语言学词汇分类汇总

现代语言学术语总结Aabbreviation缩写法acculturation语言文化移入acoustic phonetics声学语言学acronym词首字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话人addressee受话人adjacency毗邻Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦音Afroasiatic非亚语系agreement rule一致关系规则allophone音位变体alveolar齿龈音alveolus齿龈angular gyrus角形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词apocope词尾音脱落aphasia失语症aphasic失语症患者applied linguistics应用语言学arbitrariness任意性argument论元articulatory phonetics发音语音学articulatory variable发音变项aspiration送气assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语音学Austronesian…语系BBabbling咿呀学语back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元音Behaviorism行为主义Behaviorist learning theory行为主义学习理论Behaviorist Psychology行为主义心理学Bilabial双唇音Bilingualism双语现象Black English黑人英语Blending混合法Borrowing借用bound morpheme黏着语素brain lateralization大脑左右半球侧化branching node分叉点broad transcription宽式音标Broca’s area布罗卡区Ccaretaker speech保姆语case格Case Condition格条件case marking格标志causative verb使役动词central vowel中元音cerebral cortex大脑皮层cerebral plasticity大脑弹性channel渠道classical language古典语言clipping略写法closed class word封闭类词code代码code-switching代码切换cognate同源词co-hyponyms并列下义词coinage创新词color word色彩词combinational rule组合规则commissives承诺类communicative competence交际能力comparative reconstruction比较重建法competence语言能力complement补语complement construction补足语complementarity互补性反义现象complementary distribution互补分布complex sentence复合句componential analysis成分分析法components of meaning意义成分compound word复合词compounding复合法computational linguistics计算语言学conceptualist view意念观consonant辅音constituent成分constituent structure成分结构constraint制约construction结构content word实词context语境;上下文contextualism语境论Contrastive Analysis对比分析法conversational implicature会话含义co-operative principle合作原则coordinate sentence并列句creativity创造性critical period关键期;临界期cultural transmission文化传播Ddeclaration宣告类deep structure深层结构dental齿音derivation派生法derivational morpheme派生语素derivative派生词descriptive linguistics描写语言学design feature识别特征determiner限定词diachronic linguistics历时语言学diacritics变音符号dialect方言dialectal synonym方言同义词dichotic listening test两耳分听测试diglossia双言现象diphthong复合元音Directionalilty Parameter方位参数Directives指令类Displacement不受时空限制的特性distinctive feature区别性特征D-structure深层结构duality of structur结构二重性e double articulation结构二重性Eembedded clause子句emotive meaning表情意义entity实体epenthesis插入音Error Analysis错误分析法euphemism委婉语evaluative meaning评价意义expressives表达类Ffactive predicate叙述性谓词family tree谱系树feature symbol特征标记features of meaning意义特征finite clause定式字句finite verb定式动词formalize形式化fossilization语言僵化framework框架free morpheme自由语素fricative擦音front vowel前元音function word虚词functional shift功能性转换functor element起功能作用成分Ggender性Generative Grammar生成语法Generative Semantics生成语义学genetic predispotion基因先天条件genetic relationship亲缘关系glide滑音glottal喉音glottis声门graddabl opposites可分等级的反义词grammaticality语法性grammatical meaning语法意义Great V owel Shift元音大变位Hhard palate硬腭head核心词hemispheric dominance for language大脑半球的语言优势hierarchical structure层次结构high variety高层次变体historical comparative linguistics历史比较语言学historical linguistics历史语言学holophrastic sentence独词句homography同形homonymy同音异义；同形异义homophony同音异义hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词Iidiolect个人语言特点illocutionary act言外形为inconsistency自相矛盾Indo-European印欧语系infinitive marker不定式标记inflection曲折变化inflectional morpheme曲折语素input输入instrumental motivation工具性学习动机intake接受integrativ emotivation介入性学习动机interference干扰interlanguage语际语internalize内在化International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标interpersonmal communication人际交际intuition语调Llabeled (unlabeled) tree diagram加标记树形图labial唇音LAD语言习得机制language acquisition语言习得language behavior语言行为language center语言中枢language faculty语言机制language family语系language perception语言感知language planning语言规划language variation语言变异larynx喉lax vowel松元音level层；平面level of language语言层次lexical category词类lexical structure词汇结构lexicology词汇学lexicon词汇linear structure线性结构linguistic competence语言能力linguistic determinism语言决定论linguistic lateralization语言侧化linguistic performance语言运用linguistic relativism语言相对论linguistic repertoire全部语言变体linguistic taboo禁忌语linguistics语言学liquid流音loan word外来词localization定位locutionary act言内行为low variety低层次变体Mmanner of articulation发音方法matrix clause主句maxim of manner方式准则maxim of quality质量准则maxim of quantity数量准则maxim of relation关联准则meaning意义meaningfulness有意义meaning relation意义关系mentalism心理主义mentalistic theory精神论message信息metathesis语音变位Middle English中世纪英语minimal pair最小对立对Modern English现代英语Monophthong单元音Morpheme词素morphlogical rule形态学规则morphology形态学mother tongue母语Move α移动α规则movement rule移位规则Nnaming theory命名论narrow transcription严式音标narrowing of meaning词义缩小nasal cavity鼻腔nasality鼻音化nasalize鼻音化natural route of development自然发展轨道negator否定词neurolinguist神经语言学家neuron神经元no-place predication空位述谓结构Oobject宾语Old English古英语one-place predication一位述谓结构optimum age最佳学习年龄oral cavity口腔overextension扩展过度overgeneralization概括过度overt thought有声思维Ppalatal腭音paralinguistic副语言学的parameter参数performance语言运用performance error语言运用错误perlocutionary act言后行为pharyngeal cavity咽腔phone音素phoneme音位phonemic contrast音位对立phonetic feature语音特征phonetics语音学phonological rule音位规则phonology音位学phrasal category词组类phrase structure rule短语结构规则pidgin洋泾浜语place of articulation发音部位plosive爆破音polysemy多义性postpone后移prepose前移postvocalic元音后的pragmatics语用学predicate谓语predication述谓结构predication analysis述谓结构分析prefix前缀presprictive (grammar)规定语法presupposition前提proposition命题prepositional content命题内容protolanguage原始语psycholinguistics心理语言学puberty青春期Qqualifying predication修饰性述谓结构RReceived Pronunciation标准发音Recursiveness循环性Reference所指语义referring expression所指名词register语域relational