hnd 经济学1报告

Beijing Institute of Technology SQA HND AssignmentTable of contentsIntroduction (3)Part A (3)Part B (5)Conclusion (6)Reference (6)Appendix (7)IntroductionThis report is for Tricol plc which makes a range of furniture and kitchenware. One of the most popular products is the Zupper expandable table. It will do some variance analysis in the Part A. It will includes direct material usage, direct material price, direct labor rate direct, labor efficiency and total overhead. Some suggestions will be given following the analysis. In Part B, there will take two methods to analyze the project that is whether to accept. It will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods, finding out the best methods that is suit for the company. At last, some other factors such as environment, technology, legal, and customers will be discussed for the managers. Furthermore, some needed appendixes will be followed the report.Part AVariance analysis and reportingOnce the variances have been calculated, they should be analyzed to find what the problems are. The criterion that the rate of variance needs to be analyzed is more than 3%, and according to the Appendix 3, as a result, it needs to analyze all the variances.Direct material usage:According to the Appendix 2, the variance of direct material usage is favorable, which is about ￡8000 and the rate of direct material usage variance reaches 12.5%. This is a high level and it may due to the two reasons such as higher quality materials and higher grade workforce. The company chooses the higher quality materials could reduce the spoilages during the producing. And it could reduce the inferiors in the finish products. To reduce the materials is as a result. Giving the labor higher workforce may reduce the mistakes by labors during the producing that will reduce the rejection rate and save the materials.Direct material priceAccording to the Appendix 2, the variance of direct material price is adverse, which is about ￡5600 and at the rate of 8.75%. There may be two reasons for this result. One is higher quality materials. Because of the higher quality, this kind of materials will be more expensive than other low quality materials. It will increase the costs of the materials. Also, the loss of discounts will be another reason to make the material price increase. Tricol may cooperate with a new supplier; company may not get the discounts received because of the low reliance.Direct labor rateAccording to the Appendix 2, the variance of direct labor rate is ￡3520 in adverse, and at the rate of 12.2%. There may be also two reasons for this result. One is salary increase award. Company made the labor rate become ￡10 per hour, which is higher than standard labor rate for ￡1 per hour. This could encourage the staffs to work hard and improve their efficiency and reduce the mistakes. Another reason may be the unplanned overtime. For this situation, company may pay more wages to the staffs for their overtime work.Direct labor efficiencyAccording to the Appendix 2, the variance of direct labor efficiency is adverse with ￡2880 in the rate of 10%. There are two reasons for this. One is may be the low morale. Because the company let its labors to work overtime for the unplanned goals and the high workforce will make the staffs unsatisfied. The second reason is that there may be shortage of skilled labor, which results in more labor hours and labors to finish the goals.Total overheadAccording to the Appendix 2, the variance of total overhead is ￡400 in adverse, and at the rate of 3.51%. It may due to the higher insurance, and higher administration. Company may spend too much on the insurance of its staffs. Some wages of the managers may be higher.Recommendation for the managementThe direct material usage is a good sign for the company. Company should continue to reduce the spoilages during its producing. However, the price of the materials are little higher. It is not a good sign. Company may purchase the lower quality materials from the new supplier. And try the best to get some discount received. The price of materials should be lower than before but quality could not be too lower. This action will reduce the costs in the materials and insurance the low rejection rate. According to the labor, company should not raise the employees’wages easily to motivate the staffs and it should not do much the unplanned overtime. Because of the much unplanned overtime, the staffs may against this action and become morale. So, company should reduce the unplanned overtime and use the other ways to encourage its staffs often. However, in order to finish the unplanned overtime, the company may hire some new employees to work. But there is shortage of skilled labor. Company should give them some training to improve their skills. The total overhead is not very good for the company. The insurance and administration may be higher for the company. Company should go to the greatest extent of reducing the costs in the insurance. It may be possible for company get some discount allowed form theinsurance company. And control the spending in the managing.Part BAssumptionThe premise of payback period methodsIdentify all of the costs of initial investment. Assume that they will be paid now. Find the cash inflow for each project. Add up cash flows each year until cost of project covered. Pick the project with the shortest payback period. If the payback period is only one year then it should be compared with an internal figureThe premise of discounted cash flow techniqueUncertainty does not exist. There is no inflation. The appropriate discount rate to use is known, to avoid unnecessary calculations. When undertaking DCF questions, the discount rates have been computed for you, and are given in the discount tables .Unlimited funds can be raised at a competitive rate.Analyzing payback period methodAccording to the payback period method, the original capital that the company invest is ￡1,000,000 and there are 5 years for the company to get the return that is the budgeted payback period. According to the program, 4 years and 1.5 months that the company will get its all investments. At the last year, company will get the return about ￡280,000. As a result, based on the period method, the project will be profitable and is worth to invest.Analyzing discounted cash flow techniqueIf the company uses the discounted cash flow technique, according to the peogram, the investment is ￡1,000,000, and the net present value is 10%. The budgeted payback period is 5 years. After 5 years, the NPV for the project will be ￡-64,800. It shows that the return is less than the investment. It will be the loss of ￡64,800 to invest this project. So this project will not be profitable and is not worth to invest.RecommendationAccording to the two methods, it is not difficult to find that the company would better to choose the payback period method. The company chooses payback period method could get the profit of ￡280,000 and less 5 years could get the all investment. And for the discounted cash flow technique, it will cost 5 years and loss ￡64,800 at last of the project. So, based on the profit, the company would better to choose thepayback period method.Consideration of other factorsFirst, the environment is one factor that the managers should to consider. Tricol makes a range of furniture and kitchenware. It may make pollute during the producing. If the company does not pay attention to the environment, it may get some fine.Technology is one factor that the managers should to consider about. If the company uses the new technology and equipment in the project, it could improve its productivity. And improve its profitability.The company should also think about the legal. The company should insure that the project is not against the legal. If not, company may be punished by the government and even be banded.At last, company should consider its customers. It should consider that its products, making by the project, will be attracted by the customers. If no customers like it, they may get little profit for the project.ConclusionAs an advisor for the company, this report can help the company make the flex budget and variances and use the two methods to analysis the investment and help the company choose the best method. This will help company make much profit. ReferenceSQA, preparing Financial Forecast (version 3),China Modern Economic Publishing House, 2004./definition/direct-labor-efficiency-variance.html/wiki/Payback_period/terms/d/dcf.aspThe calculation of the variances would be:1.Direct material total variance(standard units of actual production × standard price) – (actual quantity × actual price)[(4kg × 1600) ×￡10]–￡61600=￡64000–￡61600=￡2400 ( F )2.Direct material usage variancestandard price × (standard units of actual production－actual units)=￡10 × (4kg × 1600－5600kg)=￡10 × 800kg=￡8000 (F)3.Direct material price varianceactual quantity × (standard price－actual price)=5600kg × (￡10－￡11)=5600kg ×￡1=￡5600 (A)4.Direct labor total variance(standard hours of actual production × standard rate ph)－(actual hours × actual rate ph)[(2h×1600) ×￡9]－(3520h ×￡10)=(3200h ×￡9)－￡35200=￡28800－￡35200=￡6400(A)5.Direct labor rate varianceactual hours × (standard rate ph－actual rate ph)3520h × (￡9－￡10)=3520h ×￡1=￡3520(A)6.Direct labor efficiency variancestandard rate ph × (standard hours of actual production－actual hours)￡9×[2h×1600－3520h]=￡9×(3200h－3520h)=￡9×320h=￡2880(A)7.Total overhead variance（budgeted variable overhead + budgeted fixed overhead－(actual variable overhead + actual fixed overhead)(￡3200+￡8200)+(￡3200+￡8600)=￡11400(A)－￡11800(A)=￡400(A)Appendix 3Variance ratio:The rate for direct material total variances is £ 2400/£ 64000×100%=3.75% The rate of direct material usage variance is £ 8000/£ 64000×100%=12.5% The rate of direct material price variance is £ 5600/£ 64000×100%=8.75% The rate of direct labor variance is 6400/28800×100%=22.2%The rate of direct labor rate variance is £ 3520/£ 28800×100%=12.2%The rate of direct labor efficiency variance is £ 2880/£ 28000×100%=10% The rate of total overhead variance is £ 400/(£ 3200+8600)×100%=3.51%Payback Period:Discounted Cash Flow:。

