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生命是永恒不断的创造，因为在它内部蕴含着过剩的精力，它不断流溢，越出时间和空间的界限，它不停地追求，以形形色色的自我表现的形式表现出来。
－－泰戈尔Tongue Twister AA big black bug bit a big black bear, made the big black bear bleed blood.大黑虫咬大黑熊，大黑熊流血了！A big black bug bit a big black bear. Where's the big black bear the big black bug bit?大黑虫咬大黑熊，被大黑虫咬的大黑熊在那里呢？A bitter biting bittern bit a better brother bittern, and the bitter better bittern bit the bitter biter back. And the bitter bittern, bitten, by the better bitten bittern, said: "I'm a bitter biter bit, alack!"一只沮丧而尖刻的麻鳽咬了它兄弟一口，而没有它那么沮丧的兄弟又咬它一口。
那只被咬的沮丧麻鳽对它的兄弟说：「我是一只充满怨恨的麻鳽！我害人终害己了！A bloke's back bike brake block broke. 一个家伙的脚踏车后制动器坏了。
A box of biscuits, a batch of mixed biscuits. 一盒饼干，一炉杂饼干。
A flea and a fly flew up in a flue. Said the flea, "Let us fly!" Said the fly, "Let us flee!" So they flew through a flaw in the flue.一只跳蚤和一只苍蝇飞进烟道里。
英语故事狐狸和乌鸦-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1The Fox and the Crow/狐狸和乌鸦A Fox once saw a Crow fly off with a piece of cheese in its beak and settle on a branch of a tree.有一次，一只狐狸看到一只乌鸦嘴里叼着一块乳酪飞落在一个树枝上。
"That's for me, as I am a Fox," said Master Reynard, and he walked up to the foot of the tree."那乳酪是给我的,因为我是一只狐狸,” 狐狸说着,走到树脚下。
"Good day, Mistress Crow," he cried. "How well you are looking today: how glossy your feathers; how bright your eyes. I feel sure your voice must surpass that of other birds, just as your figure does; let me hear but one song from you that I may greet you as the Queen of Birds."“你好,乌鸦夫人”, 狐狸喊道,”你今天真好看, 看你的羽毛是多么光亮啊, 你的眼睛多么有神啊, 我觉得你的声音肯定也是所有鸟之中最好听的, 你的样子是那样的出众, 让我听听您的歌声吧,那怕只唱一首, 我以后都会称你为鸟中的皇后。
”The Crow lifted up her head and began to caw her best, but the moment she opened her mouth the piece of cheese fell to the ground, only to be snapped up by Master Fox.乌鸦骄傲地仰起了头，准备放声歌唱，但当它一张开嘴，那块乳酪就掉到了地上，马上就被狐狸叼走了。
关于火烈鸟的英文儿歌Tell me, tell me, what do you see?告诉我，告诉我，你看见了什么？I see an apple, and it's red!我看见一个苹果，它是红色的Tell me, tell me, what do you see?告诉我，告诉我，你看见了什么？I see a carrot, and it's orange!我看见一根胡萝卜，它是橘色的Tell me, tell me, what do you see?告诉我，告诉我，你看见了什么？I see a lemon, and it's yellow!我看见一颗柠檬，它是黄色的Tell me, tell me, what do you see?告诉我，告诉我，你看见了什么？I see a frog, and it's green!我看见一只青蛙，它是绿色的Rainbow colors everywhere彩虹颜色到处都是Red, orange, yellow, green红色，橘色，黄色，绿色Rainbow colors everywhere彩虹颜色到处都是Blue, purple, pink!蓝色，紫色，粉红色Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, pink 红色，橘色，黄色，绿色，蓝色，紫色，粉红色Tell me, tell me, what do you see?告诉我，告诉我，你看见了什么？I see a fish, and it's blue!我看见了一条鱼，它是蓝色的Tell me, tell me, what do you see?告诉我，告诉我，你看见了什么？I see a flower, and it's purple!我看见了一朵花，它是紫色的Tell me, tell me, what do you see?告诉我，告诉我，你看见了什么？I see a flamingo, and it's pink!我看见了一只火烈鸟，它是粉红色的Rainbow colors everywhere彩虹颜色到处都是Red, orange, yellow, green红色，橘色，黄色，绿色Rainbow colors everywhere彩虹颜色到处都是Blue, purple, pink!蓝色，紫色，粉红色Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, pink 红色，橘色，黄色，绿色，蓝色，紫色，粉红色。
杀死一只知更鸟英语原版阅读一、书籍简介二、词汇积累1. 常用词汇- prejudice：偏见。
例如：“There was a lot of prejudice against black people in that town.”（那个镇上对黑人有很多偏见。
）- innocent：无辜的。
“Tom Robinson was an innocent man, but he was still convicted.”（汤姆·鲁滨逊是个无辜的人，但他仍然被定罪。
） - courtesy：礼貌。
“Atticus taught his children the importance of courtesy.”（阿蒂克斯教导他的孩子们礼貌的重要性。
）- mockingbird：知更鸟。
在小说中，知更鸟是无辜者的象征。
“Killing a mockingbird is a sin in the book.”（在书中，杀死一只知更鸟是一种罪过。
）2. 南方方言词汇（部分）- yonder：那边。
“Look yonder, there's something strange.”（看那边，有奇怪的东西。
）- ain't：不是（不规范用法，在小说中体现口语特色）。
“He ain't coming today.”（他今天不来了。
）三、语法点1. 复杂句结构- 书中有很多包含多个从句的复杂句子。
例如：“I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It's when you know you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what.”（我想让你见识一下什么是真正的勇气，不要以为勇气就是手里拿着枪的男人。
乌鸦要飞去哪里英语作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The crow is flying to a place where it can find food. It is searching for a meal, perhaps a juicy worm or a tasty piece of fruit. The crow's wings flap gracefully as it soars through the sky, scanning the ground below for any signs of a potential feast.Suddenly, the crow spots a group of trees ahead. It knows that trees often provide shelter and food, so it decides to investigate further. As it approaches, the crow notices a cluster of bright red apples hanging from one of the branches. It can't resist the temptation and swoops down to grab one.With the apple firmly grasped in its beak, the crow takes off again, eager to find a quiet spot where it can enjoy its meal in peace. It flies over fields and rivers, enjoying the freedom of the open sky. The wind whistles past its feathers, creating a soothing melody that accompanies its journey.After flying for some time, the crow spots a tall building in the distance. Curiosity piques its interest,and it decides to explore further. As it gets closer, the crow notices a group of people gathered around the entrance. They seem to be carrying bags of food and laughing together.Intrigued, the crow lands on a nearby branch and watches the scene unfold. It observes the people sharing their food, their laughter filling the air. The delicious aroma of their meals drifts towards the crow, making its stomach rumble with hunger.Unable to resist the temptation, the crow hops downfrom the branch and approaches the group. It caws loudly, hoping to catch their attention. The people turn their heads, surprised to see a crow among them. But instead of shooing it away, they smile and offer it some crumbs from their meal.The crow happily accepts the offering and pecks at the food, savoring the flavors. It feels a sense of belongingamong these kind-hearted humans, who have welcomed it into their midst. As the sun begins to set, the crow bids farewell to its newfound friends and takes to the sky once again.With a full belly and a heart filled with gratitude, the crow continues its journey. It knows that there are many more places to explore, many more meals to be had. And so, it flies on, guided by its instincts and the promise of new adventures.。
“Yes,Let's, “said Harry.The first week of my life as Jack, the London cab horse was very hard. The noise and the people and the traffic on the streets frightened me, But Jerry was a very good driver, and that helped a lot. Jerry soon found that I was ready to work hard and do my best, and he didn’t whip me.He kept us very clean, and gave us as much food as we wanted. But the best thing was that we had Sundays off.( )1. What did people call the Black Beauty's new master?A.HarryB. JerryC. PollyD. Dolly( )2. How many horses did the master have after he bought Black Beauty?A. 1B.2C.3D.4( )3. What frightened Black Beauty in the first week of his life as Jack?A. The noiseB. The peopleC. The trafficD. All the above( )4. The word "whip"in the pa ragraph means “________”?A.恐吓B.鞭打C.追赶D.喂养( )5. What was the best thing to Black Beauty?A. The master kept him clean.B. He could eat as much food as he wanted.C. He could play with the other horses.D. He had Sundays off.BBDBD。
Thirteenwaysoflookingatablackbird Thirteen ways of looking at a blackbird// 注视黑鸟的十三种方式Wallace StevensIAmong twenty snowy mountains,The only moving thingWas the eye of the blackbird.二十座雪岭内外惟一在动的是黑鸟的眼睛III was of three minds,Like a treeIn which there are three blackbirds.我一己三心如一棵树有三只黑鸟栖身IIIThe blackbird whirled in the autumn winds.It was a small part of the pantomime.黑鸟在秋风里盘旋是哑剧里的小角色IVA man and a womanAre one.A man and a woman and a blackbirdAre one.男子和女子是一体男子和女子和黑鸟亦是一体VI do not know which to prefer, The beauty of inflectionsOr the beauty of innuendos, The blackbird whistlingOr just after.我不知该如何偏爱曲折变化之美或含沙射影之美轻啼的黑鸟或轻啼之后VIIcicles filled the long window With barbaric glass.The shadow of the blackbird crossed it, to and fro.The moodTraced in the shadowAn indecipherable cause.冰凌挂满长窗成了乡野的玻璃黑鸟的影子穿梭，复，往情绪在影子中追索语焉不详的机缘VIIO thin men of Haddam,Why do you imagine golden birds? Do you not see how the blackbird Walks around the feetOf the women about you?哎哈丹镇的细瘦先生们为什么要幻想金色的鸟难道你们没看到那黑鸟怎样绕行于你们周围女人们的脚VIIII know noble accentsAnd lucid, inescapable rhythms;But I know, too,That the blackbird is involvedIn what I know.我认得高贵的声调和清晰的、注定的节奏但我也知道我知晓的一切都和黑鸟有关IXWhen the blackbird flew out of sight, It marked the edgeOf one of many circles.当黑鸟飞出视线它便标记了边界是万千圆圈之一XAt the sight of blackbirds Flying in a green light, Even the bawds of euphony Would cry out sharply.瞥见数只黑鸟飞在绿光中甚至莺舌百转的鸨母也都会尖厉地叫XIHe rode over ConnecticutIn a glass coach.Once, a fear pierced him,In that he mistookThe shadow of his equipage For blackbirds.他驶过康涅狄克乘着玻璃马车曾一时，恐惧穿心误以为他的车马黑影作黑鸟群喑XIIThe river is moving.The blackbird must be flying. 河水流动黑鸟一定在飞XIIIIt was evening all afternoon. It was snowingAnd it was going to snow.The blackbird sat In the cedar-limbs. 整个午后都是昏暝天下着雪还会一直下黑鸟栖坐雪松枝间。