opposites关系反义词representation表达；呈现representatives阐述类response反应retroflex卷舌音rewrite rule重写规则rounded vowel圆唇元音SSAE标准美国英语sapir-Whorf hypothesis…假设second language acquisition第二语言习得segment切分成分semantic anomaly语义异体semantic deviation语义变异semantic broadening语义广义化semantic narrowing语义狭义化semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学semantic structure语义结构semantic triangle语义三角sense意义sequential rule序列规则setting背景；环境sexist language性别歧视语sibilant咝音simple sentence简单句Sino-Tibetan汉藏语系situational dialect语域方言sociolect社会方言sociolinguistics社会语言学soft palate软腭species-specific capacity物种特有能力specifier指示语spectrograph频谱仪speech act言语行为speech community言语社区speech variety言语变体S-structure表层结构standard language标准语stem词干stimulus刺激stop爆破音stress重音structural constituency结构成分性structural linguistics结构主义语言学subject主语subordinate predication主从述谓性结构subscript下标subvocal predication无声言语suffix后缀superordinate上坐标词suprasegmental feature超切分特征surface structure表层结构synchronic linguistics共时语言synonymy同义词syntactic ambiguity句法歧义syntactic category句法类型syntactic rule句法规则syntax句法Ttaboo word禁忌词target language目标语tautology同义反复teeth ridge齿龈隆骨telegraphic speech电报式言语tense and aspect时和体tense vowel紧元音tone音调；声调tone language声调语言topic话题；主题transfer转移Transformational-Generative Grammar转换生成语法transformational rule转换规则tree diagram树形图two-place predication双位述谓结构Uunaspirated不送气underextension扩展不足Universal Grammar普遍语法Utterance话语utterance meaning话语意义uvula小舌Vvalidity有效性variable变项velar软腭音velum软腭vernacular本地话；本国语vocal cord声带voiced浊音化的voiceless不带音的，清音的voicing带音化，浊音化vowel元音WWernicke’s area韦尼克区widening of meaning词义扩大XX-bar theory X标杆理论。

语言学常用术语A List of Commonly-used LinguisticTerminology语言学常用术语表Part I General Terms通用术语Acquisition 习得Agglutinative language 粘着语Anthropology 人类学Applied linguistics 应用语言学Arbitrariness 任意性Artificial intelligence (AI)人工智能Behaviorism 行为主义Behaviorist psychology 行为主义心理学Bilingualism 双语现象Cognition 认知Cognitive linguistics 认知语言学Cognitive science 认知科学Comparative linguistics 比较语言学Computational linguistics 计算语言学Corpus-linguistics 语料库语言学Creole 克里奥耳语；混合语Culture 文化Descriptive linguistics 描写语言学Design features 识别特征Developmental psycholinguistics 发展心理语言学Diachronic/historical linguistics历时语言学Dialect 方言Dialectology 方言学Displacement 不受时空限制的特性Dualism 二元论Duality 二重性Epistemology认识论Etymology 辞源学Experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学Formalization 形式化Formal linguistics 形式语言学Forensic linguistics 法律语言学Functionalism 功能主义General linguistics 普通语言学Grammaticality 符合语法性Ideography 表意法Inflectional language 屈折语Inter-disciplinary 交叉性学科的Isolating language 孤立语Langue 语言Macro-sociolinguistics 宏观社会语言学Mentalism 心智主义Micro-sociolinguistics 微观社会语言学Montague grammar蒙太古语法Neuro-linguistics 神经语言学Orthography 正字法Orthoepic 正音法的Paradigmatic 聚合关系Parole 言语Pedagogy 教育学；教授法Philology 语文学Philosophy 哲学Phonography 表音法Pidgin 皮钦语；洋泾浜语Polysynthetic language 多式综合语Prescriptive linguistics 规定语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Psychology 心理学Semeiology 符号学Sociology 社会学Speech 言语Sociolinguistics社会语言学Structuralism 结构主义Synchronic linguistics 共时语言学Syntagmatic 组合关系Theoretic linguistics 理论语言学Universal grammar 普遍语法Universality 普遍性Part II Phonology音位学Ablaut 元音变化Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学Affricate 塞擦音Allophone 音位变体Alveolar 齿龈音Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学Articulatory variables 发音变体Aspiration 送气Assimilation 同化Back of tongue舌根Back vowel后元音Bilabial 双唇音Blade of tongue 舌面Broad transcription 宽式音标Central vowel 中元音Collocation 搭配Complementary distribution互补分布Consonant 辅音Dental 齿音Diacritics 变音符号；附加符号Diphthong 双元音Distinctive features 区别性特征Fricative 擦音Front vowel 前元音Glide 音渡Glottal 喉音Hard palate 硬腭International Phonetic Alphabet 国际音标Intonation 语调Liquid 流音Manner of articulation 发音方法Minimal pair最小对立体Narrow transcription 严式音标Nasal 鼻音Nasal cavity 鼻腔Palatal 腭音Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔Phone音素Phoneme音位Place of articulation 发音部位Plosive爆破音Phonemic contrast 音位对立Phonetics语音学Rounded圆唇音Soft palate (velum)软腭Spectrograph 频谱仪Speech organ 发音器官Speech sounds 语音Stop塞音Stress 重音Suprasegmental features 超音段特征T eeth ridge (alveolus) 齿龈隆骨Tip of tongue 舌尖Tone 音/声调Unrounded 非圆唇音Uvula 小舌Velar 软腭音V ocal cords 声带V oiced 浊音V oiceless清音V oicing 浊音化V owel 元音Part III Morphology形态学Acronym 首字母缩略词Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Back-formation 逆成法Blending 紧缩法Borrowing 借用Bound morpheme 粘着语素Clipped words 缩略词Coinage 创新词Compounding 合成法Conversion 转换法Closed class 封闭类Derivational morpheme 派生语素Free morpheme 自由语素Idiom 成语Inflection 屈折变化Inflectional morpheme 屈折语素Jargon 行话Lexicography 辞典编纂学Loan words 外来词Morpheme 语素Open class 开放类Prefix 前缀Productive 能产的Root 词根Stem 词干Suffix 后缀Suppletion 异根Word formation 构词法Part IV Syntax句法学Abstract noun 抽象名词Accusative 宾格Active voice 主动态Adjective 形容词Adjunct 附加状语Adverbial 状语Agreement 一致关系Anaphor 照应语Antecedent 先行词Apostrophe 省略符号Apposition 同位语Article 冠词Attribute 定语Case 格Cleft sentence 分裂句Collective noun 集合名词Comment 述题Competence 语言能力Complement 补语Compound predicate 复合谓语Compound sentence 复合句Concession relation 让步关系Concrete noun 具体名词Connective 连接词Constituent 句子成分Content word 实词Continuous aspect 进行体Coordinate clause 并列句Coordinating conjunction 并列连词Copula 系动词Declarative sentence 陈述句Descriptive adequacy 描写充分性Direct object 直接宾语Discontinuous constituents 非连续性成分D-structure 深层结构Dual number 双数Dummy word 伪词Endocentric construction 向心结构Ergative 作格Exclamatory sentence 感叹句Existential sentence 存在句Exocentric construction 离心结构Explanatory adequacy 解释充分性Feminine 阴性Finite clause 限定性分句Finite verb 限定性动词Function word 功能词Generic term 泛指性成分Genitive case 所有格；属格Gender 