性能mechanical propertyAbsorbed energy吸收功transition temperature转变温度modulus of elasticity弹性模量conductivity导电性thermal expansion热膨胀heat capacity 热容mold铸型rolling轧制forming 模压thermosetting ploymers热固性材料thermoplastic ploymers 热塑性材料stress versus strain应力应变pig iron生铁wrought iron熟铁steel malking 炼钢smelting熔炼blast furnace鼓风炉castability可锻性machinability机加工性nonmachinable不可机加工的hardenability可淬硬性nonmagnetic非磁铁alloyed steels合金钢anneal退火stree-corrsion cracking应力腐蚀断裂high-strength low-alloy steel高强度低合金钢cast iron alloys铸铁合金heat-treatable 可热处理的solubility溶解度thermo-mechanical 热加工性plain-carbon steel普碳钢electrolytic iron电解铁Introduction to materials材料概论coordination nunber配位数polycrystals多晶体anisotropy各向异性hexagonal close-packed structure 密排六方结构impact strength冲击强度tensile strength拉伸强度yield point屈服点utimate strength极限强度breaking strength破坏强度fracture toughness断裂韧度thoughness 韧性elastic limit弹性极限creep strength蠕变强度creep蠕变fatigue life 疲劳寿命corrosion resistance抗腐蚀性wear-resistance 耐磨性wear rate磨损率oxidation resistance抗氧化性imperfection缺陷austenitic马氏体martensitic 马氏体pearlite珠光体ferritic铁素体iron carbide渗碳体stainless steel不锈钢fracture 断裂compouds化合物specific strength比强度allotropic同素异形体reractory metals耐火材料anodize阳极电镀forging锻造casting铸造hardness硬度gray cast iron灰口铸铁magnetin磁性rust铁锈ingots铸锭malleable cast iron 可锻铸铁brittle materials脆性材料white cast iron 白口铸铁gears齿轮shafts轴weldable可焊接的unweldable不可焊接的weldablility可焊接性tool steels工具钢metallic bonding金属键covalent bonding共价键ionic bonding离子键hydrogen bonding 氢键crystal lattice晶格crystalline晶体amorphous非晶体packing factor致密度crystallographic indices结晶指数slip planes滑移面close-packed planes密排面elasticity弹性Elongation rate延伸率stress-rupture properties应力开裂reduction in area断面收缩句子：1,It is generally the behavior of materials is which limits the performance of machines and equipment.材料的性能通常限制着机器和设备的性能2,It is useful to consider the extent of metallic behaverior in the currently known range of chemical elements.在目前已知的化学范围内考察其金属性的程度是很有用的3,The packing factor is determined as the ratio of the volume of all elementary particles per elementary cell to the total volume of the elementary cell.填充因子的大小取决于每个晶胞中所有基本微粒的体积之和与整个晶胞体积之间的比率4,In most materials more than one phase is present, with each phase having its unique atomic arrangement and properties. Control of the type, size, distribution, and amount of these phases within the main body of the material provides an additional way to control properties of a material.在大多数材料中，往往存在着不止一种相，每一种相都有其各自的原子排列和特性。

以可塑性为话题写一篇作文英文回答：Plasticity is the ability of a material to undergo permanent deformation under applied stress without fracturing. It is a fundamental property of many materials and plays a crucial role in various fields, including engineering, manufacturing, and biology.In engineering, plasticity is essential in the design and analysis of structures. For example, when designing a bridge, engineers need to consider the plasticity of the materials used to ensure that the bridge can withstand the expected loads without deforming excessively. Without plasticity, structures would be prone to failure under stress, leading to catastrophic consequences.Manufacturing processes also heavily rely on the plasticity of materials. For instance, when shaping metal parts through processes like forging or extrusion, thematerial needs to exhibit sufficient plasticity to be easily deformed into the desired shape. Plasticity allows for the formation of complex shapes and intricate designs, enabling the production of various products we use in our daily lives.In biology, plasticity refers to the ability of organisms to adapt and change in response to environmental stimuli. This is particularly evident in the brain's plasticity, which allows it to reorganize and form new connections in response to learning and experience. For example, when learning a new language, the brain undergoes structural changes to accommodate the new information, demonstrating its remarkable plasticity.中文回答：可塑性是指材料在受到应力作用下能够发生永久变形而不断裂的能力。

任务书设计题目：45钢热处理空冷过程分析1．设计的主要任务及目标建立有限元模型，模拟45钢热处理空冷过程温度场分布；通过实验研究，分析热处理前后45钢组织和力学性能的变化，为优化热处理工艺提高零件质量提供一定的理论依据。

2．设计的基本要求和内容1）设计的基本要求：论文结构完整，层次分明，语言顺畅；避免错别字和错误标点符号；论文格式符合太原工业学院学位论文格式的统一要求。

2）设计内容：模拟45钢热处理空冷过程中温度场随时间的变化关系；研究45钢热处理前后组织及力学性能的变化；与45钢水淬后的组织和力学性能进行比较，分析原因。

3．主要参考文献1）ANSYS有限元分析软件在热分析中的应用[J].冶金能源，2004（05）2）钢件淬火过程温度场的数值模拟[J].热加工工艺技术与材料研究，2008（11）3）ANSYS10.0热分析教程与实例解析4）45钢零件淬火过程温度场分布的数值模拟[J].重庆大学学报，2003（03）5) 材料科学基础（铁碳合金相图与热处理部分）4．进度安排45钢热处理空冷过程分析摘要：45钢是一种十分常见及用量非常高的金属材料，硬度较低，强度较高，塑性和韧性好，切削加工性能较好，综合机械性能比较好。

通过适当的热处理以后可改变钢的内部组织结构，具有一定塑性、韧性和耐磨性。

45钢常用来做用于制作承受负荷较大的小截面调质件和应力较小的大型正火零件，以及对心部强度要求不高的表面淬火零件，如曲轴、传动轴、齿轮、蜗杆、键、销等。

通过ANSYS有限元分析软件来模拟45钢热处理空冷过程中温度场随时间的变化关系，ANSYS结合了材料变温过程材料热物性参数的变化，特别适合钢件正火过程温度场的准确计算。

模拟得到试件温度随正火时间的分布关系图。

对45钢圆柱试样、冲击试样、拉伸试样进行热处理完成金相组织观察、拉伸试验、硬度测试试验，记录数据并比较结果；比较45钢热处理前后组织及力学性能的变化和与45钢水淬后的组织和力学性能的比较，通过实验结果表明：正火由于冷却速度稍快，与退火组织相比，组织中珠光体量相对比较多，而且片层较细密，细化了晶粒，使碳化物分布均匀化，所以组织和性能有所改善，同时消除了材料残余应力。