WHAT MAKES A BIRD A BIRD?什么使鸟类成为鸟类？（本文英语原文选自Tenstory原版英语故事书在线自主学习网站，汉语为rockgoal所译，如有不妥之处，请指正。
转载请注明出处）In trees and in bushes, at the edge of a brook, on the ground and in the air, birds are flying, singing, calling, bathing, nesting.在树木和灌木丛中，在小溪边上，在地上，在空中，鸟儿们飞翔、唱歌、鸣叫、洗澡，做窝。
How do we know that a bird is a bird?我们怎么知道鸟类是鸟类呢？What makes it a bird?是什么使鸟类成为鸟类的呢？Is it a bird because if flies?因为它会飞就能成为鸟类吗？A fly flies.苍蝇会飞。
So do butterflies, ladybugs, dragonflies, and bees.蝴蝶、瓢虫、蜻蜓和蜜蜂也都会飞。
But these are not birds.但它们不是鸟类They are insects.它们是昆虫。
Many insects fly.很多昆虫都会飞。
Not as fast as birds, not as far as birds, but many insects fly.虽然没有鸟飞得快飞得远，但很多昆虫会飞。
And what is this, flying around in the middle of the night?这个是什么？在半夜里到处飞的这个？It's not an insect.它不是昆虫。
It's not a bird.它不是鸟。
It's a bat.它是蝙蝠。
All day bats hang upside down, asleep in hollow trees or in caves.整个白天，蝙蝠倒挂着，睡在空心树或洞穴中。
《狐狸和乌鸦》的英语作文不少于6句话全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Fox and the CrowOnce upon a time, a clever fox saw a crow with a piece of cheese in its beak. The fox, knowing the crow's weakness for flattery, decided to trick the crow into dropping the cheese by using flattery.The fox approached the crow and said, "My dear crow, you are the most beautiful bird I have ever seen. Your feathers are so shiny and your eyes sparkle like diamonds. I am sure your voice is as beautiful as you are. Please, won't you sing me a song?"The crow, flattered by the fox's words, opened its beak to sing. As soon as it did, the cheese fell to the ground, where the fox quickly picked it up and ran away.The crow was left feeling foolish and regretful for falling for the fox's trick. From then on, it learned to be more cautious and not to be swayed by flattery.The moral of the story is that one should be cautious of smooth talkers and not let flattery cloud their judgment. It is important to trust your instincts and not be easily swayed by empty words.篇2The Fox and the Crow is a famous fable that teaches us the importance of not being gullible. In the story, a crow finds a piece of cheese and is about to eat it when a fox comes along. The fox flatters the crow and tells him how beautiful his voice is, tricking the crow into singing. As the crow opens his mouth to sing, the cheese falls out and the fox snatches it up.This fable reminds us that not everyone who flatters us has good intentions. It teaches us to be cautious and not to believe everything we hear. It also shows us that it is important to think for ourselves and not let others manipulate us with false compliments.The moral of the story is clear: do not be easily swayed by flattery and always stay alert. It is better to be cautious and question the motives of others than to blindly trust them. This fable has been passed down through generations as a lesson in critical thinking and self-awareness.In conclusion, The Fox and the Crow is a timeless tale that continues to resonate with people of all ages. Its message of being wary of flattery and thinking for oneself is as relevant today as it was when the fable was first written. Let us all take heed of the lesson it teaches and be vigilant in our interactions with others.篇3The story of "The Fox and the Crow" is a classic fable that teaches an important lesson about vanity and flattery. In the story, a crow is sitting in a tree with a piece of cheese in its beak when a fox comes along and cleverly flatters the crow, telling her how beautiful and graceful she looks. The crow, eager for more praise, opens her beak to caw and drops the cheese, which the fox then snatches up and eats.This fable reminds us to be wary of flattery and not to let our vanity cloud our judgment. The crow's vanity and desire for praise led her to make a foolish mistake that cost her the cheese. The fox, on the other hand, was cunning and clever, using flattery to achieve his goal of getting the cheese.The moral of the story is clear: don't let flattery go to your head, and be cautious of those who praise you excessively. It isimportant to be confident in yourself without seeking validation from others, and to always be on guard against those who may try to manipulate you with false compliments.In conclusion, "The Fox and the Crow" is a timeless fable that serves as a valuable lesson in not being swayed by flattery and remaining true to oneself. It is a reminder to be cautious of those who try to manipulate us with false praise, and to always trust our own instincts and judgment.。
丁丁历险记：独角兽号♥的秘密就快完成了，先生Very nearly there, sir.老实说看你很面熟我以前画过你吗？I have to say, your face is familiar. Have I drawn you before? 偶尔吧Occasionally.肯定啦！我在英国报纸上见过你Of course! I've seen you in the newspaper.- 你是通讯员？ - 我是记者- You're a reporter? - I'm a journalist.耐心点白雪就快好了Be patient, Snowy, not much longer.真不好意思？I do beg your pardon.好了There.我觉得还是有抓到你的一些特点I believe I have captured something of your likeness.不错！Not bad!你觉得怎么样白雪？What do you think, Snowy?白雪！Snowy!给您，先生There you are, sir.现在他去哪了？Now where's he run off to?有消息了吗？Anything?一无所获Nothing.白雪！Snowy!你去哪了？Where have you been?又去追猫了？Chasing cats again?白雪看这个！Snowy, look at this!Triple masted.双层甲板配有50门炮Double decks. Fifty guns.是不是很漂亮？Isn't she a beauty?这可是一艘很独特的样品That's a very unique specimen, that is.是一位老船长的遗物From an old sea captain's estate.“独角兽号♥”"The Unicorn."没错独角兽号♥帆船战舰Unicorn. Man o'war sailing ship.可有年头了造于16世纪It's very old, that is. 16th century.我觉得是17世纪17th, I would think.- 查尔斯一世统治时期 - 查尔斯二世- Reign of Charles I. - Charles II.我说的就是查尔斯二世That's what I said, Charles II.这可是艘纵横七大洋的好船As fine a ship as ever sailed the seven seas.别的地儿可见不到的小哥You won't find another one of these, mate.只要2镑And it's only two quid.- 我出一镑 - 成交！- I'll give you a pound. - Done!小心着点Gently does it.让下！Excuse me!给你拿好了Here you go. Careful.嘿老兄这艘船怎么卖♥♥？Hey, bud, how much for the boat?抱歉我已经卖♥♥给这位年轻人了I'm sorry, I just sold it to this young gent.是吗？你花了多少我加倍给你Tell me what you paid and I'll give you double.- 双倍？ - 谢了但我不卖♥♥- Double? - Thanks. But it's not for sale.孩子我可是想帮你Look, kid, I'm trying to help you out.你好像不知道I don't think you realise this,你就要大祸临头了but you're about to walk into a whole mess of danger.什么祸？What kind of danger?我警告你趁你还可以的时候扔掉这艘船I'm warning you, get rid of the boat and get out while you still can. 那些家伙可不好惹These people do not play nice.什么人？What people?真漂亮！Wonderful!着实漂亮It's just wonderful.不用包装我直接要了Don't bother wrapping it, I'll take it as is.有人反对我付支票吗？Does anybody object if I pay by cheque?你想买♥♥的话就得和这个孩子商量了If you want to buy it, you'll have to talk to the kid.明白了I see.好吧，那就让“孩子”出价吧Well, let the "kid" name his price.“出价？”"Name his price"?我做古董生意10年了Ten years I've been flogging bric-a-brac就差这一分钟这好事就是我的了and I miss "name your price" by one bleedin' minute!不好意思我已经和那位先生解释过了I'm sorry. I already explained to the other gentleman.美♥国♥佬♥ 一头油发没穿袜子American he was. All hair oil and no socks.这船不卖♥♥It's not for sale.我来说的明白些Then let me appeal to your better nature.我刚买♥♥下了马林斯派克大厅I have recently acquired Marlinspike Hall,还有这艘船你也知道这些资产曾是一位…and this ship, as I'm sure you're aware, was once part of the estate. 一位老船长的Of the late sea captain?他们家遭遇不幸什么都没了The family fell upon hard times. Lost everything.他们一直霉运不断自从…They've been living in a cloud of bad luck ever since.我们说的可是他们家几代人的酗酒和荒谬行为…We are talking generations of drinking and irrational behaviour... 不好意思I'm sorry.我已经说过了，这船不卖♥♥But as I told you before, it's not for sale.祝您愉快Good day to you, sir.那个年轻人叫什么？That young man, what's his name?人人都认识他他是丁丁Him? Everybody knows him. That's Tintin.这艘船有什么神秘之处？What is it about this ship?为什么这么多人关注它？Why has it attracted so much attention?你都藏了什么秘密呢？What secrets do you hold?放大镜在哪？Where is that magnifying glass?可能是…I could have sworn it was...（记者丁丁揭开匪徒部落神秘面纱）（记者揭秘犯罪团伙）（丁丁勇夺国家文物失窃艺术品重归博物馆）应该是在哪儿呢？Where could it possibly be?（国王重夺王权丁丁在西尔达维亚授奖）白雪你看见…Snowy, you haven't seen the...放哪了？Where is it?谢谢你Thank you.不白雪！No, Snowy!看你干的好事Look what you did.摔坏了！You broke it!坏狗狗！Bad dog!这艘船有蹊跷之处Something happened on this ship.只有一个地方能找到答案了And we're going to the one place that could have the answer. 走了白雪Come on, Snowy.找到了Here it is.“马林斯派克大厅的主人弗朗西斯·阿道克爵士”"Sir Francis Haddock of Marlinspike Hall,“不幸独角兽号♥的最后一位船长”the last captain of the ill-fated Unicorn.