《大学英语自学教程》(下)1-15单元常考句子和重点句型

Lesson Fifteen Is America Falling Apart Words and ExpressionsText Explanation1 a castellated townThis is a town built in the style of a castle.2the hammer and sickle painted on the rumps of public statuesThe hammer and sickle is the symbol of the Communist Party in Italy. It shows that the Communist Party was active at that time.3 a thousand-lira note shrunk to the slightness of a dollar billThis tells us that the Italian money was very much depreciated (贬值) at that time.4the open markets are luscious with esculent colorthe open markets are full of delicious fruits and vegetables in mouth-watering color.5…the human condition is humorously accepted.Italians accept their difficult living condition with a sense of humor.6… but the next Wednesday's return of an old Western is something to look forward to.…but an old American film about cowboys to be re-showed next Wednesday is something the local people look forward to.7What matters is… the wresting of minimal sweetness of the long-known bitterness of living.For many years they have been living a bitter life, yet they can still get through effort the least amount of pleasure out of the bitter life. This is what is important to them.8…prewar, if one thing went wrong the day was ruined; postwar, if one thing went right the day would be made.…before the war people felt everything was going on fine and they were unprepared for anything to go wrong. So if anything went wrong, they would be in a bad mood, feeling the whole day was spoiled. But after the war, if one thing went right, people would be in high spirits, feeling the whole day was nice.9…the Kafka feeling that the whole marvelous fabric of American life is coming apart at the seams.… the feeling that the whole of American society is breaking down fundamentally, which is similar to the feeling described in Kafka's novels.come apart: fall to pieces 破掉，碎掉The teapot just came apart in my hands.10The run-down rail services of America are something I try, vainly, to forget.The railway services of America are extremely bad, I try to forget them, but I failed to.11American individualism…wishes to manifest itself in independence of the community.American individualism…finds its expression in being independent of or being different from other people in the community.12Once let the acquisitive instinct burgeon, and there was ruggedly individual forces only too ready to make it come to full and monstrous blossom.As soon as the acquisitive instinct begins to grow, strong individual forces will develop it fully, which is something outrageous.ruggedly individual forces: often termed rugged individualism, the disguised, hot pursuit of practical and realisticinterests of an didividualonly too ready to make it come to full and monstrous blossom:very ready to make the acquitive instinct develop fully.13This self-elected deprivation was a way into the nastier side of the consumer society.I myself chose not to buy an automobile and that led me to see the more disgusting side of the consumer society.14The nightmare of filth, outside and in, that enfolds the trip from Springfield, Mass., to Grand Central Station would not be accepted in backward Europe.The filth inside the trains and along the railway line from Springfield to New York is so horrible that it would not be accepted in backward Europe.15The more efficiently self-contained the home seems to be, the more dependent it is on the great impersonal corporations…When the home is efficiently equipped with all sorts of gadgets, it becomes dependent on the great indifferent corporations.The more the home is thus equipped, the more dependent it is on the latter…16Skills at the lowest level have to be wooed slavishly and exorbitantly rewarded.Even workers doing the least skilled jobs have to be begged to come and paid much too high.17And doctors…know their scarcity value and behave accordingly.And doctors…know their great value because there are not enough doctors to meet the needs and therefore charge excessive medical fees.18Planned obsolescence is not conductive to pride in workmanship.Articles that are designed to break or wear out quickly do not help people to take pride in their work.19On another level, consumption is turning sour.… consumption is becoming something unpleasant.20Indestructible plastic hasn't even the grace to undergo chemical change.to have the grace to do something means to be polite enough to do something proper.明智地做某事，爽爽快快地做某事He had the grace to say that he was sorry.Here it is used humorously to refer to the fact that goods made of plastic cannot be recycled.21Awareness of this is a kind of redemptive grace, but it has not led to repentance and a revolution in consumer habits.Awareness of this is a kind of compensation for their guilty feelings about consumption. Yet it has not noticeably brought about deep regret for or a drastic change in the way they consume.22… they don't noticeably clamor for a decrease in the number of owner-vehicles.…they don't demand loudly a decrease in the number of private cars.23America has always despised its teachers and, as a consequesnce, it has been granted the teachers it deserves.America has always looked down upon its teachers, as result, it deserves to have the kind of teachers it gets.as a consequence: as a result 结果He's never studied hard, as a consequence, he's never passed examinations.24The quality of first-grade education…could not…be faulted on the level of dogged conscientiousness.You could not find fault with the teachers for the quality of first-grade education. The teachers were conscientious and determined to do a good job.on the level of: in the aspect of, in connection with25But there seemed to be no spark, no daring, no madness, no readiness to engage the individual child's mind as anything other than raw material for statistical reductions.但是除了把孩子的头脑当作进行数字计算训练的原料以为，似乎不存在能使孩子开动脑筋的火花，胆识，激情与愿望。

视频互动讲义二解惑：★set about：出发，开始，着手set aside：拒绝，忽视，挑出set back：推迟，阻碍set down：卸下，记下，放下set forth：阐明，陈述★set off：出发，引起，使发生★set out(to do)：打算，着手set up：建立，树立，资助lonely：形容词，寂寞的，孤单的；★alone：形容词，独自一人的；副词，独立，仅仅。

late：形容词，迟的，晚的；lately：副词，最近，不久前,later 随后，稍后对于单词词性和词组含义上的比较及用法上的区别，希望大家能点滴积累，脚踏实地地强行记忆，这对战胜英语二极为有利。