锻压forging and stamping金属塑性加工metal plastic working金属压力加工mechanical metal working体积成形bulk forming锻造forging / hot forging锻造技术forging technology / forging technique锻造工艺forging technology / forging process锻工forger / blacksmith / hammer man / hammer smith / hammerer塑性plasticity超塑性superplasticity可锻性forgeability切削性能machinability最小阻力定律the law of minimum resistance体积不变条件constance(y) of volume / incompressibility锻造流线grain flow / forging flow line滑移线sliding line / slip-line中国机械工程学会锻压学会Forging and stamping Institution of CMES 中国锻造协会China Forging Industry Association第一汽车制造厂锻造厂First Automobile Works , Forging Plant原材料及下料原材料raw material / material棒料bar毛坯billet / blank / stock / bar stock坯料perform / preform slug / blank / stock / billet下料cropping / shearing剪切下料cropping / shearing热切hot cropping / hot shearing冷切cold cropping / cold shearing锯切下料sawing带锯下料band sawing圆盘锯下料circular sawing冷折下料nicking and breaking热剁下料hot cropping气割gas cutting / oxygen-acetylene cutting电弧切割electric-arc cutting / arc cutting精密剪切precision cropping / precision shearing钢号、牌号grade of steel规格specification炉号heat number / cast number / batch number钢号代码heat code / cast code批号batch number技术条件technical conditions / technical provisions / specification普通长度normal length倍尺长度multiple length定尺长度specified length / fixed length周期型钢periodic section steel品质证明书certificate of quality代用料substitute material代用标记substitute mark毛坯重量billet weight重量公差weight tolerance毛坯长度billet length长度公差length tolerance料头stub bar材料利用率material utilization毛坯加热锻造温度范围forging temperature interval / forging temperature range始锻温度starting forging temperature终锻温度final forging temperature加热温度heating temperature炉温furnace temperature保温时间hold(ing) time / dwelling time / soaking time保温soaking火次heating number过热over heat过烧burning烧损、火耗scale loss / heating loss氧化铁皮、氧化皮scale / oxide skin加热炉heating furnace火焰加热flame heating火焰炉flame furnace推杆式炉、半连续炉pusher furnace装料、上料loading出料、卸料unloading室式炉、箱式炉batch-type furnace转底炉rotary hearth furnace转体炉rotary body furnace电加热electric heating感应加热induction heating电阻炉electric resistance furnace少无氧化加热scale-less or free heating反射炉reverberating furnace模锻模锻die forging / closed-die forging / impression die forging开式模锻closed-die forging / impression die forging闭式模锻no-flash die forging / flashless die forging锤模锻closed-die forging / impression die forging / drop forging / stamping 锻压机模锻mechanical press forging平锻upsetting / heading无飞边模锻no-flash forging无拔模斜度模锻no-draft forging模锻件forging / workpiece锻件重量forging weight普通锻件conventional forging精确（公差）锻件close-tolerance forging锻造工序卡forging process chart工序operation / process / procedure工步process step打击blow / strike锻件图forging drawing加工余量machining allowance镦锻、顶锻upsetting / heading镦粗upsetting压扁flattening去氧化皮scale-breaking拔长工步drawing / elongating / fullering拔夹钳头tong-hold drawn / tagging滚压工步edging / edge rolling / gathering弯曲工步bending制坯工步pre-forming平锻聚料gathering / pushing up / upsetting锥形镦粗taper upsetting / coning粗（初）锻blocker-type forging预锻pre-forging / blocking终锻finish-forging返回锻模校正re-striking分模线parting line模锻斜度、拔模角、拔模斜度draft angle外拔模角outside draft内拔模角inside draft自然拔模角natural draft相配拔模角matching draft外圆角corner内圆角fillet未注明圆角all radii not specified尺寸按交点注all dimensions specified form intersections模锻方案forging form一料多件multi-forging on one billet (bar)一模两件two at a time一模多件multi at a time调头锻turn-end forging一火多件multi-forging in one heat打零件号、炉号码及模具号处raise part No. heat code and die No. here除注明处外unless otherwise noted冲孔、切边、校正冲连皮punching the wad / punching the slug冲孔pierce盲孔non-penetrated hole / blind hole连皮wad / recess / slug切边clipping / trimming飞边flash残余飞边、残余飞刺flash extension / residual flash切边线、飞边线flash line / trim line整形forming to size校平flattening / planishing校直straightening精压、压印coining / sizing校正sizing / setting冷校正cold sizing / cold setting模具及工具锻模forging die锤锻模hammer forging die模块die block上模top die / upper die下模bottom die平模flat die模膛、型槽impression / cavity单模膛锻模single-impression die多模膛锻模multi-impression die制坯模膛blanking impression镦粗台upset place / upset die拔长模膛drawing impression拔长台drawing face压扁台flattening face滚压模膛edging impression / gathering impression /edger弯曲模膛bending impression / bender成形模膛forming impression卡压模膛fullering impression模锻模膛die forging impression劈开台cleaver divider / splitter预锻模膛blocking impression / blocker / mould impression预错misalignment / pre-mismatch粗（初）锻模膛buster / rougher / blocker / pre-blocking impression 终锻模膛finisher / finishing impression切断模膛cutter / cut off飞边槽flash cavity飞边桥flash land / flash saddle飞边仓flash gutter / gutter飞边桥厚度、飞边桥深度flash land depth / flash saddle depth飞边桥宽度flash land width / flash saddle width波纹飞边corrugated flash阻力沟resistance slot热锻件图hot forging drawing收缩率contraction / shrink scale热尺寸hot dimensions边缘半径edge R(radius)锁扣lock圆形锁扣circular lock侧锁扣lateral lock止推锁扣counter lock纵向锁扣sideway(s) lock角锁扣corner lock分模面parting area / die parting face / parting plane承击面die contact area / beating area / striking surface / cushion face / die face / kissing face 燕尾shank / dovetail燕尾中心线centre line of dovetail键槽keyway键槽中心线centre line of keyway钳口gate浇口sprue浇道runner检验角、检验面match edge /match line / setting edge(face)起重孔handling hole锻模中心center of forging die模膛中心center of impression(cavity)模膛排列、型槽布排arrangement of impression(cavity)过渡模座intermediate die socket平锻模upset forging die平锻凹模grip die / grooved die平锻活动模movable die平锻固定模stationary die平锻冲头、平锻凸模punch / heading tool凸模柄punch shank凸模镶块punch insert凹模镶块die insert积聚模膛gathering impression穿孔模膛piercing impression切边模膛trimming impression卡细模膛necking impression扩径模膛expanding impression凸模固定器punch holder / heading tool holder定料板、前挡板stock gage(gauge) / gauge plate后挡板back-plate / rear slop塞子core排气孔vent-hole / air vent模座bolster镶块模、镶块inserted forging die / die insert应力圈shrink ring导套guide bushing导柱pillar / guide pin顶杆ejector / knockout pin压板、压块clamp / clamp block垫板plate / pedestal plate / wearing plate切边模trimming die冲孔模piercing die冷锻件图cold forging drawing凹模die凸模、冲头punch切边冲头、切边凸模trimmer punch / punch凸模固定块punch holder切边凹模、切边刃口trimmer blade(s) / blade(s)凹模座blade(s) shoe冲孔定位凹模nest die复合模compound die联合模progressive die卸料板stripper校正模sizing die / straightening die精压模、压印模coining die / sizing die辊锻模rolling die辊锻扇形块die segment / rolling segment模具的补焊修复weld repair of die模具翻新加工、模具翻新re-sinking and reworking of die模具寿命die life检验用铸件（浇盐件）die proof for inspection / casting pattern for inspection 模型master / plaster / pattern / model样板template / former楔key键dowel / locking pin / locking key模具闭合高度shut height翻新后最小闭合高度minimum shut height锻造公差、锻造缺陷及检查锻造公差forging tolerance / tolerance for impression die forging确定公差的因素information required in determining tolerance锻件形状复杂系数shape complexity factor of forging材质系数difficulty of material分模线形状shape of die line公差等级tolerance