An Evaluation of UK Government Policy on Mentalhealth and behavior in schoolsTable of Contents1 Introduction (1)2 Market failure (2)2.1 Merit goods (2)2.2 Public goods (2)2.3 Impertfect competition (2)2.4 Externalities (2)3 UK Governments policy (1)3.1 Introduction to the policy (2)3.2 instruments used (2)3.3 Justification of the performance of policy (2)4 Conclusion (2)References (5)Appendices (6)Appendix I: (6)Appendix II: (6)1IntroductionThis report aims to explain the‘market failure’and the role of government in relative to merit goods, public goods, imperfect composition and externalities.The policy about mental health and behavior in school will also be introduced.Then it will describe the instruments used to achieve the policy and evaluate the policy.2Market failureMarket fail, that is, they do not provide all of the goods and services needed by the government,nor by society(SQA,2013a p184).2.1Merit goodsThe government provides services that might not be provided by the private sector in sufficient quantities or of a sufficient quantity (SQA,2013a p188).For instance,medical services,education and so on.In China,the government provides the public universities and nine year education,which support children to go to school and get a better education.2.2Public goodsThese are commodities, which would not be provided by the private sector because they would find that many people, even if they benefited from them, would refuse to pay(SQA,2013b p190), for example, grills in the park and Automatic Pet Water Fountain and so on.In many countries, the government provides the Automatic Pet Water Fountain, which is convenient for passerby to drink water whenever they want.2.3Imperfect competitionA company which control their own market , and they have no rival. A monoplist can adjust prices output in the market.for example, on February 5, 1991, pierpont Morgan bought Andrew Carnegie, Rockefeller,several iron ore and all the steel business,became the largest steel company , 65% of steel production by their control.The government could establish perfect competition through the establishment of enterprise competition policy (Peter,2013)2.4ExternalitiesAn externality is an effect of a purchase or use decision by one set of parties on others who did not have a choice and whose interests were not taken into account (SQA,2013d p188).For example, the negative externalities include car exhaust, smoking, kara OK noisy,which will do harm to the environment and people’health.As far as I am concerned, the government should have odd-and-even license plate rule and provide new energy electric vehicle.The positive externalities include new technology like purify the water and restoration of historical buildings.I think the government should support the enterprise to create more new technology.3UK Governments policy3.1 Introduction to the policy--Mental health and behavior in schoolsThe purpose of this policy is to let all pupils benefit from learning and developing in a well ordered school environment that fosters and rewards good behaviour and sanctions poor and disruptive behaviour. Their behaviour and discipline in schools advice sets out the powers and duties for school staff and approaches they can adopt to manage behaviour in their schools. It also says that schools should consider whether continuing disruptive behaviour might be a result of unmet educational or other needs. Published on16 June 2014，last updated on18 March 2016(Gov,UK,16 June 2014)3.2 Instruments usedInstruments- economic variables that governments can control directly for example, tax, public spending(SQA,2013e p194).The government take actions via government spending and relevant regulation.They found the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services to deal with it.The specific services offered by CAMHS vary depending on the needs of the local area. The best way to influence those services overall is to get involved with the local health and wellbeing board.The government take actions to help them in referring pupils effectively to specialist CAMHS and otherwise working well with the service for the benefit of their vulnerable pupils. These include:1.The government hire some people documenting evidence of the symptoms or behaviour that are causing concern,encouraging the pupil and their parents/carers to speak to their GP2.The government spent some money working with local specialist CAMHS to make the referral process as quick and efficient as possible(Spence, S.H. 2003)3.1Justification of the performance of the policyI think the policy is successful, the mental health care benefits can make children to have a happier life.Thanks to the policy, children now have the ability to develop psychologically, emotionally, intellectually and spiritually.However,I think the policy also has some disadvantages.It has greatly increased government pressure.For example,Set up the CAMHS organization to support the school and some public organization。

大学生经济学专业实习报告（精选5篇）大学生经济学专业篇1一、：为了加强对营销管理知识的理解，完善自己的知识理论体系。

参观、学习企业的生产、销售流程和理解企业文化精髓，有利于加深对现代企业营销管理现状的了解，加深对企业管理活动的感性和理性认识，并通过实习调研活动，锻炼分析实际问题的能力，培养认真、严谨的工作作风，为就业和将来的工作提供一些宝贵的实践经验。

针对于此，我在进行了三年专业课学习之后，通过对《管理学原理》、《西方经济学》、《人力资源管理》、《创业管理》和《管理思想史》等专业课的学习，可以说对有关管理学的专业基础知识、基本理论、基本方法和结构体系已经基本掌握了，但这无非只是纸上谈兵，倘若能将这些理论性的知识和实际工作相结合，那必定会事半功倍，达到我的学习初衷。

“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”，只有把从书本上学到的理论知识应用于实际的企业管理操作中去，才能真正掌握这门知识。

二、实习时间：20xx年6月29日至20xx年7月24日三、实习地点：吉林x有限公司。

办公地址：四、实习单位概况：吉林x有限公司始建于1997年8月份，座落于美丽的长白山脚下、图们江畔。

是集科研开发、生产销售、设计施工于一体的综合性防水材料企业。

是国内较早生产改性沥青防水卷材、聚乙烯丙纶高分子防水卷材以及防水涂料的专业生产企业之一，是中国建筑防水协会会员单位，在同行业率先通过了is09001：20xx国际质量管理体系认证。

企业拥有雄厚的经济技术实力，拥有国内先进的大型现代化流水生产线设备，年产量已突破600万平方米，产品的配方、工艺及性能指标等方面都达到了国内先进水平。

企业目前已形成了“禹威”牌改性沥青防水卷材、聚乙烯丙纶高分子防水卷材以及防水涂料等系列产品，其中包括柔性体、弹性体(sbs)、塑性体(app)改性沥青防水卷材、聚乙烯丙纶高分子卷材、聚氨脂防水涂料、js复合防水涂料等，这些产品能全面满足防水工程方面多层次的需求。

均获得省市优质产品称号，被吉林省政府命名为“吉林省名牌产品”、“用户满意产品”，被吉林省消协评为“消费者信得过产品”，被质协评为“质量担保产品”，被吉林省工商局评为“著名商标”、“重守信用单位”。

经济学：
Section1:
什么是市场失灵？
解决的四个方面a.公共产品b 鼓励性产品c 内外控制d 调整
什么是垄断：对社会的影响
Section2:
选择一个政策（福利政策，竞争政策，环境政策）
.a 说明这个政策
b. 政府用什么工具达到这个政策
c. 评估这个政策
人力：
1，组织结构的类型，和主要产品
2，给一个建议说明哪种组织结构适合这个公司，可以让这个公司更好的发展，给出充分的理由
3，组织结构的决定性因素是什么，为什么布局成这样
4，分析这个公司的各种关系
5，权利的分部：
在政府，责任，代表团是怎样表现的
市场学：
1，什么是市场学，结合公司
2，宏观，微观对组织的影响
3，市场调研
4，市场细分（好处，过程，给企业带来的好处）
市场细分的目的
5，市场组合：7个“P”每个都要解释并且结合案例
6，市场营销组合随着环境的变化而变化。

