初二英语期中复习笔记1

Un i t 1 Wh e re d id yo u g o on v acation?1•一般过去时考点1：如何判断一般过去时？考点2：肯定句变否定句。

考点3：变一般疑问和特殊疑问句。

2•复合不定代词/副词构成： _________ _________ ___________ _________其中：（no one意思“______ ”指 __ ，与_________ 同义，且与of连用，做主语谓语用单三。

回答引起的特殊疑问句时要用no one.none意思“ ___ ”，指____________ ，且 __ 与of连用。

谓语单，复形式皆可。

回答 _________ 引起的特殊疑问句时要用none；-anyone意思" _____ ”扌旨___ ，与 __ 同义，且_____ 与of连用。

_any one 意思" ____ ”扌旨___ ，与 __ 同义，且_____ 与of 连用。

nothing= _________________用法：① 复合不定代词做主语，谓语动词用 ________ •②当adj.修饰不定代词要_________ •③ 当不定代词中含有some通常用于__________ ;含有any通常用于_______________我自己myself你自己他自己她自己它自己我们自己你们自己他们自己反身代词在句中可用作动词宾语、介词宾语、表语和同位语等，如：She can dress herself.作动词宾语）That?poor?boy?was?myself.（用作表语）Thefatherhimselfhassomething wrong.（同位语：句中常置于名词、代词之后或句子末尾We clean the room ourselves.（同位语：句中常置于名词、代词之后或句子末尾常用短语：穿衣服；？玩得快乐；随便吃；随便用；2.few 意为___________,修饰__________ 名词，倾向于否定。

人教版八年级英语上册笔记1--10单元精心整理超详细！人教版八年级英语上册笔记1--10单元Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation ?Section A 知识提纲一、词形变化1.wonder v. 想知道→adj. wonderful 精彩的，绝妙的二、短语1.go on vacation去度假2.stay at home待在家里3.go to the mountains去爬山4.go to the beach去海滩5.visit museums 参观博物馆6.go to summer camp去参加夏令营7.quite a few相当多 8.study for tests为测验而学习9.go out出去 10.go out with anyone 跟别人出去11.most of the time大部分时间 12.of course=sure =certainly 当然13.have a good time doing=have fun doing =enjoy oneself 玩得高兴14.go shopping去购物 15. keep a diary 写日记三、词法1. buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb.为某人买某物Buy me some books = Buy some books for me .2.taste / look/sound/smell good. 尝起来/看起来/听起来/闻起来不错3.nothing…but+动词原形除了……之外什么都没有I have nothing to do but watch TV all day .我整天除了看电视什么也没干。

4.seem link v.(系动词) 似乎，好像，看来① seem + adj.② seem to do sth.③ It seems that + 陈述句5.Long time no see . 好久不见。

Unit1 Where did you go on vacation?【重点语法】不定代词：不指名代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。

用法注意：1、some 和any+可数名/不可数名。

some 多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句。

有些问句中用some,不用any, 问话者希望得到对方肯定回答。

2、由some, any, no,every 与body, one, thing构成的复合不定代词作主语时，其谓语动词用三单。

3、不定代词若有定语修饰，该定语要置于其后：如：something interesting【重点短语】1. buy sth for ab./ buy sb. sth 为某人买某物2. taste + adj. 尝起来……3. nothing...but + V.(原形) 除了……之外什么都没有4. seem + (to be) + adj 看起来5. arrive in + 大地方/ arrive at + 小地方到达某地6. decide to do sth. 决定做某事7. try doing sth. 尝试做某事/ try to do sth. 尽力做某事8. enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事9. want to do sth. 想去做某事10. start doing sth. 开始做某事/ begin doing sth.11. stop doing sth. 停止做某事区分：stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事12. dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事14. so + adj + that + 从句如此……以至于……16. tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人（不要）做某事17. keep doing sth. 继续做某事18. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事/ forget doing sth 忘记做过某事【词语辨析】1. take a photo/ take photos 拍照2. seem + 形容词看起来…seem + to do sth. 似乎/好像做某事It seems + 从句似乎..….It seems that no>seem like ... 好像，似乎…3. arrive in +大地点= get to= reach+地点名“到达......”arrive at +小地点（注：若后跟地点副词here/there/home, 介词需省略，如：arrive here; get home）4. feel like sth 感觉像…feel doing sth. 想要做某事5. wonder（想知道）+疑问词（who, what, why)引导的从句。