grad锻件公称尺寸nominal dimension of forging厚度公差thickness tolerance模具闭合公差die closure tolerance长度、宽度、高度公差length 、width and height tolerance模具磨损公差die wear tolerance错差、错差公差mismatch / match tolerance中心距公差tolerance for centre to centre dimensions平面度公差platness tolerance直线度公差straightness tolerance残余飞边及切入深度公差residual flash and trimmed flat tolerance 顶杆压痕公差ejector mark tolerance表面缺陷公差surface tolerance壁厚差difference in wall thickness冲孔公差pierced hole tolerance同轴度公差axiality tolerance折叠、折纹lap / overlap / fold缺肉、未充满under-fill模锻不足under-pressing表面缺陷surface imperfection氧化皮坑scale pit变形distortion / deformation毛刺、飞刺burr / fin凹陷void出气孔金属柱vent plug偏心eccentricity中间检查intermediate inspection流动检查patrol inspection外观检查visual inspection最后检查final inspection抽检random inspection其他锻造方法多向模锻multi-ram forging / multidirectional die forging精密模锻precision forging闭塞模锻croe forging合锻combination forging挤压锻造extrusion forging挤压extrusion正挤压forward extrusion / direct extrusion反挤压backward extrusion / indirect extrusion复合挤压combined extrusion辊锻roll forging / reducer rolling制坯辊锻roll forging of blank成形辊锻finishing roll forging辗环ring rolling楔横轧cross wedge rolling / transverse rolling超塑成形superplastic forming等温锻造isothermal forging冷锻cold forging温锻warm forging无屑加工chipless working粉末锻造powder metal forging / powder forging 液态模锻melted metal squeezing电热镦electric upset forging摆辗swing-rolling / rock rolling / tambling转动辗压turn-rolling / rotary-rolling径向锻造radial forging自由锻自由锻open die forging / flat die forging胎模锻loose tooling forging送进量feed延伸系数coefficient of stretching高径比ratio of height to diameter锻造比forging ratio镦粗upsetting局部镦粗local upsetting拔长drawing out / stretching / swaging / fullering芯棒拔长drawing out with the core bar滚圆、摔圆rolling倒棱chamfering压痕、克印indentation压肩necking错料offset弯曲bending扭转twisting切割、切断cutting冲孔punching / piercing扩孔expanding冲头扩孔expanding with a punch马杠扩孔、码圈saddle forging / saddling锻接forging welding空冷air cooling堆冷cooling in heap(pile)坑冷cooling in hole(box、pit)灰砂冷cooling in dust or sand炉冷furnace cooling塌角rollover / shear droop龟裂crazing角裂chink中心裂纹chevron crack发纹hairline cracks / hair-crack铁砧anvil花砧swage block冲子punch剁刀triangular chisel摔子tups / swager / swaging die胎模loose tooling马架mandrel supporter芯轴、马杠mandrel手锤hand hammer大锤sledge hammer夹钳tong自紧吊钳self closing crane tong锻压设备及装置锻锤forging hammer落锤drop hammer单作用锤drop hammer双作用锤double-action hammer重力落锤gravity-drop hammer夹板锤board drop hammer / board drop gravity hammer 皮带锤belt drop hammer链条锤chain drop hammer模锻锤die forging hammer蒸汽-空气模锻锤steam or air dir forging hammer锤头ram砧座anvil-block下砧座、砧套、夹持器anvil cap / sow block对击锤counter-blow hammer高速锤high energy rate forging hammer液压机hydraulic press快速锻造液压机high speed forging hydraulic press机械压力机mechanical press曲柄压力机crank press热模锻压力机、锻压机forging press楔式锻压机wedge-tyoe mechanical press开式压力机c-frame press / gap frame press闭式压力机straight side press单点压力机single point press双点压力机two point press单动压力机single action press双动压力机double action press滑块slide / ram导轨guide工作台table / bed顶出器ejector平锻机horizontal forging machine / forging machine / upsetter 切边压力机trimming press校正压力机restriking press精压机、肘杆式精压机coining press / knuckle joint coining press液压曲柄扭转机、扭转机hydraulic twister for crank-shaft / twister多工位自动热锻机multistage automatic hot forging machine / automatic forging-pressing machine 哈德堡热成形机HATEBUR metal-forming equipment / HATEBUR hotmatic螺旋压力机screw press摩擦压力机friction screw press液压螺旋压力机hydraulic screw press径向锻轴机radial forging machineGFM自动模锻机GFM automatic die forging machine感应抛丸机stress abrator抛丸清理室shot blasting cleaning chamber抛丸机wheel abrator / throw shot machine喷丸机shot blasting machine / peening machine起重机crane桥式起重机overhead traveling crane / bridge type crane塔式起重机tower crane起重葫芦hoist电动葫芦electric hoist气动葫芦pneumatic hoist磁粉探伤机magnetic particle detector荧光磁粉探伤机fluorescent magnetic particle detector无损探伤机non-destructive inspection machine硬度计hardness tester布式硬度计Brinell hardness tester洛式硬度计Rockwell hardness tester金属材料试验机metallic material testing machine非金属材料试验机non-metallic material testing machine拉力试验机tensile testing machine压力试验机compression testing machine扭转试验机torsion testing machine疲劳试验机fatigue testing machine冲击试验机impact testing machine弯折试验机reverse bend tester显微镜microscope金相显微镜metallographic microscope试样（样品）specimen辊锻机forging roll扩孔机ring rolling machine瓦格纳环轧机WAGNER ring roll摆辗机rotary forging press快速换模装置quick die change device换模翻转装置tool changing and turnover fixture锻造自动线automated forging line机械手manipulator / mechanical hand / mechanical operated arm除氧化皮装置descaler高压水去氧化皮high pressure hydro-peening传送装置transfer equipment悬挂输送链suspension conveyer chain链式传送带chain conveyer板式传送带pallet conveyer毛坯滑道stock guide工件箱parts gondola / work bin飞边箱flash gondola / flash bin型号type / model公称压力capacity / nominal force锻造吨位forging tonnage落下部分重量droping weight / weight of falling每分钟打击次数blow per minute / strick per minute打击速度blow speed打击效率blow efficiency滑块行程stroke of ram行程次数number of stroke滑块行程调节量adjustment of ram stroke下死点lower dead point / bottom dead centre上死点upper dead point / top dead centre寸动inching最大装模高度maximum die set height最大封闭高度maximum shut height空气锤pneumatic hammer / air hammer锻件热处理锻件热处理forging heat-treatment加热规范heating schedule正火normalizing淬火quench-hardening / hardening / quenching回火tempering调质quenching and tempering / hardening and tempering 退火annealing等温退火isothermal annealing形变热处理thermomechanical treatment (TMT)锻件余热淬火quenching from forging heat残余应力residual stress消除残余应力stress relieving淬火裂纹quenching crack / hardening flaw淬火应力quenching stress / hardening stress淬火介质quenching medium拉长淬火机stretch-quench machine硬度hardness布式硬度试验Brinell hardness test / Brinelling洛式硬度试验Rockwell hardness test锻件清理抛丸清理shot-blasting / peening抛丸室（机）shot-blast chamber(machine)喷砂清理sand blast cleaning酸洗pickling / dipping滚筒清理tumbling / roller cleaning磨毛刺grinding / burring设备分类工艺设备manufacturing equipment标准设备standard equipment非标准设备non-standard equipment通用设备vniversal equipment专用设备special equipment热处理设备heat treatment equipment热处理主要设备main equipment for heat treatment热处理辅助设备auxiliary equipment for heat treatment热处理成套设备（热处理生产线）complete set of heat treatment equipment 热处理炉heat treatment furnace燃料炉fuel-fired furnace燃气炉gas-fired furnace燃油炉oil-fired furnace燃煤炉coal-fired furnace电热设备electro-heat installation电热装置electro-heat equipment工作温度working temperature工作区尺寸working space dimensions生产率production rate额定温度rated temperature炉温自动控制automatic control of furnace temperature炉温程序控制program control of furnace temperature炉温的时间比例控制time ratio control of furnace temperature风室wind chamber连续式炉continuous furnace多区域炉multi-zone furnace感应加热设备表面加热surface heating感应加热induction heating工频mains frequency低频low frequency中频medium frequency超音频ultrasonic frequency高频high frequency超高频ultrahigh frequency感应加热设备induction heating equipmen。