性Gerundive 动名词Habitual aspect 习惯体Head 中心词Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis) 直接成分分析法Imperative mood 祈使语气Imperative sentence 祈使句Imperfective aspect 非完成体Indirect object 间接宾语Infinitive 不定式Inflectional affix 屈折前缀Informal language 非正式语言Intensifier 强势语Interjection 感叹词Interrogative sentence 疑问句Intransitive verb 不及物动词Intransitivity 不及物性Irregular verb 不规则动词Labeled tree diagram 加标记的树形图Language faculty 语言器官Lexical verb 实词性动词Main clause 主句Masculine 阳性的Matrix sentence 主句Middle voice 中动语态Modality 情态Modal verbs 情态动词Modification 修饰Modifier 修饰语Morphological process 形态过程Move 移位Negation 否定Neuter gender 中性Nominal 名词性的Nominal clause 名词性分句Nominalization 名物化Nominative case 主格Non-place predicate 空位述谓结构Numeral 数词Object 宾语Objective 宾格Oblique case 斜格Observational adequacy 观察充分性One-place predicate 一位述谓结构Onomatopoeia 拟声词Particle 小品词Parts of speech 词性Passive voice 被动语态Past perfect tense 过去完成时Past tense过去时Perfective aspect 完成体Performance 语言运用；言语行为Personal pronoun 人称代词Personification 拟人化Phrasal verb 短语动词Phrase 短语Phrase structure rules (PS-rules) 短语结构规则Plural 复数的Plurality 复数性Postposition 后置词Postpositional phrase 后置性短语Predicate 谓词Preposition 介词Prepositional phrase 介词性短语Present tense 现在时Progressive aspect 进行体Projection principle 投射原则Pronominal 代词性的Pronoun 代词Quantifier 数量词Reciprocal pronoun 互指代词Reflexive pronoun 反身代词Reflexive verb 反身动词Relative adverb 关系副词Relative clause 关系状语Relative pronoun 关系代词Rhetorical question 反意疑问句Sentence 句子Sentential 句子的Sentential complement 句子性补语Simple sentence 简单句Singular 单数的Singularity 单数性S-structure 表层结构Subject 主语Subjective 主格Subordinate 从属句Substantive 实词Syntactic function 句法功能Tag question 附加疑问句Tense 时态Topic 主题Transformational-generative grammar (TG grammar) 转换生成语法Transitive verb 及物动词Transitivity 及物性Two-place predicate 二位述谓结构Unaccusativity 动词的非宾格性Verb 动词Verbal behavior 言语行为V oice 语态Word classes 词类Word order 词序Yes-no question 是非问句；一般疑问句Part V Semantics语义学Agent 施事Antonym 反义词Antonymy 反义关系Beneficiary 受益者Color word 色彩词Complementarity 互补性反义关系Componential analysis 成分分析法Contradiction 自相矛盾的说法Deictic center 指示中心Deixis 指示语Downgrade 语义降格Experiencer 经历者Homography 同形异音异义Homonymy 同音异义Hyponym 下义词Hyponymy 下义Instrument 工具Locative 地点Meaningfulness 有意义Naming 命名论Participant role 参与者角色Patient 受事Person deixis 人称指示语Place deixis 地点指示语Polysemy 一词多义Possible world 可能世界Predication analysis 述谓结构分析Recipient 接收者Reference 所指Referent 所指对象Selectional restrictions 选择限制Semantic role 语义角色Sense 意义Superordinate 上义词Synonym 同义词Synonymy 同义关系Theme 受事Theta role (θ-role) 语义角色Time deixis 时间指示语Truth condition 真值条件Valency 配价Part VI Pragmatics语用学Addressee 说话对象Adjacency pair 邻接对Context 语境；上下文Conversational implicature 会话含义Cooperative principle 合作原则Direct speech 直接话语Discourse 话语Distal 远指Encyclopedic knowledge 百科知识Euphemism 委婉语Focus 焦点Generalized implicature 广义含义Given vs. new information 已知与未知信息Honorific 敬语Illocutionary act 言外行为Illocutionary force 言外之力Implicature 含义Indirect speech 间接话语Informativeness principle 信息原则Manner implicature 方式含义Maxim of manner 方式准则Maxim of quality 质量准则Maxim of quantity 数量准则Maxim of relation 关联准则Performative 施为句Performative verb 施为动词Perlocutionary act 言后行为Potential implicature 可能含义Potential presupposition 可能预设Pre-announcement 事先声明Preparatory condition 准备条件Presupposition预设Presupposition suspension 预设中止Presupposition trigger 预设激发Propositional act 命题行为Propositional content 命题内容Propositional relation 命题关系Proposition 命题Proximal 近指Quality implicature 质的含义Quantity implicature 量的含义Scalar implicature 标尺含义Schema 图式Self-repair 自我修正Sincerity condition 诚实原则Speaker 说话者Speech act 言语行为Text 语篇Turn 话轮Turn-taking 话轮转换。

第四单元Modifier，修饰语Specify，详细说明Optional，可选择的Property，性质，特性Category，范畴，种类分类Prepositional，介词的Adverb，副词的Analysis，n，分Restrict，限定约束Syntactic，句法的析Y ield，v出产屈服放弃n。

产量Dubbed，被称为的，Agreement，（短语中的单词，在数，性，人称方面的）一致Consistent ，adj，一致的Depict，描述Encode，把。

编码Auxiliary，助词的，Transformation，转换Thus far，迄今，现在为止，=so far Passive voice，被动语态Accommodate，考虑到，顾及Auxiliary movement，助词移位Come about 发生产生出现Inversion 倒置倒装词序Overt 明显的公然的Prompt 提示Embed 嵌入Reformulate 换种方式说Italicize 用斜体字Exclusive 独有的专一的Inverted 倒转的反向的Applicable 可适用的合适的Eliminate 消除排除Configuration 配制结构外形Trace 语迹Diagram 图表图解Head movement 中心语移位Insertion 插入嵌入=embed Circumvent 包围绕行Procedure n.步骤程序Interrogative 疑问词疑问的Deep structure 深层结构Surface structure 表层结构Mechanism 原理Accordance 一致和谐Sub-categorization 次范畴化Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s sub-categorization properties, is called deep structure (D-structure).Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (S-structure).Bold 黑体的Convert 转换Originate from 发源于Relative 相对的Overall 全部的Endlessly 无止境地第五单元Semantics 语义学Naturally自然地Lead to 导致Central 主要的中心的As to 至于关于就。

AAcS (actor Subject), ReS (Receptor Subject) and DaS (dative vesubject) P85Active deposit 活性沉积P393adaptability制宜原则P39adjustment 调整P135AdjMr：Ajective Modifier 定语修饰语P19Affixing morpheme of fixed position 定位性附加语素P342Affixation 缀合法P29All encompassing 无所不包P ixAphasic 失语症患者P386ApoP 同位短语式P188Approximative system 近似体系P58arbitrariness任意性; selectiveness 选择性P181Aspect 体（tentative尝试体, inchoative开始体, successive继续体, perfect完成体, progressive 进行体）P114Autonomy 自主权P53Bbackshift后移P370/372bilingualism 双语学P522Blending 拼缀法P29Bottom-up perception自下而上的感知，top-down perception自上而下的感知P493CCart Fames1980 对比分析P xcirculativeness 周遍性P86categorization范畴化, grouping 归为类P487category word 范畴词P418/474/513cleft sentence 分裂句P230cognate equivalence同源对应P134/468，词根对应P478cognitive schema认知图示P386Cohesion 粘着性P62Cohesion and coherence接应与连贯P74Cohesive tie 联结关系接应词，additive 增补连接词，adversative 对比连接词，causal conjunction因果连接词，temporal