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托福阅读文章的四大逻辑关系是什么?很多同学在准备托福阅读考试的时候,总会发现部分托福阅读考试中的句子远远超出了自己的能力范围。
对于这些长难句,当然要从语法的角度去完全把握。
新托福阅读考试中遇到不能理解的句子时,同学们就偏向于一遍一遍地去读句子,没读懂不说,还浪费了时间,影响了下面的答题。
对于这种现象有一种很便捷的解决方法,就是掌握托福阅读文章的逻辑关系,根据逻辑关系分析长难句。
阅读下面是托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系,把握了它们就等于掌握了托福阅读解题技巧的一个重要部分。
1.因果关系因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果:A 导致(因-果:cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for 如:The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs。
在这段话中,有lead to,表示了导致的意思,即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
如何理解托福阅读段落逻辑关系托福的阅读题有时会考到我们对文章段落的逻辑关系的把握？大家知道怎么做这种类型的题目吗？下面小编给大家带来如何理解托福阅读段落逻辑关系，望喜欢！详解托福阅读文章段落四大逻辑关系1.因果关系因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果：A 导致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for如：The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs。
在这段话中，有lead to，表示了导致的意思，即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
B 由…而来(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to 如：“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。
托福阅读逻辑词(LW)王鑫整理内部讲义不要外传1、【因果逻辑】【Reason】【因果关系词】since because cause because of result outcome as a resultresult inresult fromassoso thathencethereforethusaccordinglyconsequenceconsequentlysubsequentlyreasonfactorexplainexplanationaccount forresponsible forin thatbeing thatseeing thatowing todue tothanks toascribe to【隐形因果词】1、“发展促进”类单词：enable/stimulate/motivate/prompt/encourage/perfect/help/contribute to等2、“导致”类单词：lead to/cause/give rise to/induce/trigger/breed/engender等3、“影响破坏”类单词：affect/impact/damage/ruin/interfere/destroy等4、“由来”类单词：come from/ initiate from/derive from等5、“关联”类单词：is associated with/accompany/is linked to/is tied with/have to do with/relevance等6、“依赖”类单词：depend on/rely on等2、【比较逻辑】【Comparison】【相似性比较词】【Similarity】as like same similar resemblelikewiseequalmatchanalogycorrespondinglyidenticalstillimitatecopyreproducemimicagree onconcur onconsensus【差异性比较词】【difference】change unlike oppose oppositecontrarycontrastcompareconverseinsteadrather thandifferdistinctdistinguishvariousincompatible【最高级/比较级】-est/-er more/most maximum/minimum 3、【转折逻辑】【Contrast】but however while (and) yet whereas neverthelessnonethelessalthougheven thoughadmittedlydespitenotwithstandingalbeitin spite ofregardlesswhile it may be trueof coursein factactually4、【指代逻辑】【Reference】this/that/these/those/such/they/he/she/we/it 5、【并列逻辑】【addition】and/or too also again between among bothotherone … anothersome… othersalternativeas well aseither …orfrom ... tonot only…but alsohandbesidesaside fromexceptother thanlikewisesimilarlycoupled withfurthermorefurtherin additionmoreoverwhat is moremeanwhile6、【顺序逻辑】【Sequence】(考的不多)【时间顺序】【time】【第一】first/at first/first of all/to begin with/ to start with /in the first place/initially【第二】second/secondly/in the second place 【第三】third/thirdly/in the third place【然后】next/then/soon/after/afterward/subsequent/later/ follow【最后】last/at last/last but not least/finally/eventually/to conclude/in conclusion/in the end/in summary/all in all/ to sum up/in sum /overall/to summarize/to be brief/briefly/on the whole/in a word /in short/at length【现在】now/present/recent/current/today/modern/contemporary/so far【古代】early/before/prior/past/ago/used to/once/former/previous/initial【同时】at the same time/meanwhile/simultaneously/concurrently/【立刻】immediate/instant /rapid/prompt【持久】permanent/forever/always/last/durability/long/survive/continue/still【位置顺序】【space】【上】over/beyond/above/up/top/peak 【下】under/below/down/beneath/bottom 【左】left 【右】right 【中间】middle/between/amid/among/center 【里面】into/inside 【外面】outside 【前】front/before 【后】opposite/behind/rear/back/against 【远方】further/in the distance/out of sight/away from【旁边附近】side/beside/around/surrounding/alongside/next to/by/near/nearby/adjacent/neighbor【其他】here/there/across/along/elsewhere/east/west/north/south/throughout7、【举例逻辑】【example】for example such asfor instanceto illustrateas an illustration to demonstratechieflyespeciallyin particularparticularlynamelyspecificallyfor one thingcase/in this caselikethat isin other wordsfacte.g.8、【否定逻辑】【negative】【明显否定关系】no/not/none/neither/never/deny/rarely【隐性否定关系】fail to/absence/lack/little/few/evaporate/difficult/hard/difficult 【否定构词】a-/ab-/abs- in-/il- mis- dis- mal- contra- anti- -less。
托福阅读考试四种常见逻辑关系托福阅读考试四种常见逻辑关系逻辑关系是托福阅读题的一个重点考点，因此我们就必须要掌握一些常见的逻辑关系，下面店铺就来和大家说说吧!第一种因果关系因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果：A 导致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.在这段话中，有lead to, 表示了导致的意思，即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的.逻辑。
B 由…而来(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to 如“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.”在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。