一、第三单元重点内容回顾Text A1.not any(no) longer：注意词组含义和any的用法。

2.★weak----weaken：注意词性转换，同时关注主、被动含义。

3.help sb. do(with)：注意后面用原形动词。

4.be affected with：注意词组含义。

5.recover----recovery：注意词性上的转换。

6.permit----permission：注意词性上的转换。

7.technique----technical----technically----★technician：注意词性上的转换。

8.legal(ly)----illegal(ly)：注意词意反差。

(in law/out of law)9.★carry out：注意词组含义，总结与carry有关的词组。

10.★in addition to----in addition：注意词组在含义，完型与词汇常考。

11.c are(careless) for：注意词组含义。

12.★★oppose to=object to=against：注意含义，to后应用动名词形式。

13.s hort----★shorten----shortening：注意词性转换。

大一下英语语法知识点归纳在大一下学期的英语学习中，掌握好英语语法知识是非常重要的。

以下是对大一下学期英语课程中常见的语法知识点的归纳总结。

一、动词时态1. 一般现在时：用于表示经常性、习惯性的动作，或者客观事实。

例句：I drink coffee every morning.（我每天早上喝咖啡。

）2. 一般过去时：用于表示过去发生的动作或状态。

例句：He played soccer yesterday.（他昨天踢足球了。

）3. 现在进行时：表示现在正在进行的动作。

例句：They are watching TV now.（他们正在看电视。

）4. 过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

例句：She was studying English at 9 o'clock yesterday.（她昨天九点正在学习英语。

）5. 一般将来时：表示将来某个时间会发生的动作。

例句：We will go to the beach next week.（我们下周要去海滩。

）二、名词1. 可数名词和不可数名词：可数名词具有单复数形式，不可数名词只有单数形式。

例句：There are three apples on the table.（桌子上有三个苹果。

）I like to drink milk.（我喜欢喝牛奶。

）2. 名词所有格：表示名词的所有关系。

例句：John's car is red.（约翰的汽车是红色的。

）The book's cover is torn.（这本书的封面破了。

）三、形容词和副词1. 形容词和副词的比较级与最高级：用于比较两个或多个人或事物的差异。

例句：She is taller than me.（她比我高。

）This is the most interesting book I've ever read.（这是我读过的最有趣的书。

）2. 形容词和副词的修饰：用于修饰名词或动词。

大一下英语重点知识点总结一、语法知识点（Grammar Points）1. 时态（Tenses）- 包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等2. 动词时态的被动语态（Passive voice）- 如何将主动语态转换为被动语态3. 条件句（Conditional sentences）- 包括零条件句、一般条件句和虚拟条件句等4. 定语从句（Relative clauses）- 如何用关系代词或关系副词来修饰名词5. 状语从句（Adverbial clauses）- 包括时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句等6. 直接和间接引语（Direct and indirect speech）- 如何将直接引语转换为间接引语，并要注意时态和人称变化二、词汇和短语（Vocabulary and Phrases）2. 不同搭配的动词短语（Phrasal verbs with different prepositions）- 如 look up, look into等3. 人称代词和物主代词（Personal pronouns and possessive pronouns）- 如 he, she, it, they等4. 形容词和副词的用法（Usage of adjectives and adverbs）- 如形容词的比较级和最高级形式三、阅读技巧和写作技巧（Reading and Writing Skills）2. 写作结构（Essay structure）- 包括引言、正文和结论等，以及如何提出观点和支持论述3. 论证方法（Argumentation techniques）- 包括比较对比、因果关系和举例等四、听力和口语技巧（Listening and Speaking Skills）1. 听力技巧（Listening skills）- 包括预测、推断和捕捉关键词等2. 口语表达技巧（Speaking skills）- 包括发音、流利度和逻辑连贯等3. 演讲技巧（Presentation skills）- 包括如何组织内容、运用良好的语言风格和使用视觉辅助工具等4. 问答技巧（Question and answer skills）- 如如何回答提问、如何表达自己的观点等五、文化和背景知识（Cultural and Background Knowledge）1. 英语国家的文化背景（Cultural background of English-speaking countries）- 包括英国、美国、加拿大等国家的风俗人情、历史文化等2. 英语国家的重要节日和庆祝活动（Important festivals and celebrations in English-speaking countries）- 如圣诞节、万圣节等3. 英语国家的教育体系（Education system in English-speaking countries）- 包括学校制度、大学入学考试等4. 英语国家的政治和经济（Politics and economy in English-speaking countries）- 如英国的议会制度、美国的总统选举等。