I. IntroductionThis report introduction some economics about the world economy including free trade, exchange rate, balance of payment, NIC and LDC and so on. In this report i will analyze 14 elements to make a clear explanation about world economy.II. Text1.Explain free trade including the theory of absolute advantage and comparative advantageFree trade had the original intention that goods and services could be exchanged freely between countries with no barriers to this exchange.Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, or TPP, as it’s more commonly know. 12 countries like America, Japan, Australian and so on, they reach on agreement about TPP on 5th of October in 2015. Between TPP members, the products and service price will decrease and logistics speed will increase. Add the 12 countries which accounts for 40% of the global economy. The TPP will reduce or decrease tariff on 18000 categories of products.Absolute advantage is said to occur when one country can produce a good or service to a pre-determined quality with less resources than another country.The benefit or advantage of an economy to be able to produce a commodity at a lesser opportunity cost than other entities is referred to as comparative advantage in international trade theory.In 1970s, manufacture industry take up large proportion in UK, its manufacture industry has absolute advantage. However, its industry began transfer to overseas from 1980s. Particularly manufacture industry, UK environment become very bad duoto much manufacture industry, so UK government decide close some domestic factory and invest Financial industry. Financial industry rose sharply base on this opportunity. Financial industry don’t have to cause pollution, and its profitability also very good.2. Identify three gains from international tradeFirst of all, goods and services could exchange freely between countries with no barriers to this exchange. And the goods can decrease cost, and that can increase employment rate and rose the economic in the local area.Second, International trade can improve global productivity because that can use absolute advantage and comparative advantage to make cost deduction and after that the productivity will increase.Third, International trade customer can get more products from other countries, and low product cost can make the goods become more cheaper and international trade make the market become large and increase product will make scale effect.3.Explain barriers to trade including two forms of protectionTrade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade. The barriers can take many forms, including the following tariffs and non tariffs.Give a example about tariffs, 35% tariffs on Chinese tyres imposed on the United States on 11th September in 2009. It make Chinese tyres firms have to increase price if sales in America.For example about non tariffs, Russia to Ukraine for embargoes which suspension of Ukraine imports of juice on 29th July in 2014. It make Ukraine’s juice not allow sale in Russia.4.Explain why government may wish to rise barriers to international tradeBecause government want to protect the country’s job opportunity and avoid anti-dumping. For example, Local shoemaker in Elche, the capital of Spain’s once flourishing footwear industry, argue that “Made in China” is taking away their jobs by means of ultra-low pricing.For example about anti-dumping, earlier in May 2012, solar panel manufacturers in the United States led the U.S. Government to impose anti-dumping duties, ranging from 31% to 250% on solar panel imports from China, which were accused of selling panels in the U.S. Market at prices below cost.5. Describe the role of WTO in development of free tradeThe WTO was founded in 1994 on April 15. WTO has 164 member states, headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. WTO objective is improve life level ensure sufficient job opportunity and solar improve income level and keep the sustainable development road and ensure developing country’s interests.WTO basic on open, equality and mutual benefit, escalate decrease tariffs and non tariffs and eliminate discriminate between the member states in the international trade. That will promote the development of free trade.On 7th December 2013, 18 years have passed since the establishment of the WTO’s first global trade agreement was born. That will promote the development of tree trade.6.0 Explain how EU promote free tradeEuropean Union or EU establish 1st of November in 1993. There are 28 member of country in the EU now like Netherlands, France, Italy and so on. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. The purpose of EU is Strengthen the coordinated development of economy and society and establish the economic and monetary union of the final implementation of the unified monetary union, and promote the balanced development of economic and social development of the member states.EU make many rules for member states like removal of the member countries of the border control, member states capital can flow freely. These rules help EU member countries escape the trade barrier.And other rules like free trade between member states, and use a same currency which is euro to make trade, these rules help the member states expand market to economic growth.7.0Explain the composition of the UK's balance of payments and its recent trends in the last 30 yearsThis accompanying picture above shows detail about balance of payment in the UK in 2010.This above table gives information about current account, capital account and financial account in UK from 1980 to 2010. In terms of current account,according to the data, there just four years the figure is positive when between 1980 and 1983. And then the figure almost negative from 1984 to 2010. And the figure gain the lowest number about -55190 million in 2008. This situation illustrate UK’s economic development is not very good.In terms of capital account, according to the data this account experience a fluctuate trend. At first, the figure was -4 million in 1980 and then the figure decrease to -79 million in 1981. After that the figure was 6 million in 1982 increase to 159 million in 1987. What is funny thing is the figure fall again to -39 million in 1988. After that the figure experience a fluctuate and what is no table is the figure gain a lowest number -1527 million in 2006.In terms of financial account, the figure see an positive trend from 2157 million in 1980 to 122 million in 1986. And then the figure experience a negative trend between -9690 million in 1987 and -23296 million in 1993. And from -20261 million in 1999to -30276 million in 2010 this account experience negative trend again, and get the lowest number in 2008 because of the financial crisis the figure was -39301 million.8.0 Explain British trade trends in the last 30 yearsThe table shows the evolution of trade in goods and services in UK between 1980 and 2008. The trade in goods account stand 20 billion in 1980. The trade in goods account has remained in deficit. The deficit grew remarkable in the late 1980s to reach a peak of about 24 billion in 1989. And then decreased back to 20 billion in early 1990s and keep a stable at 10 billion from 1991 to 1998. In 1998 the deficit jumped by over 9 billion, and it has continued to rise since, reaching a cash record of 92.9 billion in 2008.Overall, the evolution of trade in goods experience an upward trend. With the development too fast, UK need to keep up with the times, the country must through trade in good to increase country’s income so with the passage of time, there are more and more trade in UK.The trade in services account stand 8 billion at first and the figure keep until in 1995. From 1995 to 2003 the figure keep around 18 billion. After that, the figure experience an upward trend and peak at 56billion in 2008.Overall the evolution of trade in service see an upward trend. With the development of the times, services like financial service, travel service become more and more popular for people. So the the number of trade in service will be increase.9.0 The relationship between exchange rate and balance of paymentsExchange rate is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency. Cheaper currency helps boost the export. If demand keep keep the same, the value of goods will reduce and the current account balance may deteriorate. If the exchange rate increase, the country’s goods might suffer and demand from abroad could decrease.If the demand keep the same volume, the value of exports will rise and the current account balance should be improved. For example, China allowed the yuan to rise 21% against the dollar in the three years to July 2008, but since then it has more or less kept the rate fixed. As a result, the yuan’s trade weighted value has been dragged down by the sickly dollar, while some other currencies have soared. Since March the Brazilian real and the South Korean won have gain 42% and 36% respectively against the yuan, seriously eroding those countries’ competitiveness.When currency appreciation, it benefit for overseas investment and capital outflows. On the contrary, currency devalue, it will influence overseas investment and benefit for foreign capital inflows.10.0 The advantages and disadvantages about floatingexchange rate and single currencyIn terms of advantages about floating exchange rate, first is expected to provide an automatic correcting mechanism, it will help country adjust the function of balance of payments.Second is the exchange rate will not become a target because whichever way it moves, the mechanism should start to operate quickly to restore equilibrium.Third is if a country imports more than it exports then the supply of its currency will exceed demand for it and its price will fall. Exports will become cheaper and imports dearer, restoring equilibrium.In terms of disadvantages about floating exchange rate, it adds uncertainty. Price may fluctuate in very short time scales. Purchasers have to watch two things. The price of the goods and the price of the currency. They may buy the goods at one price but when the deal is concluded find that they have to pay more for the currency than they envisaged.Second is demand may be unstable because external prices of domestic goods will be subject to change. Planning production may be difficult.Third is if there is inflation a floating exchange rate will not always deal with it effectively because the depreciation of the currency in the foreign exchange markets will make imports dearer and assist possible cost push inflationIn terms of advantages about single currency, first is can reduce costs, firms and individuals do not have to pay as they move themselves or goods or services from one EU country to another.Second is it can reduce exchange rate uncertainty, like the UK pound will be at the same rate for all Euro members.Third is increased foreign investment, direct inward investment should be attracted because of the reduction of uncertainty.In terms of disadvantages about single currency, first is loss of independent monetary policy like scope for fiscal policy adjustments is restricted by need to stay within 3% of GDP.Second is misalignment of exchange rates, an exchange and interest rate which benefits most members may not benefit all.Third is regional differences, different place have different custom, there may affect firms which be persuaded to move to more prosperous areas.11.0 Explain the influence of floating exchange rate and fixed exchange rate on economic individualAs for the individual, floating exchange rate change will influence individual, like raise the floating exchange rate that mean is native currency devalue, so it will influence people take more money in the foreign countries like travel or study in foreign countries.Second, floating exchange rate is difficult for long term trade and contracts like people speculation on foreign exchange is difficult for long term trade because people have no idea about tomorrow the exchange will be increase or decrease.Third is fixed exchange rate can avoid inflation, so people can avoid currency devaluation by the fixed exchange rate.As for the business, floating exchange rate will influence business,too. For example, decrease the floating exchange rate will make native currency appreciation, so it will impact business export, business will decrease export and increase import. And it will decrease business profit from foreign area.On the contrary, if rise the floating exchange rate, it will attract foreign investor and promote business export.Fixed exchange rates can reduce the risk of exchange rate fluctuations that business can avoid affect revenue and increase profit.12.0 Explain the two characteristics of NIC or LDCSomalia is one of the LDCs. Somalia has a large proportion of the inhabitants live in the countryside with subsistence agriculture, living in a family with many children and working on a small piece of land with much too little funds to purchase adequate agricultural machinery, fertilisers or pesticides. Somalia has a poor infrastructure is very likely to hinder the revitalisation of economy in Somalia. So their trade capacity is bad, too.In Somalia,unemployment is usually very high with very little industry because most people work on their own small plots of land. And high unemployment rate influence national gross domestic product,so Somalia’s GDP always low.13.0 Analysis NIC and LDC face the main economic problemsZimbabwe is belong to LDC, and Zimbabwe inflation rates are generally much higher, Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation at very beginning of the 21st century. And this country is caught in a various circle of poverty. It stay poor because it is poor, low per capitalincomes make it difficult for Zimbabwe to save and invest, a condition that perpetuates low productivity and low incomes and government gain low tax that influence Zimbabwe build infrastructure like education, medicine, military. Furthermore, rapid popular growth may quickly absorb increases in per capital real income and thereby destroy the possibility of breaking out of the poverty circle.Chinese firms might well be very critical. They have been very successful in moving their resources around the world to where they get the best return. As wage and salaries and other begin to rise in the China, with increasing labor costs, rising inflation and a manufacturer of consumer goods. Rising costs are forcing companies, such as Nike, to take a closer look at new sourcing locations across Asia.14.0 Analysis the economic impact of multinational companies to NIC or LDCAdidas company set some branch companies in the Thailand. In terms of advantages, Adidas company can being high technology, management experience to the Thai, it can let them improve their own quality. And Adidas company can supply many job opportunities that can improve Thailand employment rate and then, government can gain more tax to build some infrastructural like invest education system, medicine and military and so on.In terms of disadvantages, Adidas will use sources which from Thailand and make some pollution in Thailand. The most worst thing is Adidas basic on high technology and reputation will beat some Thailand’s firms that will make these firms have to lose down.III. ConclusionAfter analyzing these 14 elements, you may have a clear acknowledge of theinternational trade, balance of payment, LDCs and so on, It will help you to realize the world economy.IV. Reference(1)/micro-economic-essays/marketfailure/positive-exte rnality/(2)/micro-economic-essays/marketfailure/negative-exte rnality/(3)/terms/i/imperfect_competition.asp(4)/od/termsbeginningwithm/g/monopsony.htm(5)/financial-dictionary/economics/oligopoly-104(6)/oligopoly-examples.html。