托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系，希望大家喜欢!托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系第一种因果关系因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果：A 导致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.在这段话中，有lead to, 表示了导致的意思，即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
B 由…而来(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to 如“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.”在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。
1.转折关系but, however, yet(然而), on the contrary, contrary to, contrarily, by(in) contrast (to), whereas, rather than, instead of, unlike, in fact(effect), actually 弱转, conversely2.让步关系although, much as, though, even though(if), even, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, anyhow(anyway), as, while(虽然、尽管、即使), still(尽管如此)3.总分关系(举例&总结)举例：for example、for instance、such as、including总结：in sum，in general, overall, to sum up，on the whole, generally4.因果关系Because，in that，due to，thanks to ，owing toSince，now that， ever since ，because of，on account of (表示原因)lead tocontribute toresult in+名词 (前因后果)so thatsuch thatin order that+句子 (强调目的、结果的因果)thushencethereforeconsequently (as a consequence/ as a result) +句子 (因此)5.递进关系递进词：still、also、indeed、furthermore(进一步)、moreover(而且、此外)、highlighting(突出、强调)、even(甚至、更)、besides(注意区分except), additionally, in addition, what’s more6.条件关系连词：if, provided/providing that, suppose, supposing, in case (of), in the event of, assume, presumably, so long as, unless, only if, when7.并列关系并列词：and(和)、as well as(也)、likewise(同样的)、while(与此同时)、similarly(类似地)、or(或者)、simultaneously(同时发生地)、meanwhile(同时 )、in the meantime、neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also。
托福阅读: 逻辑关系词1.因果(明显)表示明显因果关系的词汇：Therefore, due to, as, for, thus, hence, consequently, because (of), owing to, so (that), as a result, since…2.因果(暗含)2.1表示“由……而来”的词Come from, result from, initiate from, derive from, originate from…2.2表示“导致”的词Spark, prompt, be responsible to, stimulate, cause, make, render, spur, push, motivate,lead to, result in +结果, due to, thanks to,2.3 其他in that , now that, , in order that, on account of3.转折与并列3.1表示转折关系In contrast (to), while, whereas，nevertheless, in spite of/despite, even if/even though, instead (of), but/yet, conversely, on the contrary, contrary to，different from/differ from, however, rather than, unlike, in fact, actually弱转3.2表示并列关系Or/and, vice versa, also/as well as, both…and…, either...or..., neither…nor…, in (the) the same way, equally, similarly/similar to, like/just like, likewise(同样的), while(与此同时), meanwhile(同时), not only...but also... , more...than4.让步although，though, even though(if), even, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, anyway, as while(虽然，尽管，即使)，still(尽管如此)5.总分(举例&总结)5.1举例：for example, for instance,such as, including5.2总结：in sum, in general, overall, to sum up, on the whole, generally6. 递进still, also, indeed, furthermore(进一步), moreover(而且，此外), even(甚至，更),besides, additionally, in addition, what's more7. 条件表示条件概念的词：If, supposing (that), providing / provided (that), as(so) long as, in case(if), on condition that…, unless, suppose (that), only if, when8.比较结构(隐藏)8.1比较级表示最高级8.2自身含有最高级含义的词Top, favorite, outstanding, maximum…9.否定9.1明显的否定关系词汇：No, not, never, deny, none, neither…9.2暗含的否定关系词汇：little, few, fail to, absence from, lack (of), refuse to…以上就是有关托福阅读关系词的相关内容介绍，逻辑是不少托福阅读解题的难点所在，所以考生只要将这些真题的内容解释清楚，对于我们获得托福阅读高分是非常有帮助。
把握逻辑关系词，提高托福阅读练习实效对于托福阅读，大家平时关注背词汇。
对于托福阅读的备考，很多同学都会有这样的疑问，托福阅读如何提高呢?大家在备考的时候可以针对一些常考的托福阅读题型进行练习，同时注意把握逻辑关系词，提高托福阅读练习实效。
托福阅读如何提高实效?大家在备考的时候可以针对一些常考的托福阅读题型进行练习，在练习的同时也要把握好托福阅读时间的利用，了解一些关于托福阅读评分标准的相关信息。
下面小编为大家整理了关于托福阅读练习要重视逻辑关键词的相关信息，供大家参考。
（托福阅读提升方法）关系词从逻辑功能的实现来分类的话，一般可以分为转折(but)、让步(although)、对比(unlike)、并列(and)、递进 (moreover)、举例(for example)、因果(because)、类比(like)和总结(in general)这九类。
而从所连接信息的方向来分的话，其实只有两类，第一类是改变方向，包括转折、让步和对比;其余剩下的都是第二类，维持方向。
那么我们今天呢就着重看看改变语义方向，也就是转折，对比类的关系词能给我们的解题带来哪些启示。
在托福阅读当中，转折对比类关系词包括哪些呢? 像but，however，yet，unlike, instead, rather than都表达了转折或者对比的意思。
看到这些词我们就需要注意了，关系词的前后文一定出现了意义相反的信息，否则构不成转折对比。
按照这种规律，在词汇题中，我们能依据上下文来推断词义，比如umbrageous这个词很多同学可能不认识。
确实长得也比较高端。
那我们来看看原文。
Because they do not need sunlight to survive，parasitic plants are generally found in umbrageous areas rather than in areas exposed to direct sunlight.在umbrageous areas的后面，出现了一个rather than。
托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理托福非常着重对考生语言逻辑性的考察，这一点在托福阅读和托福写作中都有所体现，下面就和大家分享托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理，希望能够帮助到你们，快来一起学习吧。
托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理1、Condition 条件/ 因为(if )后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。
