The UV-optical Galaxy Color-Magnitude Diagram I Basic Properties

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The large display delivers brilliant-quality still images and movies while enabling easy focusing operation.Simple connectivity to smartphones via Wi-Fi ® or NFCILCE-7/B α7 (Alpha 7) Interchangeable Lens Camera No other full frame, interchangeable-lens camera is this light or this portable. 24.3 MP of rich detail. A true-to-life 2.4 million dot OLED viewfinder. Wi-Fi ® sharing and an expandable shoe system. It’s all the full-frame performance you ever wanted in a compact size that will change your perspective entirely.Connectivity with smartphones for One-touch sharing/One-touch remote has been simplified with Wi-Fi®/NFC control. In addition to Wi-Fi support for connecting to smartphones, the α7 also supports NFC (near field communication) providing “one touch connection” convenience when transferring images to Android™ smartphones and tablets. Users need only touch devices to connect; no complex set-up is required. 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Use apps that shoot, share and save photos using Wi-Fi that make it easy to control and view your camera from smartphone, and post photos directly to Facebook or backup images to the cloud without connecting to a computer.11Image Data ConverterAdvanced features enable manipulation, conversion and management of full-resolution RAW images. You can expertly adjust exposure, white balance, tonal curves, saturation, contrast, hue and sharpness — as well as apply DRO and vignetting compensation. Bundled Remote Camera Control software also lets you remotely activate and deactivate still/ movie recording and control various camera settings from a PC.Vertical Grip CapableEnjoy long hours of comfortable operation in the vertical orientation with this sure vertical grip, which can hold two batteries for longer shooting and features dust and moisture protection.Mount AdaptorsMount any A-mount lens to the α7R with either the LA-EA3 or EA4 35mm full-frame compatible adaptors. 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a r X i v :0801.0451v 1 [a s t r o -p h ] 2 J a n 2008A cgi synthetic CMD calculator for the YY IsochronesP.Demarque 1,S.N.Virani 1,E.J.Murphy 1,2,J.-H.Woo 1,3,Y.-C.Kim 4&S.K.Yi 41Department of Astronomy,Yale University,New Haven,CT 06520-8101,USA 2Spitzer Science Center,California Institute of Technology,Pasadena,CA 91125,USA 3Department of Physics,University of California,Santa Barbara,CA 93106-9530,USA4Department of Astronomy,Yonsei University,Seoul 120-749,Korea ABSTRACT We describe a web-based cgi calculator for constructing synthetic color-magnitude diagrams for a simple stellar population (SSP)using the Yonsei-Yale (YY)isochrone data base.This calculator is designed to be used interactively.It creates quick look CMD displays in (B-V)and (V-I)colors.Stochastic ef-fects on the CMDs are included.Output in tabular form is also provided for special purpose displays,or for combining the CMDs of different stellar popula-tions.This research tool has applications in studies of the stellar content of our Galaxy and external systems.It provides an easy way to interpret the CMDs in resolved stellar populations.It offers the means to explore the dependence of the integrated properties of unresolved stellar systems on stellar parameters (ages,chemical composition,binarity)and on the characteristics of their parent population (IMF slope and mass range).1.IntroductionThis program creates a synthetic color-magnitude diagram (CMD)for a simple stellar population (SSP),i.e.for a stellar population of a given age and chemical composition,that obeys a specified initial mass function (IMF)based on the prescription by Park &Lee (1997).Stochastic effects on the CMD are included.As an additional feature,the presence of a population of unresolved binaries can be taken into account (Woo et al.2003).The code is designed for use with the Yonsei-Yale (YY)isochrones,and covers the pre-main sequence and hydrogen burning phases of evolution.The YY isochrones and luminosity functions are described in detail in papers by Yi et al.(2001,2003;Paper 1and Paper 3)and Kim et al.(2002;Paper2).Evolutionary tracks are available in Demarque et al.(2004; Paper4).The YY isochrone tables cover metallicities Z(heavy element content by mass)in the range0.0to0.08,and values ofαenhancement corresponding to[α/F e]=0.0,0.3 and0.6.Helium diffusion and convective core overshoot have been taken into account in calculating the evolutionary tracks.Thisfirst set of isochrones(Paper1)was for the scaled solar mixture.The completing sets(for twice and four-timesα-enhanced)were released in Paper2.Two significant features of these isochrones are that(1)the stellar models start their evolution from the pre-main sequence birthline instead of from the zero-age main sequence, and(2)the color transformation has been performed using both the tables of Lejeune et al. (1998),and the older,but now modified,Green et al.tables(1987).The web interface to the CMD calculator can be found at the two YY web sites:/demarque/yyiso.htmlIn addition,these two web sites provide links to the four YY papers listed above,and codes to interpolate between isochrones in age and chemical composition within the available parameter range.2.CMD calculator input parametersA number of input parameters must be defined in the construction of synthetic CMDs. The list of input parameters on the web interface is given below.The output CMD can be retrieved either in tabular or graphical form.