“1676年船于巴巴多斯岛起航”"The ship set sail from Barbados in 1676“这是航海史上最悲惨的远航之一”"on one of the most ruinous voyages in maritime history. “这艘船未能到达目的地”"Ship never reached destination.“途中遭遇海盗袭击”"Attacked by pirates,“只有一个幸存者其他船员全部遇难”all hands lost except for one survivor.“弗朗西斯船长获救回到家乡后”"When Sir Francis was rescued and returned home,“他深信自己的名字被诅咒了”"he was convinced his name had been cursed.“独角兽号♥自称”"The Unicorn's manifest stated“装载朗姆酒和烟草前往欧洲”"that it was carrying a cargo of rum and tobacco bound for Europe,“但更多人相信独角兽号♥装运了一批神秘货物”"but it was long claimed the ship was carrying a secret cargo."这艘船到底装的是什么呢白雪？What was the ship carrying, Snowy?“历史学家试图揭秘这次致命航行中到底发生了什么事情但失败了”"Historians have tried and failed to discover what happened on that fatal voyage, “弗朗西斯的遗言是”"but Sir Francis' last words,“只有真正的阿道克后人才能破解独角兽号♥的秘密”"'Only a true Haddock will discover the secret of the Unicorn."'遗漏了些什么白雪I've missed something, Snowy.我得再仔细看看那艘模型We need to take a closer look at that model.肯定是不见了！Of course it's gone!我怎么这么蠢？How could I be so stupid?你是怎么做到的？How'd you do that?真是聪明Clever boy.一枚纹章A coat of arms.怎么这么熟悉？Why does that look familiar?等等Hang on a minute.那条鱼！That fish!是黑线鳕鱼It's a haddock.这豪♥宅♥是老阿道克的Of course! Marlinspike Hall is the old Haddock estate.白雪Snowy!干的好白雪！Well done, Snowy!好孩子Good boy.哦好了Well, well, well.抓到贼了It seems we've caught our thief.欢迎来到马林斯派克大厅Welcome to Marlinspike Hall.我看见你进来了I see you let yourself in.我是来拿回我自己的东西I came to retrieve my property.抱歉，我好像没明白你的意思I'm sorry, I'm not sure I follow you.你明明知道I think you do.不到1小时前有人从我家偷走了这艘船This ship was stolen from my apartment less than an hour ago. 恐怕你搞错了丁丁先生I'm afraid you're mistaken, Mr. Tintin.没有错这是我的There's no mistake. It belongs to me.你确定吗？Are you sure?我当然确定Of course I'm sure.我买♥♥回家的，我把它放在起居室的橱柜上I took it home, I put it on a cabinet in the living room,白雪追逐猫时碰倒了and then Snowy chased the cat and knocked it over, and it摔坏了fell.这不是我的船This isn't my ship.的确不是No. Indeed.抱歉I'm sorry.- 看起来很相像 - 足够以假乱真了- It looks identical. - Well, looks can be deceiving.没错我不明白Yes, indeed. But I don't understand!弗朗西斯为什么要做两艘一模一样的船呢？Why did Sir Francis make two ships exactly alike?你已经有一艘了干嘛还想要另一搜？And you have one already. Why do you want another?这艘模型有什么特别之处引得贼人觊觎What is it about this model that would cause someone to steal it? 天呐这么多问题Goodness me, why so many questions?这是我的工作It's my job.可以写成一个故事我很轻松就能完成There could be a story here. That's what I do, you see.这没什么神秘的Well, it's no great mystery.弗朗西斯·阿道克是个酗酒无可救药的无赖Sir Francis Haddock was a drunkard and a hopeless reprobate.他注定要失败，并把失败遗传给自己的儿子们He was doomed to fail, and he bequeathed that failure to his sons. 原来是真的阿道克家族被诅咒了So it's true! The Haddock line is cursed.- 你还查到了些什么 - 还有什么可查的？- What else have you found out? - What is there to find?那就取决于你在寻找些什么了That depends what you're looking for.我寻找答案，萨卡林先生I'm looking for answers, Mr. Sakharine.你找错地方了You're looking in the wrong place.时间不早了It's late.你该回家了I think you should go home.这边先生This way, sir.真遗憾先生It's a pity, sir.什么？你那艘模型上坏掉的船桅That the mast broke on your model ship, sir. 希望你找到全部碎片了I hope you found all the pieces.这些东西很容易弄丢的Things are so easily lost.内斯特你在哪？Nestor! Where are you?晚安先生Good night, sir."有些东西很容易弄丢"Some things are easily lost.这话是什么意思What did he mean by that, Snowy?他想告诉我什么What was he trying to tell me?"有些东西很容易弄丢"Some things are easily lost.白雪Snowy!天呐Great snakes!是什么白雪What is it, Snowy?这是什么What's this?这是船桅里的This was in the mast!好孩子白雪Good boy, Snowy.“三兄弟一道”"Three brothers joined.“驾三艘独角兽号♥”"Three Unicorns in company“于正午时分航行在太阳下”"sailing in the noonday sun will speak.“会有阳光射下”"For 'tis from the light that light will dawn. “阳光洒下照亮雄鹰十字架”"And then shines forth the Eagle's Cross."What are these markings?某种秘密语言或是密♥码♥？Some kind of secret language or code?没有道理It makes no sense.不过倒是解释了他们为什么洗劫了公♥寓♥But it does explain why they ransacked the flat.他们是要找这个却没找到They were looking for this, and they didn't find it.也就是说Which means他们会回来的they'll be back.我不知道他在哪，小宝贝他大概是出门了No, I don't know where he is, dearie. I think he's gone out.晚上过了睡觉时间And anyway, it's after dark,并且丁丁先生最不喜欢在睡后见客人and Mr. Tintin is most particular about not admitting visitors after bedtime. 我要回去喝可可了I have to go back to my cocoa.我有一本好书和一杯可可I've got a very good book and a cup of cocoa.真的很棒！It's really lovely!谢谢你芬奇太太我来处理吧Thank you, Mrs. Finch. I can look after this.孩子是你吗开门Hey, kid, is that you? Open the door.你想干嘛？What do you want?听着游戏已经开始了他要回来了Look, the game is up. He's gonna be back.我知道你想要这些船但我发誓Now, I know he wanted those boats, but I swear to God,我从没想到他会为此不惜杀人！I never thought he'd kill anyone over it!谁？你说的是谁？Who? Who are you talking about?我想告诉你你现在很危险I'm trying to tell you that your life is in danger.回答我！是谁？Answer me! Who?芬奇太太有人在门阶中枪！Mrs. Finch! A man's been shot on our doorstep!- 现在吗 - 叫救护车！- Not again. - Call an ambulance!够了白雪！No, Snowy!你能听到我说话吗？Can you hear me?能吗…Can you...遇害者名叫巴纳比·道斯The victim's name was Barnaby Dawes.是国际刑♥警♥组织高级探员之一He was one of the top agents at Interpol,但我们还不清楚他在忙些什么but we haven't got a clue what he was working on.没错汤姆森我们完全没线索Quite right, Thompson. We're completely clueless.国际刑♥警♥组织没有别的发现吗Interpol doesn't have any other leads?丁丁我们还忙着处理书面工作Steady on, Tintin. We're still filling out the paperwork.警♥察♥工作并不只是开开枪那么迷人Police work's not all glamour and guns.还有很多书面工作There's an awful lot of filing.我有些事情要告诉你们Well, I might have something for you.在他失去意识之前他想告诉我一些什么Before he lost consciousness, Dawes tried to tell me something, 我觉得他在拼一个词and I think he was spelling out a word.“ＢＯＵ”"...B-O-U“ＤＪＡＮ”"D-J-A-N.“卡拉布让”"Karaboudjan."卡拉布让！Karaboudjan!你知道这是什么意思吗？Does that mean anything to you?伟大的苏格兰场！难得啊！Great Scotland Yard! That's extraordinary!什么？What is?沃辛顿家的圆顶硬礼帽半价！Worthington's have a half-price sale on bowler hats! 真的吗，汤姆森！可真难得啊Really, Thomson! This is hardly the time.- 伟大的苏格兰场！ - 什么啊？- Great Scotland Yard! - What is it?手杖也是半价！Canes are half-price, too!你要带走这份证据吗？Are you going to take charge of this evidence?当然Positively.别担心丁丁证据在我们这儿很安全！Never fear, Tintin, the evidence is safe with us!汤姆森？你在哪里？Thomson? Where are you?我已经下楼了快点跟上Well, I'm already downstairs. Do try to keep up.等等！你掉了这个Wait! You dropped this.苍天啊，汤姆森！小心证据，伙计Good heavens, Thomson! Look after the evidence, man. 抱歉，汤普森我在想别的事情Sorry, Thompson. My mind is on other things.对手法熟练的小偷Yes. Our light-fingered larcenist.- 什么？- 那个扒手- What? - The pickpocket.他还不知道要大祸临头了He has no idea what's coming.试试丁丁来拿我的钱包Go on, Tintin, take my wallet.没错工业强度橡皮筋Yes, industrial strength elastic.非常聪明Very resourceful.另一方面也是非常的简单On the contrary. It was childishly simple.相当幼稚我同意Simply childish, I agree.- 丁丁 - 丁丁- Tintin. - Tintin.先生们Gentlemen.听着我觉得他离我们有几里地远Mind you, I expect he's miles away by now.我想你是指扒手吧？I presume you're referring to the pickpocket?我们离他只有几步远Yes. I mean, knowing we're just a few steps behind him. 白雪怎么了？你看见什么了？Snowy, what is it, boy? What do you see?你好像不想喝杯茶？I don't suppose you'd fancy a cup of tea?你可错了我喜欢的You're quite mistaken. I'd love one.我请客My treat.- 抓到你了！ - 恶魔！- I've got you now! - You devil!站住，以法律的名义！Stop, in the name of the law!抓到你了！Got you!那边发生什么了？What's going on down there?走白雪！Come on, Snowy!- 不好意思 - 对不起先生！- I do beg your pardon. - Sorry, sir!那个扒手丁丁！他要跑了！The pickpocket, Tintin! He's getting away!我的钱包！My wallet!It's gone!上！白雪那边！Come on! Snowy, after him!站住！等等！Stop! Wait!- 抓住你了！ - 站稳了- Got you! - Steady on.我追丢了！I've lost him!你们一定要找到我的钱包You must find my wallet.它很重要It's very important.我必须找回来I have to get it back.你会的交给我们专业人士吧And you will. Leave it to the professionals.纸卷丢了We've lost the scroll.但故事没丢But we haven't lost the story.“卡拉布让”"Karaboudjan."是个亚美尼亚字这是线索白雪It's an Armenian word. That's our lead, Snowy.巴纳比·道斯是想告诉我们什么呢？What was Barnaby Dawes trying to tell us当他说我们处于危险之中时when he said our lives were in danger?- 丁…丁先生 - 嗯？- Mr. Tin... Tin? - Yes.- 有你的快递 - 可我没订过什么啊- Delivery for you. - But I didn't order anything.没错因为要送的就是你！Well, that's because it's you that's getting delivered! 快点装上货车！Quick, get him in the van!松开你这杂种！Get off me, you confounded mutt!他咬我！快！Quick!快走！Get him off!快走，把它甩掉！Shake him off, then run him over!把这个放在右边！I want this on the starboard side!不在这看你那边Not here. Look your side.等等Hang on.- 什么都没 - 检查那边口袋，汤姆- Nothing. - Well, check that pocket, Tom.没有，我已经搜过了，我肯定No, I've looked in this one already, I'm sure of it.翻他袜子了吗Well, have a look in his socks.- 找到了吗？ - 不在他身上- Have you found it? - He doesn't have it.不在他身上老板不在这It's not on him, boss. It's not here.- 不在这儿？那在哪儿？ - 什么在哪儿？- Not here? Then where is it? - Where's what?