if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on2、Time 时间(when )before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as3、Summary 总结(in a word)作者的最后总结in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述// in short // in a word4、Example举例(for example)for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是5、Reason原因( because)since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause6、And 并列关系(and)in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that7、Sequence 顺序(then)出现的时候表示列举first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards8、Consequence 结果(so)前面是后面的结果// 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。
as a result// thus // so // therefore // consequently // it follows that // thereby // eventually // tn that case // admittedly9、Contrast转折(but )表对前面论述的转折// 一般后面才是作者观点however// on the other hand // despite // in spite of //though // although // but // on the contraryotherwise// yet // instead of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in contrast10、Certainty 确定(of course)强烈的确定// 后面是作者的坚定论点obviously// certainly // plainly // of course // undoubtedly托福阅读备考：100个必懂短语1. a couple of 两三个，几个Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later.2. account for 解释Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance.3. adapt to 使适应于They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.4, adorn with sth 用…装饰Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.5.appeal to 吸引Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults6.apply to 适用于Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960’s.7.at best 充其量，多Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits.8.at intervals 相隔一定距离However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual.9.at the expense of sth 在损害…的情况下A multitude of microorganisms make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures.10.at the height of sth 在…鼎盛时期The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.11.back and forth 来回地They then spiral back and forth between the Earths magnetic poles very rapidly.12.be absent from 缺席，不在Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women line were not considered an important force in history.13.be capable of 能…的Many animals are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools.14. be characterized by 以…为特征The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain.15.be composed of 由…组成Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.16.be concerned with 与某事物有关Ethnology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its Evolutionary history.17.be distinct from 与…不同Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets18.be essential to 对…不可缺少Public performance is essential to verbal art.19.be exposed to 使接触，使遭受Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air.20.be far from 离…很远，根本不是But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration.21. be hostile to 极不友好的，极厌恶的Ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans22.be regarded as 被认为是Humanitys primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics.23.be related to 与…有关的，相联系的Why is dancing closely related to popular music in the United States?24. be responsible for 对…负责In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce.25. be sensitive to 对…敏感的Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals.26.be subjected to 经历，遭受Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.27. be superior to 优越于Natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones28 .be traced to 找出根源The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.29. be/become aware of 意识到，认识到People became aware of the new service by word of mouth or newspaper advertisements.30. be/become/get accustomed to 习惯于In the harsh environment of northern Europe, Scandinavian women had been accustomed to practicing forms of shifting cultivation, and they immediately understood Native American horticulture.31. be/become/get involved in 与…有关联的Two distinct processes are involved in molting.32.benefit from 从…中受益Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.33.break down 分解All of these forces slowly break down the Earths exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.34.by far 到目前为止Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils.35.by means of 通过，凭借The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of Adividing the discussion into two major areas.36.by virtue of 由于Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics37.confine to 限制在一定范围之内The delivery service was at first confined to cities.38.conform to 符合Parks should be designed to conform to the topography of the area39.contribute to 有贡献，有助于Transportation contributed to the development and maintenance of trade.40.cope with 对付Under certain circumstance the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure.41.date back to 始于In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.42. depend on 依靠The gulls depend on the falcons for protection.43. deprive sb/sth of sth 剥夺..某事物Plant stems die when deprived of water.44.derive from 获得，起源于Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input.45.due to 由于，因为Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.。