•AlphaThis is the composition parameter[α/F e],which denotes the relative abundance by number with respect to the Sun ofαenriched nuclei in the chemical composition mixture.The notation is the usual logarithmic relative abundance with respect to the Sun.In this notation,the metallicity of a star is defined by[X/H]≡log(N X/N H)⋆−log(N X/N H)⊙(1) where N X and N H are the relative abundances by numbers of element X and of hy-drogen,respectively.The abundance ratio[α/F e]is defined correspondingly.InputTable1.The assumptions forα-enhancement Element[α/Fe]=0.0a[α/Fe]=+0.3[α/Fe]=+0.6a The scaled-solar abundance ratios of metals are taken from Grevesse&Noels1993.Note.—The abundance of the elements in logarithmic scale,log N el/N H+12,where N el is the abundance by number.values ofαmust be in the range0.0to0.6(by definition,α=0corresponds to the solar mixture).•MetallicityThe metallicity parameter Z for the synthetic CMD.Z is the mass fraction of the heavy elements as usually defined in stellar interior calculations(i.e.X+Y+Z= 1,where X and Y are the mass fractions of H and He).The parameter Z should be in the range(near)0.0to0.08(Note that Z≡0is not allowed).Table2provides a conversion between Z and[F e/H]for different values of[α/F e].•AgeThe age of the stellar population(in Gyr)for the calculated synthetic CMD.•Number of starsThe total number of stars N to be used in the calculation of the synthetic CMD.A maximum of100,000stars is allowed for the value of N.The total number of stars N in the synthetic CMD is defined as:N=C M upper M lower M−(x+1)dM(2)where x is the IMF slope,and M upper and M lower define the range of masses included in the integration.The definition of x is the same as in the review by Tinsley(1980). The YY luminosity functions are tabulated for x=-1,1.35and3.The x=1.35power law corresponds to the Salpeter IMF(1955).C is a normalization constant.The YY tables are normalized to1000stars in the mass range0.5-1.0M⊙.•IMF slopeChosen value of the IMF slope x defined in eq.(2)(Note that x=0).•IMF upper limitThe upper mass limit M upper of the IMF in eq.(2),in solar units.•IMF lower limitThe lower mass limit M lower of the IMF in eq.(2),in solar units.•ISEEDThe random number generator seed to be used for the synthetic CMD calculations. Varying ISEED illustrates the importance of stochastic effects in CMDs for a given set of input parameters.A knowledge of ISEED allows the user to retrieve previously made synthetic CMDs.•Binary fractionThe fraction of binary stars for the calculated synthetic CMD,given as a number between0.0and1.0.•qmassMass fraction for binary stars,given as a number between0.0and1.0.3.ExamplesA series of examples are now presented that illustrate the effect of varying the input parameters one at a time.Fig.1shows the reference synthetic CMD against which other CMD examples can be compared,The following input reference parameters were adopted:REFERENCE PARAMETERST he parameter alphaFig.3shows the effect of varying[α/F e]from0.to0.3.Table2,taken from Paper2, lists the corresponding changes in total Z.The reader is referred to Paper2for a discussion of the different effects of variations in[α/F e]in low-Z and high-Z mixtures.Relative H and He abundancesNote that in the YY isochrone tables,the helium content by mass Y is keptfixed for a given value of Z.In all examples given here,(∆Y/∆Z)=2has been assumed.This corresponds to Y=0.238for Z=0.004,and to Y=0.27for Z=0.02.•Varying the ageIn Fig.4,the age has been changed from8.0to5.0Gyr.•Varying the total number of stars NIn Fig.5,the value of N is changed from1000to500.As expected,stochasticfluctu-ations become larger as N decreases.•Varying the mass function parametersThe distribution of stellar masses in the synthetic model depends on three parameters, the IMF slope x and the upper and lower masses,M upper and M lower respectively. The effect of changing the IMF slope from x=1.35to0.5is shown in Fig.6.The effects of changing independently the upper and lower mass limits to3.0M⊙and0.7M⊙are shown in Fig.7and Fig.8,respectively,all other parameters are as given in the reference parameter list.•ISEEDVarying ISEED highlights the role of stochastic effects.For small N,stochastic effects become significant in rapid evolutionary phases.For example,the two CMDs shown in Fig.9and Fig.10are based on the same set of input parameters(except that ISEED=299and128,respectively).This introduces an uncertainty in the integrated energy distribution of the stellar population.•Varying the binary star contentThe presence of unresolved binaries can also affect the CMD significantly.Fig.1shows a synthetic CMD that does not include binaries.Fig.11and Fig.12are plotted for a binary fraction of0.2,but with the different mass fractions qmass=0.3and 0.7,respectively.The synthetic cluster CMDs by Woo et al.(2000)illustrate the importance of including binary systems,particularly in moderately rich stellar systems.4.ConclusionsThis note describes a web-based CMD calculator designed for the study of stellar popu-lations in the Galaxy and distant stellar systems.This web based calculator,which is based on the YY isochrones,is a useful tool for studies of resolved star clusters,and for explo-rations of the sensitivity of the integrated light of stellar systems to stellar and population parameters.Future versions of this calculator will be based on a more comprehensive YY database covering an extended range of helium abundances,the inclusion of helium burning phases of evolution,often very significant in the CMDs of stellar systems,and the availability of a simple spectral energy distribution(SED)library.This research was supported in part by NASA grant HST-GO-10505.03-A.5.ReferencesDemarque,P.,Woo,J.