大学英语自学教程下册【课文练习答案】Unit One Text AⅠ. 1-d 2-c 3-c 4-a 5-dⅡ.1.alternative 2.fundamental 3.accompany 4.implement5.precedent6.attain7.objectives8.vary9.multiple 10.isolateⅢ.1-c make decisions 2-d design programs 3-i solve problems 4-j survive accidents 5-g seize opportunities 6-e pursue studies 7-h attain goals 8-a earn money 9-f consume time 10-h pay debtsⅣ.One evening while my wife and I were entertaining our dinner guests,our five-year-old daughter Debbie helped her mother serve dessert.Debbie brought the first slice of pie from the kitchen and placed the plate in front of me.I politely passed it to the woman next to me.Debbie put another slice of pie before me and again watched as I pa ssed it to another guest.“You might as well keep it,”my daughter said，“They are all the same size.”Ⅴ.1.Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be.2.Some people suggest that all a manager does involves decisions.3.If there is no right choice there is no right decision to be made.4.Solutions vary because different people define the same problem in different terms.5.Decision makers are usually the key to the business development of a company. 【词汇练习答案】Text BⅠ. 1.a.be organized anizational anization2.a.simple b.simplified c.simplyd.simplification3.a.profit b.profitable c.profitability4.a.intention b.intended c.unintendedⅡ. 1.precedent 2.skilled 3.achievement 4.implement 5.optimal6.goal7.accomplish8. accompanies9.tendency 10.ongoingⅢ.1．He was accompanied to the concert by his friend.2．He has argued her out of her decision.3．His success was due in part to luck.4．In accordance with his suggestion,the procedure has been greatly simplified.5．The broadcast station predicted that it would be cold tomorrow.6．Movement is defined as a change in position or place.【课文练习答案】Ⅰ.1.T 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.TⅡ.1．preparation，confidence2．idea3．unattractive indifference4．hardworking，personality，interest5．speechless6．holidays，pay7．clean，neat，conservative8．the floor beside your chair9．politely，naturally10．Would you mind rephrasing the question，please【词汇练习答案】1.at a disadvantage2.conservative3.indifference4.make sure5.vague6.clutched7.turned down8.to your advantage9.clean and neat10.prospect11.take the trouble 12.place【课文练习答案】Unit Two Text AⅠ. 1.b 2.c 3.a 4.c 5.dⅡ. 1.inadequate 2.astronomers 3.density 4.shrink 5.intense6.boundary7.theory8.convince9.invisible 10.speculationⅢ. 1.density 2.observation，observer，observatory 3.speculation 4.mass5.region6.gravitation7.relativity8.basis9.evidence10.endlessnessⅣ.A 21-year-old Texas City man was charged with theft after police caught him trying to drag a newspaper vending machine toward his running vehicle.When the officer approached，the man stopped and acted as if he were reading the newspaper inside.“I was dragging it over here so that I could read the paper better，”he explained.After an officer pointed out that the light was brighter where the machine had been，the man replied，“I read but in the dark.”Ⅴ.1．Astronomers have not yet fully answered the question of what a black hole is.2．It is believed that a black hole can swallow up any objects like stars near it.3．The research into black holes is just beginning，and speculations about them are endless.4．It is still impossible for scientists to say what happens inside a black hole. Black holes would not be so intimidating if we have some idea of them.【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.a.exploded b.exlosion c.explosive2.a.dense b.densely c.density3.a.measurable b.measurement c.measured4.a.basis b.basic c.based d.basicallyⅡ. 1.implication 2.gravity 3.boundary 4.interchangeable 5.explode6.galaxy7.convincing8.speculation9.shrank 10.suckingⅢ.1．A black hole exerts a very strong force.2．His company collapsed because of poor management.3．Several satellites were launched in our country in the 1980's.4．Is the medicine operating now?5．His figure was swallowed up in the dark.第二部分 Text BⅠ.1.T 2.T 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F10.TⅡ. 1.planets，orbit 2.suns 3.life，vegetation 4.satellite，sun5.very large， separate，lesser6.one part，another part7.nature，characteristics 8.plateaus，deserts，plains9.religion，government，education，special behaviour， 10.circumstances 【词汇练习答案】1.cloudless2.above all3.concernedrgely5.glitter6.as a rule7.unlikely8.thrilling9.whereas 10.revolveUnit 3Ⅰ. 1.c 2.d 3.b 4.d 5.cⅡ. 1.delay 2.recovery 3.lethal 4.debate 5.permit6.criterion/criteria(复)7.majority 8.take …into account9.undermine 10.vulnerableⅢ.1．Dr Wilfred Van Oijen's arguments for euthanasia:a.people have the fundamental right to choose death.b.the practice of euthanasia is quite different from planning to kill a crowdof people with a machine gun.c.sometimes there are situations where death is a friend.2．Dr Andrew Ferguson's arguments against euthanasia:a.what the patient is actually asking for is something else.b.the patients want a health professional to open up a communication for themwith their loved ones or family.3．Guide lines for carrying out euthanasia in the Netherlands:a.the patient is experiencing extreme suffering.b.there is no chance of a cure.c.the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia.d.a second doctor must confirm that the criteria above have been met and thedeath must be reported to the police department.Ⅳ.After I was sent to Egypt for the Operation Bright Star training program.I sawa weekend pass sightseeing in Cairo.A local offered to take my picture on his camel.“Free，”he said.“No charge.”I thanked him and handed him my camera.The man then shouted a com mand，and hiscamel sat down，allowing me to board.After taking the whole roll of film，the mansaid：“That will be $5.”“But you said you would take my picture free.”“Yes，that was free，“he agreed.“But is costs $5 to get you down from the camel.Ⅴ.1．Euthanasia can actually relieve dying people from their suffering.2．Don't you know that the Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permitsthe practice of euthanasia?3．Doctors who are for this view do not mean that they do not care for patients.4．After the first doctor has diagnosed the disease，the second doctor mustconfirm the diagnosis.5．Opponents argue that the patients do not really want to die，and that theymight be asking for something esle.【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ.1．a.considerably b.considerate c.consideration d.considerable 2．a.able b.ability c.unable d.enable e.disabled f.disabled3．a.Traditional b.tradition c.traditionallyⅡ.1.weaken2.opt out3.deteriorate4.lethal5.request6.debate7.is/was affected with8.take into account 9.elderly 10.vulnerable 11.sensitive12.ensure 13.legalⅢ.1．They requested that the prisoners(should)be set free.2．His talents will ensure his success.3．They are planning a nationwide debate.4．He is very sensitive to changes of weather.5．The quality of his work has been deteriorating in recent years.6．The pollution of water makes residents vulnerable to diseases.第二部分 Text B【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.T 9.T 10.FⅡ. 1.Oxford，Cambridge 2.old-body work 3.two 4.bias 5.public6.A level results，performance7.easily accessible8.better prepared9.Harvard，Yale，Chicago，Berkeley 10.constantly replicating【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.unfair 2.main 3.profession 4.private 5.accessibleⅡ. 1.appoint 2.performance 3.equal 4.amount to 5.by nature6.prime7.meritspetitive9.Remedial 10.worth【语法练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.has 2.is 3.are 4.seem 5.is 6.was 7.are 8.were 9.is 10.are11.is12.is 13.are14.am15.is16.have17.has18.have 19.have 20.was21.is22.has 23.speak24.is25.races26.were 27.approve 28.was29.says30.appeal31.are 32.is 33.are 34.was 35.is 36.has 37.are 38.has 39.is 40.is41.are42.am 43.are 44.is 45.is 46.have 47.are 48.have 49.has 50.isⅡ. 1.he 2.our 3.its 4.its 5.her，her 6.their 7.our 8.they 9.his 10.theirUnit 4第一部分 Text A【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.b 2.d 3.c 4.b 5.bⅡ. 1.diplomats 2.abuse 3.remove 4.quarter 5.guilt6.hire7.breadwinner8.introduce9.maintenance 10.immigrantⅢ. 1—i，2—c，3—b，4—e，5—j，6—g，7—h，8—f，9—a，10—d Ⅳ.My son gave a party one Saturday night.I was hesitant about having a group of teenagers in our home.but to my surprise，they were all charming .The kids complimented me on my energy，and how young I looked(I was 34).When the partyws over ，I told my son how much I enjoyed his friends and their comments .He smiled and askedif I felt like a teenager again.“Yes”，I responded，“and I felt wonderful.”“I'm glad," he said."By the way，I told everyone that you were 54.”Ⅴ.1．The government department that deals with the matter concerned does not keep statistics.2．It was because she could not support her family that she accepted a job asa domestic.3．She was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philipines to work in London.4．The working conditions of the domestics have received media attention.5．The employers always threatened that they would sent us back to our country. 【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.a.exploited b.exploitation c.exploitable2.a.execution b.executed c.executive3.a.employed b.employees c.employment4.a.immigrants b.immigrated c.immigrationⅡ. 