conjunction 时间连接词P436Combination (虚词功能)组合P452Total combination完全结合，formal combination形式结合P464Common value （语言）共同价值；special value 特征价值P47Complement 补语P126Composition 合成法P29Compactness of meaningful morpheme有义语素结合紧密度P299Compressed predicate 紧缩式谓语P120Compound （汉语）合成词P443Conversion 转化法P29Constant 常数（ie. tertium comparationis中间比较项）；variable变数；tertium 中间项P50Context-sensitive rule 受上下文制约的规则P362Convertness and overtness 隐含性与外显性P61Copula 系词；copulative object 判断宾语；quasi-copulas 准判断动词P217Coverb 前置动词（能愿、意向、规劝动词）和后置动词的统称；operator基本助动词/功能词P114DDative case与事格P159defiguration还原法, figuration 形象描写P472Description and Prescription 描写与规定P41descriptive approach描写态度P39determinative premodifier 限制性前置定语，descriptive premodifier 描绘性前置定语，classifying premodifier 分类性前置定语P298Diachronic and synchronic/ diachronism and synchronism 历时与共时P2Diachronic experience and synchronic performance 历时经验和共时运用P314Dichotomic 二分性，可切分为二P167Differentiating ability 分辨力P361Diffuse 扩散型；compact聚集型P235Directness 直接性，indirectness间接性，explic itness鲜明性, specificness重实，non-specificness反虚P417Disintegration 解体P28dismantle拆除P28Disorganization 瓦解P28Disposal form动词处置式(把字句) P213; pre-transitive V erb 前及物动词(赵元任：把字句)P233 Diversiform 多样性P85Divide 长句切分；contract 长句紧缩P208Doer and receptor 行为者与承受者P89Doublet/ word pair谐音叠词P426EEnd-focus 短语后焦点；front-focus 弱化前焦点P175End-weight词尾重心P229Epicene通性名词P82Equivalence 对应P58evolution演进P28Explanation 解释; Interpretation 阐释P41Explication 演绎法P469Expletive 先行词P74Expletive subject 形式主语P92FFamily resemblances 维根斯坦：家族相似；Dissimililarilies 非相似性PvFinite verb 定式动词；non-finite verb 非定式动词P236Formal or inflexional linkage 形式或形态对接P26Formal indication 形式的标定P62-3Frame of word词语联立关系P466Functional compensation 功能互补P154Functional expansion 功能扩大化P191Functional redress, functional compensation 功能代偿法P33Function test 话题性的测试P90Functional word (form word, structural word) 结构词（英语），empty word虚词（汉语）, P449 closed classes 封闭性词类，P449determiner 限定词，auxiliary助动词，pronoun代词，P449，preposition介词，qualifier 修饰词，coordinator 并列连接词，subordinator 从属连接词，interrogative 疑问词，negative 否定词P450full word 实词（汉语）P450GGiven-new contract已知-新知信息默契P372HHead word 中心词P296Heterology 异质性/特殊素质P95/202HW：head word中心词P19Hypotaxis and parataxis 形合与意合P75IIcon 图像性，iconization图像化, indexization索引化P455identity等同（是字句功能）P219Ideographicand semipronouncing 单体形意音文字P viIdeational pvotal, idea-centered 意念主轴；formal-pivotal, formal-centered 形式主轴P18idea-centered structure意念主轴结构；formal-centered structure形式主轴结构P18idiom 成语/习语；a single unit一个单位P166image code 象码；Souund code音码P68immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法P232impersonal subject非人称主语P498implication 暗示法P22Inbreak of the modernity 葛兆光：现代性入侵P ivIndicator 指示器P47indispensability不可或缺性P47infiltration 渗透性，intrinsicness固有性，peculiarity特性P476Inflectional devices 无形态程式P viiiInflexional formation 形态构性P453Inflexional system 形态体系P52Inflexionalization 形态化P154Inner speech 内部言语，speech 外部言语P387Intentional word意向词语P163intensifier加强词P378Interlingua 中介语P58Interlingual comparability 语际可比性P51Interpretation 解释法P22Intraflexion 内部屈折P396Introducer 引导性结构P302JJohn Stuart Mill 1806-1873 功利追求P xJuxtaposing 联合短语式P183KKernel (句法结构) 核心P84Kinship 与原亲属关系P468Llanguage game 语言游戏P39Latin Grammar马建忠：泰西格朗玛PvLexicalization 词汇化P312，inflexion 形态化P368Linearization对接；formation成型；aggregation聚集P69Linguistic determinism语言决定论，language relativity语言相对论P525LocWP 方位短语式P187LR (linear reverse???) 顺序线性P62；RL (reversed linear) 逆线性P69MMapping 映射P68/371/492Masculine 阳性P397Matching 配对P52Maximized implicitness 最大化隐含；information focus信息焦点P191mean中数；overlap语义场界重叠；outlap非重叠P183means of generalization实义虚化手段，affixational means词缀虚化手段P446，inflexional means 形态虚化手段P447, specified 实化P449Misplacement and breach 错位和缺位P ixMissing link 缺环P518MnS(Means Subject) 方式主语P102Mode of expression表现法，relativity相关性，instrumentality实用性，generality通用性P391 Moderate adaptation 适度的适应，adaptationby通过adjustment调整来适应P429Mood 语气，indicative mood直陈式, imperative mood祈使式, subjunctive mood虚拟式, Intrinsic and extrinsic 内在和外在语言结构机制，factualsupposition事实假设, counterfactual supposition 反事实假设deficit 欠缺的观点P369morpheme for morpheme义素对义素P468Mr-Md (modifier-modified) 修饰语前置式,偏正词组；Md-Mr (modified-modifier)；hyphenated adjectives 连字符连接的多词形容词P167MrS（Modifier Subject）修饰语主语P102Mutual compensatory 互为补充代偿P308NN.Machiavelli 1459-1527 马基尔维利，15世纪‘欧洲最著名政论、史论家之一P iv Nominal 名词性P91Nominal phrase名词性短语P188Nominative 主格，genitive 所有格，dative 与格，accusative 宾格P396Non-SP sentence非主谓句P203nucleus（语音）调核P304OOnomatopoeia 象声，拟声P5Open beginning 句首开放性；contracting ending/closed ending 句尾收缩性P205Operating and orientating mechanism 支配与定势作用P487Operator 功能词P118Ordering 序列P70Orientation 导向P391Outwardness 外象（包括：表象、形象、现象、物象）P26PPattern （形态体系的）结构形式P396pair成对词P184Paradox 悖理P182PC of extend/ degree表程度的述补结构P131PC of movement 表行为态势活动向的述补结构：direction趋向；progress继续；completion 完成P128PC of possibility表可能的述补结构P128PC of result表结果的述补结构P129PC of state表状态的述补结构P130Pejoration 贬义化Perceptive language 感性语言P xPeriodic sentence 掉尾句P310Phonograph 表音文字P418Phonetic morpheme 语义语素，form morpheme 构形语素，reduplication morpheme复叠语素，full morpheme 完全语素P460/461Phrasal verb and particle 短语动词与小品词/介副词P？？