-H.,Kim,Y.-C.&Yi,S.2004,ApJS,155,667(Paper4)Green,E.M.,Demarque,P.,&King,C.R.1987,The Revised Yale Isochrones and Lumi-nosity Functions(New Haven:Yale Univ.Obs.)Grevesse,N.,&Noels,A.1993,in Origin and Evolution of the Elements,ed.N.Prantzos, E.Vangioni-Flam,&M.Cass´e(Cambridge:Cambridge Univ.Press)Kim,Y.-C.,Demarque,P.,Yi,S.&Alexander,D.R.2002,ApJS,143,499(Paper2) Lejeune,Th.,Cuisinier,F.&Buser,R.1998,A&A,130,65Park,J.-H.&Lee,Y.-W.1997,ApJ,476,28Salpeter,E.E.1955,ApJ,121,161Tinsley,B.M.1980,Fund.Cosmic Phys.,5,287Woo,J-H.,Gallart,C.,Demarque,P.,Yi,S.,Zoccali,M.2003,AJ,125,754Yi,S.,Demarque,P.,Kim,Y.-C.,Lee,Y.-W.,Ree,C.H.Lejeune,Th.&Barnes,S.2001, ApJS,136,417(Paper1)Yi,S.,Kim,Y-C.,&Demarque,P.2003,ApJS,144,259(Paper3)Table2.Conversion from[Fe/H]to Z[Fe/H]Z[α/Fe]=0.0[α/Fe]=+0.3[α/Fe]=+0.6。

阅读的好处英文作文阅读是从视觉材料中获取信息的过程。

下面是店铺给大家整理的一些英语范文，供大家参阅!阅读的好处英文作文篇1When I'm free or in trouble, I always take out a book and read quietly. In no time, I've put my heart into it so that I'll forget all the troubles. It's in this way that I've formed the habit of reading in any time.Little boys as I was, I was interest in picture books and storybooks. I was struck by them. No sooner had I entered the middle school than I began to read novel, plays, and essays and so on. I found I could get much from them. Little by little I took great interest in literature and last term I won the first prize in the composition contest among middle-school students in Zhe Jiang.Reading “The Emperor's New Clothes”, I had to let out a burst of laughter over his fool. “The Little Match Girl” couldn't keep me from crying for her misery. “Robinson Crusoe” took me into a strange world full of danger. And I was also deeply impressed by Helen Keller's patience and perseverance… Besides these, books also tell me other thing -how to be a man and how to tell the difference between right and wrong. In a word, good books can make me know what I didn't before. So I think of a good book as my best friend.I'll never forget this famous saying,“Good books are best friends who never turn their backs upon us.”阅读的好处英文作文篇2The more books you read, the better your life will be. If you don't believe me, please consider these twelve compelling reasons to read more books.你读的书越多，你的生活就会越好。

标题：Exploring the Mysterious Universe - A Journey for the Curious MindIn the vast and infinite expanse of the universe, there lies a world of wonders and mysteries that have fascinated humans for generations. From the twinkling stars above us to the distant galaxies beyond imagination, the universe is a never-ending source of curiosity and exploration. Join me as we embark on a journey through this mysterious universe, discovering its secrets and wondering about its vastness. The universe is vast and beyond comprehension. It is estimated that there are over 200 billion galaxies in the universe, and each galaxy contains billions of stars. Just imagine the magnitude of it! It's like a vast ocean of stars, with our planet Earth being just a tiny speck inthis vast cosmos.One of the most fascinating aspects of the universe is the phenomenon of black holes. These mysterious objects have a strong gravitational pull that is so powerful that nothing, even light, can escape from them. Scientists are still trying to understand the properties and behavior ofblack holes, but what they have discovered so far is truly mind-boggling.Another remarkable feature of the universe is the beauty and diversity of galaxies. Galaxies like the Milky Way are vast collections of stars, dust, and gas that form patterns and shapes that are truly breathtaking. The swirling arms of galaxies and the bright centers filled with stars create a stunning visual display that is a testament to the beauty and complexity of the universe.But the universe is not just about beauty and mystery. It is also a place of discovery and learning. Astronomers and scientists use telescopes and advanced technology to observe and study the universe, trying to understand its origin, evolution, and future. Their findings have not only changed our understanding of the universe but have also led to new discoveries and advancements in science and technology.As we explore the universe, we also discover the potential for life beyond Earth. The existence of planets and solar systems similar to our own raises the question of whether there is other life in the universe. This questionhas fascinated humans for centuries, and the search for extraterrestrial life continues to be a major focus of space exploration.In conclusion, the universe is a vast and mysterious place that continues to inspire and fascinate humans. It is a never-ending source of discovery and learning, and as we continue to explore it, we discover more about ourselves and our place in the universe. So, let's keep our minds open to the wonders of the universe and continue to ask questions, explore, and discover.**宇宙探索的神秘之旅——好奇心的征途**在宇宙这片广阔无垠、深邃神秘的领域中，存在着无数令人着迷的奇迹。