1.status 2.slavery 3.minimum 4.despite 5.diplomat 6.domestic7.abroad8.convicted9.deported10.incidence 11.supposed12.deservingⅢ. 1．The resources should be exploited properly.2．The order was executed very well.3．This program deserves (is deserving of)further investigation.4．We have reduced the expenses to the minimum.5．I wouldn't believe the news despite what she said.6．Can such a small boat bring them over to the other side of the river?第二部分 Text B【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.FⅡ.1．leg irons，chain，groups，day-to-day privileges2．the harshest，television，phone calls3．circus，a zoo，slavery4．six out of every ten5．racial，political，heling clean up the highways，the State.6．inhuman，ineffective7．more angry，more hostile 8.poverty，disaffection within society8．Middle Ages，shame9．Deep South，Arkansas，Arizona【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.denied 2.gang 3.prevented 4.an argument 5.punishmentⅡ. 1.degrading 2.called up 3.liberty 4.in unison 5.unionUnit 5第一部分 Text A【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.d 2.a 3.b 4.d 5.bⅡ. 1.original 2.transformation 3.distinct 4.spontaneous5.individual6.essentially7.diverse8.live9.imitate 10.out of doorsⅢ. 1.maintenance 2.spontaneity 3.popularity 4.expression 5.rhythm6.distinction7.penetration8.immigration9.transformation 10.synthesisⅣ1．a.blues b.rock’n roll c.folk music2．a.an essentially black medium b. rhythmic dance musicc. popular among college students3．a.In the United States，it originated with youthful rock groups playing in SanFrancisco.b. In England，it was led by the Beetles，who were already established as an extremelyfine and highly individual rock group.4．a.The separate musical traditions were brought together.b.All the musical groups began using full range of electric instruments andthetechnology of electronic amplifiers.c. The music becomes a multi-media experience;a part of total environment.Ⅴ.1．The new music was built out of the three forms of music in existence .2．Rock'n roll，with its strong beat was popular among young people.3．The Beetles were a famous rock group in England.4．The modern music stresses the participation of the audience and listenersin the performance.5．Electronic amplifiers made the music penetrating.【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.a.music b.musical c.musically d.musician2.a.conscious b.Consciousness c.consciously3.a.limited b.limits c.limitation d.limitless4.a.original b.originated c.originalityⅡ. 1.synthesis 2.studio 3.spontaneous 4.readily 5.passive6.multimedia7.distinct8.sentiment9.anti-war 10.eclecticismⅢ.1．This chapter is on the transformation of heat energy into dynamic energy.2．A crowd of people gathered spontaneously on the spot of the accident.3．The quarrel originated from misunderstanding.5．The troops took over this city since 1949.6．You should not take on so much work for the sake of your health.第二部分 Text B【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.T 9.T 10.FⅡ.1．the spontaneously inspired(Franz Schubert)type，the constructive type，the tranditionalist type2．Well3．completed composition，musical theme4．shorter，a stretch 5.creative，musical theme5．notebooks/case6．preliminary7．pattern，theme8．for the sake of9．harmonies，sonorities，formal principles【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.a 2.b 3.b 4.b 5.aⅡ. 1.invariably不变地 variable易变的，变量variety各种各样various 各种各样的2.creative创造性的create创造 creation创造poser作曲家compose作曲，写作 composition 作曲，作文4.characteristic典型的，有特征的character品质，特性，人物characterize刻画，表现，塑造characterization刻画，塑造5.diverse多种多样的，不同的 diversified多样化了的，不同的diversify 使…多样化diversity多样化，多种多样6.tradition传统，习俗 tradtional传统的tradtionalist传统主义者，传统派7.construct建设，建造 constructive建设性的，积极的 construction建设，修筑，建筑物8.fruit水果，果实，成果fruitful硕果累累的，多产的fruitless不结果的，无收效的【语法练习答案】Ⅰ.1．Young as she was，she was quite experienced in this work.2．Hard as they tried，they couldn't find a solution to this problem.3．Little did they realize that they had made an important discovery in science.4．No sooner had we put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.5．Hardly did I expect that his condition would turn for the worse.6．Not only should we work hard ourselves，we should also get other people interested in the work.7．Not until you talked with him did he realize the seriousness of his mistake.8．Never did he expect that the project would be completed so soon.9．Rarely did we see anyone so devoted as she to medical science.10．Scarcely had she said the words when she began to regret it.11．Ahead of us lie many difficulties.12．Far in the distance lay ranges of mountains covered with forests.13．Next to him stood Edgar Snow.14．Standing in the doorway was a young man in blue uniform. 15.Out rushed the man and his wife.Ⅱ.A:1.The second point I'll explain later.2.This one I shall send by ordinary mail.3.All these we shall take into full account.4.What you've just said，I'll always keep in mind.5.This we shall understand.B:1.The time has now come to put an end to this practice.(修饰the time)2.The question will arise of how to prevent air pollution.(修饰the question)3.The belief is commonly held that Englishmen are more reserved than Americans.(修饰the belief)4.A list will be sent to you of the major items they have produced.(修饰a list)5.The order soon came that we have to leave the small town immediately.(修饰order)Ⅲ.1．He likes sports very much.So does his child.2．She did not like this idea.Nor did her husband.3．Only in this way can we expect to do our work well.4．Not until in 1990 did I know he was a teacher of English.5．Never has any country made so great an effort to develop industry .6．Not far away from the bridge was a tall building.7．Not only did they work hard，but they worked very well.8．Before us were walking a crowd of Young Pioneers.9．Had I been informed earlier，I would have been of help.10．I worked in a small factory in Wuxi last year.Unit 6第一部分 Text A【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.a 2.c 3.c 4.c 5.bⅡ. 1.prevalent 2.welding 3.appliance 4.switch 5.artificial6.identify7.convert8.discard9.defective 10.assembleⅢ. 1.f 2.d 3.b 4.j 5.c 6.i 7.e 8.g 9.h 10.aⅣ. 1.not e 3.sign 4.one 5.means 6.end 7.himⅤ.1．The use of robots has been increasingly prevalent in recent years.2．The newly developed robots have the sense of vision ，which allows them to see objects，and the ability of making decisions.3．Robots are widely used in automotive industry.4．Both light-sensitive materials and digital cameras are part of photographic equipment.5．Robots differ greatly from automatic machines.【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.a.efficiency b.efficient c.efficiently2.a.has increased b.increasingly c.increasingpletely pleted pletion4.a.intensify b.intensity c.intensive d.intenseⅡ. 1.reduction 2.shade 3.appliance 4.prevalent5.personnel6.defective7.specific8.capable of9.in between 10.asembled 11.exposeⅢ.1．At the critical moment，we should be capable of facing all difficulties.2．After considering the problem，they switched their attention to other things.3．Spray painting on the desks.4．We should expose children to new ideas.5．We have plenty of natural resources.6．He is critical of her ignorance of the law.7．He switched from one job to another in the past three years.第二部分 Text B【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.T Ⅱ. 1.forecast 2.early warning 3.China，Alaska 4.the energy5.shifting，cracks，faults，crust.6.seismic7.radon,ground wateres from9.partial，processes 10.Haicheng，1975【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.b 2.d 3.a 4.b 5.bⅡ. 1.analyze 2.forecast 3.set up 4.reliability 5.preceded 6.subsided 7.speculated 8.warningsUnit 7第一部分 Text A【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.a 2.d 3.b 4.d 5.cⅡ. 1.leisure 2.provide 3.desirable 4.strain 5.portray6.stressful7.context8.variety9.impart 10.motivateⅢ. 1.relax 2.entertain 3.recognize 4.possess5.observe6.recreate7.satisfy8.occupy9.pursue 10.attainⅣ. 1.at 2.my 3.asked 4.honeymoon 5.forward 6.other 7.sirⅤ.1．The term “Quality of life”covers a wide scope.2．In a fast-faced stressful society，setting aside some time for relaxation is good for health.3．People's interests and preference are related to social contexts and their individual learning experience.4．The positive attitude underlies people's creative use of their spare time.5．Researchers and observations show that people are more and more concerned with quality of life.【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.a.desirability 名词，在句中作宾语 b.desires句中缺少中心词，作主语 c.desirable形容词作表语2.a.occupation under enemy occupation在敌人的控制之下 b.occupies 句中缺少谓语c.occupant“the+形容词”表示一类人d.occupation职责3.a.preference名词，表示“偏爱” b.preferably副词作状语 c.preferable形容词作表语 d.prefer动词作谓语4.a.recognizable形容词作定语 b.recognition beyond recognition不可辨认，辨认不出 c.recognize5.a.satisfaction b.satisfied c.satisfactory形容词作表语 d.satisfy e.satisfyingⅡ. 1.urban 2.satisfaction 3.relaxation 4.has acquired 5.cocerned with 6.motivated7.possession 8.impact 9.participation 10.loom 11.portrayed 12.desirableⅢ.1．He always takes a positive attitude in correcting the mistakes of hi s students.2．Before going aboard the plane，the passengers attached a tag to their handbags.3．His skin color is not necessarily relevant to his being a good lawyer .4．A large ship was looming in the heavy fog.5．That's not a mistake on our part.6．