/154pictograph/ hieroglyph 象形文字P2pivot/axle主轴P236PlS (Place Subject) P86Polar contrast 正反两面合二为一的复合词P473Polarization 两极化P87Pragmatic motivation语用理据P175Pragmatic presupposition 语用预设P164Predicate-complete construction述补结构P128predication谓词性；sub-predication次谓词性P189Predicative phrase 谓词性短语P188PrepOP 介词短语式P187Pre-position coverb 前置助动词P377Principle of cause and result sequence 因果律P299Principle of compactness of meaningful morpheme 语素结合紧密度律P299Principle of exterior-interior sequence 表里律P296Principle of spatial sequence 范围律P294Principle of subject-object sequence 主客律P295Principle of temporal sequence 时序律P291Principles of SV concord 主谓一致原则: Grammatical principle 语法原则, Logical principle逻辑原则, Principle of Proximity 靠近原则, Principle of Idiomaticness 惯用法原则P115 Presupposed statement and concluding statement, PS and CS 前述与结述P57/309QQrQd (qualifier-qualified) 附加式P202QunWP 量词短语式P188Rrecipiency受事性；recipiency 施授关系；affection 受到影响的关系P158Redress/ compensation （语法功能的）代偿法P22Reduplication（构词法）重叠法，adjunction附加法，affixation加缀法，compound 合成法P444-445Refinement 提炼；Gradation 提升P41Relative comparability 相对可比性P51Reflective 反映式的，折射式的P456equivalence对应式(correspondence契合式)，inclusion涵盖式P457，intersection 交叉式P458，substitution替代式，conflict 冲突式(exclusion 语义相悖) P459 kinship term P457，borrowing借用P459reflection 反映P496relativity 相关性，instrumentality实用性，generality通用性，familiarization通晓性P392 Repetition 重叠手段，anaphora句首反复，epiphora句尾反复P427Reversed Linear Expansion逆线性延伸；Natural Linear Expansion顺线性延伸P205 reversibility 可反逆性P174/276reversion 对接的反转P464reversing and synchronizing 顺译与反逆翻译P105R.Philippson 2002: 英语帝国主义PvRunning sentence 流水句P235SSA V P62Selective and critica 选择性和批判性P xSemantic combination 语义结合，grammatical combination 语法结合P441Semantic relevance 语义关涉性P181Semantic structuring 语义结构过程，form structuring 形式结构过程P387Sense morpheme义素，meaningful morpheme有义语素，free morpheme自由语素，boundmorpheme黏着语素P441Sentence starter句首起词P110/503Sequence 顺序，inverse/reverse 抵触逆序，mixed order混合序P409Shift 转换P100Shortening 缩略法P29Sign language手语P386Signifying 意指; analogizing类比P47Situationally defined语境化P479Space between words词间距P80Staccato 断续P421Stratification 层次结构P232Stress domain 重音范域P75Stressed position 强调位P279Structural analogy 结构类比P81Structural inversion 结构性倒装functional inversion 功能性倒装stylistic inversion文体性倒装P277Structural order-shift 结构性位移P279Structural word 结构性词语，substantial word 实质性词语，presupposed information 预知性信息，replenished information 补足性信息，base挤出前述，climax递进叙述P305 StrWP 助词短语式P188SV concord/agreement 主谓一致P88/115SV Device主语-谓动机制P88SVOC P61subcategorization（语义特征）次范畴化（转换生成语法）P368Substitution替代法P22Sub-subject次主语P95Supplement 补充P106Syntagmatic device组合手段P404Syntagmatic ordering of element 组合型序列P275Syntagmatic pivot 形态组合主轴P237；paradigmatic pivot 意念聚合主轴P239TTautology 重复, sysmetry对仗P424TDC Expansion (topic-development-coda expansion) 命题-发展-结语语段扩展P257 Temporal sequence时序律P121Temps opératif (G. Guillaume)活动时间, system de representation 反应系统，system d’expression 观念P387Tense 语法的“时”，time自然概念的“时间”P340, tense particle 时态助词P342Tensity 紧张感，importunity 短促感，monotonounsness单调感P424Text 语段；logical expansion 逻辑扩展式；basic level 基础层级；logical level逻辑层级P234 Thematic 主位性P284/ 句首主题P315Thematization主题化，thematic fronting 宾语主题前置，topicality 话题性P316The relative 关系语P86TmS（time subject）P85Topic, theme, 话题（主语句）comment, rheme 述题P37-38Topic subject 话题主语P92transfer 迁移P522Transferability 可转换性P386Transformation 转型P28 转换式P214TR device 话题-述题机制P88typological 类型学体系P60VV alence/valency价（可以带什么宾语）P152/154V ertical 历时比较；horizontal共时比较P49Visual differentiation 视觉分辨率P404Visual recognizibility 视觉可辨性P449V ocalicending元音字尾P425voice in covertness 隐性语态P313, inflictive voice 不幸语态P318 volitional future 强于是将来时（表意志等）P453WWalter Benjamin; historical duress, geschichtlich Zwang: 历史的裹挟P xiZZero 零位P87ZeS-VP 零位主语结构P106。

语言学词汇分类汇总语言学词汇分类汇总（按字母顺序排列）abbreviation缩写法acculturation语言文化移入acousticphonetics声学语言学acronym词首字母缩略词addressterm称谓语addresser发话人addressee受话人adjacency毗邻adjacencycondition紧邻条件adjacencyparameter紧邻参数affix词缀affixation加词缀法affricate塞擦音afro-asiatic非亚语系agreementrule一致关系规则allophone音位变体alveolar齿龈音alveolus齿龈angulargyrus角形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym夏斯利词apocope词尾音脱落aphasia失语症aphasic失语症患者appliedlinguistics应用领域语言学arbitrariness任意性argument论元articulatoryphonetics发音语音学articulatoryvariable发音变项aspiration送气assimilation同化approximation近似化auditoryphonetics听觉语音学austronesian…语系babbling咿呀学语back-formation逆向构词法backvowel后元音behaviorism行为主义behavioristlearningtheory行为主义自学理论behavioristpsychology行为主义心理学bilabial双唇音bilingualism双语现象blackenglish黑人英语blending混合法borrowing借予boundmorpheme黏着语素brainlateralization大脑左右半球侧化branchingnode锯齿点broadtranscription宽式音标broca’sarea布罗卡区caretakerspeech保姆语case格casecondition格条件casemarking格标志causativeverb使役动词centralvowel中元音cerebralcortex大脑皮层cerebralplasticity大脑弹性channel渠道classicallanguage古典语言clipping略读法closedclassword封闭类词code代码code-switching代码转换cognate同源词co-hyponyms并列下义词coinage创新词colorword色彩词concept概念conceptualistview意念观consonant辅音constituent成分constituentstructure成分结构constraint制约construction结构contentword实词context语境;上下文contextualism语境论contrastiveanalysis对比分析法conversationalimplicature会话含义co-operativeprinciple合作原则coordinatesentence并列句creativity创造性criticalperiod关键期;临界期culturaltransmission文化传播declaration宣告类deepstructure深层结构dental齿音derivation衍生法derivationalmorpheme派生语素derivative派生词descriptivelinguistics描绘语言学designfeature辨识特征determiner限定词diachroniclinguistics历时语言学diacritics变音符号dialect方言dialectalsynonym方言同义词dichoticlisteningtest两耳分听测试diglossia双言现象diphthong复合元音directionaliltyparameter方位参数directives指令类displacement不受时空限制的特性distinctivefeature区别性特征d-structure深层结构dualityofstructur结构二重性edoublearticulation结构二重性embeddedclause子句emotivemeaning表情意义entailment含义entity实体epenthesis填入音erroranalysis错误分析法euphemism直截了当语evaluativemeaning评价意义expressives表达类factivepredicate叙述性谓词familytree谱系树featuresymbol特征标记featuresofmeaning意义特征finiteclause定式字句finiteverb定式动词formalize公理化fossilization语言理性化framework框架freemorpheme民主自由语素fricative擦音frontvowel前元音functionword虚词functionalshift功能性转换functorelement起功能作用成分gender性generativegrammar分解成语法generativesemantics分解成语义学geneticpredispotion基因先天条件geneticrelationship亲缘关系glide滑音glottal 