描写宇宙的唯美句子英文版(篇一)1. The universe is a breathtaking masterpiece, decorated with twinkling stars and vibrant galaxies.2. In the depths of space, celestial bodies dance in perfect harmony, creating an ethereal symphony.3. The cosmic expanse is an infinite canvas, pXXnted with celestial hues of indigo, crimson, and gold.4. Stardust whispers tales of the universe's birth, carrying the secrets of creation through time and space.5. Nebulas bloom like cosmic flowers, their radiant colors pXXnting the night sky with ethereal beauty.6. The Milky Way stretches across the night, a river of shimmering stars guiding our celestial journey.7. Planets orbit gracefully, like cosmic dancers waltzing through the vastness of space.8. As the sun sets on distant horizons, the universe reveals a tapestry of breathtaking twilight hues.9. Meteor showers cascade, pXXnting the darkness with streaks of silver and gold, like celestial fireworks.10. Galactic clusters form celestial cities, where stars of all sizes and colors converge in a dazzling display.11. As comets streak across the sky, they leave behind traces of celestial wonder and awe.12. The immensity of space stretches beyond our comprehension, a reminder of humanity's infinitesimal presence.13. Celestial bodies collide, birthing new worlds and scattering stardust dreams across the universe.14. Beyond our Earthly confines, galaxies swirl like cosmic whirlpools, creating mesmerizing patterns of light.15. Shooting stars grant wishes, carrying our hopes and dreams to the farthest reaches of the universe.16. Lunar eclipses unveil a rare cosmic ballet, where shadows and light intertwine ina celestial dance.17. The silence of space echoes with whispered secrets, inviting us to explore its infinite mysteries.18. The universe is a cosmic tapestry, woven with threads of time and stitched with constellations of wonder.19.Like a celestial symphony, the universe's harmonious melodies resonate through the endless expanse.20. Saturn's rings, a celestial jewel, adorn the planet with elegance and grace.21. The aurora borealis, a celestial light show, pXXnts the night sky with vibrant ribbons of color.22. Supernovae burst forth in cataclysmic eruptions, scattering the remnants of stars like cosmic confetti.23. The universe's beauty lies in its juxtaposition of immense darkness and shimmering light.24. Mars, the red planet, beckons us with its mystique and potential for extraterrestrial discovery.25. Jupiter, with its swirling storms and colossal presence, reigns as a celestial giant in the solar system.26. The universe is a celestial stage, where stars take their places and the cosmos performs its grand spectacle.27. As galaxies collide, they create breathtaking collisions of light, cosmic fireworks illuminating the darkness.28. The twinkle in a child's eye mirrors the distant stars, reminding us that we are all made of stardust.29. The universe's grandeur reminds us of our smallness, yet inspires us to seek answers beyond our own planet.30. The moon, a celestial companion, shines a soft glow upon the Earth, bathing it in its ethereal light.31. Solar flares erupt in radiant bursts, illuminating the solar system with celestial fire.32. The universe's beauty lies not just in its grandeur, but in the intricacies of its smallest particles.33. As galaxies collide, they release cosmic ripples, forever changing the fabric of the universe.34. The universe is a kaleidoscope of light, where stars and planets form mesmerizing patterns across the sky.35. Celestial bodies, like ancient storytellers, carry the history of the universe within their cosmic depths.36. The Andromeda Galaxy, an enigmatic neighbor, unveils the secrets of an extragalactic world wXXting to be explored.37. As we gaze into the depths of space, we catch a glimpse of the universe's eternal dance of creation and destruction.38. The constellations, celestial maps etched upon the night sky, guide our navigation through the vastness of space.39. The universe's vastness reminds us of our boundless potential, urging us to reach for the stars and explore the unknown.40. The cosmos, a cosmic kaleidoscope, pXXnts the universe with awe-inspiring complexity and beauty.41. The universe's majesty is captured in a single moment, where the night sky becomes a celestial masterpiece.42. The interstellar medium, a cosmic cloud of gas and dust, births new stars and nurtures the universe's ongoing evolution.43. Lyrid meteors streak across the sky, like cosmic brushstrokes adding splashes of brilliance to the canvas of night.44. The darkness of space offers a backdrop for the brilliance of the universe, a stage for celestial wonders to unfold.45. The universe's expanses span billions of light-years, a testament to its boundless and unfathomable nature.46. Solar eclipses cast a symphony of shadows upon our world, as celestial bodies align in a celestial dance.47. The universe's beauty lies not only in its splendor, but in the silent solitude it grants to those who dare to explore its depths.48. Time dilates in the cosmic expanse, blurring the boundaries between past, present, and future, as the universe unfolds.49. Like a cosmic lighthouse, pulsars emit beams of celestial light, guiding our way through the vastness of space.50. The universe reflects the awe-inspiring power of creation, reminding us of the forces that shape both the cosmos and our own existence.51. The celestial ballet of the planets offers a glimpse into the celestial mechanics that govern the universe's intricate dance.52. The beauty of the universe lies not only in its visual splendor but in the symphony of cosmic vibrations that resonate through its depths.53. The universe's labyrinths of dark matter captivate our imaginations, challenging us to understand the invisible forces that shape the cosmos.54. The celestial harmony of celestial bodies creates an intoxicating rhythm that echoes through time and space, resonating with the planets and stars alike.55. The distant glow of distant galaxies serves as a cosmic reminder of the infinite possibilities that lie beyond our own solar system.56. The universe's ethereal auroras dance across the night sky, revealing the cosmic choreography of charged particles in Earth's magnetic field.57. The vastness of space mirrors the depths of the human soul, beckoning us to explore our inner universe in tandem with the cosmic expanse.58. The cosmos pXXnts its own portrXXt through the lens of the Hubble Space Telescope, capturing the universe's ever-evolving grandeur in stunning detXXl.59. Like cosmic clockwork, the celestial bodies of our solar system align in synchrony, creating celestial events that captivate our collective gaze.60. The universe's beauty resides not only in the grandeur of its most prominent celestial bodies but in the subtlety of its hidden wonders that wXXt to be discovered.