第1篇一、实验背景与目的1. 实验背景随着经济的不断发展，市场行为、资源配置、政策调控等经济现象越来越复杂。

为了更好地理解这些现象，经济实验作为一种模拟真实经济环境的方法，被广泛应用于经济学教学和研究中。

本实验旨在通过模拟市场交易过程，探讨价格机制、供需关系以及市场效率等问题。

2. 实验目的（1）验证价格机制在资源配置中的作用。

（2）分析供需关系对市场价格和数量变动的影响。

（3）探讨市场效率与市场失灵现象。

二、实验方法与过程1. 实验方法本实验采用模拟市场交易的方法，通过计算机软件进行模拟实验。

实验中，参与者扮演不同的角色，如买家、卖家、市场管理者等，通过模拟交易过程来观察和分析经济现象。

2. 实验过程（1）实验准备：设置实验场景，包括市场类型、商品种类、初始价格、初始库存等参数。

（2）实验实施：参与者根据自身角色进行市场交易，包括报价、出价、议价、成交等环节。

（3）数据收集：记录每次交易的成交价格、成交量、市场剩余库存等数据。

（4）数据分析：对收集到的数据进行统计分析，包括计算平均价格、价格波动、供需弹性等指标。

三、实验结果与分析1. 实验结果（1）价格机制在资源配置中起到了重要作用。

随着交易次数的增加，市场价格逐渐趋于稳定，反映了市场供需关系。

（2）供需关系对市场价格和数量变动有显著影响。

在供给不变的情况下，需求增加导致价格上涨；在需求不变的情况下，供给增加导致价格下降。

（3）市场效率与市场失灵现象并存。

在竞争充分的市场中，价格能够及时反映市场供需变化，实现资源有效配置；而在垄断或信息不对称的市场中，价格可能无法准确反映市场真实情况，导致资源浪费或市场失灵。

2. 实验分析（1）价格机制的有效性：实验结果表明，在竞争市场中，价格能够及时反映市场供需变化，实现资源有效配置。

这验证了价格机制在资源配置中的重要作用。

（2）供需关系的影响：实验中，供需关系对市场价格和数量变动的影响与经济学理论相符，进一步证实了供需关系的基本原理。

HND项目专业课程设置一览表中文名称学分英文名称Busin ess Law: An In troducti on 商法导论 1Bus in ess Con tractual商务契约关系 1 Relati on shipsBus in ess Acco un ti ng 商务会计 2Economic Issues: Anintroduction 经济学导论 1Man agi ng People and人力和组织管理 2 Orga ni sati onsCommuni cati on: An alys ing andPrese nting Complex 商务沟通技巧 1Communi cati onIntern ati onal Market ing: An国际营销导论 1 in troducti onIn ternati on al Market ing: The Mix 国际市场组合 1in formati on and Communi cati on商务信息与通讯技术 2 Tech no logy in Bus in essBus in ess Culture and Strategy 商务文化与策略 2Global Trade and Bus in ess:记分单元1 1 Graded Unit 11Econo mics 1: Micro and Macro经济学I :微观与宏观理论及其应用 经济学U :世界经济 1 财政预算 1 国际惯例 1 出口援助资源 1 出口 2 财务报表分析 2 国际物流2 国际商业组织2Theory and Applicati onEcono mics 2: The World Economy Prepari ng Finan cial Forecasts Intern ati onal In stituti ons Sources of Export Assista nee Export ingFinancial Reporting and Analysis Intern ati onal LogisticsGlobal Bus in ess Orga ni sati onsGlobal Trade and Bus in ess:记分单元2 2Graded un it 21国际理财Finan cial Services课程设置英文名称Busin ess Acco untingBusin ess Law: An In troducti onCommuni cati on: An alys ing andPrese nting Complex Communi cati onCreati ng a Culture of CustomerCareEcono mic Issues: AnIn troducti onFinan cial Sector: AnIn troducti onIn formati on Tech no logy: Applicati ons Software 1 Man agi ng People and Orga ni sati onsMarket ing: An In troducti on中文名称学分商务会计 2 商法导论 1商务沟通技巧 1 客户服务文化构建 1 经济学导论 1 金融业导论 1信息技术应用软件1 I人力和组织管理 2 市场学导论1Personal Finan cial Services 个人理财服务保险原理 1记分单元1 1经济学U :世界经1济国际贸易融资2 金融服务业规范 1所得税1信息技术应用软件1n投资学 2 养老金规划 2 个人和商业信贷 2 财政预算1记分单元2 1记分单元31Prin ciples of In sura nee Finan cial Services: Group AwardGraded Unit 1Econo mics 2: The World EconomyFinancing Intern ati onal Trade Finan cial Services Regulatory Framework In come TaxIn formati on Tech no logy: Applicati ons Software 2 In vestme nt Pension Provisi onPersonal and Commercial Lending Prepari ng Finan cial Forecasts Finan cial Services: Group Award Graded Unit 2Finan cial Services: Group AwardGraded Un it 3。

经济学专业毕业实习报告〔精选5篇〕篇一：经济学专业毕业实习报告精选一、实习目的：初步认识社会，进一步理解货代以及物流运输组织与管理的相关知识，做到学以致用，把从学校学到的理论知识与实际工作中的理论贯穿起来，从社会理论中，逐步完善自我、开展自我，最终完全融入现实生活当中，做一名言出必行、知识与才能兼备的合格大学生。

二、实习时间：20xx年x月x日至20xx年x月x号三、实习工作岗位：开单员四、实习单位情况简介：xx公司作为专业的供给链效劳商，成立于___年，公司拥有一支三百余人的人才队伍，聚集了一批在现代供给链管理及物流运作方面的专业人才,平均年龄x岁。

xx物流立足于市场，在剧烈的市场竞争中经受住重重考验;秉承“志高致远，鸿达信诚”的经营理念，聚集中西文化，汲取先进的物流管理经历，本着以人为本，秉承诚信，持续改善的宗旨，以精湛的x区域专线营运为平台，打造全方位的第三方物流效劳，其优势在于对整个供给链上的各个环节进展方案、协调、控制和优化，通过采购-运输-仓储-配送-销售-售后效劳这样一个完好的流程，采用将顾客所需的正确的产品、在正确的时间、按照正确的数量、正确的质量和正确的状态送到正确的地点的运作形式，以帮助客户减少资金占用、加快资金周转、降低库存程度、削减物流本钱、迅速响应市场需求等目的，从而最终实现——最大程度地为客户创造价值!公司对不同的客户，针对客户的产品性质、运输间隔、搬运要求、通过“量体裁衣”，变被动效劳为主动效劳，不断进步物流运作的可靠性和客户满意度。

x人正是以这种认真、执着、进取、拼搏的精神成为世界五百强等众多著名企业的战略合作伙伴。

展望将来，我们将以良好的精神相貌，崭新的工作姿态大胆探究，勇于理论，迎接将来新挑战，打造物流行业新航母。

多年来与我公司有业务往来的商贾朋友已普及世界各地，在与他们的各项物流合作中，我们专业的水准，优质的效劳深得其信赖，获得了良好的信誉，赢得了客户的口碑。

根据学校安排，我们开展了为期21天的生产实习。

生产实习作为课堂教育的一个延伸，是整个教学培养计划中不可或缺的一部分。

学生通过生产实习走出课堂，积极参与到社会实践中去，将自己所学理论知识与具体的生产实践结合起来，有利于提高学生的动手能力和实际操作能力，拓宽视野，从而更好的指导理论课的学习。

因而其意义是十分巨大的！一、实习简介。

本次生产实习由经济与管理学院组织，经济学系做具体安排。

实习时间，共计21天。

实习由校外参观与校内讲座相结合进行。

二、主要实习单位。

河南金星啤酒集团郑州宇通客车股份有限公司娅丽达女裤Part1地点：娅丽达女裤从一家只有20多个员工的小工厂成长为现在占地面积如此之大，建有针织服装生产车间和印花车间，并设有服装展台的综合大楼的大规模公司，背后的故事也许不能仅仅用“震撼”两个字来高度概括吧！一下车便看到了娅丽达公司的展台，展台里的衣服琳琅满目，风格、款式也很符合我们年轻消费者的需求。

这就是它能打进娅丽达女裤的硬实力吧！它的产品覆盖全国各省和地区，在国内市场有一定的竞争力。

领队讲话中指出，他们的产品种类齐全，样式繁多。

这也表明了该公司的适应能力十分强，能够在激烈的竞争浪潮中立足。

技术和企业文化便是娅丽达的软实力。

娅丽达裁剪技术可谓在整个河南省都引领潮流。

他们的企业文化便是：以先进的生产设备为基础，国内需求为导向，贯彻高效生产，严把质量的管理方针，不懈追求尽善尽美的国际知名品牌，为生产更多完美服装而奋斗。

他们的流水线十分先进，公司花费了四十多万元购置一台自动流水线，这是全省最先进的全自动流水线。

此机器的引用，大大提高了质量与效率，也提高了他们厂的市场竞争力。

在生产中，娅丽达严把质量关。

生产出来的产品无论是款式还是做工都很让人满意。

就他们的生产过程，我们主要参观了4个车间：裁床车间、成衣车间和印花车间。

在裁床车间里，我看到了那台用几十万元购置的自动流水线，虽说很大型，干得却是细活，且一丝不苟。

Answer the following questions in relation to WJE1 Economics revolves around the nature of choice and the availability of Resources. With reference to WJE’s current situation, explain what is meant by the term ‘the bas ic (central) economic problem’.经济学围绕所选择的性质和资源的可用性。

参考Wje的现状，解释什么是“基本经济问题”（中央）。

回答：在这里涉及到基本经济问题中的两种，一种是稀缺资源，另一种是选择。

稀缺资源：定义（看书）+ 文章中的例子（金钱，材料等等具体说出来）；机会：定义（看书）+ 文中的例子（在introduce a new model和upgrade the Tiger2 at a modest cost中选一个）2 In relation to WJE’s current situation explain what is meant by the term opportunit y cost. 在关系到Wje现状的解释什么是短期机会成本。

回答：机会成本的定义（书上）+联系例子（文中选择了introduce a new model，因此文中的机会成本便是upgrade the Tiger2 at a modest cost）3 Figure 1 shows the demand and supply curves for performance sports cars similar to those offered by WJE. The quantity demanded is illustrated by line D, and the quan tity firms are prepared to supply is illustrated by line S.图1显示性能跑车所提供的类似的需求和供给曲线Wje。