我厌倦你的把戏了纸卷，独角兽号♥上的I am tired of your games. The scroll, from the Unicorn. 一张纸像这个！A piece of paper like this!你是说那首诗？You mean the poem?没错Yes.- 一首用古英语写的诗 - 对- The poem written in Old English. - Yes.- 在一个圆筒里 - 没错- It was inside a cylinder. - Yes.- 藏在船桅里 - 正是！- Concealed in the mast. - Yes!我弄丢了I don't have it.你不明白那纸卷的价值你要它干嘛？You know the value of that scroll. Why else would you take it?我有点不解两个纸卷只是谜语的一部分Two ships and two scrolls, both part of a puzzle.你有一个了还需要另一个You have one, you need the other.不是这样还有别的But that's not it. There's something else.我会找到的不论你帮不帮忙I will find it, with or without your help.你想清楚自己对我有多大用处You need to think about exactly how useful you are to me.- 我们在路上处理他 - 是是先生- We'll deal with him on the way. - Aye-aye, sir.保持航向Hold this course.白雪！Snowy!见到你可真高兴看能不能咬开绳子It's good to see you, too. See if you can chew through these ropes. 他在撒谎纸卷一定在他那儿He's lying! He must have the scroll.问题是他对纸卷做了什么？The question is, what has he done with it?我们已经搜过他了老板We searched him all over, boss.我要你回去让他开口I want you to go back down there and make him talk.有必要的话敲碎他每一根骨头Break every bone in his body if you have to!那可够狠的That's nasty.你知道风险你也知道我们在干什么快去做You know the stakes. You know what we're playing for. Just do it! 萨卡林先生！萨卡林先生！出大事了！Mr. Sakharine! Mr. Sakharine! All hell has broken loose!真是灾难！船长醒了It's a disaster! The captain has come around.- 什么？ - 他清醒了- What? - He's conscious.他骂你叛变He's accusing you of mutiny.他说策反船员反对他He says you turned the crew against him.好像他又清醒明白了Sounds like he's sobered up again.别光站这儿再给他瓶酒Well, don't just stand there. Get him another bottle.是先生！Aye, sir!好Okay.- 晃一晃卡住了 - 晃晃？- Jiggle it a bit, it's just stuck. - Jiggle?这儿Here.你干吗呢？让开！What are you doing? Get off!没卡住你个白♥痴♥ 是他在里面把门闩上了It's not stuck, you idiot. He's bolted it from the inside!你想和我们玩玩是吧丁丁？So you want to play like that then, do you, Tintin?去拿炸♥药♥Get the TNT.破箱子绳子香槟Broken crates. Rope. Champagne.还有什么白雪？What else do we have, Snowy?一定有别的办法开门There are other ways to open this door.等我们抓到你了要拿你的内脏刷甲板They'll be swabbing the decks with your innards when we're done with you. 放这儿Give it here.- 别动 - 什么…- Don't move. - What...我们上Let's go!让我灭了他！Let me have him!他有一把大枪！He's got a big shooter!我中弹了！He got me!停火Hold your fire.他不在这儿消失了He ain't here. He's vanished.他藏起来了He's hiding.搜船快点！Search the ship. Quickly!一只大老鼠从窗户跳进来！A giant rat of Sumatra!你觉得能溜到我背后So, you thought you could sneak in behind me扒我的裤子吗？and catch me with my trousers down, huh?您还是留着裤子吧你们都是一样的I'd rather you kept your trousers on, if it's all the same to you. - 我知道你的把戏你和他们一伙的 - 什么？- I know your game. You're one of them. - Sorry?他们派你来杀我，对吗？They sent you here to kill me, huh?瞧，我都不认识你！Look, I don't know who you are!他们派你来除掉我That's how he's planned to bump me off.派一个娃娃脸来刺杀我！Murdered in my bed by a baby-faced assassin!刺客？你完全搞错了Assassin? Look, you've got it all wrong.我是被一帮匪徒绑♥架♥了I was kidnapped by a gang of thugs.那头肮脏的猪The filthy swine.他策反所有船员反对我！He's turned the whole crew against me!谁？Who?那个叫萨什么的老酸脸A sour-faced man with a sugary name.他买♥♥通了船员所有人He's bought them all off, every last man.萨卡林！Sakharine!没有人可以夺走我的船！Nobody takes my ship!你就是船长？You're the captain?我当然是船长除了我还能是谁？Of course I'm the captain. Who else could I be?我被锁在这里好多天了I've been locked in this room for days只有威士忌能能慰藉我的灵魂with only whisky to sustain my mortal soul.我以为是锁着的Well, I assumed it was locked.可不是Well, it's not.我得走了他们抓到我会杀了我的Now, you must excuse me. If they find me here, they'll kill me.我得不停移♥动♥ 离开这个酒坛子I have to keep moving. Try and find my way off this drunken tub. 坛子？坛子？"Tub"? Tub?坛子？Tub?- 谢谢 - 幸会- Thanks. - Pleasure.对了我叫丁丁I'm Tintin, by the way.阿道克阿奇博尔德·阿道克Haddock. Archibald Haddock.欢迎登船跟我来There's a longboat up on deck. Follow me.等等Hang on a second.你是说“阿道克”？Did you say "Haddock"?你们怎么能放跑他们？How could you let them escape?去找抓到他们Find them. Find them both.- 别担心我们会杀了他们的 - 不- Don't worry, we'll kill them, sir. - No.可以杀那孩子阿道克不能杀You can kill the boy. Not Haddock.他就是个没救的老酒鬼What? He's just a hopeless old soak.早就该杀掉他了We should've killed him long since.你以为我是无意选中阿道克的船、阿道克的船员You think it's an accident that I chose Haddock's ship, Haddock's crew,阿道克不可靠的大副吗？Haddock's treacherous first mate?没有什么是意外的Nothing is an accident.我和阿道克船长的交情可长着呢We go back a long way, Captain Haddock and I.我们俩还没完呢We've unfinished business.这次我要让他付出代价And this time, I'm going to make him pay.我们要去这条走廊尽头一间锁着的房♥间这会很不容易We have to reach a locked door at the end of this corridor. This is gonna be tricky. 你该不会和You wouldn't happen to be related马林斯派克大厅的阿道克家族有关系吧？to the Haddocks of Marlinspike Hall, would you?问这干嘛？Why do you ask?我在写一个故事It's for a story I've been working on.关于一艘从巴巴多斯岛离岸的失事船只An old shipwreck that happened off the coast of Barbados.是艘战舰配有50门炮的三桅船A man o'war. Triple masted. Fifty guns.关于独角兽号♥ 你都知道些什么What do you know of the Unicorn?不太多所以我才问你Not a lot. That's why I'm asking you.那艘船的秘密只有我的家族知道！The secret of that ship is known only to my family!已经传了一代又一代It's been passed down from generation to generation.我祖父他临死前告诉我这个故事My granddaddy himself, with his dying breath, told me the tale.然后呢？And?没了Gone.没了是什么意思？What do you mean, gone?他踢水桶时时我很生气I was so upset when he kicked the bucket,我只好借酒浇愁I had no choice but to drown my sorrows.第二天早上我醒来时就没了！什么都不记得了When I woke up in the morning, it was gone! I'd forgotten it all.- 什么都不记得？ - 一个字都不记得- Everything? - Every last word.你家还有什么人吗？也许他们记得Well, is there somebody else in your family? Maybe they would know. 弗朗西斯有三个儿子除了我这支血脉别的都不在了Sir Francis had three sons. All but my bloodline failed.我是阿道克家族最后一个人了！I am the last of the Haddocks!你刚说有三个儿子？Did you say three sons?检查下面！Let's check below!有一瓶朗姆酒可以找到阿道克There is a bottle of rum for the man who finds Haddock.干掉那小子但愿先找到他And kill the boy. Hope I find him first.什么声音？What's that?你听到什么了You're hearing things.安静，阿里Quiet, Ali.什么都没有There's nothing there.我们上去吧Let's go up.我知道萨卡林在找什么了I know what Sakharine's looking for.- 你在嘀咕什么呢？ - 纸卷上写的是- What are you raving on about? - It was written on the scroll.“三兄弟一同”"Three brothers joined.“驾驶三艘独角兽号♥航行在正午时分太阳会告诉你”"Three Unicorns in company sailing in the noonday sun will speak."真的吗？Really?弗朗西斯不是造了两个独角兽号♥模型Sir Francis didn't make two models of the Unicorn.他造了三艘！He made three!三个儿子各一艘Three ships for three sons.厉害！Excellent!萨卡林在找第三艘模型Sakharine's after the third model ship.藤壶！门被人锁上了！Barnacles! Someone's locked the door!- 那有钥匙吗？ - 钥匙？- Well, is there a key? - A key?问题就在这儿Yes, now, that would be the problem.贾格曼！Mr. Jaggerman!他睡在上铺看管着钥匙Top bunk in the centre. Keeper of the keys.小心点他几乎不睡觉是因为他在一场悲剧中输了眼睛Careful, mind. He's a restless sleeper on account of the tragic loss of his eyelids. - 他输了眼球？ - 是啊- He lost his eyelids? - Aye.不堪回首的纸牌游戏Now, that was a card game to remember.你得过去You really had to be there.我本可以自己去，丁丁I'd do this myself, Tintin,但你脚步较轻，更不容易惊醒人but you've a lighter tread and less chance of waking the boys. 你确定这是个好主意吗Are you sure this is a good idea?你不用担心You've nothing to worry about.何况他们都烂醉如泥Provided they all stay asleep.我是不会太靠近霍布斯现行I wouldn't get too close to Mr. Hobbs.他的剃刀耍的可厉害了He's very handy with a razor.还有别碰到KitzistAnd I'd steer clear of Mr. Gitch.他之前因在船上养宠物被解雇Sacked as a shepherd on account of his "animal husbandry." 别拿三明治Not the sandwich.拿钥匙！The keys!你真勇敢丁丁You're a brave lad, Tintin.不怕跟你说我心都提到嗓子眼了My heart was in my mouth, I don't mind telling you.好吧如果那是我的心的话Well, that is, if it was my heart.从胃里翻出来的东西是什么都有可能Judging by my stomach, it could've been anything, really.快点船长没时间可浪费了Hurry up, Captain! We've no time to lose.好了！Bingo!都是些必需品Just the necessities, of course.去救生艇To the lifeboats.轻点！Ease it in!把眼放亮点！Put your back into it!保持好，稳住！Hold her there, steady!发现他了吗，家宝？Any sign of him, Jumbo?还没你留神点Nothing yet. Watch yourself.老板说他不好对付The boss says he's a handful.走了Come on.是艾伦It's Allan.- 舰桥上那个？ - 没错另一边就是无线电室- Is that the bridge? - Aye, on the other side of the radio room. 无线电室？Radio room?在这儿等着船长有人靠近就发警报Wait here, Captain. Sound the alarm if anyone comes.小心点丁丁Careful, Tintin.我啥也看不见！I can't see a thing!别发牢骚，找到那小子！Quit your whining and find the kid!我不是来干这个的！I didn't sign on for this!继续找！Keep searching!- 老板刚下了命令 - 说什么了？- Message just come through, boss. - What's it say?“米兰夜莺已着陆”"The Milanese Nightingale has landed.“只待信♥号♥♥便可展翅”"Waiting in the wings for action."“米兰夜莺？”"Milanese Nightingale"?希望这个能让他高兴Now pray this cheers him up.“巴格赫”"Bagghar."这是什么？What's this?“巴格赫的领地”"The Sultanate of Bagghar“被酋长奥玛·本·萨拉德统治”"ruled over by Sheikh Omar Ben Salaad,他对音乐和文化的热爱只有…（能匹敌）"whose love of music and culture is matched only by his love of..." 天呐！Great snakes!巴格赫Bagghar.巴格赫港The Port of Bagghar.在摩洛哥Morocco.丁丁！Tintin!嘿举起手来！Hey! Put your hands up!这下给你上一课！And let that be a lesson to you!救命！Help me!这儿！在这儿！In here! He's in here!这里救生艇旁边！Here! By the lifeboats!让开！Out of the way!去追他！抓住他！After him! Get him!快，快，在这里！Quick, quick, in here!这边！Over there!你小子…Why, you little...- 他在上边！ - 去！- He's up there! - Go!我看不见他！I can see him now!别让他们跑了！Don't let them get away!。