描写宇宙的唯美句子英文版(篇二)Stunning Sentences Depicting the Beauty of the Universe in English: Over 50 Captivating Phrases1. The stars danced in the cosmic ballet of the night.2. The moon whispered secrets to the infinite darkness.3. A canvas of stardust pXXnted across the night sky.4. The galaxies intertwined, creating a celestial symphony.5. Nebulas illuminated the deep space with their ethereal glow.6. Planets sXXled like celestial sXXlors in the sea of the universe.7. The sun radiated its golden warmth, nurturing distant worlds.8. Meteor showers rXXned down like nature's fireworks.9. The Milky Way stretched its arms across the vastness of the cosmos.10. Constellations formed intricate patterns, telling tales of ancient myths.11. Astronomers unveiled the mysterious beauty hidden beyond our sight.12. Asteroids became wanderers, floating XXmlessly through the endless expanse.13. Shooting stars granted wishes, lighting up dreams in the night.14. Solar flares danced and flickered like flames of cosmic passion.15. Black holes swallowed galaxies, leaving behind a void of eternal nothingness.16. The universe stood as a majestic tapestry woven with celestial threads.17. The Aurora Borealis pXXnted the sky with hues of green and pink.18. Celestial bodies whispered secrets in a language known only to the cosmos.19. The universe's silence spoke volumes, echoing the magnitude of its existence.20. Cosmic dust particles settled, creating the building blocks of life.21. Satellite images unveiled the intricate patterns of Earth seen from above.22. The veil of the night sky lifted, revealing the wonders of the universe.23. Solar eclipses mesmerized, grounding humanity in the celestial dance.24. Galaxies collided, birthing new worlds and possibilities.25. The beauty of the universe humbled the soul, igniting a sense of wonder.26. Time stood still amidst the grandeur of cosmic phenomena.27. Celestial bodies, like celestial angels, guided humanity through the night.28. Saturn's rings glimmered like jewels adorning a cosmic crown.29. The universe's vastness mirrored the boundless potential within us all.30. Planets danced in perfect harmony, an intricate cosmic choreography.31. The night sky whispered secrets that only the stars could hear.32. Supernovas exploded, scattering stardust across the universe.33. The moon's gentle glow soothed the restless hearts of wanderers.34. The universe's symphony resonated within the depths of the soul.35. Asteroid belts formed cosmic highways, guiding explorers through the unknown.36. Stars twinkled like diamonds, igniting the curiosity of dreamers.37. Meteorites crashed, leaving behind a cosmic fingerprint in time.38. The celestial canopy revealed the secrets of the universe to those who dared to look up.39. Planetary alignments pXXnted celestial masterpieces across the sky.40. The vastness of the cosmos humbled mortal beings, reminding them of their insignificance.41. Shooting stars streaked through the night, leaving trXXls of cosmic dreams.42. Astronomical discoveries unveiled the magnificent complexity of the universe.43. The beauty of the universe anchored the soul in a sea of tranquility.44. Supernovas erupted like fireworks, celebrating the majesty of existence.45. Satellite imagery captured the fragile beauty of our blue planet from above.46. The universe's rhythm echoed in the hearts of stargazers.47. Jupiter's swirling storms mirrored the chaos and beauty of life.48. The expanse of the universe beckoned the human spirit to explore its mysteries.49. The cosmic ballet pXXnted the sky with swirls of colors and shapes.50. The intricate web of galaxies wove connections between the stars and the souls who admired them.注意：本文所提供的内容仅为创作用途，切勿将其中的部分或整个内容复制到其他地方，包括网站、博客或其他类型的渠道，以免造成未经授权的侵权行为。

Opti-Check™Handheld FluorometerNovember 11, 2011 P/N: 998-0861 Revision ATURNER DESIGNS 845 W. Maude Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94085 Phone: (408) 749-0994 FAX: (408) 749-0998Table of Contents1. Introduction1.1 Description 31.2 Quick View Diagram 31.3 Inspection and Setup 31.4 General Information, Precautions & Cleaning 42. Instrument Specifications2.1 General Specifications 52.2 Optical Configurations for Applications 52.3 Cuvette Information 53. Instrument Operation and Calibration3.1 Instrument Power Up 63.2 Detection Channel Configuration 6Overview 6 3.3 CalibrationProcedure 7 3.4 Calibration3.5 Sample Analysis 83.6 Diagnostic Information 84 Sample Analysis Guidelines4.1 Handling Samples 9Samples 9 4.2 Positioning4.3 Linear Range and Quenching 9Considerations 10 4.4 Temperature4.5 DataQuality 10 5 Applications5.1 Fluorescein 115.2 PTSA 116 Quick Diagnosis Guides6.1 Power / Battery / Screen Issues 126.2 Reading and Calibration Issues 137. Warranty7.1 Terms 14Service 14 7.2 Warranty7.3 Out of Warranty Service 151 Introduction1.1 