经济学模拟实验报告(3篇)经济学模拟实验报告 11、太阳下影子变化实验名称：太阳下影子变化的模拟实验。

实验准备：手电筒、绳子、橡皮、铅笔、呼啦圈等实验过程：用手电筒代替太阳，把手电筒用细绳挂在呼啦圈上。

早上太阳从东方升起，傍晚从__落下，影子随着太阳位置的变化由西向动转动。

实验结论：早上和傍晚的影子最长，中午的影子最短。

2、实际试验模拟昼夜变化的实验实验名称：模拟昼夜变化的实验。

实验准备：地球仪、手电筒等实验过程：用手电筒水平照射地球仪，会发现向着手电筒的一面变亮了，背着的一面没有变亮，逆时针转动地球仪，地球仪亮着和黑的一面不断变换。

实验结论：向着太阳的一面是白昼，背着太阳的一面是黑夜，随着地球的转动，白昼和黑夜交替出现。

3、设计试验研究凸透镜和凹透镜的作用实验名称：研究凸透镜和凹透镜的作用。

实验准备：凸透镜、凹透镜、白纸等实验过程：（1）分别用凸透镜和凹透镜观察物体。

（2）让阳光穿过凸透镜，观察聚焦情况。

（3）把凸透镜对着窗户，观察成像的情况。

实验结论：凸透镜有放大物体的作用，能聚光成像。

凹透镜有缩小物体的的作用。

4、设计试验证明光的行进方向。

实验准备：手电筒、三张带孔的纸板等试验过程：把三张纸板平行放置让三个小孔在一条直线上，用手电筒照，光能穿过三个小孔；让三个小孔不在一条直线上，光不能通过小孔。

试验结论：光在空气中是沿着直线行进的。

5、实验名称：研究电磁铁的磁极（自制的电磁铁）实验方法：（1）给电磁铁通电后，让其钉帽一端与指南针接近，如果钉帽与指南针的北极相吸，那电磁铁的这端就是南极；（2）改变电池的__极，发现钉帽与指南针的北极相斥，这时电磁铁的南极变成了北极。

实验结论：电磁铁的两极会改变，电池__极方向改变后会改变电磁铁的磁极。

6、问题：电磁铁的磁力大小与什么有关？假设与线圈圈数有关。

线圈匝数多，磁力大；线圈匝数少，磁力小。

保持不变的是：电池数量、铁钉粗细等。

需要改变的是：线圈匝数结论：电磁铁的磁力大小与线圈匝数有关。

Behavioural Skills for BusinessDE3L 35OUTCOME 1Tutor teacher:HNDCandidate Name:ID Number:Total Words:Finish Date:1. IntroductionThis report focuses on the skills of the leader. Faboil Ltd has developed into a successful organization biotechnology field, Richard is the leader of this team, he was not aware of their responsibilities and the division of work of their subordinates not clear, and so some of the problems, the report will be an analysis of the company's business behavior skills the role of managers involved in the conflict, time management, stress management, in order to solve these problems.2.0Analysis and Resolution2.1 Manage rolesHenry Mintzberg identified 10 roles common to the work of all managers. The ten roles are divided into three groups:●The interpersonal roles are the result of position he or she holds in management.●The informational roles link all the managerial work together.●The decisional roles the unique access to information places the manager at the centre of organization decision making.The three interpersonal roles are primarily concerned with relationships. For instance, Figurehead, Liaison, Leader.The direct relationships with people in the interpersonal roles place the manager in a unique position to get information. Thus, the three informational roles are primarily concerned with the information aspects of managerial work. For instance, Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson.The unique access to information places the manager at the centre of organizational decision making. There are four decisional roles, for instance, Entrepreneur, Disturbance, Handler, Resource Allocator, and Negotiator.In this case, Richard Cranberry is the leader of this team, he is difficult to control and manage the team, however, and this organization is very backward management approach. Richard Cranberry has encouraged his three project teams to develop new products, as quickly as possible. The leader's responsibility is to motivate and activation staffing, training, associated duties. But he was not clear about the responsibility of the leader, and the work of Joanne Carole Carole's work is not necessity. Richard Cranberry should be equal distribution of work.In this team, Richard is not associated with other departments.For the science department, finance department and marketing department, no association with each other.In a team, various departments should be contacted by the appropriate contact, so that is conducive to the development of the team, we must be engaged in the information exchange network and access the knowledge base. Thus, Richard should strengthen the interaction with other departments.Richard does not use the resources possible role in the allocation of resources, and can not provide a suitable job to the right person. Description of financial, material and human resources, distribution andsupervisory responsibilities. Depending on the sector, he should the allocate new work, and to strengthen the team spirit of cooperation among the three groups. In this case, Carole towards work dutifully, her organization has been 10 years, the other two the Team Leaders to with Carole's situation seemed to be coping better than Carole. Both Joanne and Ian sympathized, and told her that she should tell Richard that she could not cope. Carole did not really want to admit that she was unable to cope. Further consideration, she gave Richard some suggestions, but that meeting Richard but please long-term sick leave. She told the HR manager Colin Meed, about the status quo, let her do Acting Executive know Richard. A negotiation must have clear aim to discuses, and do many prepare work, you need to consider in advance they said the proposal is adopted, and whether the other side of the negotiations can be time presence.2.2 Assertiveness skillsAssertiveness is an umbrella term it is more concerned with the judgment, action, decision making and modification of manager's integrated ability.Aggressive people may upset others. This may lead to others avoiding them or escalating the conflict. This can affect communication, company image, relationships, and stress. They may also get upset with themselves afterwards if they have lost their temple -often aggressive people cannot control their aggressive.Submissive people may avoid dealing with issues.0ther may get frustrated with them or trample over them .This may lead to resentment, reduced self-esteem, and stress.Assertive people develop positive relationships with others, as they will try to consider other viewpoints as well as presenting their own viewpoint in a clear way. They will seek to work with others but will also stand up for themselves. This can lead to better self-image and reduced stress.Bill of rightIn this case,2.3Conflict in the workplaceConflict is process which begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something the first party cares about.Conflict between Carole and Joanne. It belongs to interpersonal conflict. Carole asked Joanne, network analysis, is to take over because she thought it was Joanne expertisefrom a moral perspective, Joanne refused to take on additional workload because she thought she was being undertaken Richard asked her.Source of conflict in the workplace have different goals, different time frames, different relationships, unequal distribution of power, unclear roles and responsibilities, as well as a limited number of resources.Carroll conflict because different goals. Incorrect authority Richard led to a clear role conflict leads to a great extent.As a result, to reduce individual and organizational performance, damage to physical and mental health, and increase the high stress levels and poor work attitude, damage to personal and working relationship between each other.Dealing with conflict can ignore the conflict, the conflict continues, to reduce or contain the conflict, conflict resolution, and to prevent the conflict in the first place. Communication with Joanne Carroll should perform; they can hold a meeting in order to solve this problem.2.4 Time ManagementTime management is about our use of time in relation to what we want to achieve. Typical time stealers are that searching for things or people, longer travel time, correcting mistakes, doing unnecessary activities, interruptions, changing priorities, unable to say “no”, waiting, clutter, procrastination.Carol decision, due to the lack of communication of information, and other stakeholders, we must change. This is a steal to correct the error. She is doing unnecessary activities, because she had received a lot of workload, she could not cope. She could not say "no". There are wastes of time to interrupt her. After save notes staff interrupted her work.她应该设置优先级的紧迫性和重要性，并确认她的工作。

International CollegeCentral South University of Forestry and TechnologyAssessment Task: _____________________________________________________________ Course Name:__________________________________ Outcome: ____________________ Prepared by：______________________________________________________ （English name）________________________________ （Chinese name）___________________ （Candidate Number)Class: ____________________ Name of Tutor：___________________________Due Date: _______________ Date Submitted：___________________Your report/essay should meet the following requirements。

Please confirm this before submitting your assignment。

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☐Pages have been firmly stapled。

☐ A copy has been retained by me.☐Declaration below is completed。

SteamScot是一家在苏格兰提供蒸汽火车之旅的私有的铁路公司。

目前他们在苏格兰运作三个具体的铁路旅行。

这些旅行是针对旅游市场并贯穿夏季。

大约70%的旅客是国内游客与其他30%的海外游客。

过去十年来，公司一直相当盈利,借助各种助学金,他们正考虑扩大业务。

然而,它也意识到在未来五年内主要检修的资本存量以及大修必须实行。

这正是该公司董事会面对的进退两难的局面。

预计在明年将有250万英镑。

这笔钱可以用来打开一条威廉堡,或因弗内斯之间的新路线,或对其当前的路线开展维修、更换计划。

最近的一份报告强调以下恐怖威胁,预计在未来三年内来自美国的参观者下降,但欧洲的游客可能会增加欧元上升趋势。

它还希望访问苏格兰的旅游机构，将在英国组织一个主要的广告宣传活动,以鼓励更多来自英国的访问者。

SteamScot董事会也正在考虑改变他们的价格,但不知道这是不是一个明智的做法。

目前的平均价格是一次旅程£4并且有60000名游客使用我们的服务。

一份由董事会委托的关于价格、供给与需求的报告显示在下面的表格。

门票价格需求量供给量£6 20,000 100,000£5 40,000 80,000£4 60,000 60,000£3 80,000 40,000£2 100,000 20,000£1 120,000 0问题：1.steamscot面临的基本经济问题是什么?这个问题是什么,什么是更换和维修计划的机会成本?2。

从上表中,建一个供给和需求的安排的一个图表,并确定均衡价格和数量。

3.a)计算,总收益和价格弹性需求。

(1)。

价格从4上涨到5。

(2)。

价格从4下跌到3。

b),如果你是steamscot董事会的一员, 在这两种情况下你有什么推荐给公司呢?听听你的意见。

4。

苏格兰旅游机构的广告将会如何影响SteamScot旅行的需求?做出图表。

5。

除了价格上升,别的什么决定将鼓励steamscot去增加供应它的旅行?6。

经济学原理是经济学的基础课程，通过本次实训，旨在加深对经济学基本原理的理解，提高分析经济问题的能力，并将理论知识应用于实际经济现象中。

通过本次实训，我期望能够：1. 理解并掌握经济学的基本概念和原理；2. 学会运用经济学原理分析现实经济问题；3. 培养经济学思维，提高解决实际问题的能力；4. 增强团队合作意识和沟通能力。