Schools should set as their objective the attainment of a balanced development of the students.第二部分 Text B【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.T 2.T 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.TⅡ. 1.elusive 2.tricky 3.waste，control 4.quick sand 5.control 6.slave 7.flexible8.appointments，addresses，telephone numbers 9.underestimate，overestimate 10.temptations【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.DⅡ. 1.b 2.c 3.c 4.c 5.cUnit 8第一部分 Text A【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.c 2.b 3.c 4.b 5.Ⅱ. 1.minimize 2.local 3.instantaneously 4.regulate5.interact6.timing7.alarm clock8.discrepancy9.destined 10.feasibleⅢ. 1.are 2.for 3.the 4.again 5.into 6.the 7.the 8.andⅣ.1．It is not diffcult to understand the discomfort that rapid travel brings to the body.2．One of the reasons for this is that different activities of the human body are controlled by various actors.3．Protein in food stimulates wakefulness,while carbohydrates promote sleep.4．The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes acoss at some time.5．It is not feasible to wait several days until the adjusting mechanism of the body is adjusted to the new time zone.【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.a.negotiable b.negotiate c.negotiation2.a.regulation b.regulate c.regulatory d.regularized3.a.assumes b.assuming c.assumed d.assumption4.a.periodically b.periodical c.periodicity d.periodⅡ. 1.does synchronize 2.discrepancies 3.internal 4.resets 5.out of step 6.external 7.overcome8.destination9.mechanism 10.neutral gs 12.to advantage 13.feasible 14.instantaneouslyⅢ.1．We should promote mutual understanding between our two nations.2．The project seems to be feasible.3．He is out of step with modern life.4．We should transcend ourselves before overcoming the difficulties.5．There exists a remarkable lag between his idea and his action.6．The model is seeking an opportunity to show her off to advantage.7．Your assumption is not based on adequate facts.第二部分 Text B【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.T 2.T 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.T 9.F 10.FⅡ. 1.centering one's a ttention 2.varies 3.constant 4.distraction 5.symptom 6.routine7.central focal 8.physiological,physical 9.goal,direction 10.the ability【词汇练习答案】1.productivity2.distract3.fluctuates4.exceptional5.misled6.true of7.attend to 8.appreciate 9.typical 10.Motivation 11.contrary to 12.hinder,fromUnit 9第一部分 Text A【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.b(答案见第一段第三行) 2.c(para.2) 3.c(para.3最后一行) 4.a.(para.linel,2,3) 5.dⅡ. 1.approximate 2.aged 3.paradox 4.apparentposition6.elsewhere7.elementary8.alter9.precede 10.slippery Ⅲ. 1.c. advantageous——disadvantageous 2.a. slippery——stable3.h. upwards——downwards4.g. dependent——independent5.c. wealthy——poor6.b. lengthen——shorten7.i. different——same 8.f. active——inactive9.j. birth——death 10.d. effective——ineffective Ⅳ. 1.test 2.doctor 3.test 4.My 5.arrived 6.at 7.openedⅤ.1．Aging has become a social problem.2．People are against the idea that it comes from the fall of the birth rate.3．Expectations of life are due to various factors.4．The estimates of life are the average prediction of how long a person can live.5．Long life is altering our life,and our society.【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.a.appreciation b.appreciate c.appreciative2.a.activity b.activated c.active d.inactive3.a.continues b.continued c.continuation d.continuouse.continuing4.a.expect b.expectant c.expectancyd.expectationⅡ. 1.classify 2.salient 3.liability 4.altered5.paradox6.lengthens7.dependency8.revision9.upwards 10.approximatesⅢ.1．He always neglects his own health.2．The price of the goods is quite out of proportion to its value.3．His description of the event approximates to the fact.4．He barely acknowledged the errors in his statement.5．Warm applause indicated their appreciation of the performance.6．Memory can be classified into long term memory and short-term memory.7．Things altered completely.第二部分 Text B【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.TⅡ. 1.pride,belief 2.responsible,honest,loving 3.temporary,manageable,emerge 4.acting,talking5.isolated,lonely,received.6.a smile,a good grade on a report card,pride7.hear,see,think,rude,inconsiderate,rough8.contribute,within 9.throughout 10.positive attitudes【词汇练习答案】1.esteem2.take advantage of3.easy to be coped with4.handle5.appropriate6.infant's7.withdraw 8.really 9.worthless 10.outcomeUnit 10第一部分 Text A【课文练习答案】Ⅰ.1.d 2.b 3.c 4.b 5.dⅡ. 1.beat(defeat) 2.decisive(critical) 3.faithfulness(loyalty) 4.forceful effect(impact)5.finally(ultimately)6.difficult(tough)7.support(approval)8.arouse;excite(stir)9.the position of a president(presidency) 10.overpowering(overwhelming)Ⅲ. 1.strategy 2.election 3.democracy 4.presidency 5.economy6.constitution7.loyalty8.motivation9.certainty 10.provisionⅢ. for,lost,without,cost,buy,r age,alteredⅣ.1．In the United States,presidential elections occur every 4 years.2．Usually a major－party nominee has a higher approval rating than a minor －party nominee.3．Strategy is critical in the presidential election.4．In order to get the votes,the presidential candidates are particularly concerned with the important states.5．Out of a dozen political parties in America,only two are the leading ones. 【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.a.strategical b.strategically c.strategy d.strategist2.a.represent b.representation c.representative3.a.democratic b.democracy c.democrat4.a.nominal b.nominate c.nomination d.nomineeⅡ. 1.certainty 2.impact 3.provision 4.stirring5.election6.declined7.pursued8.Congress9.overwhelming 10.loyaltyⅢ.1．His return to the country will bring great impact on the political circle.2．Everyone should be concerned with the country's future.3．Hong Kong's return stirs very greatly all over the world.4．I identify the stolen tape recorder as mine.5．He is one of the most authoritative representatives.6．He is determined to persue the post graduate study.第二部分 Text B【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.T 2.T 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.T 9.T 10.F Ⅱ.1.two party,Democratic,Republican 2.poll,cast 3.rivalry 4.rooted 5.conducted 6.favors,maintain,dominant7.automatic,inevitable8.in power,overturned 9.monopolize 10.extreme,moderate【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.majority 2.broken 3.dozen 4.came into power 5.opposition 6.transfer 7.belongs to 8.nominated9.in favor of 10.overturnedⅡ. 1.dominate(支配，占优势) dominant(支配的，占优势的) dominaticn(控制，统治) dominance(优势，统治)pete(竞争) competitor(竞争者) competition(竞争) competitive(竞争的)3.opposition(反对) oppose(反对) opposite(反对的，对立的)4.carry on(继续，经营) carry out(执行，实行) carry away(使失去自控能力，使失去理智)5.nominate(提名，任命，命名) nomination(提名，任命) nominee(被提名者) nominal(名义上的)6.collect(收集) collection(收集、收藏) collective(集体的)7.automatic(自动的) automatically(自动地)automobile(汽车) automotive(汽车的，自动推进的)8.elect(选举) election(选举) electorate(全体选民，选区)Unit 11第一部分 Text A【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.b 2.d 3.a 4.d 5.dⅡ. 1.disorder 2.advance 3.irrelevant 4.misleading5.irresponsible6.eventual7.decline8.undergo9.alternative 10.ethicalⅢ. 1.a.anaesthetics b.vaccines c.treatment for diabetesd.cancere.developmental disorders2.a.reduction b.refinement c.replacementa.reducing the use of animals in the experimentsb.improving the conditions of the animal in experimentspletely getting rid of the use of animals in the experiments.3.all the animals in a test group are given a substance until half of them die;using a fixed amount,using fewer animals,not requiring them to die.Ⅳ. in, children, kids, at, of, green, nine, she, soldiersⅤ.1．Animal research has contributed a lot to the human medical development.2．People have different attitudes toward whether animal re-se arch is relevant to human health.3．The number of animals used in experiments has declined over the past 20 years.4．The new research result shows that some experiments can be done without the use of animals.5．Although medical techniques become more and more advanced, stopping testing on animals altogether is a long way away.【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.a.develop b.developmental c.development2.a.relevance b.irrelevant c.relevant d.relevantly3.a.inresponsible b.responsible c.responsibility4.a.Ethics b.ethical c.unethicalⅡ. 1.paralysed 2.regeneration 3.simulating 4.suitable5.misleading6.replace7.eventual8.disorder9.lethal 10.undergoⅢ.1．The artist reproduced every detail of your appearance in the picture.2．We should aim for higher productivity.3．He offered the argument which was central to the problem.4．I think his words are irrelevant to our topic.5．Since more and more people are entering the city,the security in the city is undergoing a change.第二部分 Text B【课文练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.FⅡ. 1.lovable,delightful,favored 2.humanity 3.patient,understanding4.attaches,going and coming5.takes all,gives nothing,contented,serene6.more imperative7.purchase,health care,feeding,housing,training8.news,begging ads 9.developed,“Third world”10.want,starvation 【词汇练习答案】Ⅰ. 1.grant 2.devotion 3.at ease 4.break in on 5.starving6.deprived7.take…for granted8.brought out 9.unreasonable 10.relief 【语法练习答案】Ⅰ.1．欧·享利的小说的写作风格是活泼的、对话体的，结局以出人意料著称。