英语复习笔记No.11. 名词复数：hero, video, stomach, wolf, leaf, a womanteacherheroes videos stomachs wolves leaves women teachers2. 反身代词(P48)：Help yourselves to some cakes, boys. / The answeritself is easy.3. a little +不可数/ little+不可数 / a few+复数 / few +复数肯定否定肯定否定(only a few/ only a little / very few/ very little…)4. 形容词：-ous / -y / -ful / -ly / -al / -ish / -ed / -ing protected /endangered5. 反义词(P80)：un- / dis- / im- / in- / ir-6. 副词(P83)：-ly7. 比较级、最高级(P13)No.21. 数词：9ninth、12twelfth、40fortieth、90ninetieth；two thousand students / thousands of students / two thousand of the students2. 反意疑问句(P42)：祈使句、陈述句（否定词：few / little / seldom/ never / hardly / none / …）3. 反问句/ 否定疑问句：难道…不…吗？（回答）4. 宾语从句(P94)：that / if / 疑问词；anyI don’t know if he will come tomorrow. If he comes, he will visit me.(when)5. 过去进行时(P99)：then / this time yesterday / from… to…yesterday / when / while6. 不定式(P47)：make sb do sth / see sb do sth / see sb doing sthDoing eye exercises is … / To prevent floods, we … / Hurry up, or we will …动名词作主语不定式表目的祈使句+or+将来时the first one to get to school / the best time to visit China7. 比较等级的用法(U1U2)：The more you eat, the fatter you will be.My father is the fatter of my parents. / one of the biggest cities / the second longest river / fatter and fatter / more and more beautiful8. 句子结构(P81)：连系动词；宾补—— make sb do sth / findEnglish easy / call A B9. It is + adj. + for sb + to do sth.It’s + adj. + of sb + to do sth.We find it (is) easy to learn English. / We found it (was) easy to learn English.10. 条件、时间状语从句（主将从现）：if / when / untilI will sleep until Mom comes back. / I won’t go to bed until Mom comesback.11. 缩写及符号(P88)：therefore / per cent12. 感叹句：What bad weather! = How bad the weather is!What great fun it was to fly kites! / What great fun we had flying kites!13. 花费巨型14. 地理关系：界内in / 界外且接壤 on / 界外且不相邻 to。

【应掌握的句子】1. How often do you exercise? 你（你们）多久锻炼一次身体？频率副词，如：once, twice, three times…, sometimes, often, quite, often, never, every day, once a week , twice a month , three timesa month , three or four times a month 等。

2. “What do you usually do on weekends?” “ I usually play soccer.”3. “What’s your favorite program?” “It’s Animal World.”4. As for homework , most students do homework every day .as for...意思是“至于；关于”，常用于句首作状语，其后跟名词、代词或动词的-ing形式（即动名词）。

如：As for him，I never want to see him here. 至于他，我永远不希望在这里见到。

As for the story，you'd better not believe it. 关于那故事，你最好不要相信。

至于我自己，我现在不想去。

(As for myself, I don’t want to go now. )至于那个人，我什么都不知道。

(As for the man, I know nothing about him.)5. Mom wants me to get up at 6:00 and play ping-pong with her .want to do sth. 意思是“想要做某事”；want sb. to do sth.意思是“想要某人做事”。

如：Do you want to go to the movies with me？你想和我一起去看电影吗？The teacher doesn't want us to eat hamburgers.老师不想让我们吃汉堡包。