二、实训内容本次实训主要包括以下几个方面：1. 经济学基本概念的学习：包括供需理论、价格理论、市场结构、生产理论等；2. 经济学原理的应用：结合实际经济现象，运用经济学原理进行分析；3. 团队合作与沟通：分组讨论，共同完成实训报告。

三、实训过程1. 准备阶段：了解实训内容，查阅相关资料，为实训做好准备；2. 学习阶段：深入学习经济学基本概念和原理，通过课堂讲解、案例分析等方式，提高对经济学原理的理解；3. 应用阶段：结合实际经济现象，运用经济学原理进行分析，如市场供求关系、价格形成机制等；4. 团队合作阶段：分组讨论，共同完成实训报告，提高团队合作意识和沟通能力。

四、实训成果1. 经济学基本概念和原理的理解更加深入；2. 学会运用经济学原理分析现实经济问题；3. 培养了经济学思维，提高了解决实际问题的能力；4. 增强了团队合作意识和沟通能力。

1. 经济学原理的重要性：经济学原理是经济学的基础，对于理解和分析现实经济现象具有重要意义。

通过本次实训，我深刻认识到经济学原理在实际生活中的应用价值；2. 实践与理论相结合：本次实训使我认识到，理论知识与实际应用相结合是提高经济学素养的关键。

在今后的学习和工作中，我将注重理论知识的积累，同时关注实际经济现象，提高自己的经济学素养；3. 团队合作与沟通：在实训过程中，我深刻体会到团队合作与沟通的重要性。

通过分组讨论，我们共同完成了实训报告，这不仅提高了我们的团队合作能力，也锻炼了我们的沟通能力；4. 自我提升：通过本次实训，我认识到自己在经济学原理方面的不足，为今后的学习和研究指明了方向。