喉音glottis声门graddablopposites可分等级的反义词grammaticality语法性grammaticalmeaning语法意义greatvowelshift元音小变位hardpalate硬腭head核心词hemisphericdominancelanguage大脑半球的语言优势hierarchicalstructure层次结构highvariety高层次变体historicallinguistics历史语言学holophrasticsentence独词句homography同形homonymy同音异义；同形异义homophony同音异义hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词idiolect个人语言特点illocutionaryact言外形为inconsistency自相矛盾indo-european印欧语系infinitivemarker不定式标记inflection曲折变化inflectionalmorpheme坎坷语素input输出instrumentalmotivation工具性学习动机intake接受integrativemotivation介入性学习动机interference干扰interlanguage语际语internalize内在化internationalphoneticalphabet国际音标labeled(unlabeled)treediagram加标记树形图labial唇音lad语言习得机制languageacquisition语言习得languagebehavior语言犯罪行为languagecenter语言中枢languagefaculty语言机制languagefamily语系languageperception语言认知languageplanning语言规划languagevariation语言变异larynx喉laxvowel松元音level层；平面leveloflanguage语言层次lexicalcategory词类lexicalstructure词汇结构lexicology词汇学lexicon词汇mannerofarticulation发音方法matrixclause主句maximofmanner方式准则maximofquality质量准则maximofquantity数量准则maximofrelation关联准则meaning 意义meaningfulness有意义meaningrelation意义关系mentalism心理主义mentalistictheory精神论message信息metathesis语音变位middleenglish中世纪英语minimalpair最小对立对modernenglish现代英语monophthong单元音morpheme词素morphlogicalrule形态学规则morphology形态学mothertongue母语moveα移动α规则movementrule移位规则namingtheory命名论narrowtranscription严式音标narrowingofmeaning词义缩小nasalcavity鼻腔nasality鼻音化nasalize鼻音化naturalrouteofdevelopment自然发展轨道negator否定词neurolinguist神经语言学家neuron神经元no-placepredication空位述谓结构object宾语oldenglish古英语one-placepredication一位述谓结构optimumage最佳自学年龄oralcavity口腔overextension拓展过度overgeneralization归纳过度overtthought有声思维palatal腭音paralinguistic副语言学的parameter参数performance语言运用performanceerror语言运用错误perlocutionaryact言后行为pharyngealcavity咽腔phone音素phoneme音位phonemiccontrast音位矛盾phoneticfeature语音特征phonetics语音学phonologicalrule音位规则phonology音位学phrasalcategory词组类phrasestructurerule短语结构规则pidgin洋泾浜语placeofarticulation发音部位plosive爆破音polysemy多义性postpone后移prepose前移postvocalic元音后的pragmatics语用学predicate谓语predication述谓结构predicationanalysis述谓结构分析prefix前缀presprictive(grammar)规定语法presupposition前提proposition命题prepositionalcontent命题内容protolanguage原始语psycholinguistics心理语言学puberty青春期qualifyingpredication润色性述谓结构receivedpronunciation标准发音recursiveness循环性reference所指语义referringexpression所指名词register语域relationalopposites关系反义词representation抒发；呈现出representatives阐述类response反应retroflex卷舌音rewriterule重写规则roundedvowel圆唇元音sae标准美国英语sapir-whorfhypothesis…假设secondlanguageacquisition第二语言习得segment切分成分semanticanomaly语义异体semanticdeviation语义变异semanticbroadening语义广义化semanticnarrowing语义狭义化semanticshift语义演变semantics语义学semanticstructure语义结构semantictriangle语义三角sense意义sequentialrule序列规则setting背景；环境sexistlanguage性别歧视语sibilant咝音simplesentence简单句sino-tibetan汉藏语系situationaldialect语域方言sociolect社会方言sociolinguistics社会语言学softpalate软腭species-specificcapacity物种特有能力structuralconstituency结构成分性structurallinguistics结构主义语言subject主语subordinatepredication主从述谓性结构subscript下标subvocalpredication无声言语suffix后缀superordinate上坐标词suprasegmentalfeature逊于切割特征surfacestructure表层结构synchroniclinguistics共时语言synonymy同义词syntacticambiguity句法歧义syntacticcategory句法类型syntacticrule句法规则syntax句法tabooword禁忌词targetlanguage目标语tautology同义反复teethridge齿龈隆骨telegraphicspeech电报式言语tenseandaspect时和体tensevowel紧元音tone音调；声调tonelanguage声调语言topic话题；主题transfer转移transformational-generativegrammar切换分解成语法transformationalrule转换规则treediagram树形图two-placepredication双位述谓结构unaspirated不声母underextension拓展严重不足universalgrammar广泛语法utterance话语utterancemeaning话语意义uvula小舌validity有效性variable变项velar软腭音velum软腭vernacular本地话；本国语vocalcord声带voiced浊音化的voiceless不拎音的，清音的voicing拎音化，浊音化vowel元音wernicke’sarea韦尼克区wideningofmeaning词义扩大x-bartheoryx标杆理论。

.' 英语专业八级语言学总结来源：谢萌Fighting的日志一、语言和语言学1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点2、语言的功能（不是很重要）信息功能informative人际功能interpersonal施为功能performative感情功能emotive function寒暄功能phatic communication娱乐功能recreational function元语言功能metalingual function3、语言学主要分支语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音音位学phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。

如语素和句子的意义语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义4、宏观语言学macrolingustics心理语言学psycholinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological li nguistics 计算机语言学computational linguistics5语言学中的重要区别规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出)能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用二、语音学1、语音学分支发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的三、音位学1、最小对立体minimal pairs2、音位phoneme3 音位变体allophones4 互补分布complementary distribution5 自由变体free variation6 区别特征distinctive features7 超音段特征suprasegmental feature音节syllable 重音stress 语调tone 声调intonation四形态学1 词的构成语素morpheme 自由语素free morpheme 粘着语素bound morphemeRoot 词根词缀affix 词干stem屈折词汇和派生词汇inflectional affix and derivational affix2特有的词汇变化lexical change proper新创词语invention 混拼词blending 缩写词abbreviation首字母缩写词acronym 逆构词汇back-formation例：editor—edit类推构词analogiacal creation 例：work-worked,,slay-slayed外来词borrowing五句法学1 范畴category 数number 性gender 格case 时tense 体aspect一致关系concord 支配关系govenrment2 结构主义学派the structure approach组合关系syntagmatic relation词和词组合在一起聚合关系paradigmatic 具有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起结构和成分construction and constituents :句子不仅是线性结构liner structure还是层级结构hierarchical structure (句子或短语被称为结构体，而构成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分)3直接成分分析法immediate constitutional analysis指把句子分成直接成分－短语，再把这些短语依次切分，得到下一集直接成分，这样层层切分，直到不能再分4向心结构和离心结构endocentric and exocentric constructions向心：指一个结构中有中心词，例an old man ,中心为man离心：指结构中没有明显的中心词。