How Do You Tell a Blackbird from a Crow?Thomas Berg and Peter N.BelhumeurColumbia University{tberg,belhumeur}@AbstractHow do you tell a blackbird from a crow?There has been great progress toward automatic methods for visual recog-nition,includingfine-grained visual categorization in which the classes to be distinguished are very similar.In a task such as bird species recognition,automatic recognition sys-tems can now exceed the performance of non-experts–most people are challenged to name a couple dozen bird species, let alone identify them.This leads us to the question,“Can a recognition system show humans what to look for when identifying classes(in this case birds)?”In the context of fine-grained visual categorization,we show that we can au-tomatically determine which classes are most visually sim-ilar,discover what visual features distinguish very similar classes,and illustrate the key features in a way meaning-ful to humans.Running these methods on a dataset of bird images,we can generate a visualfield guide to birds which includes a tree of similarity that displays the similarity re-lations between all species,pages for each species showing the most similar other species,and pages for each pair of similar species illustrating their differences.1.IntroductionHow do you tell a blackbird from a crow?To answer this question,we may consult a guidebook(e.g.,[22,23]). The best of these guides,products of great expertise and effort,include multiple drawings or paintings(in different poses and plumages)of each species,text descriptions of key features,and notes on behavior,range,and voice.From a computer vision standpoint,this is in the domain offine-grained visual categorization,in which we must rec-ognize a set of similar classes and distinguish them from each other.To contrast this with general object recognition, we must distinguish blackbirds from crows rather than birds from bicycles.There is good,recent progress on this prob-lem,including work on bird species identification in partic-ular(e.g.,[1,29]).These methods learn classifiers which can(to some standard of accuracy)recognize bird species but do not explicitly tell us what to look for to recognize This work was supported by NSF award1116631,ONR award N00014-08-1-0638,and Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant2987.Species similar to the Red-wingedBlackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)(a)(b)Distinguishing the Red-winged Blackbird fromthe American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) The shape of the beak is di erent in the Red-winged Blackbird and the American Crow. 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b e r P h a d e p h a V r e oY eo w b e d C u c k o o B a c k b e d C u c k o o M a n g r o v eC u c k o o G r a y K n g b r d T r o p c a K n g b r d S c s s o r t a e d F y c a t c h e r L o g g e r h e a d S h r k e G r e a t G r ey S h r k e T r e e S w a o w F o r d a J a yB u e J a yC a r k N u t c r a c k e r R e d h e a d e d W o o d p e c k e r R e d b e l l i e d W o o d p e c k e r N o r t h e r n F l i c k e r R in g e d K in g fi s h e r B e lt e d K in g fi s h e r G re e n K in g fi s h e r P ie d K in g fi s h e r W h it e b r e a s t e d K in g f is h e r G e o c o c c y x B r a n d t C o r m o r a n t P e l a g i c C o r m o r a n t R e d f a c e d C o r m o r a n t P i l e a t e d W o o d p e c k e r H o o d e d M e r g a n s e r R e d b r e a s t e d M e r g a n s e r P a c i f i c L o o n W e s t e r n G r e b e B r o w n P e c a n W h t e P e c a n E a r e d G r e b e H o r n e d G r e b e M a l l a r d G a d w a l l P i g e o n G u i l l e m o t L o n g t a e d J a eg e r P o m a r n e J a e g e r F o r s t e r s T e r n C o m m o n T e r nC a s p a n T e r n A r t c Te r n E e g a n t T e r n L e a s t T e r n C a li f o r n i a G u l l W es t e r n Gu l lH e r r n g G u G a u c o u s w n g e d G u S a t y b a c k e d G u H e e r m a n n G u L a y s a n A b a t r o s s N o r t h e r n F u m a r I v o r y G u R n g b e d G u R e d e g g e d K t t w a k e B a c k T e r n F r g a t e b r d B a c k f o o t e d A b a t r o s s S o o t y A b a t r o s s P i e d b i l l e d G r e b e Parak eet A uklet C r e s t e d A u k l e t Rh ino cer os Au kle t H or ne d Pu ffi n Le as t A uk le t A n n a H u m m n g b r d R u b y t h r o a t e d H u m m i n g b i r d R u f o u s H u m m n g b r d G r e e n V o e t e a r R e d c o c k a d e d W o o d p e c k e r A m e r c a n T h r e e t o e d W o o d p e c k e r D o w n y W o o d p e c k e r F s h C r o w A m e r c a nC r o w C o m m o n R a v e n W h t e n e c k e d R a v e n B o a t t a i l e d G r a c k l e C a p e G l o s s y S t a r l i n gB r o n z ed C o w b i r dB r e w e r B l a c k b i r d S h in yC o w b ir dR e dw in g e d Bla c k b ir d B o b o li n k G ro ov e b il le d A n iR u s ty B la c kb ir dN ig ht ha wk W h ip p o o r W ill C hu ck w ill Wid owHo rne d L arkBar n S wal low Cliff Swall ow Cedar Waxwing Bohe mian Wax wingG re at C re st ed F ly catc he r W es ter n W oo d P ew ee S a yo rn isO li v e s id e d F ly c a tc h er B a n k S wa ll o wM o c k in g b ir d G r a yC a tb ir dC e r u lea n W a rb le rW i n t e r W r e n M a r s h W r e nC a r o l i na W r e nB e w ic k W r e nC a c tu s W r e nH o u s e W r e n R o c k W r e nB r ow n C r e e p er W h t e b r e a s t e d N u t h a t c h W e s t e r n M e a d o w a r k S w a n s o n W a r b e r W o r m e a t n g W a r b e r N o r t h e r n W a t e r t h r u s h L o u s a n a W a t e r t h ru s hS a g e T h r a s h e r Br ow n T h r a s h er A m e r c a n P p t O v e n b r d B a cka nd w h te W a r b e r N e l s o n S h a r p t a i l e d S p a r r o w S e a s i d e S p a r r o w G r e e n t a e d T o w h e e G r a y c r o w n e d R o s y F i n c h B l a c k t h r o at e d S p a r r o w S p o t t e d C a t b i r d D a r k e y e d J u n c o E a s t e r n T o w h e e B l u e G r o s b e a k I n d i g o B u n t i n g L a z u l i B u n t i n g P a i n t e d B u n t i n g E v e n n gG r o s b e a k R o s eb r e a s t e d G r o s b e a k E u r o p e a n G o l d f i nc h P u r p e F n c h P n e G r o s b e a k S c a r e t T a n a g e r S u m m e r T a n a g e r V e r m o n F y c a t c h e r C a rd n a Le C o n te S p a rr o w H en sl ow S pa rro w V e s p e r S p a r r o B a i r d S p a r r o w C l a y c o l o r e d S p a r r o w B r e w e r S p a r r o w ln Sp arrow SparrowSo ng Sp arr ow G ra s s h o p p e r S p a rr o w F ie ld S p a rr o w W h it e t h r o a te d S p a r r o w W h it e c ro w n e d S p a r ro w T r e e S p a r r o w H a r r is S p a r r o w F o x S p a r r o w H o u s e S p a r r o w C h p p n g S p a r r o w M y r t e W a r b e r G o d e n w n g e d W a r b e r C h e s t n u t s d e d W a r b e r Brewer BlackbirdBronzed CowbirdRed-winged BlackbirdShiny CowbirdCanada WarblerCommon Y ellowthroatKentucky WarblerNashville WarblerOrange-crowned WarblerAmerican crowCommon RavenY ellow-breasted ChatFigure 2.A similarity tree of bird species,built from our visual similarity matrix using the neighbor-joining method of [20].Species visually similar to the red-winged blackbird (see Figure 1)are in blue,and those similar to the Kentucky warbler (see Figure 4)are in red.bird species on our own.In this paper,we consider the problem not of performing fine-grained categorization by computer,but of using com-puter vision techniques to show a human how to perform the categorization.We do this by learning which classes appear similar,discovering features that discriminate be-tween similar classes,and illustrating these features with a series of carefully chosen sample images annotated to indi-cate the relevant features.We can assemble these visualiza-tions into an automatically-generated digital field guide to birds,showing which species are similar and what a birder should look for to tell them apart.Example figures from a page we have generated for such a guide are shown in Fig-ure 1.In addition to the visualizations in these figures,we bor-row a technique from