虚拟语态、倒装句、主谓一致、介词、连词时态、语态、情态动词、非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)并列句、复合句(主从,宾从,表从,定从,状从,同位从)1. 简单句和并列句主谓, 主谓状 I study hard.情态动词+ 实意动词构成谓语. I shall go.主谓宾, 主谓介宾 I study English.I look at the blackboard.主系表 I am a student. The leaves turn red.主谓双宾 I give him a present.主谓宾宾补 I let you do it.I ask you to do it.定状语 A red book.Work hard.并列句 I worked and studied(x)I worked and he studied.2. 主从复合句(1) 宾语从句I study English. I think (that)… I think that she is a good student.I made it clear that he objected to the plan.I asked whether/if he was a good student.I don’t know whether it is raining.I asked what he had studied. He gave me what I need.You are wrong in that you took effect for cause.(2) 主语从句That the sun moves around the earth is the truth.( it is the truth that..)Whether it is raining is not known.It is not known--computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.A.whetherB. ifC. thatD. howIt goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society. Who will come to the meeting remains unknown.翻译题: In a sense, what he said amounts to threat.(3) 表语从句Your greatest fault is that you are careless.The problem is what we should do to help him.(4) 形容词补语从句We feel proud that our team has won every match this year.He wasn’t sure whether he should stay or leave.Are you certain who he is?(5) 同位语从句(fact, news, idea, opinion, concern, hope, theory, decision, discovery, conclusion, report,order, question, problem, belief, truth, answer, statement, promise, possibility.)The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.(6) 状语从句时间状语从句When I studied, the bell rang.She was going upstairs when suddenly the light went out.He had no sooner died than/ he had hardly died when the family arguments began.地点状语从句He live where he liked.原因状语从句He was late because he missed the bus.Now that you mention it, I do remember.I’m in a slightly awkward posit ion, in that my secretary is on holiday at that moment.目的状语从句We have so arranged matters that one of us is always on duty.Bring it closer so that I may see it better.结果状语从句He brought a big house so( that) he had more space to paint in.He made such a good speech that he won warm applause.翻译题:The brothers looks so alike that it is difficult to tell them each other条件状语从句If I make a promise, I keep it.I’ll lend you the money , as/so long as you take my advice.These messages will become rubbish unless some measures have been taken. 让步状语从句Although/ though he was Spanish, he spent most of his life in Germany. Whatever/ No matter what happens, you must be calm and quiet.However/no matter how loudly you shout, you won’t be heard.方式状语从句I have changed the plan as you suggested.As if ( as though)比较状语从句(重点)She is as tall as Tom( is) I arrived as early as you (did)Mary was older/more careful than Tom( was)Mary works harder /more carefully than Tom( does)Bill speaks French ----( badly) than he writes it.The –( far)away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes. further进(8) 定语从句在从句中成份+连词She is a beautiful girl. I like the girl who is beautiful.( who主语) This is the film that I see.This is the boy who (whom)(--) you met yesterday. (主语)Tell me something about the man for whom I shall be working / (whom) I shall be working for.I read the book whose cover is red.You are still the same person as I knew ten years ago.I never heard such stories as he told.This is the day when( on which) I joined the league.This is the house where( in which) I live./ This is the house I live in. 非限定性定语从句:He met Mary, who invited him to dinner.I gave the book to Tom, whom/ who I found after the meeting.Her doctor, whose office was newly decorated, started to charge higherfee.His latest play, which was well reviewed by the critics, has been a great success.I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.Prof. Emery, about whom everyone is taking these days.There are only four areas ____ very many diamonds have been found.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.whichWhere用在定语从句和状语从句的区别I’ll go to the place (where I live)I’ll go wherever work conditions are difficult.定语从句和同位语从句的区别The news (that our team had won)was known to all.This is the film that (I see).考题: Such people – you describe are rare nowadays.a. asb. thatc. whod.whichAnyone ---( want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about IT . [who want]Who wants Many of us visited the industrial exhibition,---,to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products.a. whereb. whichc. asd. that3. 并列复合句He said that he would give up smoking, but nobody believe it.I never saw a busier person than she seemed to be; yet it was difficult to say what he she did.重点语法——动词的时态和语态时态的呼应I thought the experiment was going on now.She said this apparatus would be available next week.Am/is/are/+ done. This room is cleaned every day.Was/were +done This room was cleaned yesterday.Will be+ done This room will be cleaned.Am/is/are being done This room is being cleaned at the moment. Was/were being done This room was being cleaned when I arrived. Have/has been done My car has been repaired.Had been done The room looks much better. It had been cleaned. No sooner had I arrived at the theatre than the film began. Hardly….. whenSome people think that the relations between people have deteriorated-( deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible.Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened (happen) to her.非谓语动词(1) 动词不定式做主语 To see is to believe.What to do next has not been decideIt is not easy to remember all these words.表语 To know everything is to know nothing.定语 This is a book to be written.宾语 I want to study.He found it impossible to keep silent any longer.宾补 They warned me not to be late.I let you do it(make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, smell, listen to, hear,perceive)状语 Yesterday he came to see me.独立成份 To be frank, she is not my girlfriend.形容词补语 I am glad to hear the news.不定式的逻辑主语 For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable. 不定式的时态和语态 to do(be) , to be+p.p.to have done, to have been done动名词主,表语 Seeing is believingTom’s going there won’t do any harm.My hobby is collecting stamps.定语 This is a swimming poor. ( a poor for swimming)This is a hiding place ( a place for hiding )宾语 I enjoy studying (mind, keep, appreciate, can’t help, consider, postpone,suggest,admit etc.)Do you mind my smoking here?介词+ 宾语I used to doing. (confess to, look forward to, object to doing sth.) be involve in, consist of, be fond of, etc.动名词的时态和语态基本形同分词的时态和语态分词状语 When I saw the film, I felt sad = Seeing the film, I felt sad. Because it is Sunday today, we have no school.It being Sunday, we have no school.When the job was finished, we went home straight away.The job finished, we went home straight away.定语 The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.=The boy who is standing there is a classmate of mine.The used car. A broken cup the question involved.表语 The film is exciting. All the windows are broken.宾补 I found them watering flowers.( I found that they were watering flowers.I found the flowers watered. ( I found the flowers watered)分词的时态和语态.( 形同动名词)doing (being) being donehaving done having been done______nothing to say, the boy shield way form the crowd.A. HavingB. Have C Had. D. Having beingWhat developed was a music readily taking ( take) on various forms.Not having got (not get) enough hands, she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task.非谓语动词答题要点1. Anyone wanting (want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.2．A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted (convict)of murder.3. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used( use) in experiments may decrease.Not have got (not, get)enough hands she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task．It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control ( control) his direction.As I’ll be away for a year，I’d appreciate hearing (hear)from you now and then．Object to , confess to , look forward to + doing.介词+ doing.If I had remembered --- the window, the thief would not have got in.a. to closeb. closingc. to have closed. having closed. Begin, start, intend, continue to do, doing 的区别不大The baby began crying. The baby began to cry.Try to do. 努力去做 Try doing 尝试去做.I was very tired. I tired to keep my eyes open, but I couldn’t.I can’t find anywhere to live.______, they began to get down to business. A. The holidays being over B. The holidays are over C. The holidays were over D. The holidays had been overV+ing及从句的固定用法It’s no use doing sth.It’s no use worrying about it. There’s nothing you can do.It’s (not) worth doing sth.Have difficulty doing sth.Spend time (in) doing sth.There is no doubt that.强调句1. 强调主语 It is I that/who am to blame2. 强调直接宾语 It was a glass that Mary broke.3. 强调间接宾语 It was him that I gave the pen to.4. 强调介词宾语 It is this room that I am living in.5. 强调状语1) 时间状语 It was last year that Tom graduated from high school.2) 地点状语 It was under the bridge that we found him.3) 原因状语 It was for his arrogance that I dislike him.4) 目的状语 It was for pleasure that I read it.不仅可以是陈述句, 还可以是疑问句和感叹句.Was it you that/who lost a watch yesterday? What great progress it was that you made.强调句可以是一个从句, 被强调的部分也可以是从句.I was told that it was because he hadn’t received the invitation that he didn’t comeIt was there, the police believe,she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag.A. thatB.untilC. whichD. when虚拟语气第一类型: 见词就填:A. (should ) do(should) beB. (should) be +过去分词第一类型虚拟语气 A第一类型虚拟语气 B见某些形容词要虚拟Urgent, necessary, important, possible, essential, incredible, natural, ridiculous, vital, imperative, crucial, critical, proper, compulsory, etc.形容词带的从句: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.主语从句: It is decided that the meeting (should) be postponed.宾语从句: He insisted that his daughter (should) come.表语从句: The doctor’s advice is that the patient (should) be kept quiet. 同位语从句: He gave order that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.考题: They demanded that the right to vote----(give) to every adult person. [(should) be given]For a child to give up less mature idea for a more sophisticate one, it requires that the child ____ psychologically ready for the new idea.A.isB.beC.wereD.would be第二类型: if 的非真实条件句( 可能性小或没有可能)注意: if 可以引导真实条件句,多是条件状语从句.第二类型虚拟语气 (时态到推的概念)第二类型虚拟语气举例省略if 的倒装were, had , should.If the doctor had been available, the child would have been saved.Had the doctor been available, the child would have been saved.考题:_____for your help, I would not have overcome the psychological pressures and tensions.A. Had it not beenB. not beenC. Without beingD. not having been 特殊虚拟?Even if 形式上与if 相同Wish形式上大体与if 从句相同从句谓语与Wish同时 Wish+主语+V.ed/wereI wish I were as young as you.从句谓语发生Wish之前多用Wish+主语+had done(been)I wish that he had not made so much trouble.从句谓语发生Wish之后用Wish+主语+would(could) + v.I wish you would stay with me far a whileI wish I could fly.It is (about. High..) time that + 从句 (V.ed)It is high time that we began to work.In case, lest, for fear that (should)+ V.The mad man was out in the padded cell lest he ---himself.A. injureB. had injured c. injured d. would injure.Would rather =had rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer 多加过去式表示尚未发生的动作.倒装句全部倒装 In came Jack. Now comes your turn.Among them were two girls.部分倒装Hardly/scarcely/barely had we got on the bus when it began to rain.No sooner had he put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.Not until many years later did the whole truth become known.Not only did he win the championship in the race, but he also broke the world record.Neither my sister nor I have traveled by air.Never, nowhere, no longer, little, feww, not…( not a single word) no. (at no time, by no means, in no way, on no account, under/in no circumstances) Only here can you buy fresh eggs.主谓一致要点To become actresses is their ambition.Nodding often means you say” yes.”What I did was to give her a book. Neither she nor I am wet.Many a student doesn’t like having to do their homework.连词连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, which ever 连接副词 when, how, why, where, whenever, wherever并列连词 and, but, or, so , therefore, yet, however, nevertheless, for, hence, as well as, both..and, not only..but also, either..or, neither..nor, 从属连词 after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, if , even if, unless, lest, because, than, that, whether, so that, as soon as, as long as, in order that, as if, as though, in case, now that, so..that, such..that, as .as.When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, --- we should not play it.A. otherwiseB. insteadC. neverthelessD. either不定代词Any,one,none,nothing, neither, either, both, all, anyone, any one, some, any, much, manyAre you sure there are not--- sharks here? A.any B. some C. many D. much.Used to , be used to doingFrank lives alone,. He doesn’t mind this because has lived alone for 15years. So he is used to it. He is used to living alone.These days I usually stay in bed until late. But when I had a job, I used to get up early.词汇题常考动词搭配Come, carry, take, go,get,cut, make, put ,turn, bring.完型填空题型分析考察重点主谓一致,动词时态和语态,名词的数,代词,形容词副词的比较级,介词和连词.常用词语搭配.70%考连词,代词,介词以及承上启下的其他词和词组.方法: 先跳空通读全文,然后根据语法结构, 语义连贯,词与词的搭配填空, 最后在通读全文. 注意顾全大局.选的是最佳答案.词型填空题大部分为动词.阅读理解题型分析考察(1)词和短语的意义(2)句子表达的各个内容之间的关系(3)文章的主题思想和大意(4)文章或某句的内在含义及推理(5)文章作者的态度.答题方法:先看题—阅读的难点不是考试的重点，不要死扣一句，第一段和最后一段, 段首和段尾句，多数题目可以在文章中找到相应的段落,句子或短语.翻译题评分原则为：(1) 主要语法错误（如动词时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致、否定、疑问以及其他句型错误）或影响基本句意的重要用词错误扣1分。