DescriptionThe Opti-Check is a small, lightweight, highly durable handheld fluorometer ideal for quick measurements in the field. Dual-channel capability enables measurement for both cooling tower and boiler system applications. Simple to operate, the Opti-Check is a perfect tool for system verification. The Opti-Check can be configured with two channels: Fluorescein, PTSA or both.1.2 Quick View Diagrams1.3 Inspection and Setup1.3.1 InspectionUpon receiving your instrument, please inspect everything carefully and make sure allaccessories are present. All shipments include:•The Opti-Check•The User’s Manual on CD• 4 - AAA batteries•Cuvettes – Qty 4• Storage Pouch1.3.2 SetupBefore the Opti-Check can be used, the supplied batteries must be installed.1. On the back side of the instrument, remove the battery panel by loosening the centerscrew and then gently pulling on the screw. There is some resistance due to the o-ring which is used for watertight sealing (see Section 1.2 for diagram).2. Install the 4 - AAA batteries and verify the batteries are positioned correctly.3. Replace the battery panel and press it down into position.4. Hold the battery panel down in place and gently tighten the screw until it is snug.Do not over tighten the screw.Note: If the battery panel is very difficult to press down or remove, you can apply a small amount of silicon-based grease to lubricate the o-ring as needed.1.4 General Information, Precautions and Cleaning•The sample compartment cannot accept 10 mm square cuvettes because the cuvette wall thickness exceeds the 12 mm maximum outer dimension that the Opti-Check canaccept. The 10 mm size is the internal dimension of the cuvette and some plasticcuvettes may be too large.•Do not force oversized cuvettes into the sample compartment. This can damage the sample compartment. If the cuvette does not easily fit down inside the Opti-Check you will need to purchase different cuvettes.•Use caution around solvents because they may attack the plastic case of the Opti-Check.•If a sample is accidentally spilled inside the Sample Compartment, invert the Opti-Check to drain out the excess liquid. Then wipe the inside area dry with a clean soft towel ortissue.•If extra cleaning is needed, use a mild detergent to dampen the towel for cleaning.•Do not submerge the Opti-Check in water.•Do not expose the Opti-Check to temperatures outside the specified range of5 to 40 °C or damage may occur to the unit that will not be covered under warranty.2 Instrument Specifications2.1 General SpecificationsSpecification DescriptionSize 1.75” x 3.5” x 7.25”(4.45cm x 8.9cm x 18.4cm)Weight 13.9oz(0.4kg)Dynamic range 3 orders of magnitudeResolution 12bitsLCD Display 2 x 16 charactersCase Meets IP 67 Standard; dustproof and watertight Temperature 41-104 °F; 5-40 °CDetector PhotodiodeCalibration Type Single-point and blankError message Low battery, High blankCuvette Type MethacrylateWarm Up Time 5 secondsAuto Power Off After 3 minutes of inactivity2.2 Optical Configurations for Application (Channel)Application Light SourceMinimumDetection LimitLinear Range Excitation EmissionTemperatureCoefficientsFluorescein Dye Blue LED < 1 ppb 0 - 400 ppb 485 nm 540 nm0.0036/°CExponentialPTSA UV LED < 1 ppb 0 – 1000 ppb 365 nm 400 nm -0.00126/°C Exponential2.3 Cuvette informationCuvette type Size Usage Part No.Methacrylate plastic 10 mm Square(height 44.5 mm)Required for UV (< 400 nm), works for all applications.Do NOT use with solvents7000-9593 Instrument Operation and Calibration3.1 Instrument Power UpTo turn on the Opti-Check, press the <ON/OFF> button. After a 5 second warm up, the Opti-Check is ready for operation.Pressing the <ON/OFF> button again will turn the unit off or if left idle for 3 minutes the unit will turn itself off to save battery power.A set of new batteries will last for over 1,000 sample readings. If the batteries have lowpower or are not positioned properly, the following warning message will be displayed – “Batt Level < 20% !! Caution !!”.The contrast of the display can change with temperature and will get lighter as the unit gets colder. The contrast can be easily adjusted. Press the ↑ arrow button to darken thecontrast and press the ↓ arrow to lighten the display contrast.3.2 Detection Channel ConfigurationThe Opti-Check can be configured with one or two optical channels. To identify theconfiguration look at the label on the back side of the Opti-Check.The <A/B> button allows the user to toggle between the 2 channels. The display will show a label in the lower left corner of the Home screen to identify which channel is activated.3.3 Calibration OverviewThe Opti-Check can be calibrated using a Primary standard. A Primary Standard is one that contains the same fluorescent material that you are measuring in your unknown samples.The Opti-Check will give an actual quantitative concentration reading when a primarystandard of known concentration is used for calibration.The standard and samples must be in the linear detection range to get accurate quantitative results. Refer to Section 5.3 for more details about the linear range and quenching of the samples.For Dye tracing applications the calibration is normally performed with a primary standard made from the same dye that is being used for the testing. The primary standard will either be made to a known concentration, typically in ppb or µg/L units, or to a known dilution factor. Ideally the Primary Standard and Blank samples used for calibrating will be made with the same water the tests are being performed in.3.4 Calibration ProcedureIt is recommended