术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1. Design features of Ianguage （语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness （任意性），Duality （二层性 /二重性），Creativity （创造性 /原创性）， Displacement （移位性）,Cultural transmission （文化传播），Interchangeability （可 互换性）2. Functions of language referential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 conative 劝慰功能 phatic 寒暄功能ideational function 概念功能 textualfunction 语篇 /文本功能 Performative Function （施为功能）， Phatic communion （寒暄交谈）， 3. Phonetics 语音学）， Morphology （形态学） ，Semantics （语义学）， Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 Sociolinguistics 社会语言学 Computationallinguistics 计算语言学 Neurolinguistics神经语言学emotive 情感功能 metalingualfunction 元语言功能 in terpers onal function 人际功能 Informative （信息 /告知功能）， Emotive Function （情感功能） ， Recreational Function （娱乐功能）， Pho no logy （音系/音位学）； Syntax （句法学）；Pragmatics （语用学）Acoustic pho netics 声学语音学 Psycholi nguistics 心理语言学 Anthropological linguistics 人类语言学 Applied linguistics 应用语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive 描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachr onic 共时和历时 Lan gue vs. parole 语言和言语Compete nee vs. performa nce§言能力和语言行为5. Vocal tract 声道 （res on at ing cavities 共鸣腔），phary nx 咽腔,oral cavity 口腔 and n asal cavity 鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs 肺,windpipe （trachea ）气管，vocal folds 声带, larynx 喉,epiglottis 会厌，次声门,pharynx 咽,uvula 小舌,hard palate 硬腭, soft palate 软腭,alveolar ridge 齿龈 6. Consonants and vowels （辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation 发音方式B. Places of articulation 发音位置7. Stop （or plosive ）爆破音 Fricative 摩擦音 Approximant 近似音Lateral （approximant ）边音 Affricates 塞擦音,trill 颤音 and tap 闪音 Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Postal veolar 后齿龈音 Retroflex 卷舌音 Velar 软腭音 Uvular 小舌音, pharyngeal 咽音monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs 双元音 Laxvowels 短元音 Tensed vowels 长元音8. Coarticulation and phonetic transcription 协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation 先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation 后滞协同发音. broad tran scriptio n 宽式标音 narrow tran scripti on 严式标音9. minimal pairs 最小对立体 Phoneme 音位phon emic tran scripti ons 音位转写phon etic tran scripti ons 语音转写 phones 音子 alloph ones 音位变体 compleme ntary distributi on 互补分布Alveolar 齿龈音Palatal 硬腭音glottal 声门音triphthongs 三元音phonetic similarity 发音近似性 Free variation 自 由变体assimilation 同化 regressive assimilation 逆同化progressive assimilatio n 顺同化 phono logical rule 音系规则 Epen thesis 增音binary 二分的Distinctive features 区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions 向心结构和离心结构subord in ate and coord in ate 从 属和并歹 U The refere ntial theory 指 称理论 Sema ntic tria ngle 语义三角Sense and referenee 涵义和指称Synonymy 同义关系 Antonymy 反义关系 Hyponymy 上下义关系Polysemy 一词多义关系 Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词 Stylistic synonyms 风格同义词 Collocati onal synonyms 搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系 cover term 覆盖项Marked vs. unm arked terms 标记项和非标记项compleme ntary antonymy 互补反义关系 con verse antonymy 逆向反义关系homoph on es:同音异义词 homographs :同形异义词 complete homonyms sema ntic comp onents 语义部分术语解释1. Design feature 的定义：the defining （最典型的，起决定作用的） properties ofhuma n Ian guage that disti nguish it from any ani mal system of com muni cati on.2. Synchronic 共时：It refers to the description of a Ianguage at some point of time in history.3. Diachronic 历时：It studies the development or history of Ianguage. In other words, it refers tothe description of a Ianguage as it changes through time .4. prescriptive 规定式：A kind of linguistic s tudy aims to lay down rules for“ correctand standard ” behavior in using Ianguage 5. descriptive 描写式:A kind of linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the Ian guagepeople actually use6. Arbitrariness （任意性）：By saying that “Ianguages arbitrary we,mean that there is no logicalconnection betwee n meaning and sound.7. Duality （二层性 /二重性）：it means that Ianguage is a system, which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8. Displaceme nt （移位性）：it mean s that Ian guage can be used to com muni cate about thingsCon ceptual meaning^既念意义 Associative mea ning:联想意义 Conno tative mea ning 内涵意义 Affective meaning 情感意义 Collocative meaning 搭配意义 deno tati on:夕卜延意义Social meaning 社会意义 Reflected meaning 反射意义 Thematic meaning 主位意义 conno tati on:内涵that are not prese nt in our immediate com muni catio nal con text.9. compete nee 语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker ' s kno wledge of the un derly ingsystem of rules in a Ian guage.10. Performance 语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker in a realcommunicational context.11. Langue 语言: it refers to the speaker 'usnderstanding and knowledge of the language that hespeaks.12. Parole 言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker.13. Cultural transmission （文化传播）:It refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic systemmust be learned ane（w 重新，再）by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14. Phatic communion （寒暄交谈）：it refers to ritual exchanges, exchanges that have littlemeaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15. Pho netics（语音学）:it is the study of the characteristics of speech soundsand providesmethods for their description, classification and transcription.16. Vowels 元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close togetherand the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17. Consonants 辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of theair-stream at some point of the vocal trac.t18. Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it is concerned with thelinguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19. Phoneme音位:the smallest unit of sound in a Ianguage which can distinguish two words.20. Allophone 音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21. Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of aneighboring sound.22. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulationsare involved.23. complementary distribution 互补分布: when two sounds never occur in the same environment,they are in complementary distribution.24. Free variation 自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast,that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merelya different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25. Distinctive features 区别特征：A phonetic feature which distinguishes one phonological unit,especially one phoneme, from another.26. minimal pairs 最小对立体 --- which can be defined as pairs of words whichdiffer from each other by only one sound.27. vowel glides 滑音: The vowels involving movement from one sound to another are calledvowel glides.28. Epenthesis增音：it means a process of inserting a sound after another sound.29. Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between an individual unit and othersthat can replace it in a given sequence.30. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approachingequivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31. Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related words where none of them isfunctionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group32. Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects, actions or properties that thewords stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships betwee n words and expressi ons and the world they describe 具体的物质性的东西）33. Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations between words.34. Componential analysis ：Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element interms of semantic components 语义部分.35. Sense:it refers to the complex system of relationships that hold between linguistic elementsthemselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36. Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences inparticular.37. Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e.,different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38. Antonymy ：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations between words.39. Hyponymy 上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness. The upper term in thissenserelation is called superordinate 上义词, and the lower terms, hyponyms 下义词, members of the same class are callecdo-hyponyms.。

英语语言学词汇汇总下面是一些英语语言学常用的词汇：1. Phonetics: 语音学2. Phonology: 音位学3. Morphology: 形态学4. Syntax: 句法学5. Semantics: 语义学6. Pragmatics: 语用学7. Lexicon: 词典8. Phoneme: 音位9. Allophone: 变体音位10. Morpheme: 形态素11. Inflection: 屈折变化12. Derivation: 派生13. Sentence: 句子14. Phrase: 短语15. Noun: 名词16. Verb: 动词17. Adjective: 形容词18. Adverb: 副词19. Pronoun: 代词20. Preposition: 介词21. Conjunction: 连词22. Interjection: 感叹词23. Tense: 时态24. Aspect: 体25. Agreement: 一致26. Case: 格27. Subject: 主语28. Object: 宾语29. Modifier: 修饰成分30. Agent: 施事31. Theme: 主题32. Topic: 谈论的主题33. Discourse: 语篇34. Sentential ambiguity: 句子歧义35. Homonym: 同音异义词36. Synonym: 同义词37. Antonym: 反义词38. Hypernym: 上义词39. Hyponym: 下义词40. Polysemy: 一词多义41. Collocation: 词语搭配42. Idiom: 成语43. Metaphor: 隐喻44. Metonymy: 转喻45. Discourse analysis: 语篇分析46. Sociolinguistics: 社会语言学47. Psycholinguistics: 心理语言学48. Historical linguistics: 历史语言学49. Contrastive linguistics: 对比语言学。

语言学总结一、语言和语言学1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点2、语言的功能（不是很重要）信息功能informative人际功能interpersonal施为功能performative感情功能emotive function寒暄功能phatic communication娱乐功能recreational function元语言功能metalingual function3、语言学主要分支语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音音位学phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。

如语素和句子的意义语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义4、宏观语言学macrolingustics心理语言学psycholinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological li nguistics 计算机语言学computational linguistics5语言学中的重要区别规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出)能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用二、语音学1、语音学分支发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的三、音位学1、最小对立体minimal pairs2、音位phoneme3 音位变体allophones4 互补分布complementary distribution5 自由变体free variation6 区别特征distinctive features7 超音段特征suprasegmental feature音节syllable 重音stress 语调tone 声调intonation四形态学1 词的构成语素morpheme 自由语素free morpheme 粘着语素bound morphemeRoot 词根词缀affix 词干stem屈折词汇和派生词汇inflectional affix and derivational affix2特有的词汇变化lexical change proper新创词语invention 混拼词blending 缩写词abbreviation首字母缩写词acronym 逆构词汇back-formation例：editor—edit类推构词analogiacal creation 例：work-worked,,slay-slayed外来词borrowing五句法学1 范畴category 数number 性gender 格case 时tense 体aspect一致关系concord 支配关系govenrment2 结构主义学派the structure approach组合关系syntagmatic relation词和词组合在一起聚合关系paradigmatic 具有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起结构和成分construction and constituents :句子不仅是线性结构liner structure还是层级结构hierarchical structure (句子或短语被称为结构体，而构成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分)3直接成分分析法immediate constitutional analysis指把句子分成直接成分－短语，再把这些短语依次切分，得到下一集直接成分，这样层层切分，直到不能再分4向心结构和离心结构endocentric and exocentric constructions 向心：指一个结构中有中心词，例an old man ,中心为man离心：指结构中没有明显的中心词。