1.1 Metals and Non-metalsWords and termsdefinite－确定的、明确的defect－缺陷plastic deformation塑性变形stress concentrator 应力集中点self-strengthening自强化the tip of a crock裂纹尖端☐Among numerous properties possessed by materials，their mechanical properties，in the majority of cases，are the most essential and therefore，they will be given much consideration in the book．☐在一些主要应用场合，机械性能是材料的各种性能中最重要的性能，因此，本书中将重点讨论。

▪consideration 考虑，需要考虑的事项，报酬☐All critical parts and elements，of which a high reliability （可靠性）is required，are made of metals, rather than of glass，plastics or stone.☐由于各种关键零部件的可靠性要求高，均用金属而不是玻璃、塑料或石头制造。

▪is required 翻译时将英文中的被动语态，改译为汉语中的主动语态。

▪rather than 而不是☐As has been given in Sec.1-1，metals are characterized by the metallic bond（金属键），where positive ions （正离子）occupy the sites of the crystal lattice （晶格）and are surrounded by electron gas（电子云）．☐正如Sec1-1中所说，金属主要由金属键组成（其特征主要……）。

摘要在催化反应中，金属酶催化剂在温和的条件下就可以体现出高的催化活性及高的产物选择性。

以甲烷单加氧酶为模型，探索其仿生化合物的结构和功能一直以来是人们追求的目标。

由于天然酶分子纯化困难稳定性差，而人工合成的仿生化合物可塑性强，更能清晰地了解酶的结构和功能。

所以人们更加注重对仿生酶的性能研究，同时也为仿生化学、酶化学等相关领域的发展提供了重要支撑和推动作用。

本文以甲烷单加氧酶简单的仿生化合物双核铁金属配合物为模型，以非卟啉类化合物(TPA：三[2-甲基吡啶]胺和TPMA：三[{4-甲氧基-2、5-二甲基}-2-甲基吡啶]胺)为有机配体，研究了非氧化还原性金属离子作为路易斯酸对双核铁催化剂的催化氧化反应性能的影响。

结果表明，路易斯酸Sc3+能够显著地提高双核铁配合物催化氧化环己烷和烯烃环氧化的反应速率，且路易斯酸的酸性越强，反应速率的提高越明显。

进一步的研究机理表明：低价的双核铁在过量的氧化剂TBHP的作用下生成高价的diamond core结构的惰性物种[Fe III(μ-O)2Fe IV], 该物种对于C-H键活化及烯烃环氧化反应体限了极差的催化活性，非氧化还原性金属离子的加入会解离该结构，形成开环的活性物种, 从而大幅度提高反应速率。

本文揭示了非氧化还原性金属离子作为路易斯酸对双核铁配合物催化氧化反应性能影响的规律及其机理，该工作的开展对于调控现有的惰性催化剂体系以及开发新的催化氧化技术具有重要的指导意义，也为研究甲烷单加氧酶催化氧化机理提供新的线索。