for best accuracy, that you always calibrate before performing yoursample analysis. The Opti-Check will save the calibration settings for each channel until a new calibration is performed.If the temperature of your samples or the Opti-Check changes significantly, the readings may show a small shift and in this case, you should consider recalibrating.The Opti-Check is designed with “ambient light rejection”. The black sample compartment cover does NOT need to be closed when calibrating or reading samples.The orientation and cleanliness of the cuvettes can have an impact on the accuracy of your results. Refer to Section 4, Sample Analysis Guidelines for information to help ensure the best results for your analysis.3.4.1 Assign a Calibration Standard Value.This defines the numeric value that you want the standard to read. For example, if you calibrate with a primary standard that has a concentration of 100ppb, then you will setthe value to 100 and the implied unit of measure will be in ppb.3.4.1.1 Press the <STD VAL> button.3.4.1.2 Use the ↑ and ↓ arrow buttons to set the standard value. Pressing the arrowbutton once quickly will make a small incremental change to the value. Holdingeither arrow button will allow you to change the value using fast scrolling.3.4.1.3 When finished, Press the <ENT> or <ESC> button to accept the value and toreturn to the Home screen.3.4.2 Perform the Calibration.3.4.2.1 Press the <CAL> button.3.4.2.1 Press <ENT> to start the calibration.3.4.2.3 Insert your blank sample and press <ENT>. The Opti-Check will average thereading for 10 seconds and set the blanking zero point.3.4.2.4 Insert the standard sample and press <ENT>. The reading is averaged for 10seconds and the Standard Calibration value is set.3.4.2.5 Press <ENT> when the calibration is complete to accept the calibration. If<ENT> is not pressed within 10 seconds, you will be asked if you want to abortthe calibration. Press the ↑ or ↓ arrow button to abort or accept the calibrationrespectively.If at anytime during steps 1-4 you want to stop the calibration, press <ESC>.This will return you to the Home screen and will default the instrument to theprevious calibration.3.4.3 Calibration CheckOnce the Opti-Check calibration is accepted, press the <DIAG> button to see whatyour standard to blank ratio is. The standard to blank ratio is defined as the %FSblank as compared to the %FS standard. The %FS signal should be at least 5 timeslarger than the %FS Blank. It should be between 5 and 30.•If your %FS std:%FS blk ratio is greater than 30, dilute your CalibrationStandard accordingly and recalibrate. Check the ratio again.•If your ratio is less than 5 you'll have to find a different standard for calibration.•If your ratio falls between 5 and 30 after the initial calibration then you can start measuring samples.Analysis3.5 Sample1. Insert your sample. The Opti-Check is designed with “ambient light rejection”. Theblack sample compartment cover does NOT need to be closed when reading samples.The orientation and cleanliness of the cuvettes can have an impact on the accuracy ofyour results. Refer to Section 5 for more details.2. Press the <READ> button. The instrument will measure and average the fluorescencesignal for 5 seconds.3. The reading result will be displayed on the top line of the Home screen.4. The top left corner will then display “WAIT” for 5 seconds. Once “WAIT” disappears,another sample reading can be performed.Information3.6 Diagnostic1. Press <DIAG> to access the diagnostic screens.2. Press <ENT> to toggle to the %FS (Full Scale) values for the blank (Blk) and standard(STD) calibration points. The STD value should be at least 5 times larger than the Blkvalue to ensure consistent results. This is often referred to as the Standard to BlankRatio.3. Press <ESC> when finished to return to the Home screen.4 Sample Analysis Guidelines4.1 Handling Samples4.1.1 Take care not to spill samples into the sample chamber. Wipe up any spillspromptly.4.1.2 The cuvette MUST BE DRY on the outside when taking readings. Any moisture orcondensation on the outside of the cuvette can affect the reading.4.1.3 Fill the cuvette with at least 2mL solution volume or at least 2/3 full. Significant errorin the readings can result if the cuvette contains less than this minimum volume.4.1.4 The Opti-Check is very sensitive and even small amounts of material from a previoussample may contaminate the sample and result in errors. Use a clean cuvette for allreadings. If you are using the same cuvette for your samples it is very important thatyou thoroughly clean the cuvette between samples. A good way to confirm thecuvette cleanliness is to read a blank solution. If the reading is higher than thenormal blank reading, the cuvette is not clean.4.1.5 Any bubbles in the sample will affect the readings. Take care not to introducebubbles into samples. Remove any bubbles by lightly tapping with your finger on theoutside cuvette wall or cover the top of the cuvette and tilt the sample to helpdissipate bubbles.4.2 Positioning SamplesThe orientation of the cuvette in the sample compartment can give slightly different readings especially for low concentration samples. This is due to variations in the walls of the cuvette that are not readily visible to the eye. We recommend that the cuvette be marked at the top on one side and positioned in the sample compartment the same way each time for best results.4.3 Linear Range and QuenchingThe linear range is the concentration range in which the readout of the Opti-Check is directly proportional to the concentration of