Economics 2: The WorldEconomyReworkContentIntroduction----------------------------------------------------------------3 Section 1: International TradeThree gains from trading internationally---------------------------------------3 Free Trade--------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Absolute and Comparative Advantage-----------------------------------------3 Protectionism----------------------------------------------------------------------4 Barriers to trade-------------------------------------------------------------------4 WTO and EU----------------------------------------------------------------------5 Section 2: International FinanceBalance of Payments and General trends in UK Trade----------------------6 Relationship between the exchange rate and the balance of payments—14 Single Currency------------------------------------------------------------------15 Effects on individuals and business of the Euro-----------------------------15 Section 3: Less Developed Countries (LDCs)Characteristics of a LDC--------------------------------------------------------16 Current issues that face LDCs--------------------------------------------------16 The impacts of multinationals on LDCs and NICs--------------------------16 Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------16 References------------------------------------------------------------------17Introduction:As a member of the government of nation on the periphery of Europe, it is my obligation to illustrate the benefits of joining the EU to the Premier. In this report, I will analyze 15elements in next three parts to make a clear explanation of benefits of joining the EU.Section 1: International TradeThree gains from trading internationally:To begin with, the international trade could increase world out-put. The tendency of globalization brings the firms more opportunities to gain the labor, resources, contracts and new technology. The supply and demand will be improved with the improvement of company’s productivity.Once the supply has been improved, the goods and services were produced at lower cost and there are more and more competitions, the price of the product might fall which means consumers could get more choices and cheaper goods.In addition, the most important gaining of international trade is it can generate economic growth. Free trade could increase sales, profit margins, and market shares and the both demand and supply level has updated. Meanwhile, the producer needs more resources, labor and capital to produce more to satisfy the global market. It direct result in improving the material market, finance market, and may decline the unemployment rate.Free tradeFree trade is a concept that there is no barrier to goods and services exchanged between countries. Since different countries have different terrain, weather, resources and technology, the international trade would bring the goods which are more valuable than the local people produce it by themselves.A good example for free trade is in Nov.18, 2004, Chinese President and Chilean President declared the start of the FTA negotiations. According to the agreement, the two countries would start tariff reduction of goods trade from July 1, 2006. Tariff of products accounting for 97% of the total of the two countries would be zero in ten years. China and Chile would carry out free trade in education, science & technology, environment protection, labor, social security, IPR, investment and promotion, mineral and industry. This agreement has promoted the free trade between China and Chile successfully.Absolute and comparative advantageAbsolute advantage refers to the ability of a particular person or a country to produce a particular good with fewer resources than another person or country. Absolute advantage is said to occur when one country can produce a good or service topre-determined quality more cheaply than anther country. It stands contrasted with the concept of comparative advantage which refers to the ability to produce a particular good at a lower opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is defined as the cost of choosing a good or service measured in terms of the next best alternative given up. A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in term of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries. Example: Korea and Japan have following production possibilities for two commodities, mobile phones and computers; assume that all the resources owned bythe advantage it has is much greater for mobiles. Using the same resources as Korea it can make twice as many mobile phones.For Japan the ‘cost’ of 1 Mobile phone is 10 bales of Computers, i.e. 20000/2000For Korea it is 15, i.e. 15000/1000But if we look at the case of computers we will find that here for Japan the cost of a bale of computers is one-tenth of a Mobile phone while for Korea it is one fifteenth. In terms of the output of Mobile phone foregone (opportunity cost), computer is cheaper in Korea than Japan. Korea has a Comparative advantage in computer while Japan has comparative advantage in mobile phone.ProtectionismProtectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over or competition.Here are two examples of protectionism:1: Britain imports bananas from its ex-colonies in South America while USA owns huge banana plantations in South America. In 1999 Britain refused to import bananas from South America, so the US government slapped tariffs on some British-made goods. The most serious one was a punitive tariff of 100% on Scottish wool products in order to limit the import from Britain.2: Another example of protectionism is in January, 2009, American government settled a policy that only the American steel can be used in America. The American government tended to use this policy to reduce the loss in financial crisis and it helps the steel workers to keep their jobs. In this example, protectionism protects the domestic lower-skilled labor and domestic industries.Barriers to tradeTo protect a country’s own industries, the country which in adverse side need to find some ways to be barriers to limit the import products, usually, the two methodsare—tariff and non tariffs.Tariff is taxes or customs duties placed on foreign products to artificially raise their prices and this hopefully, suppresses domestic demand for them. This tax may be ad value, that is, a percentage of the price of the goods or specific, that is, a tax per unit of weight or physical quantity.For example, in January 12, 2009 the Russian government raised the expropriation tariff (up to 30 percent) for the cars import in the next nine months. The import car’s price will be increased to be WP (price for the whole world) adds the tariff, since the price is increasing, the sales of the import cars must fall down. The customers might choose the Russian car instead of import cars since it is cheaper.Non-tariff barriers traditionally have been actions such Quotas, embargoes, exchange control and import deposits. Probably the best known of these is the quota. This is a physical limitation on the quantity of import. Quota is a physical limitation on the quantity of imports which had been acknowledged by local laws. Usually the importers need to apply to pay for a license to sell goods.For instance, Russia uses another method to limit foreign car import since 2008—to limit the quantity of import; only a few companies which have the import license could import cars and have a selling upper limit. Russia uses these methods to restrict the import quantity, and during the government limited foreign goods import, it can promote the domestic industries.WTO and EUIn 1948, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established by the developed countries. In 1 Jan 1995, the GATT was supplanted by a new institution, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and aims to improve trade and investment flows around the world. It is an international body seeking to promote free trade by opening markets through the elimination of import tariffs. The organization administers trade agreements, monitors international trade policy and acts as a forum for trade negotiations. The four main goals of WTO are: freeing global trade through universally lowered tariffs, imposing the same rules on all members in order to homogenize the trade process, spurring competition through lowered subsidies, and ensuring the same trade concessions for all member nations. The WTO also provides technical assistance and training for developing countries. WTO aims for equal representation among members by granting each member country "most-favored nation" status; when a member country bestows a trade privilege on another nation, the privilege must be extended to all other member countries. Another tenet is "national treatment," which behooves countries to treat foreign imports equally with those produced domestically.The best example for joining the WTO is the join of China in 2007, after that, China achieves lots of benefits from the decrease of tariff, limitations and the simplification of trading procedures.EU stands for European Union and is an economic union, which aims to abolish tariffs and quotas among members, common tariff and quota system, restrictions onfactor movements and harmonization and unification of economic policies and institutions. It draws out regulations, monitors member states, solves disputes and problems among member states and negotiates with other countries or international organizations on the behalf of EU members. The European Union aims to promote and smooth free trade among internal European Union and initiatives for simplifying national and community rules include simpler legislation for the internal market (SLIM) and European Business Test Panel. For example, in Oct 16, 2009, EU and Korean government signed a free trade agreement of 100 billion US dollars after two years’ negotiation and EU will cancel the tariffs on imports of textile and cars from Korea in the next three years. This will promote the free trade of EU and have positive impact on the economy.Section 2: International FinanceBalance of Payments and General trends in UK TradeBalance of payment is the name given to the record of transactions between the residents of the country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It is a key economic statistics and UK’s Balance of Payments is comprises by the current account, the capital account, the financial account which deals with flow of direct portfolio and investments and reserve assets and the International Investment Position which shows the Stock of External Financial Assets and Liabilities. The chart below shows the composition if Balance of Payments in 2008:a) The current account can be divided into four categories: trade in goods, trade in service, income and current transfers. Positive net income from abroad corresponds to a current account surplus; negative net income from abroad corresponds to a current account deficit.Here are the trade figures of recent years:Here are the Current Account Balance Chart and the Chart of trade in Goods and services of UK in last 20 years.The current balance has usually been in deficit over the last 30 years.The UK has recorded a current account deficit in every year since 1984. Prior to 1984, the current account recorded a surplus in 1980 to 1983. From 1984 to 1989, the current account deficit increased steadily to reach a high of 25.5 billion pounds in 1989, equivalent to -4.9 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). From 1990 until 1997, the current account deficit declined to a low of 1.0 billion pounds in 1997. Between 1998 and 2006, the current account deficit widened sharply, peaking at 43.8 billion pounds in 2006. This was the highest recorded in cash terms but only equated to -3.3 per cent of GDP. In the past two years, there has been a reduction in the current account deficit –in 2008 it currently stands at 25.1 billion, equivalent to -1.7 per cent of GDP.It is obvious that UK had a large deficit in trade of goods in the last 30 years and the deficit becomes lager and increases greatly from 1998 to 2008 while the surplus of trade in service grows smoothly but not as markedly as the goods deficit. The trade in goods account recorded net surpluses in the years 1980 to 1982, largely as a result of growth in exports of North Sea oil. Since then however, the trade in goods account has remained in deficit. The deficit grew significantly in the late 1980s to reach a peak of 24.7 billion in 1989, before narrowing in the 1990s to levels of around 10 billion to 14 billion. In 1998 the deficit jumped by over 9 billion, and it has continued to rise since, reaching a cash record of 92.9 billion in 2008.There are two different of Income—Direct Investment Income and Portfolio Investment Income. The Direct Investment Income means the profits earned by UK companies from overseas branches and associated company. And the Portfolio Investment Income is the interest on bonds and dividends, held abroad by UK companies and residents.Here are charts of income over the 10 years:The income section has shown positive growth from 2006 to 2008 and is very much in surplus recently.As for the current transfer, it also has two different parts:The taxes, payments and receipts to the EU, Social Security Payments abroad, and military expenditure abroad is the Central Government Transfer. And for Other Sector Transfers, it includes receipts from the EU Social Fund, taxes on income and wealth paid by UK workers and businesses to foreign governments, insurance premiums and claims.There is the Chart of Current transfer in last 10 yearsThe transfers account has shown a deficit in every year since 1960. The deficit increased steadily to reach 4.8 billion in 1990. In 1991, the deficit reduced to 1.0 billion, reflecting 2.1 billion receipts from other countries towards the UK’s cost of the first Gulf conflict. The deficit has since increased, to reach a record 13.6 billion in 2008.b) Compared with Current Accounts, the composition of the Capital and Financial Account is more complicate.Capital Account has two categories:Capital transfer: It is investment grants by the government and debts which the government has agreed with the creditor do not need to be met.Acquisition and disposal of non produced/nonfinancial assets: Purchase or sales of property by foreign embassy or patents, copyrights, trademarks, franchises and leases.The capital account has shown strong steady surplus growth especially from the year of 2006 to 2008.The financial account has four categories and here are the charts of the four categories over the last ten years:According to these graphs, investment increased dramatically from the mid-1990s, reflecting the increased globalization of the world economy. Between 2000 and 2007, other investment dominated cross-border investment, primarily banking activity. In 2008 however, other investment, has recorded net disinvestment as the global financial crisis deepened leading to a reduction in loans internationally and a repatriation of deposits. In recent years, including the latest, the UK has needed to borrow from abroad to finance a continuing current account deficit, which has resulted in inward investment (UK liabilities) exceeding outward investment (UK assets).c) The international investment position is the balance sheet of the stock of external assets and liabilities. Between 1966 and 1994 the UK’s assets tended to exceed itsliabilities, by up to a record 86.4 billion pounds in 1986. But from 1995 to 2007, the UK recorded a net liability position in every year, reaching a record 352.6 billion pounds in 2006. In 2008, the UK returned to a net asset position of 92.9 billion pounds mainly due to exchange rate effects.The chart below indicates UK’s international investment position:Relationship between the exchange rate and the balance of paymentsThe exchange rate is the price of a currency in terms of other currencies. Its effect on balance of payments will depend upon its relationship with other currencies and how its value will change. As the currency weakens (devalues) the exports will become cheaper abroad but the country has to pay more for imports but the goods and services would become internationally cheaper and lead to more goods a services being purchased. If demand remains the same then the value of goods and services to the country will reduce and the current account balance may deteriorate. If the exchange rate rises then the country’s goods and services might suffer and demand from abroad could fall. If the demand remains the same however then the value of exports will rise and the current account balance should improve.For instance, when the UK market needs to import American goods (such as corns) the exchange market in UK would be the demand of U.S dollars is larger than the supply of UK pounds. If the American markets needs import more British goods, they need to exchange more pounds in the currency market, so the both of demand of US Dollar and supply of UK Pounds is increasing, meanwhile, the exchange rate of ￡/＄is increasing. UK pound is more valuable means the goods of UK are usually more expensive and American people need to spend more US dollars compared to thesame amount of pounds. That is why the currency exchange rate is so important for the balance of payments. For example, if the exchange rate of ￡/＄is increasing, the American business man might not choose UK goods, because of the high price. Single CurrencyEuropean single currency Euro came to exist since 1999. There are 12 member states of EU who use Euro while UK is still not one of the members since there are both advantages and disadvantages to join it.Advantages:At firstly, the single currency reduces the exchange rate uncertainty because people don't have to convert money from one currency to another when purchase goods. Meanwhile, using the single currency will increase foreign investment such as direct inward investment since the reduction of uncertainty. Then it may produce a great transparency. Whether people buy or sell goods, consumers can compare price in a single currency. It will help to decrease the scope for price discriminations and create pressure to lower the price. Moreover, it could maintain interest rate lower and the commitment to low inflation should allow economies to operate with lower cost. Disadvantages:A country may lose the independent monetary policy if it joins the single currency. The single currency forces a country to forgo an independent monetary policy. After the single currency has been used, the country's monetary policy will determined by the supranational central bank and not by the domestic central bank. This is why the theory of optimal currency areas emphasizes the importance of flexible prices, labor mobility and fiscal transfers. Flexible prices and labor mobility become more important when a currency union exists; governments have an incentive to make markets work more efficiently.Besides, there are also political costs to the country. If the government loses control over monetary policy to the supranational central bank, politicians are limited to using fiscal policy to influence economy.Effects on individuals and business of the EuroAs for the individuals,they can get lower prices and higher quality goods and services when they have more choices due to increased competition among companies through the Euro zones; they can measure the good price through Europe and choose the best one. In addition, single currency reduces the transaction costs of traveling in Europe. Individuals could travel more frequently than past since it is more convenient and cheaper. People do not need to concern the exchange rate and commission fee when visiting the other countries in Europe.As for the business, people could avoid the exchange rate risk and traders do not need to waste time and cost on purchasing foreign currencies. Moreover, the business market could be expanded there are more opportunities.Section 3: Less Developed Countries (LDCs) Characteristics of a LDCLess Developed Countries (LDCs) mainly exist in Asia and Africa. Most LDCs’subsistence is agriculture. The land of LDCs is very ineffectively used and is very low in productivity, there are normally no modern techniques or equipment available, and the land is always threatened by floods or droughts. The birth rates in LDCs are very high but there is very heavy infant mortality since the health care system is poor.A good example for LDC is Angola. A 2007 survey concluded that low and deficient niacin status was common in Angola. Many regions in this country have high incidence rates of tuberculosis and high HIV prevalence rates. Angola has one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world and one of the world's lowest life expectancies.Current issues that face LDCsThe World Bank offers aid programs to Angola to support the health care system of Angola to reduce the infections of HIV but the aid programs they get from the World Bank of IMF carry conditions which they feel are difficult to comply with, and are expensive.Besides, the indebtedness of Angola keeps increasing year on year. This makes Angola almost impossible to borrow more.They borrow a huge amount of money to develop their economy, purchase foreign goods and service. However, the high interest or other factors make debts become a great stress on LDCs. They are in the trip of debts, which prevent the development of their economy.The impacts of multinationals on LDCs and NICsNow days, there are more and more multi-national firms which have branches in various countries since it can reduce the labor, material, transport cost. Companies from newly industrialized countries tend to be MNCs. A good example for multinationals on NICs and LDCs is Great Wall Computer Corporation from China. This company invests 120 million dollars to build a new factory in Algeria to expand its market and increase 34 percent of its foreign sale income. The company offers more jobs to the people in Algeria thus increase the employment and income of Algerian. The company also brings new technology to this less developed country. However, the company transfers most of profits back to China and uses their financial strength to impose their will in host counties either.ConclusionAfter analyzing these 15 elements, you may have a clear acknowledge of the international trade, finance and LDCs and as for the economic environment of the whole area, it can be benefit to join the EU. It will enhance our country’s economic growth by attracting more free capital, using single currency and enlarge the market.References:Web research:/downloads/theme_economy/PB09.pdfRelated Web sites /wiki/Protectionism/eurocash.asp/Book resource:The Economics 2: The World Economy: Higher National Diploma. Scottish Qualifications AuthorityUnited Kingdom Balance of Payments the Pink Book 2009: Office for National Statistics。