《大学英语自学教程》下册课后习题答案第一单元Text AExercises for the TextI. 1.d 2.c 3.c 4.a 5.dII. 1.alternative 2.fundamental 3.accompany 4.implement 5.preccedent 6.attain7.objectives 8.vary 9.multiple 10.isolateIII. 1.c 2.d 3.i 4.j 5.g 6.e 7.h 8.1 9.f 10.bIV. our ; helped ; form ; front; to; passed; it; same;V.1.Decision makers should be able to make the best guess at the guture.2.Some people think that everything managers do involves decision making.(or Some people think that everything managers do has something to do with decision making.)3.If there are no correct alternatives,there are no correct decisions to be made.4.Since different people have different ideas about the same problem,so the approaches to it vary from person to person.5.Decision makers usually hold the key to the business development of the company.V ocabulary ExercisesI .1.a.be organized /doc/cf18919128.html,anizatinal/doc/cf18919128.html,anization2.a.simple b.simplified c.simply d.simplification3.a.profit b.profitable c.profitability4.a.intention b.intended c.unintendedII. 1.preccdent 2.skilled 3.achievement 4.implement5.optimal6.goal7.accomplish8.accompanies9.tendency 10.ongoingIII.1.His friend accompanied him to a concert.2.He has argued her out of her decision.3.he owed his success in part to luck.4.According to his suggestion,the formalities have been much simplified.5.The broadcasting station predicts that it will turn cold tomorrow.6.Motion is defined as a change in position or place.Text BExercises for the TextI. 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.TII.1.preparation; confidence 2.idea 3.unattractive indifference 4.hardworking; personality; interest 5.speechless 6.holidays; pay 7.clean; neat; conservative 8.the floor beside your chair 9.politely; naturally 10."I beg your pardon?" or "Could you please repeat it?" etc.V ocabulary ExercisesI. 1.at a disadvantage 2.conservative 3.indifference 4.make sure 5.vague 6.clutched 7.turned down 8.to your advantage 9.neat 10.prospects 11.take the tuouble to 12.placeGrammar ExercisesI. 1.连词；让步状语从句。