关键词：甲烷单加氧酶；双核铁配合物；路易斯酸；C-H键活化AbstractThe metal enzyme catalysts are well known for their ability to carry out catalytic reactions with the high efficiency, high selectivity under mild conditions. It is the goal to explore the applications of methane in the organic synthesis and industry by studying the biomimetic materials of metal enzymes like soluble methane monooxygenase(sMMO). Due to the complicated structure of the enzymes and the poor stability, the synthetic small molecular model complexes have the strong advantage in plasticity, and it is better to understand the structures, functions, activity differences and mechanisms of the enzymes. Therefore, the study of simple complexes of enzymes has become one of the most popular topics in science and catalytic chemistry. It promotes the development of enzyme chemistry, biomimetic chemistry and other related fields.In this paper, the influences of Lewis acids on the catalytic oxidation reactions by diiron complexes with TPA or TPMA ligand. The results showed that Lewis acid like Sc3 + could significantly accelerate the reaction rate of cyclohexane and olefin epoxidation by diiron complexs. In the absence of Lewis acid, oxidation of diiron(III) complex by TBHP would generate a well known di-μ-oxo-bridged dinuclear Fe (III)Fe(IV) core which is very sluggish for C-H acitivation and olefin epoxidation. Adding non redox metal ions would cause the dissociation of the dinuclear core which sharply improves the rates of reaction. This work may offer a novel strategy to improve the catalytic reactivity of a variety of inert redox metal catalysts, and may provide new clues to understand theirs roles in catalytic oxidation mechanism of soluble methane monooxygenase.Key words: soluble methane monooxygenase; diiron complex; Lewis acids; C-H activation目录摘要 (1)Abstract (2)1 绪论 (5)1.1甲烷单加氧酶的组成及存在形式 (5)1.2 甲烷单加氧酶的催化氧化循环机理 (7)1.3 甲烷单加氧酶的活化机理 (9)1.3.1分子氧活化机理 (9)1.3.2烷烃的活化机理 (10)1.4 生物酶中间体活性差异的研究 (11)1.5 非氧化还原性金属离子在均相催化反应中的应用 (14)1.6 选题的意义及思路 (16)2 实验部分 (19)2.1 实验试剂 (19)2.2 实验仪器及实验设备 (21)2. 3 双核铁配合物及配体的合成方法 (21)2.4 实验说明 (24)2.4.1 TON和TOF计算方法 (24)2.4.2催化氧化反应中的色谱条件 (25)2. 5催化氧化反应及动力学实验的操作步骤 (25)2.5.1烯烃环氧化体系的操作步骤 (25)2.5.2环己烷体系催化氧化实验的操作步骤 (25)2.5.3环己烷体系催化氧化动力学操作步骤 (26)2.5.4 Lewis acid调控双核铁催化氧化底物扩展的操作步骤 (26)2.6.机理的光谱学表征 (26)2.6.1 UV-Vis测试的操作步骤 (26)2.6.2 EPR测试操作步骤 (27)2.6.3同步辐射（EXAFS）测试操作步骤 (27)3实验结果与讨论 (28)3.1 Lewis acid调控双核铁催化剂催化氧化环辛烯的反应体系 (28)3.2 Lewis acid调控双核铁催化剂催化氧化环己烷体系条件的筛选 (30)3.3 Lewis acid 调控双核铁催化剂催化氧化环己烷体系空白实验 (36)3.4 Lewis acid调控双核铁催化剂(L = TPA和TPMA)催化氧化环己烷动力学实验 (37)3.5 路易斯酸调控双核铁催化剂(L=TPA)催化氧化底物扩展实验 (39)3.6. 双核铁催化剂/Sc(OTf)3/TBHP体系光谱表征 (43)3.7双核铁催化剂/Sc(OTf)3 /TBHP体系机理讨论 (47)4 结论 (49)致谢 (50)参考文献 (51)附录1 作者攻读硕士期间发表的论文 (58)附录2 (59)1 绪论金属酶作为一种生物催化剂，相比于其它催化剂具有选择性、高效性和反应条件温和的特征。

第一课It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals have the greatest importance for industry. All machines and other engineering constructions have metal parts; some of them consist only of metal parts.众所周知，金属在我们的生活中是非常重要的，金属对于工业而言是有巨大的重要性，所有机器和其他工程构造都有金属零部件，其中一些还只能由金属组成。

There are two large groups of metals:1) Simple metal- more or less pure chemical elements2) Alloys- materials consisting of a simple metal combined with some other elements.有两大类金属：（1）纯金属——或多或少的金属元素（2）合金——组成纯金属的原料结合其他元素。

About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metals, but not all metals may be used in industry. Those metals which are used in industry are called engineering metals. The most important engineering metal is iron, which in the form of alloys with carbon and other elements, finds greater use than any other metal. Metals consisting of iron combined with some other elements are known as ferrous metals; all the other metals are called nonferrous metals. The most important nonferrous metal are copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, tin, but all these metals are used much less than ferrous metals, because the ferrous metals are much cheaper.在地球上发现的所有元素中，大约三分之二是金属元素，但是并不是所有的金属都能够用于工业上。

可塑性话题作文800英文回答：Plasticity is the ability of a material to undergo permanent deformation without breaking. It is an important property in materials science and engineering, as it allows for shaping and forming of materials into different shapes and structures.The concept of plasticity can be applied to various fields, such as metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and even neuroscience. In metallurgy, for example, theplasticity of a metal determines its ability to be formed into different shapes through processes like forging, rolling, or extrusion. In mechanical engineering, the plasticity of materials is crucial in designing components that can withstand deformation without failure. In neuroscience, the plasticity of the brain refers to its ability to reorganize and adapt in response to new experiences or injuries.Plasticity is also a key factor in the field ofmaterials science, where researchers study the behavior of materials under different conditions and loading scenarios. Understanding the plastic behavior of materials isessential in designing and manufacturing products that meet the required performance and safety standards.In summary, plasticity plays a critical role in various disciplines and industries, allowing for the shaping and forming of materials and the adaptation of biological systems.中文回答：可塑性是材料在不断变形而不断裂的能力。