Unit 9 Can you come to my party?Section A1. make an invitation 提出邀请accept an invitation 接受邀请decline an invitation = say no to an invitation=refuse an invitation =turn down an invitation 拒绝邀请2. come to the party 来参加聚会go to a party去参加聚会3. prepare for sth. = get ready for sth.为某事做准备prepare to do sth. = get ready to do sth.准备做某事4. go to the doctor = go to hospital 去看病go to the dentist 去看牙医5. have the flu得流感（注意：只有流感用the, 其他病用a) have a cold 感冒have a stomachache 胃痛have a cough 嗓漱have a fever 发烧6. study for a math / an English test为数学/英语考试而学习7. be available 有空的be available for + n.对于……来说是可用的，可得到的be available to + n. / v.可被……利用或得到的be available to sb. 对某人来说可以使用的be available to do sth.自由自在做某事;有空去做某事8. much too + adj. 太......too much +不可数名词太多...... 9. another time其他时间；别的时间maybe another time = maybe next time也许下次10. thanks for (doing) sth.= thank sb. for (doing) sth. 感谢某人做某事thanks for asking 多谢邀请11. go bike riding骑自行车旅行;骑自行车兜风12. last fall = last autumn去年秋天;去年秋季13. have an exam = take an exam(学生)参加考试hold an exam = give an exam (老师)举行考试have a rest = take a rest 休息have a look = take a look 看一看14. not…until / till...直到......才......15. hang out闲逛;常去某处hang up挂断电话；悬挂16. on Monday night = on the night of Monday 在星期一晚上on Wednesday afternoon= on the afternoon of Wednesday在星期三下午17. Catch you on Monday!=See you on Monday! 礼拜一见！Catch you later! = See you later! 回头见！18. invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人去做某事be invited to do sth.被邀请做某事invite sb. to sp.邀请某人到某处invite sb. to (have) dinner 邀请某人吃饭19. refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事Section B20. the day after tomorrow 后天the day before yesterday 前天the year before last year 前年last year 去年this year 今年next year 明年the year after next year 后年21. have a piano lesson 上钢琴课22. on weekdays = from Monday to Friday在工作日on weekends 在周末this weekend这个周末last weekend上个周末next weekend下个周末23. look after = take care of 照顾；照料look after sb. well = take good care of sb.好好照顾；好好照料24. help sb. with sth. = help sb. (to) do sth.帮助某人做某事with one ’ s help = with the help of sb.在某人的帮助之下help out (with sth.)帮助摆脱困境/克服困难help sb. out帮助某人解决问题或摆脱困境25. see sb. do sth.看到某人做了某事（强调看见某人做过某事）see sb. doing sth.看到某人正在做某事（强调看见某人正在做某事）26. take a trip = go on / for a trip 去旅行take a trip to sp. = go to sp. for a trip到某地去旅行27. at the end of... 在......的末端;在......的尽头at the end of this month 在这个月月底at the end of the road 在路的尽头28. be glad / happy to do sth.很高兴做某事29. by +时间点到......为止by now到现在为止by this Friday到这个星期五之前为止30. be surprised 感到惊讶be surprised at sth.对某事感到很惊讶be surprised to do sth.惊讶地做某事31. think of想出；想起;认为think about考虑；思考think over好好考虑；深思熟虑32. bring sb. / sth. to sp. 带某人/某物到某地33. so that 为了；以便34. look forward to doing sth.期待做某事;盼望做某事35. hear from sb. = get / receive a letter from sb. 收到某人的来信hear about / of sth. / sb. 听说某事/某人36. plan a housewarming party策划一个乔迁聚会plan a party for sb.为某人策划一个聚会have a surprise party办一场惊喜聚会;开惊喜聚会at the party在聚会上37. make it成功；胜利（表示通过努力或经历困难后取得成功、完成某事）38. reply in writing以书面的形式进行回复reply to these letters回复这些来信reply to the question=make a reply to the question=answer the question 回答问题39. go to a concert去听音乐会give a concert开音乐会40. go to the movies = go to see a film=go to the cinema 去看电影。

Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?1.go on vacation = go for a vacation=take a vacation=spend one’s holiday 去度假2.stay at home待在家里stay well = stay healthy=keep in a good health=keep fit 保持健康3.summer camp 夏令营go to summer camp去参加夏令营go to winter camp去参加冬令营•4.go to the mountains 去爬山go to the beach 去海滩go to New York City 去纽约市go to Central Park去中央公园5. visit sb. = pay a visit to sb. = call on sb. 拜访某人visit sp. = pay a visit to sp. = call at sp参观某地6. meet anyone interesting 见任何有趣的人do anything special做任何特别的事情go anywhere interesting去任何有趣的地方7. study for tests为考试而学习study for the English test为英语考试而学习8. go out 外出；（灯、火）自动熄灭Put out 灭火9. a few +可数名词复数一些；几个a little +不可数名词少量的；一点quite a few = many 许多(后接可数名词复数）quite a little = much 许多(后接不可数名词）a lot of - lots of许多；大量的(后接可数名词复数或不可数名词）take quite a few photos 照许多照片take photos with sb. 和某人照相take photos of sb. 给某人照相10. most of the time 大部分时间most of the students这些学生中的大部名(特指，有范围）most students大部分学生（泛指，无范围)11. taste really good尝起来真的很好taste great尝起来棒极了sound great听起来好极了12. of course = sure = certainly 当然13. in the countryside 在农村in the shopping center 在购物中心14. keep a diary写日记；记日记diary entry 日记记载；日记记录15. the fun park娱乐公园；开心乐园have great fun其乐无穷have fun doing sth.做某事开心16. arrive in sp. = get to sp. = reach sp.=get to sp.到达大地方arrive at sp. = get to sp. = reach sp. =get to sp. 到达小地方17. decide to do sth. = decide on doing sth.=make a decision to do sth.决定做某事decide on sth.在某事上下决心18. try paragliding尝试滑翔伞运动try to do sth.设法做某事；努力做某事try doing sth.试着做某事have a try 试一试19. feel like...有......的感觉；感受到......20. have something very special 吃一些非常特别的东西ride bikes to Georgetown 骑自行车去乔治敦21. from 100 years ago 自一百年以前in the past在过去in the past few years在过去几年里22. enjoy doing sth.享受/喜欢做某事enjoy oneself = have a good time= have fun =have a fun time玩得开心；过得愉快23. make a difference=play an important role有影响；起（重要)作用24. walk up to..朝......走过去walk back home步行回家walk to school步行上学25. wait for…等待wait for sb. to do sth.等待某人去做某事26. rain hard = rain heavily 下大雨rain cats and dogs下倾盆大雨27. because of +名词/动名词因为......because +从句因为......28. another two hours = two more hours 再过两小时29. make notes=take notes做记录;做笔记30. each other互相（用于两者之间）one another互相（用于三者或三者以上）31. at the airport 在机场at the station 在车站32. on one’s way home在某人回家的路上on one ‘ s way to school在某人上学的路.33. bring back 带回来34. on our school trip 在我们学校郊游的旅途中go on a trip=travel to sp.去旅行35. find out查明；弄清楚36. keep doing sth.继续做某事；一直做某事不停地做某事;持续做某事37. go on继续往前走；继续；发生go on doing sth.继续做同一件事go on to do sth.继续做另一件事go on with sth.继续某事38. up and down上上下下；来回；到处;彻底地39. in excitement 兴奋地in surprise = surprise sb.=to one’s surprise惊讶地40. come up上升，升起；靠近，走近；长出41. forget about sth.忘了某事forget to do sth.忘记去做某事forget doing sth.忘记做过某事。

人教版八年级上册Unit 1 重点短语1. stay at home 待在家里stayed (stay的过去式)2. go to the mountains 去山上went (go的过去式)3. go to summer camp 去夏令营4. visit museums 参观博物馆5. meet someone interesting碰见某个有趣的人met(meet的过去式)6. do something interesting做些有趣的事7. study for tests 为考试做准备studied(study的过去式)8. be on vacation 在度假9. didn't go anywhere wonderful没有去精彩的地方10. take quite a few photos拍了不少的照片took(take的过去式)11. of course 当然12. go to a friend's farm 去朋友的农场13. in the countryside 在乡下14. feed some hens and see some baby pigs 喂母鸡和看到一些小猪仔fed(feed的过去式)；saw(see的过去式) 15. seem to be bored 看上去很无聊It seems that... 看来……16. keep a diary/keep diaries 记日记kept(keep的过去式)17. an activity 一次活动activities(activity的复数形式)18. an expensive gift 一份昂贵的礼物19. an exciting vacation一个令人兴奋的假期20. buy sth. for sb.＝buy sb. sth. 为某人买某物bought(buy的过去式)21. have a good time 玩得开心have a good time doing sth. 做某事开心22. find something enjoyable 找点乐子found(find的过去式)23. arrive in (＋大地方)/arrive at (＋小地方)get to (＋地方)reach (＋地方)到达……24. decide to go to the beach 决定去海滩decide to do sth. 决定做某事25. try to do sth. 尽力做某事try doing sth. 尝试做某事have a try 尝试一下26. feel like sth. 感觉像某物feel like doing sth. 想做某事27. ride bicycles to sp. 骑自行车去某地rode(ride的过去式)28. a lot of new buildings 许多新建筑物29. the houses of the Chinese traders中国商人的房子30. enjoy walking around 喜欢到处走走31. walk up to the top 走到山顶32. wait over an hour for the train等火车一个多小时33. rain hard 雨下得大34. be/get wet 淋湿got(get的过去式)35. have an umbrella 有一把雨伞36. because of 因为；由于37. can't see anything below看不见下面的东西38. bring enough money 带足够的钱brought(bring的过去式)39. along the way 沿途40. another two hours＝two more hours再两小时41. in the shopping center 在购物中心42. on our school trip 在我们学校郊游中43. a bag with food and water一个装着食物和水的袋子44. find out 弄清楚；查明白45. so... that...如此……以至于……46. Beijing duck 北京烤鸭47. keep doing sth. 继续做某事48. go on 继续49. jump up and down in excitement兴奋得跳上跳下50. start to come up 开始出现重点句型1. Long time no see. 好久不见。