phylogenetics,the study of the evo-lutionary relations between species,to generate a tree of visual similarity.Arranged in a wheel,as shown in Fig-ure 2,this tree is suitable as a browsing interface for the field guide,allowing a user to quickly see each species and all the species similar to it.We compare our similarity-based tree with the phylogenetic “tree of life,”which describes the evolutionary relations between bird species.Places where the trees are not in agreement –pairs of species that areclose in the similarity tree but far in the evolutionary tree –are of special interest,as these may be examples of conver-gent evolution [11],where similar traits arise independently in species that are not closely related.We base our similarity calculations on the “part-based one-vs-one features”(POOFs)of [1],for two reasons.First is the POOFs’strong performance on fine-grained catego-rization;in particular they have done well on bird species recognition.Second is their part-based nature.Fine-grained classification encourages part-based approaches be-cause the classes under consideration have many of the same parts (for birds,every species has a beak,wings,legs,and eyes)so it is possible to distinguish classes by the ap-pearance of corresponding parts.Experiments by Tversky and Hemenway [24]suggest that people also use proper-ties of parts to distinguish similar classes,and bird guides often describe species in terms of their parts,as shown in Figure 3.All this suggests that part-based features may be the best way to show humans the key features.POOFs have the additional advantage of being easy to illustrate;each is associated with a learned support region that can be high-lighted in our visualizations.This paper makes the following contributions:1.We propose and explore a new problem:using com-Figure3.A picture of the red-winged blackbird from the Sibley Guide[22]shows part-based features that distinguish this species.puter vision techniques,in particular methods offine-grained visual categorization,to illustrate the differ-ences between similar classes.The goal is not to per-form identification,but to see if we can show a human what to look for when performing identification.2.We propose an approach to this problem.We demon-strate a fully automatic method for choosing,from a large set of part-based features,those that best show the difference between two similar classes,choosing sample images that exemplify the difference,and an-notating the images to show the distinguishing feature.3.We explore the relation between visual similarity andphylogeny in bird species.Species which are visually similar but not close in the evolutionary“tree of life”may be examples of convergent evolution.2.Related WorkThere is a good deal of recent work onfine-grained cat-egorization,much of it dealing with species or breed recog-nition of e.g.,trees[13],flowers[16],butterflies[8,27], dogs[15,18,19],and birds[1,6,8,9,29,30].All of this work uses part-based features in one way or another, although it is mostly concerned with performing recogni-tion rather than explaining how to perform recognition.We use the POOFs of[1]for reasons discussed in Section1.Work onfine-grained visual categorization with“hu-mans in the loop”[3,25],proposes a model in which a person answers questions to assist a recognition system that makes afinal identification.Our proposal is conceptually opposite:the recognition system shows what features to look for,which will help a person to perform identification.Our goal is not classification itself,but an understand-ing of what features are most relevant and understandable.A similar task is set by Doersch et al.[7],who discover the architectural features best suited to recognizing the city in which a street scene was photographed.With a much smaller dataset and a much larger number of classes,we take a careful approach based on labeled parts rather than their random image patches.Shrivastava et al.[21]weight regions in an image by their distinctiveness for purposes of cross-domain similar image search.This is similar to our method forfinding regions to annotate in our illustrative images,but they work with a single image tofind its dis-tinctive regions,while we work with two classes of image tofind the most discriminative regions.Both[7]and[21] deal with image rather than object classification,so use un-aligned image patches rather than our part-based features. Deng et al.[6]found discriminative regions in bird by ex-plicit human labeling in the guise of a game.Although we take a part-based approach to allow us to annotate our images,there is also non-part-based work that attempts to describe the features of a class.Parikh and Grauman[17]discover discriminative image attributes and ask users to name them.Yanai and Barnard[28]consider the opposite problem,starting with a named concept and learning whether or not it is a visual attribute,while Berg et al.[2]discover attribute names and classifiers from web data.This could be used to provide supplementary,non-part-based text descriptions of species differences in our vi-sualfield guide.3.Visual SimilarityOur goal is,in a set of visually similar classes,to de-termine which classes are most similar to each other,and among those most similar classes,to understand and visu-alize what it is that still distinguishes them.To make this concrete,we consider the problem of bird species recognition,using the Caltech-UCSD Birds 200dataset(CUBS-200)[26].We use the2011version of the dataset,which includes11,788images of200bird species,annotated with the locations of15parts(beak,fore-head,crown,throat,breast,belly,nape,back,tail,and left and right eyes,wings,and legs).The dataset is di-vided into training and test sets of roughly equal size.With many examples of species with similar appearance,and also many species with widely varying appearance,the dataset presents a difficult recognition task.3.1.A Vocabulary of Part-based One-vs-One Fea-tures(POOFs)Thefirst step toward our goal is to construct a vocabulary of features suitable for differentiating among classes in our domain.For this we use a collection of POOFs[1],which we describe briefly here.Each POOF is defined by the choice of two classes,two parts(a“feature part”and an“alignment part”),and a base feature,in our case either a color histogram or a histogram of oriented gradients(HOG)[5].For example,a POOF may discriminate between the red-winged blackbird and the rusty blackbird,based on color histograms at the wing after alignment by the wing and the eye.To build a POOF,all the training images of the two classes are rotated and scaled to put the two chosen parts infixed locations.Each image is then cropped to afixed-size rectangle enclosing the two parts,and the cropped im-age partitioned into a grid of square tiles.We extract the base feature from each tile,concatenate these features to get a feature vector for the image,and train a linear SVMto distinguish the two classes.Tiles with low SVM weights are discarded,and a connected component of the remaining tiles about the feature part is taken as the support region for the POOF.The SVM is retrained using the base feature on just this region to get thefinal classifier.We use the parame-ter settings from[1]unaltered:images are aligned to put the two parts on a horizontal line with64pixels between them, the crop is128pixels wide and64pixels tall,and we use two grids,of8x8and16x16pixel tiles.The output of the POOF is the signed distance from the decision boundary of the classifier,and while each POOF is trained on just two classes,[1]show that a collection of these POOF outputs is an effective feature vector for distinguishing other sub-classes of the same basic class(e.g.,other species of birds). With200classes,fifteen parts,and two base features,we can train millions of POOFs,although in practice we will always use a subset.POOFs are suited to our task for two reasons.First of all,they have been shown to be effective atfine-grained categorization.Second,and of special importance to us, POOFs are relatively easy to interpret.If we discover that two bird species are well-separated by a color histogram-based POOF aligned by the beak and the back,and the SVM weights are large at the grid cells around the beak,we can interpret this as“These two species are differentiated by the color of the beak.”This kind of understanding is our