2024年教师资格（初级中学）-英语知识与教学能力（高中）考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点押密题库(共100题)1.(单项选择题)(每题2.00 分) —Do you mind if I______the TV a bit?—Yes, I do, because Fm busy with my homework now.A. turn onB. turn upC. turndownD. turnoff2.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) A Chinese student makes a sentence as follows： He is a rich man who like traveling. The error in that sentence is the result of______.A. negative transferB. positive transferC. overgeneralizationD. pragmatic failure3.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) The party’s reduced vote was______of lack of support for its policies.A. indicativeB. positiveC. revealingD. evident4.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following assumptions about vocabulary learning contradicts the modem language teaching theories?A. The best way to learn words is to use them.B. The best way to learn vocabulary is via rote learning.C. An English dictionary is an important aid to students.D. Learning a word involves learning more than just the word itself.5.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) I will always remember my mother^ last few days in this worlD.On February 14th,2000, my class went on a field trip to the beach. I had so much fun. When we returned to school, my teacher told me to go t o the headmaster’s office. When I got into the office，I saw a police officer. Suddenly I realized something was wrong. The police officer told me what had happened and we went to pick my sister up. After that, we went to the hospital and waiteD. Time went slowly.Finally, we got to see our mother, it was terrible.On the next day, the headmaster came and told my two teachers what had happeneD. I was taking a rest that day. I knew it had something to do with my mother. I kept thinking that she either died or had got better. How I wished that she had got better. When my teacher took me outside, my sister ran up to me. She started crying, “She’s gone. Teresa mommy’s gone. She’s deaD. ”1 couldn’t believe it. We jumped into the car and drove straight to the hospi tal. Most of my family were there. The silence was terrible. I knew I had to say goodbye.Today when I look back, I still miss my mother very much, but I know that I will live. My mother was a strong mother，who had the biggest heart. My mother was an angel walking on the earth. I will always remember her as she is living. When someone is asked who their heroes are ,they usually say someone famous, like Michael Jordan or Britney Spears. When someone asks me who my hero is, I tell them, my mother. My mother lives every day. That is what makes her a true hero.What did the headmaster tell the two teachers on the next day?______.A. Her mother had been very ill.B. Her mother had been deaD.C. Her mother had gotten better.D. Her sister came to see her.6.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) The men who race the cars are generally small, with a tight, nervous look. They range from the early 20s to the middle 40s, and it is usually their nerves that go first.Fear is the driver’s constant companion, and tragedy can be just a step behinD. Scarcely a man in the 500 does not carry the scars of accident crashes. The mark of the plastic surgeon is everywhere, and burned skin is common. Sometimes a driver^ scars are invisible, part of his heritage. Two young drivers, Billy Vukovich and Gary Bettenhausen, raced in their first 500 in 1968. Less than 20 years before, their fathers also competed against one another on the Indy track-and died there.All this the drivers accept. Over the years, they have learned to trust their own techniques, reflexes, and courage. They depend, too, on a trusted servant-scientific engineering. Though they may not have had a great deal of schooling (an exception is New Zealand’s Bruce McLaren, who had an engineering degree), many drivers are gifted mechanics， with a feeling for their engines that amount to kinship.A few top drivers have become extremely wealthy, with six-figure incomes from prize money, endorsement, and jobs with auto-product manufacturers. Some have businesses of their own. McLaren designs racing chassis (底盘).Dan GumeyJs California factory manufactured the chassis of three of the first four cars in the 1968 Indy 500, including his own second place car. Yet money is not the only reason why men race cars. Perhaps it isn’t even the major reason. Three times Indy winner(1961, 1964, 1967).A. J. Foyt, for example, can frequently be found competing on dirty tracks in minor-league races, where money, crowds and safety features are limiteD. and only the danger is not. Why does he do it? Sometimes Foyt answers, “It’s in my blooD. ’’Other times he says, “It is good practice.” Now and then he replies, “Don’t ask dumb questions. ’’A. J. Foyt often takes part in minor-league races fo r______ .A. prize moneyB. blood testC. cheers from the crowdD. enjoyment7.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)A teacher may encourage students to__________ when they come acrossnew words infast reading.A. take notesB. ask for helpC. guess meaning from contextD. look up the words in a dictionary8.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) You II find this Travel Guide to be of great ( ) in helping you and your children to get around Malaysia.A. costB. priceC. valueD. expenditure9.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) If a teacher attempts to implement the top-down model to teachA. new word sifter playing the tapeB. new words before playing the tapeC. background information after playing the tapeD. background information before playing the tape10.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) I’ve tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means______with my progress.A. the teacher is not satisfiedB. is the teacher not satisfiedC. the teacher is satisfiedD. is the teacher satisfied11.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) What stage can the following grammar activity be usedat?______.The teacher asks the students to arrange the words of the sentences into different columns marked subject, predicate, object, object complement, adverbial and so on.A. PresentationB. PracticeC. ProductionD. Preparation12.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Operations which left patients______and in need of long periods of discovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.A. unhealthyB. exhaustedC. fearfulD. upset13.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Mr. King works in a shop and drives a car for the manager. He drives carefully and can keep calm in time of danger, and he has escaped from several accidents. The manager pays him more and the traffic policemen often speak highly of him.Mr. Baker, one of his friends, works in a factory outside the city. Ifs far from his house and he has to go to work by bus. As the traffic is crowded in the morning, sometimes he’s late for the work. His manager warns the young man that he will be sent away unless he gets to his office on time. He hopes to buy a car，but he hasn’t enough money. He decides to buy an old one. He went to the flea market and at last he chose a beautiful but cheap car. He said he wan— ted to have a trial drive, and the seller agreeD. He called Mr. King and asked him to give a hanD.Mr. King examined the car at first and then drove it away. It was five in the morning and there were few cars in the street. At first he drove slowly and it worked well. Then he drovefailed and nearly hit an old woman who was crossing the street. A policeman told him to stop, but the car went on until it hit a big tree by the roaD.“Didn’t you hear me?” the policeman asked angrily.“Yes，I did，sir，” said Mr. King，“ Since it doesn’t listen to me，can it obey you?”Mr. Baker went to the flea market to______.A. buy a second-hand carB. have a trial driveC. choose a new carD. sell his old car14.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)What is the author′ s attitude towards America′ s policies on global warming?A. Critical.B. Indifferent.C. Supportive.D. Compromising.15.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities helps to train the skill of listening for gist?A. After listening, the students are required to figure out the relationship between the characters.B. After listening, the students are required to sequence the sentences according to the story.C. After listening, the students are required to identify the characters appearing in the story.D. After listening, the students are required to decide upon the title for the text.16.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) —Did you return Tom?s call?—I didn’t need to______, Fll see him tomorrow.A. thoughtB. unlessC. whenD. because17.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) This skirt was made______your mother______her own measure.A. for; toC. to; toD. for; by18.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)She is __________ , from her recording, the diaries of Simon Forman.A. transcribingB. keepingC. paraphrasingD. recollecting19.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) There is no doubt______you will pass the exam this time. You have worked so hard in the past months.A. whetherB. thatC. ifD. what20.