M1语法：1.感官实义动词四看二听：see, watch, find , notice, hear, listen to ,接动词原形表示经常或过程，接动词-ing表示正在。

M1，U11.What a delicious smell！多香的味道。

感叹句：How +adj (+主谓)！What +a/an +adj +n(+主谓)！2.Would you like to do sth ?=Do you want to do sth ?你想要做某事吗？3.try some / try a piece / have a try.尝一些，尝一块，尝一尝。

4. yes, please. / No, thanks .（当别人主动提供你东西时的答语。

）5.What’s that on top? 顶部是什么？6.I’m afraid +that从句/of sth / to do sth 我恐怕…7.It doesn`t smell fresh. 感官动词借助于助动词来完成句型变化。

8. a bit sour. 有点酸。

a bit +n = a little +n / a bit +adj = a little +adj9.be done （被）做完了10.in the middle. 在中间11. make an apple pie 做个苹果馅饼12.have a sweet tooth爱吃甜食13. Shall I/ we do sth ? 我、我们做某事好吗？14 Are you sure + to do sth /of sth / that 从句…你确定….吗？15.strawberry jam草莓酱16.Everything tastes so sweet! 所有东西都尝起来这么甜。

（不定代词做主语谓语用单数。

）17.It’s my lucky day! 是我的幸运日。

M1 Unit 21. Welcome to sw 欢迎来某地2.Thanks for sth \ doing sth 为（做）某事儿感谢你3.hear from sb= receive a letter from sb收到来自某人的信4.can’t wait to do sth 迫不及待做某事5.know me from my photo 从照片中认识我6.arrive at= reach = get to 到达7. with short fair hair 有短的金色的头发8.wear glasses戴眼镜/ wear jeans 穿牛仔裤9.I’m sure of sth / to do sth / that从句我确信…10.each other 互相11.tell sb about sth 告诉某人关于某事12.You sound just like me!你听起来恰好就像我。