随着我国经济的快速发展，经济学作为一门重要的社会科学，越来越受到社会的关注。

为了更好地培养学生的经济学素养，提高学生的实际操作能力，我们学校组织了为期一个月的经济学实训。

本次实训旨在让学生了解经济学的基本理论，掌握经济学分析方法，并运用所学知识解决实际问题。

二、实训目的1. 让学生掌握经济学的基本理论，如供求关系、价格机制、市场均衡等；2. 培养学生运用经济学分析方法解决实际问题的能力；3. 提高学生的团队合作意识和沟通能力；4. 增强学生对我国经济现状的认识，激发学生关注经济问题的热情。

三、实训内容1. 经济学基本理论讲解：通过对供求关系、价格机制、市场均衡等基本理论的学习，使学生掌握经济学的基本框架。

2. 案例分析：选取具有代表性的经济案例，让学生分析案例中的经济学原理，提高学生的分析能力。

3. 经济预测：运用所学经济学知识，对某一经济现象进行预测，培养学生的预测能力。

4. 政策建议：针对我国经济中的热点问题，提出相应的政策建议，提高学生的政策分析能力。

5. 团队合作与沟通：分组进行讨论，完成实训任务，培养学生的团队合作意识和沟通能力。

四、实训过程1. 实训前期：组织学生进行经济学基本理论学习，为学生打下扎实的理论基础。

2. 实训中期：选取具有代表性的经济案例，让学生分组进行案例分析，培养学生的分析能力。

3. 实训后期：进行经济预测和政策建议的撰写，提高学生的预测能力和政策分析能力。

1. 学生对经济学基本理论有了更深入的理解，掌握了经济学分析方法。

2. 学生能够运用所学知识解决实际问题，提高了学生的实际操作能力。

3. 学生在团队合作和沟通方面取得了显著进步，培养了良好的团队精神。

4. 学生对我国经济现状有了更全面的认识，关注经济问题的热情得到激发。

六、实训总结本次经济学实训取得了圆满成功，达到了预期目标。

以下是对本次实训的总结：1. 实训内容丰富，涵盖了经济学的基本理论、分析方法、实际应用等方面，有助于提高学生的综合素质。

Communication: Analyzing and Presenting Complex Communication DE3N 34 Outcome 1 Candidate Name: Fan Juntian Grade and Class: F2 Table of ContentsI. Planning--Action Plan.............................................................................. 11.1 Likely resources to be used ........................................................................ 11.2 Strategy for carrying out report 1.3 How the project will be managed ...................................................................... 1.4 Timescales for project ........................................................................................ ....................................................................................... 1.5 Sources of information Ⅱ. Developing—Case Study Report2.1 Key factors in case study ................................................................................... 2.2 Likely financial needs of the clients .................................................................. 2.2.1 Saving ......................................................................................................... 2.2.2 Mortgage needs ........................................................................................... 2.2.3 Protection needs .......................................................................................... ........................................................................... 2.3 Suggestions for improvements 2.4 Likely providers and Relevant product and services ......................................... 2.5 Benefit-needs analysis ....................................................................................... 2.6 Comparison among providers ............................................................................ 2.7 Effect on tax position ......................................................................................... .................................................................................. 2.8 Justification for selections Ⅲ. Evolution3.1 Criteria for Evaluation ....................................................................................... 3.2 Change made during project compared to original action plan ......................... 3.3 Effectiveness of process ..................................................................................... / http: /// / / / / /1.3 How the project will be managed Ⅰ. Individual Saving Accounts(ISA) Bank/Company Product National Savings and Investments 1:Cash ISA 2: Easy Access Savings Account 3: Premium Bonds 4: Guaranteed Income Bonds The Royal Bank of Scotland instant access ISA Standard Chartered Bank e-ISA Clydesdale Bank fixed rate bonus ISA HSBC Cash ISA Ⅱ. MortgageBank/Company ProductLloyds TSB Group 1.Fixed-Rate Mortgages 2. Buy-to-Let Mortgages Clydesdale Bank Fee free mortgages Standard Chartered Bank Personal pension Mortgages National Savings and Investments ISA Mortgage The Royal Bank of Scotland Fixed-Rate Mortgages Health Problems insurance Bank/Company Product Association of British insurers 1:Health and Protection Insurance 2:Holiday Insurance Legal & General 1:Health and Protection Insurance 2:Holiday Insurance Prudential 1:Health and Protection Insurance 2:Holiday Insurance Winston insurance Health and Protection Insurance Old Mutual Children's Health Insurance Ⅳ. Property damage insurance Bank/Company ProductOld Mutual Household Insurance Lloyds TSB Car Insurance Association of British insurers 1:Flooding and Insurance 2: Household Insurance 3:home contents insuranceLegal & General 1:Flooding and Insurance 2: Household Insurance 3:home contents insurancePrudential 1:Flooding and Insurance 2: Household Insurance 3:home contents insurance 4: Ideal life property insurance 5: Investment and wealth property insurance 6: Endless interest property insuranceDeath insurance Bank/Company Product Association of British insurers 1:Life Insurance 2:Endowent Insurance Legal & General 1:Life Insurance 2:Endowent Insurance PRUDENTIAL 1:Life Insurance 2:Endowent Insurance Lloyds TSB Life & Critical Illness Insurance 1.4 Timescales for project Time The things I do 4.27-5,4 I carefully read the information on Flynn, including his family, and learned that his company, his loan in the short term to meet him. I have a detailed understanding of the economic situation.5.4-5.11 Through the use of the Internet to find many excellent insurance companies and banks in the United Kingdom to learn about the best products of these institutions, I believe this information will make pressure on Alexander satisfaction.5.11-5.18 I started to do some substantial planning, I understand that Flynn for more information from their own savings, if there is no choice year must pay taxes a lot, so I will of tax avoidance products, a give some reasonable suggestions.5.18-5.25 Through case studies, the results of the survey according to the first two weeks, began specifically Flynn has his family to develop programs at the same time began to think of way to convince.5.25-6.2 Learn more about the loans measured by Mr. Flynn, of £ 450,000 is not a small sum, but at the same time, Flynn r not only to continue their investment, but also do some of the things they want. And develop a range of solutions based on detailed economic situation in Flynn.6.2-6.9 Study found that the insurance required by the Flynn and his family including his three children or adults need some insurance to protect they belong to minors, the value of the house of Mr. Alexander in 125 pounds very expensive house, so I recommend his family's home insurance.6.9-6.16 According to Mr. Flynn, he is the first two years of unemployment, I spent a long time derived Flynn is the economic pillar of the entire family, he needs a stable flow of funds, income protection insurance is worth I recommended to him6.16-6.22 I found Mr. Flynn can do better place, savings, insurance, mortgage, I will elect some of his savings, insurance, mortgage, good banks and insurance companies, they are very good financial products, I decided to before Flynn choose to buy or not buy.1.5 Sources of information Primary data or raw data refers to the enterprises for the first time in person to collect and scripted processing of the data, raw data is usually collected by the researchers for the immediate problem for this particular purpose. Primary data can answer the secondary data can not answer specific questions, and more timely and credible at the same time the company's own collection, belonging to the company, so easy to confidentiality The secondary data is for certain purposes, rather than the issues at hand collected data. Including the information provided by commercial and government agencies, marketing research firms and computer databases. Secondary data can provide economic, quick background information. The secondary data will help to quickly solve the problems faced by researchers, can save time and reduce costs at the same time help to regulate the expression in the form specified in the survey methodology, and other data needed to solve the problem, can also help researchers learn how to go close to the object of research to understand the research object position in the market which, as a basis for comparison with other data。

经济学专业实习报告合集6篇经济学专业实习报告篇1简介：由于时间的不允许和一些个人原因，我没有进行正规的专业实习，以下为我经过简单的社会实践，观察，和简单分析后，运用所学习到的专业知识通过一定的社会实践后深化认识以及获得的心得体会。

该厂为个体经济，规模较小，主要是经营以小麦为原材料，加工简单的产品，类型单一，销售渠道较短，主要是直接面对消费者的直接销售和面对代理商渠道较短的间接销售。

该报告主要围绕个体经济中，小型面粉加工厂的销售模式和生产要素方面的分析。

实习目的：通过这次简单的实践，我希望能够将在校期间学习到的经济理论进行系统的学习，深化认识，以及灵活应用。

力求在掌握理论知识的基础上，完善和增长社会经验，增加对社会的了解，为将来的学习和工作打下一个坚实的基础。

实习时间：20__年7月30日--20__年8月28日，为期一个月。

正文：大三的学习已经结束了，三年经济理论的学习让我受益颇深，大四的学习即将开始，每年的暑假，我都会在社会中进行简单的学习实践，同样今年暑假的专业实习，我希望从中得到更深刻的认识。

近年来,非公有制经济发展很快,中小微企业如雨后春笋,随之个体经济也越来越活跃。

在中国，个体经济在非公有制经济中占有重要的地位，对推动国民经济的发展有重要意义。

但是，随着全球化的进程，个体经济在发展过程中的问题也越来越凸显。

第一，个体经济的根本困难在于融资，个体经济本身规模较小，资金实力薄弱，在市场中处于高度竞争的状态，在市场上是产品价格的接受者，受市场影响较大，资金链容易断裂，从而导致生产商的生产经营活动受到严重的阻碍。

第二，个体经济因其劳动力素质问题，其管理在实际中有很大的不足与缺陷，人力资本作为一种非货币资本在生产经营活动中能够配置资源，对生产有积极作用。

科学先进地管理个体经济对经济的发展有很大的促进作用。

第三，生产要素的不合理配置，导致个体经济在经济活动中生产效率低下，劳动和资本的比例在生产经营活动中起到了决定性的作用。