goal.3.2.Finding Similar ClassesFew would confuse a cardinal and a pelican.It would be difficult and not useful to describe the particular features that distinguish them;any feature you care to look at will suffice.The interesting problem is tofind what details dis-tinguish classes of similar appearance.To do this we must first determine which classes are similar to each other.Our starting point is our vocabulary of POOFs.For ef-ficiency we take a subset of5000POOFs,so each image is describe by the5000-dimensional vector of their outputs. An L1or L2distance-based similarity in this space is ap-pealing for its simplicity,but considers all features to be equally important,which is unlikely to be a good idea.The POOFs are based on random classes and parts.Some of these choices will be good,looking at two species that differ in a clear way at the parts being considered.Others will look at parts that are not informative about those two classes.We wish to downweight features that are not discriminative,and emphasize those that are.A standard tool for this is linear discriminant analysis(LDA)[10],which,from a labeled set of samples with n classes,learns a projection to an n−1 dimensional space that minimizes the ratio of within-class variance to between-class variance.We apply LDA,and use the negative L1distance in the resulting199-dimensional space as a similarity measure.By applying this image similarity measure to mean fea-ture vectors over all the images in a class,we obtain a sim-ilarity measure between classes,with which we can deter-mine the most similar class to any given class.The red-winged blackbird and itsfive most similar species are shown at the top of Figure1.3.3.Choosing Discriminative FeaturesGiven a pair of very similar classes,we are now inter-ested in discovering what features can be used to tell them apart.We consider as candidates all the features from our vocabulary that are based on this pair of classes.With the birds dataset,with twelve parts and two low-level features, there are264candidate features.We rank the features by their discriminativeness,defining the discriminativeness of feature f asd f=(µ2−µ1)2σ1σ2,(1) whereµ1andµ2are the mean feature values for the two classes,andσ1andσ2are the corresponding standard devi-ations.Maximizing discriminativeness is similar in spirit to the optimization performed by LDA,which maximizes in-terclass variation and minimizes intraclass variation.Here we seek a individual score for each feature rather than a projection of the feature space,as it allows us to report par-ticular features as“most discriminative.”3.4.Visualizing the FeaturesOnce we have determined which features are most useful to distinguish between a pair of classes,we would like to present this information in a format that will help a viewer understand what he should look for.We present each feature as a pair of illustrative images,one from each species,with the region of interest indicated in the two images.Thefirst step is to choose the illustrative images.In do-ing this,we have several goals:1.The images should exemplify the difference they areintended to illustrate.If the feature is beak color, where one class has a yellow beak and the other gray, then the images must have the beak clearly visible, with the beak distinctly yellow in one and gray in the other.2.The images should minimize differences other thanthe one they are intended to illustrate.If the yel-low and gray-beaked species above can both be either brown or black,it is misleading to show one brown and one black,as this difference does not distinguish the classes.3.To facilitate direct comparison of the feature,the twosamples should have their parts in similar configura-tions,i.e.,the birds should be in the same pose.We translate these three goals directly into three objec-tive expressions to be minimized.For thefirst,we take the view that the images should be somewhat farther from the decision boundary than average for their class,but not toofar.This corresponds to the feature being somewhataggerated,but avoids extreme values from the POOFmay be outliers or particularly unusual in some way.c1and c2as the classes associated with positive andtive feature values respectively,let b1be the75thof feature values on c1,and let b2be the25th percentile feature values on c2.We take these exaggerated,but extreme feature values as“best,”and attempt to minimizeF(I1,I2)=(1+|f(I1)−b1|)(1+|f(I2)−b2|),where I1and I2are the candidate illustrative images classes c1and c2,and f()is the feature to be illustrated.To achieve the second goal,we consider an additional set of features,based on POOFs trained on classes other than c1and c2.We use the5000POOFs used to determine in-terclass similarity in Section3.2,less those with the same feature part as the POOF to be illustrated,and attempt to minimize the L1distance between the resulting“other fea-ture”vectors g(I1)and g(I2).G(I1,I2)=||g(I1)−g(I2)||1(3) To achieve the third goal,we consider the part locations in the two images.We resize the images so that in each, the mean squared distance between parts is1,thenfind the bestfit similarity transformation from the scaled locations x1in image I1to the scaled locations x2in image I2.We minimize the squared error of the transformation,which we denote H(I1,I2).Overall,we choose the image pair that minimizesk F F(I1,I2)+k G G(I1,I2)+k H H(I1,I2),(4) where coefficients k F,k G,and k H determine the impor-tance of each objective.To make them equally important, we set each to the multiplicative inverse of the standard de-viation of its term,i.e.,k F=1σF ,k G=1σG,and k H=1σH.The second step in visualizing the features is annotating the chosen images to indicate the feature in question.Recall that the feature is the output of a POOF,which at its core is a vector of weights to be applied to a base feature extracted over a spatial grid.By taking the norm of the sub-vector of weights corresponding to each grid cell,we obtain a mea-sure of the importance of each cell.An ellipsefit to the grid cells with weight above a small threshold then illustrates the feature.4.A Visual Field Guide to BirdsAs a direct application of the techniques in Section3,we can construct a visualfield guide to birds.While this guide will not have the notes on habitat and behavior of a tradi-tional guide,it will have a couple advantages.First,it is automatically generated,and so could easily be built for an-other domain where guides may not be available.Second, it can be in some sense more comprehensive.While a tra-ditional,hand-assembled guide will have an entry for each(a)(b)Figure6.Similarity matrices.(a)Visual similarity.(b)Phyloge-netic similarity.In both,rows/columns are in order of a depth-first traversal of the evolutionary tree,ensuring a clear structure in (b).The large dashed black box corresponds to the passerine birds (“perching birds,”mostly songbirds),while the small solid black box holds similarities between crows and ravens on the y-axis and blackbirds and cowbirds on the x-axis.species,it is not combinatorially feasible to produce an en-try on the differences between every pair of species.For an automatically-generated,digital guide,this is not an issue.We envision ourfield guide with a main entry for each species.Examples are shown in Figures1(a)and4(a).The main entry shows the species in question,and the top k most similar other species(we use k=5)as determined by the method of Section3.2.Selecting one of the similar species will lead to a pair entry illustrating the differences between the two species as described in Sections3.3and3.4.Fig-ures1(b)and4(b)and(c)show examples of pair entries. Wefind that many of the highlighted features,including the dark auriculars(feather below and behind the eye)of the Kentucky warbler,the black“necklace”of the Canada war-bler,and the white“spectacles”of the yellow-breasted chat (all shown in Figure4),correspond to features mentioned in bird guides(all included in the Sibley Guide[22]).4.1.A Tree of Visual SimilarityVisual similarity as estimated from the POOFs is the ba-sis for our visualfield guide.In similarity estimation,unlike straight classification,there is no obvious ground truth.If we say a blackbird is more like a crow than like a raven, who can say we are wrong?One way to get a ground truth for similarity is to consider the evolutionary“tree of life,”the tree with a root representing the origin of life,a leaf for every extant species or evolutionary dead end,and a branch for every speciation event,with edge lengths representing time between speciations.Species close to each other in the tree of life are in a sense“more similar”than species that are not close,although this will not necessarily correspond to visual similarity.The scientific community has not reached consensus on the complete structure of the tree of life,or even the sub-tree containing just the birds in CUBS-200.However there is progress in that direction.Recently Jetz et al.