英语国家概况复习笔记TheUKThe UKUnit 11.The official name：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Since 1927)national flag：The Union Flag OR popularly known as the Union Jacknational anthem（国歌）：GOD SAVE THE QUEENnational capital of the country ：London：Greater London⼤伦敦都市区: the City of London + 32 boroughs[?b?r?]（⾃治的市镇）The City of London伦敦城: at the center of the metropolitan-the financial center of thecountryInner London: the City of London + its 12 boroughsOuter London: 20 boroughs [?b?r?]（⾃治的市镇）surrounding Inner London2. The location and size of the country （了解）3. The terrain [t??re?n]（地形）, rivers and mountains of the countryRoughly two kinds of terrain---highland and lowland.The highland area --- in the northern part of the country, comprising the mountainousregions of Scotland, Northern Ireland, northern England and north Wales.The lowland area --- especially in the Midland, southern and eastern England.The longest river in the UK is River Severn（塞⽂河）.Among the most important rivers is the Thames（泰晤⼠河）, which is second longest but is the deepest river in the county. Ben Nevis（本·尼维斯）is the highest peak of the UK.（⼤不列颠境内的最⾼⼭峰，海拔1，343.8⽶，位于苏格兰西部的格兰扁⼭脉)Lough Neagh (396km2)(內伊湖): the largest lake in the whole country4. The natural resources of the countryCoal 煤●Britain has a rich deposit of coal with major coal mines in central and southwest of England.●For the last decades, there has been a steady decline in both coal production and number of coal mines.Petroleum [p??tr?uli?m] ⽯油●1965 saw discovery of big oil and oil fields under the North Sea, east of Britain.5. The climate of the countryTemperate maritime climate（温带海洋性⽓候）What are the characteristics of the climate in Great Britain?FoggyRainyUncertain and changeable6. Major citiesLondon ;Edinburgh [?edn?b?:r?] 爱丁堡;Cardiff [?kɑ:d?f] 加地夫（威尔⼠的主要海港）;Belfast [?bel?f?st] 贝尔法斯特（北爱尔兰⾸府）;Birmingham ['b?:mh?m] 伯明翰市（英国中部城市，第⼆⼤城市）Manchester: the Guardian（卫报）Glasgow：[?ɡlɑ:sɡ?u] 格拉斯哥（苏格兰最⼤城市，第三⼤城市）7. Population Density and Population DistributionPopulation density: 248 persons per square kilometer.The Population of the UK is the 3rd largest in Europe.Population distribution: high urbanization (7 conurbations)7 conurbations：Greater London⼤伦敦区, W. Midlands西密德兰都市郡, South Yorkshire 南约克都市郡, W. Yorkshire西约克郡都市郡, Greater Manchester⼤曼切斯特都市郡, Merseyside默西赛德都市郡(England), Tyne& Wear泰恩及威尔都市郡(Scotland) （了解）8. Nations and the Languages Spoken1) Nations: English, Scottish, Welsh and IrishEnglish (80%): descendants [d?'send?nts] 后裔of Anglo-SaxonsWelsh, Irish & Scottish:：descendants of Celts2）Languages：A) English (official language):B) Gaelic [?g?l?k] 盖尔语: Scotland & Northern IrelandC) Welsh [wel?] 威尔⼠语: Wales [we?lz]3) T he history and development of the English language(p.7)Old English (450AD-1100 AD) influenced by Old Norse (古斯堪的纳维亚语) spoken by Vikings (北欧海盗) and was closely related to the German and Dutch (荷兰) languages. The introduction of Christianity added the first wave of Latin and Greek words to the language and ended with the Norman Conquest.Middle English (1100AD-1500AD) French replaced English as the official language in England. Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary and ended with the Black Death (⿊死病).Modern English (1500AD- present) Assimilating(吸收) words from Latin and Greek words throughout the Renaissance (⽂艺复兴) such as William Shakespeare and the King James Bible.Standard English= the Queen’s Englis h= BBC EnglishExplanation of Standard EnglishStandard English is based on the speech of the upper class of the southeastern England.It is preferred by the educated andit is widely used in media and taught at schools. Is has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct British English. It is also the norm（标准）carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.9. Religion1. Britain is a multi-faith society in which everyone has the right to religious freedom.2. Christianity is the dominant religion of the country. Most of citizens are eitherProtestant ['pr?t?st?nt]新教徒or Catholic.3. English nation: The church of England（英格兰圣公会）is the established church of theEnglish nation.4. The major non-Christian communities in Britain are the Jews, the Moslems and theBuddhists.10. Character and manners of British peopleConservatismTalking about the WeatherPunctuality11. Traditions and custom●Trooping the Color英国皇家军队阅兵仪式around the Bucking Place in London（P.62）to celebrate the Queen’s Birthday Parade. (The Changing Guard ceremony)●Religious FestivalsChristmas ( Three Christmas Traditions )①Christmas pantomime [?p?nt?ma?m] (童话剧)②Queen's Christmas message③Boxing