the fluorophore in the sample. The linear range begins with the lowest detectable concentration and spans to an upper limit concentration that is dependent on the properties of the fluorescent material and the cuvette optical path length.For Fluorescein dye in the 10 mm square cuvette, the upper limit of linearity is approximately 400 ppb.At concentrations above this upper limit, the fluorescence reading will not increase at a linear rate in comparison to the change in concentration. At concentrations 10 times higher than the upper limit, the readings will start to decrease even though the sampleconcentration is increasing.This effect is known as "sample quenching" and is due to light absorption losses in thesample. See the Figure 1 graph below.When you start to see visual color in the sample, this is an indicator that the sample may be above the upper limit of linearity. The linearity can be verified by diluting a sample 1:1 or another convenient dilution ratio. If the sample is within the linear range, the reading will decrease in direct proportion to the dilution. If the reading does not decrease in directproportion to the dilution or if the reading increases, the original sample concentration was above the linear range.Figure 1. Linearity and Calibration Response Curve4.4 Temperature ConsiderationsFluorescence is temperature sensitive. As the temperature of the sample increases, the fluorescence decreases. For best accuracy make sure your samples are at the sametemperature as the calibration standard. If you have the ability to measure sampletemperature, a temperature coefficient may be applied to your measurements, see section2.2.4.5 Data QualityThe Opti-Check is only as accurate as the standards that are used to calibrate it. This is why it is important to take care when preparing standards, samples, and blank. One should follow good laboratory practices when preparing all solutions and samples.5 Applications5.1 FluoresceinFluorescein is a fluorescent tracer dye that provides an accurate, cost effective method for monitoring industrial boiler applications. Fluorescein dye can be detected using the Blue channel on the Opti-Check between 485-540nm. The linear detection range is 0 to 400 ppb (active ingredient) in potable water.Turner Designs offers Fluorescein Dye (PN 10-508) Calibration standard 10 ppb andFluorescein Dye (PN 10-509) Calibration standard 400 ppb.5.2 PTSAPTSA is a fluorescent tracer dye that measures in the UV range on the Opti-Check between 365-400nm. It can provide an accurate, cost effective method for monitoring industrial cooling tower applications and it can also be used as a standard for UV sensors. The linear detection range is 0 to 1000 ppb.Turner Designs offers PTSA (PN 10-608) Calibration standard 100 ppb and PTSA (PN 10-609) Calibration standard 400 ppb.6 Quick Diagnosis Guide6.1 Power / Battery / Screen IssuesThe Opti-Check is, generally, a trouble-free solid-state instrument. However, there have been a few issues reported that can easily be diagnosed and/or resolved in the field. Please use this guide to address some common Power / Battery / Screen Issues:6.2 Reading and Calibration IssuesPlease use this guide to address some common Reading / Calibration Issues.7 Warranty7.1 TermsTurner Designs warrants the Opti-Check Fluorometer and accessories to be free fromdefects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for a period of 12months from the data of shipment from Turner Designs, with the following restrictions:•Turner Designs is not responsible for replacing parts damaged by accident or neglect.Your instrument must be installed according to instructions in the User’s Manual.Damage from corrosion is not covered. Damage caused by customer modification of the instrument is not covered.•This warranty covers only Turner Designs products and is not extended to equipment used with our products. We are not responsible for accidental or consequentialdamages, except in those states where this limitation is not allowed. This warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may have other rights which vary from state to state.•Damage incurred in shipping is not covered.7.2 Warranty ServiceIf you purchased your Opti-Check Fluorometer from one of our partners you need to contact them for service.If you purchased your instrument directly from Turner Designs and need to obtain service during the warranty period, please take the following steps:7.2.1 Write, email, or call the Turner Designs Technical Support department and describeas precisely as possible the nature of the problem.Phone: 1 (877) 316-8049Email: *************************7.2.2 Carry out any adjustments or tests as suggested by the Technical SupportDepartment.7.2.3 If proper performance is not obtained you will be issued a Return Authorizationnumber (RMA). Package the unit, write the RMA number on the outside of theshipping carton, and ship the instrument, prepaid, to Turner Designs. If the failure iscovered under the warranty terms, the instrument will be repaired and returned freeof charge, for all customers in the contiguous continental United States.7.3Out-of-Warranty ServiceFollow steps for Warranty Service as listed above. If our Technical Support department can assist you by phone or correspondence, we will be glad to, at no charge. Repair service will be billed on a fixed price basis, plus any applicable duties and/or taxes. Shipment to Turner Designs should be prepaid. Your bill will include return shipment freight charges.Address for Shipment:Turner Designs845 W. Maude AvenueSunnyvale, CA 94085。