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) 阅读下面的短文，从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项（请选择唯一正确的答案）Passage OneThere are many wetlands in China and some of them have become the world’s important wetlands. The Chinese Yellow Sea Wetlands are among them. They are in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. They are home for many different kinds of birds and animals. The worlds largest Milu Deer Nature Reserve is in them. More than 700 milu deer live freely there. There are not many red-crowned cranes in the world, but every winter you can see some in the Red-crowned Cranes Nature Reserve in the Yellow Sea Wetlands.The temperature in the wetlands is usually neither too high nor too low. There is a lot of rain and sunshine, too. They are really good places for wildlife. Offering food and home for some special kinds of animals and birds is not the only reason why we need to protect wet-lands. Wetlands are important because they can also prevent floods. But some people want to change the wetlands to make more space for farms and buildings. This means there will be less and less space for wildlife.Luckily, more and more people are beginning to realize the importance Of wetlands and wildlife. Every year, on February 2, many activities are held to tell people more about wet-lands.The World Wetlands Day is on. ______ .B. June 25C. February 2D. March 2221.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)The committee __________ a conclusion only after days of discussion.A. releasedB. achievedC. reachedD. accomplished22.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Passage OneMove over Methuselah. Future generations could be living well into their second century and still doing Sudoku, if life expectancy predictions are true. Increasing by two years every decade, they show no signs of flattening out. Average lifespan worldwide is already double what it was 200 years ago. Since the 1980s, experts thought the increase in life expectancy would slow down and then stop, but forecasters have repeatedly been proved wrong.The reason behind the steady rise in life expectancy is “the decline in the death rate of the elderly”, says Professor Tom Kirkwood from Newcas tle University. He maintains that our bodies are evolving to maintain and repair themselves better and our genes are investing in →this process ←to put off the damage which will eventually lead to death. As a result, there is no ceiling imposed by the real ities of the ageing process. “There is no use-by-date when we age. Ageing is not a fixed biological process," Tom says.A large study of people aged 85 and over carried out by Professor Kirkwood discovered that there were a remarkable number of people enjoying good health and independence in their late 80s and beyonD. With people reaching old age in better shape, it is safe to assume that this is all due to better eating habits, living conditions, education and medicine.There are still many people who suffer from major health problems, but modem medicine means doctors are better at managing long-term health conditions like diabetes, high blood pres- sure and heart disease. “We are reaching old age with less accumulative damage than previous generations, we are less damaged," says Professor KirkwooD. Our softer lives and the improvements in nutrition and healthcare have had a direct impact on longevity.Nearly one-in-five people currency in the UK will live to see their 100th birthday, the Office for National Statistics predicted last year. Life expectancy at birth has continued to increase in the UK——from 73.4 years for the period 1991 to 1993 to 77.85 years for 2007 to 2009. A report in Science from 2002 which looked at life expectancy patterns in different countries since 1840 concluded that there was no sign of a natural limit to life.Researchers Jim Oeppen and Dr. James Vaupel found that people in the country with the highest life expectancy would live to an average age of 100 in about six decades. But they stopped short of predicting anything more."This is far from eternity: modest annual increments in life expectancy will never lead to immortality,” the researchers saiD.We do not seem to be approaching anything like the limits of life expectancy, says Professor David Leon from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. “There has been no flattening out of the best the groups which everyone knows have good life expectancy and→ low mortality←. ”he says.These groups, which tend to be in the higher social and economic groups in society, can live for several years longer than people in lower social groups, prompting calls for an end to inequalities within societies.Within populations, genes also have an important role to play in determining how long we could survive for, but environment is still the most important factor.It is no surprise that healthy-living societies like Japan have the highest life expectancies in the worlD. But it would still be incredible to think that life expectancy could go on rising forever. “I would bet there will be further increases in life expectancy and then it will probably begin to slow,” says Tom, “but we just don’t know.”The underlined phrase “low mortality” in Paragraph 8 could best be replaced by “→←".A. short life spanB. low death rateC. low illness rateD. good health condition23.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) For grammar teaching, if the rule is given first and explained and the student then has to apply the rule to given situation, the method is definedas______methoD.A. deductiveB. inductiveC. Grammar-translationD. audio-translation24.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)The most suitable question type to check students′ comprehension and developtheir critical thinking is __________.A. rhetorical questionsB. referential questionsC. close questionsD. display questions25.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following is NOT the advantage of group work?A. creating some peaceful and quiet time in classB. encouraging cooperation and negotiation skills among studentsC. encouraging different opinions and contributions to the workD. promoting students5 autonomy rather than follow the teachers26.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)--Would you like some noodles, Celia?--Yes, just___________, please.A. a fewB. fewC. a littleD. little27.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Modem scientists divide the process of dying into two stages-clinical or temporary death and biological death. Clinical death occurs when the vital organs, such as the heart or lungs, have ceased to function, but have not suffered permanent damage. The organism can still be reviveD. Biological death occurs when changes in the organism lead to the disintegration of vital cells and tissues. Death is then irreversible and final.Scientists have been seeking a way to prolong the period of clinical death so that the organism can be revived before biological death occurs. The best method developed so far involves cooling of the organism, combined with narcotic sleep. By slowing down the body^ metabolism, cooling delays the processes leading to biological death.To illustrate how this works, scientists performed an experiment on a six-year-old female monkey called KetA. The scientists put Keta to sleep with a narcotic. Then they surrounded her body with ice-bags and began checking her body temperature. When it had dropped to 28 degrees the scientists began draining blood from its body. The monkey’s blood pressure decreased and an hour later both the heart and breathing stopped; clinical death set in.this point the scientists pumped blood into its body in the direction of the heart and started artificial breathing. After two minutes the monkey’s heart became active once more. Aft er fifteen minutes, spontaneous breathing began, and after four hours Keta opened her eyes and lifted her heaD. After six hours, when the scientists tried to give her a penicillin injection. Keta seized the syringe and ran with it around the room. Her behavior differed little from that of a healthy animal.One characteristic of clinical death is______.A. lasting damage to the lungsB. destruction of the tissuesC. temporary non-functioning of the heartD. that the organism cannot be revived28.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities actually does not involve writing?→ ←.A. Completion according to outlines.B. Completion with multiple choices.C. Completion according to topic sentences.D. Completion with detailed examples related to the topiC.29.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) English teachers often ask students to ______ a passage to get the gist of it.A. skimB. scanC. predictD. describe30.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) —Must I finish the work today, Mom?__No, you_____. You can finish it tomorrow.A. mustn’tB. can’tC. shouldn’tD. needn’t31.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) ______ she heard her grandfather was bom in Germany.A. That was from her mumB. It was her mum thatC. It was from her mum thatD. It was her mum whom32.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) When we analyze the salt salinity (盐浓度)of ocean waters, we find that it varies only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation. In thisextreme, of course, white salt would be left behind; this, by the way, is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtaineD.The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreaseD. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation.Normally, in hot regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behinD. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeareD. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.In the Weddell Sea, the densest water in the ocean is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portion of the oceans of the worlD.It can be known from the passage that increase in the salinity of ocean water is caused by______.A. melting of sea iceB. precipitationC. evaporationD. supplement of salt33.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Mr. King works in a shop and drives a car for the manager. He drives carefully and can keep calm in time of danger, and he has escaped from several accidents. The manager pays him more and the traffic policemen often speak highly of him.Mr. Baker, one of his friends, works in a factory outside the city. Ifs far from his house and he has to go to work by bus. As the traffic is crowded in the morning, sometimes he’s late for the work. His manager warns the young man that he will be sent away unless he gets to his office on time. He hopes to buy a car，but he hasn’t enough money. He decides to buy an old one. He went to the flea market and at last he chose a beautiful but cheap car. He said he wan— ted to have a trial drive, and the seller agreeD. He called Mr. King and asked him to give a hanD.Mr. King examined the car at first and then drove it away. It was five in the morning and there were few cars in the street. At first he drove slowly and it worked well. Then he drovefailed and nearly hit an old woman who was crossing the street. A policeman told him to stop, but the car went on until it hit a big tree by the roaD.“Didn’t you hear me?” the policeman asked angrily.“Yes，I did，sir，” said Mr. King，“ Since it doesn’t listen to me，can it obey you?”What is a flea market?______.A. A market where fleas are solD.B. A market where cars are solD.C. A market where used and cheap goods are soldD. A supermarket.34.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) To their credit the Department of Energy______these ideas and funded a detailed study.A. took toB. took onC. took overD. took up35.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) The phoneme/n/in the first word of all the following phrases changes to/m/except______.A. moon shineB. moon beamC. common propertyD. common wealth36.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows__________.A. generally distorted valuesB. unfair wealth distributionC. a marginalized lifestyleD. a rigid moral code37.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following can be regarded as a communicative language task? ______ .A. Information-gap activityC. Sentence transformationD. Blank-filling38.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Passage OneMove over Methuselah. Future generations could be living well into their second century and still doing Sudoku, if life expectancy predictions are true. Increasing by two years every decade, they show no signs of flattening out. Average lifespan worldwide is already double what it was 200 years ago. Since the 1980s, experts thought the increase in life expectancy would slow down and then stop, but forecasters have repeatedly been proved wrong.The reason behind the stead y rise in life expectancy is “the decline in the death rate of the elderly”, says Professor Tom Kirkwood from Newcastle University. He maintains that our bodies are evolving to maintain and repair themselves better and our genes are investing in →this process ←to put off the damage which will eventually lead to death. As a result, there is no ceiling imposed by the realities of the ageing process. “There is no use-by-date when we age. Ageing is not a fixed biological process," Tom says.A large study of people aged 85 and over carried out by Professor Kirkwood discovered that there were a remarkable number of people enjoying good health and independence in their late 80s and beyonD. With people reaching old age in better shape, it is safe to assume that this is all due to better eating habits, living conditions, education and medicine.There are still many people who suffer from major health problems, but modem medicine means doctors are better at managing long-term health conditions like diabetes, high blood pres- sure and heart disease. “We are reaching old age with less accumulative damage than previous generations, we are less damaged," says Professor KirkwooD. Our softer lives and the improvements in nutrition and healthcare have had a direct impact on longevity.Nearly one-in-five people currency in the UK will live to see their 100th birthday, the Office for National Statistics predicted last year. Life expectancy at birth has continued to increase in the UK——from 73.4 years for the period 1991 to 1993 to 77.85 years for 2007 to 2009. A report in Science from 2002 which looked at life expectancy patterns in different countries since 1840 concluded that there was no sign of a natural limit to life.Researchers Jim Oeppen and Dr. James Vaupel found that people in the country with the highest life expectancy would live to an average age of 100 in about six decades. But they stopped short of predicting anything more."This is far from eternity: modest annual increments in life expectancy will never lead to immortality,” the researchers saiD.We do not seem to be approaching anything like the limits of life expectancy, says Professor David Leon from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. “There has been no flattening out of the best the group s which everyone knows have good life expectancy and→ low mortality←. ”he says.for several years longer than people in lower social groups, prompting calls for an end to inequalities within societies.Within populations, genes also have an important role to play in determining how long we could survive for, but environment is still the most important factor.It is no surprise that healthy-living societies like Japan have the highest life expectancies in the worlD. But it would still be incredible to think that life expectancy could go on rising forever. “I would bet there will be further increases in life expectancy and then it will probably begin to slow,” says Tom, “but we just don’t know.”Which statement below is TRUE concerning life expectancy according to thepassage?→←.A. Life expectancy goes on rising forever.B. There could be further increases in life expectancy.C. Life expectancy has slowed down since 1980s and it will stop.D. Life expectancy in Japan doubles what it was 200 years ago.39.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)The message came to the villagers __________ the enemy had already fledthe village.A. whichB. whoC. thatD. where40.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)Which of the letter "u"in the following words has a different pronunciation from others?A. abuseB. useC. excuseD. lure41.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)Based on the experiment, which of the following may signal that the subjectis nearing the solution?A. The subject is begging to work.B. The subject looks away at something else.C. The subject is distracted from the given words.D. The subject concentrates on the given words all the time.42.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) New curriculum promotes the three-dimensional teaching objective which includes_______.A. knowledge, skills and method sB. emotional attitude and valuesC. knowledge, skills and emotionD. knowledge and skills； process and methods； emotional attitude and values43.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following nominating patterns can a teacher adopt to ensure that all students are actively involved in classroom activities?→ ←.A. Nominating those who are good at English.B. Asking questions in a predicable sequence.C. Nominating students after the question is given.D. Nominating students before giving the question.44.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Electronic books could revolutionize reading, but people ought to consider their far-reaching. “The e-book promises to wreak a slow havoc on life as we know it,” Jason Ohler, professor of technology assessment, University of Alaska Southeast in Juneau, warned the World Future Society, Bethesda, MD. His assessment weighed the pros and cons of e-book technology’s impact on social rela tionships, the environment, the economy，etC. Before you curl up with an e-book, consider the disadvantages.They increase eyestrain due to poor screen resolution, replace a relatively cheap commodity with a more expensive one, and displace workers in print book production and traditional publishing. E-books make it easy to share data, thereby threatening copyright agreements and reducing compensation of authors, as well as creating no biodegradable trash. On the other hand, e-books save paper and trees, reduce the burden of the carrying and storing of printed books, promote self- sufficiency in learning, and make reading a collaborative experience online. They also create new jobs for writers and artists and encourageself-publishing. In final analysis, Ohler points out, e-books should gain society’s approval if a few conditions are met: make them biodegradable and recyclable，solve the problem of eye fatigue，be sure the “have-nots” get the technology，and support e-book training in schools and business.What is e-books negative impact on social relationships?______.A. They create new jobs only for writers.B. Fewer and fewer people have access to new technology.C. They may threaten some traditional trades.。