Day（节礼⽇）Easter纪念耶稣复活Halloween12. MediaNewspaperTraditionally British newspapers have been divided into "quality", serious-minded newspapers (usually referred to as "broadsheets宽幅印刷品" because of their large size) and the more populist ['p?pj?l?st] 平民化, "tabloid" varieties.Quality Press: The Times（泰晤⼠报）, The Guardian（卫报）, The Daily Telegraph（每⽇电讯报）Tabloid [?t?bl??d] 通俗⼩报: The Sun on SundayTelevision and BroadcastBBC（the British Broadcasting Corporation）, ITV(Independent Television) 英国独⽴电视台, BSkyB（the British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC）英国天空⼴播集团TV programs done well by the BBC (P.60)Unit 4. British Economy1. The Relative Decline of British Economy (Why?)1) The country suffered a great loss in the two World Wars.2) The era[r]时代of the British Empire was over.3) Britain was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence.4) Britain failed to invest in industry after WWII.However, the decline is not an absolute one. The UK is not poorer than before. In fact, it iswealthier and more productive than before. The only thing is that other countries develop faster than the UK. So, the UK has experienced a relative decline.2. Recent History of British Economy1970 - high Inflation rate, strikes1979 - Reformation Program（改⾰⽅案）by Thatcher government→去国有化privatization [?pra?v?ta?'ze??n]What was the content of the programThatcherism [?θ?t??(r)z?m] 撒切尔主义：Throughout the 1980s an extensive program of privatization was carried out.---Denationalization [?di:?n??n?la?'ze??n] ⾮国有化①Government expenditure [?k?spend?t??(r)] 花费was reduced；②Taxation reformed；③Foreign exchange controls lifted外汇管制解除④Rules governing banks loosened；⑤Worker strikes restricted.What was the long-term results①Inflation(通货膨胀) has been controlled②Unemployment rate falling③Encouraged by low interest rates, investment has increased. It is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment. It is also itself a major source of international investment --- it is the second biggest international investor in the world.Policies of Blair Government & Results （P.45）Policies: ①Blair made the Bank of England independent.②In social policy, the Blair government changed the old Labor Party’s practice of usingtax system, public expenditure[?k?spend?t??(r)] 花费and price controls to reduce inequality and put an emphasis on the minimum wage and supplementing low incomes. It also emphasized individual responsibility.Results:①limit government spending②keep inflation under control③reduce unemploymentBy the end of the 20th century, British economic growth surpassed that of other major European countries.3. The Current British Economy1) Primary IndustriesAgricultureA. Features: small population, high mechanization[?mek?na?'ze??n]机械化and highefficiency; but can not satisfy its domestic needsB. Chief agricultural products：wheat（⼩麦）,barley [?bɑ:li]⼤麦,sugar beet(甜菜) and potatoesEnergy production (5% of national wealth).Main energy resources: coal (Rio Tinto Group⼒拓集团),oil (Shell 壳牌, British Petroleum and British Gas)2) Secondary Industries:P .473) Tertiary Industries: 65% of national wealth1. (P .50)Foreign Trade ---- Lifeline. Britain is both an importer and exporter in the world.2. FinanceThe position of London in the world economyCentral Bank----Bank of EnglandThe Big Four: Lloyds 劳埃德, Barclays 巴克莱银⾏, Midland ⽶德兰，the National Westminster Bank Group 国民西敏寺银⾏3. Currency ：Pound Sterling [paund ?st ?:li ?] 英镑Unit 3 Political System1. Political System : Constitutional Monarchy [ ?k ?nst ??tu:??n ?l ?m ?n ?ki ] 君主⽴宪制What does it mean by Constitutional Monarchy?The King or Queen reigns [re n]君主统治and is the head of the country, but dose notrule the country. The country is governed, in the name the Sovereign [ ?s ?vr ?n ] 君主, but by His or Her Majesty ’s [ ?m?d ?? sti ]陛下government---- a body of ministers who are responsible to Parliament [ ?p ɑ:l?m ?nt ]议会.2. Parliament议会（最⾼⽴法机关）、⽴法政府、⾏政部门司法机关 [ d ?u?d ri ]上议院下议院君主Parliament:The UK is a unitary [ ju:ntri ]中央集权country.The British Parliament is often referred to assupreme legislative authority（最⾼⽴法机关）of the UK.The Main functions are making laws and supervising（监督）government and finance.The life of Parliament is fixed at five years.Sovereign: Theoretically[ ?θ??'ret?kl? ]理论上, the Queen has all the power. In reality, she does everything on the advice of the Prime Minister.The significance of the Queen? P.32It represents the continuity and adaptability of the whole political system and is a symbol of British unity, an indissoluble [ ?? nd??s?lj?bl ] (牢不可破的) bond among people who retain many regional and cultural difference.( 它代表了整个政治体系的连续性和适应性，是英国团结的象征，⼈们保留了许多地区和⽂化差异的不解之缘。