Unit 1第一部分 Text A【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者决策是从可供挑选的行动方案中作出选择，目的在于确定并实现组织机构的目标或目的。

之所以要决策是因为存在问题，或是目标或目的不对，或某种东西妨碍目标或目的实现。

因此，决策过程对于管理人员非常重要。

管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有人甚至认为管理过程就是决策过程。

虽然决策者不能预测未来，但他们的许多决策要求他们必须考虑未来可能会发生的情况。

管理者必须对未来的事情作出最佳的猜测，并使偶然性尽可能少地发生。

但因为总是存在着未知情况，所以决策往往伴随着风险。

有时失误的决策带来的后果不很严重，但有时就会不堪设想。

选择就是从多种选项中进行取舍，没有选择，就没有决策。

决策本身就是一个选择的过程，许多决策有着很广的选择范围。

例如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，可能会从多门课程中进行选择，对于管理者来说，每一个决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等方面的制约，这些制约存在于一个组织的各个部门里。

选项就是可供选择的种种可行的行动方案。

没有选项，就没有选择，因而也就没有决策。

如果看不到任何选项，这意味着还没有对问题进行彻底的研究。

例如，管理者有时会用“非此即彼”的方式处理问题，这是他们简化问题的方法。

这种简化问题的习惯常常使他们看不到其他的选项。

在管理这个层次上，制定决策包括：识别选项和缩小选项范围，其范围小到微乎其微，大到近乎无限。

决策者必须有某种方法来断定几种选项中的最佳选项，即哪个选项最有利于实现其组织的目标。

组织的目标是指该组织努力完成或达到的目标或现状。

由于个人(或组织)对于怎样实现其目标的方式都有不同的见解，最佳的选择就在于决策者了。

常常是一个组织的下属部门做出的决策对自己有利，而对上一级的部门来说，就不是较佳选择了。

这种增加部门的局部利益而减少其他部门的局部利益所作出的权衡，叫做局部优化。

例如，市场营销经理为增加广告预算可能会讲得头头是道，但从更大的布局来看，增加优化产品的研究经费也许对组织更有利。