[12]pro-posed thefirst complete tree of life for all9993extant birdOporornis formosusCanada Warbler Yellow-breasted Chatentuck ellow-brrKentuck arblererbrdi er entuckY ellow-brbleryellow-breastedchatbler roatorange-crownedwarblerFigure4.Visualfield guide pages for the Kentucky warbler.Gad w a l l M a ll a r d H o o de d M e r g a n s e r R e d b r e a s te d M e r g a n s e r B r o w n P e li c a n W h it e P e li c a n P a c if ic L o o n N o rt h e rn F u lm a r So ot y Al ba tro ss Bl ac k f oo ted A lba tro ss Lay san Alb atro ss Frigatebir dB r a n d tC o r m o r a n tP e l a g i c C o r m o r a n t R e d f a c e d C o r m o r a n t P i e d b i l l e d G r e b e W e s t e r n G r e beE a r e d G r e b e H o r n e d G r e b e L o n g t a i l e d J a e g e r P o m a r i n e J a e g e r P i g e o n G u i l l e m o t H o r n e d P u f f i n R h i n o c e r o s A u k l e t C r e s t e d A u k l e t L e a s t A u k l e t P a r a k e e t A u k l e t L e a s t T e r n C a s p a n T e r n B a c k T e r nF o r s t e r s T e r n E e g a n t T e r n A r t c T e r n C o m m o n T e r n I v o r yG u R ed e g g e d K t t w a k e H e e r m a n n G u R n g b e d G u We s t e r nG u H e r r n g G u C a f o r n a G u G a uc o u s w n g ed G u S a t y b a c ke d G u G e o c o c c yx G r o o v e b e d A n B a c k b e d C u c k o o M a n g r o v e C u c k o oY e l l o w b i l l e d C u c k o oG r e e n Vi o l e t e a r R u b y t h r o a t e d H u m m i n g b i r d A n n a H u mm i n g b i r d R u f o u s H u m m i n g b i r dN ig h t h a w k C h u c k w ill W id o wW h ip po o r W il l W h it e b r e a s te d K in g fi s h e r B e lt e d K in g fis h e rR in g e d K ing fi s h e rG re e n K ing fi s h e rP ie d K in gf is he rNo rth er n F lic kerPil ea ted W oo dp ecke rRed bellie d Wo odpe ckerRed headed Woodpecker Amer ican Three toed Woo dpec kerDow ny W ood pec kerRe d c oc ka ded W oo dp ec kerG re at C rest ed F ly ca tc he r S c is s o rta ile d Fly c a tc h e rG ra y Kin g b ir d T ro p ica l K in gb ir dV e r m il io n F ly c a tch e rSa y o r n isO li v e s id e d F ly c a t c h er W e s t e r nW o o dP e w e e A c a d i a n F l y c a t c h e rL e a s t F l y c a t c h e r Y e l l o wb e l l i e d F l yc a t c he rS p o t t e d C a t b i r dR e d e y e d V i r e o P h a de p h a V r e oW a r b n g V r e o B a c kc a pp e d V r e oW h t e e y e d V r e o B u e h e a d e d V r e oY e o w th r o a t e d V r e oG r e a t G r e y S h r k e L o gg e r h e a d S h r k eG r e e n J a y B u e J a y F o r d a J a y C a r k N u t c r a c k e r F s h C r o w A m e r c a n C r o w C o m m o n R a v e n W h t e n e c k e d R a v e n H o r n e d L a r k B a n k S w a o w T r e e S w a o w B a r n S w a l l o w C l i f f S w a l l o w B o h e m i a n W a x w i n g C e d a r W a x w i n g C a p e G l o s s y S t a r l i n g G r a y C a t b ir d B r o w n T h r a s h e r M o c k in g b ir d S a g e T h r a s h e r W h it e b re a s te d N u th a tc h B ro w n C re e p e r R o ck W re n C ac tu s W re n Be wic k W ren Car olin a W ren Marsh Wr en H o u s e W r e n W i n t e r W r e n A m e r i c a n P i p i t H o u s e S p a r r o w E v e n i n g G r o s b e a k A m e r i c a n G o l d f i n c h E u r o p e a n G o l d f i n c h P i n e G r o s b e a k G r a y c r o w n e d R o s y F i n c h P u r p l e F i n c h R o s e b r e a s t e d G r o s b e a kC a r d i n a l S c a r l e t T a n a g e r S u m m e r T a n a g e r I n d i g o B u n t i n g P a i n t e d B u n t i n g B u e G r o s b e a k L a z u B u n t n g We ster n M ead owl ark Bobo linkYellow headed Blackbird Baltim ore O riole Sc ott O rio le Ho od ed O rio le O rc ha rd Orio leB o a t ta iled G ra c k le B re w e rB la c k b ir dR u s ty Bla c k b ir d R e d w in g e d B lac k b ird B r o n ze d C o wb ir dS h in y C o w bir dG r a s s h o p p e r S p a rr o w B l a ck t h r o at e d Spa r r o wB r e w e r S p a r r o w F i e l d S p a r r o wC h i p p i n g S p a r r o w C l a y c o l o r e d S p ar r o wF o x S p a r r o w T r e e S p a r r o w D a r k e y e d J u n c oW h t e c r o w n e d S p ar r o w H a r r s S p a rr o w W h t e t h r o a t e d Sp a r r ow E a s t e r n T o w h e e G r e e n t a e d T o w h e eV e s p e r S p a r r o w L e C o n t e S p a r r o w N e s o n S h a r p t a e d S p a r r o w S e a s d e S p a r r o w S a v a n n a h S p a r r o w B a r d S p a r r o w H e n s o w S p a r r o w L n c o n S p a r r o w S on g S p a r r o w Y e o w b r e a s t e d C h a t O v e n b r d W o r m e a t n g W a r b e r P r o t h o n o t a r y W a r b e r S w a n s o n W a r b e r B a c k a n d w h t e W a r b e r L o u s a n a W a t e r t h r u s h N o r t h e r n W a t e r t h r u s hC o m m o n Y eo w t h r o a t K e n t uc k y W a r b e r M o u r n n g W a r b e r B u e w n g ed W a r be r G o d e n w n g e d W a r b e r T e n n e s s e e W a r b e r N a s h v e W a r b e r O r a n g e c r o w n e d Wa rb e r C a n a d a W a r b e rW i l s o n W a r b l e r H o o d e dW a r b l e r M a g n o l i a W a r b l e rC e r u l e a n W a r b l e r C a p e M a yW a r b l e rB a y b r e a s t e d W a r ble r C h e st n u t s id e d W a r b le r Y e ll o w W a r b ler A m e r ic a n R e d s ta r t B la c k t h ro a te d B lue W a rb le r P ra ir ieW a rb le r P a lm W a rb le rM yr tle W ar bl er Pi ne W ar ble rewerdonzed Cowbird Red-wingeddShiny CowbirdCommon Y ellowthroatKentucky WarblerNashville WarblerOrange-crowned WarblerAmerican crowCommon RavenY ellow-breasted ChatCanada WarblerFigure 5.The phylogenetic “tree of life”representing evolutionary history.As in Figure 2,species visually similar to the red-winged blackbird are in blue,and those similar to the Kentucky warbler are in red.Although the American crow and common raven are visually similar to blackbirds,they are not close in terms of evolution.Rank Species Pair1Gadwall vs Pacific Loon2Hooded Merganser vs Pigeon Guillemot 6Red-breasted Merganser vs Eared Grebe 11Least Auklet vs Whip poor Will16Black billed Cuckoo vs MockingbirdTable 1.Species pairs with high visual and low phylogenetic sim-ilarity.species,complete with estimated dates for all splits,based on a combination of the fossil evidence,morphology,and genetic data.Pruning this tree to include only the species in CUBS-200yields the tree shown in Figure 5(produced in part with code from [14]).This tree shows the overall phylogenetic similarity relations between bird species.As a browsing interface to our digital field guide,we pro-pose a similar tree,in the same circular format.This tree,however,is based on visual similarity rather than phyloge-netic similarity.Producing a tree from a similarity matrix is a basic operation in the study of phylogeny,for which standard methods exist (note the tree of life in Figure 5is based on more advanced techniques that use additional data beyond a similarity matrix).We calculate the full similar-Figure 7.The gadwall (left)and the pacific loon (right)have simi-lar overall appearance but are not closely related.ity matrix of the bird species using the POOFs,then apply one of these standard methods,Saitou and Nei’s “neighbor-joining”[20],to get a tree based not on evolutionary history but on visual similarity.This tree is shown in Figure 2.In an interactive form,it will allow a user to scroll through the birds in an order that respects similarity and shows a hierar-chy of groups of similar birds.We can compare the similarity-based tree in Figure 2with the evolutionary tree in Figure 5.They generally agree as to which species are similar,but there are exceptions.For example,crows are close to blackbirds in the similarity tree,but the evolutionary tree shows that they are not closely re-lated.Such cases may be examples of convergent evolution,in which two species independently develop similar traits.。
