200609波动打印

第一章从撞击打印到数字印刷（3、5、6、7）1.撞击打印机的分类、及相应的工作原理是什么？2.非撞击打印技术主要有哪几种？3.连续喷墨、按需喷墨、相变喷墨的工作原理？4.热转移打印和热升华打印的异同点？5.数字印刷的定义、特点？6.打印机与数字印刷机的主要区别？7.CTP、DTP分别指的是？第二章静电照相复制工艺（2、3、4、6、8、9、12）1.主要的复印工艺包括（5种）：2.简单介绍卡尔逊发明的静电复印机的工作原理？3.静电复印：xerography /electrostatic printing;喷墨印刷：ink jet printing热转移印刷：Thermal transfer printing（记住）4.什么是光导体、光导效应？5.什么是本征光电导率？电导率由什么决定？6.静电照相对光导材料的要求是？7.墨粉的分类？单组分和双组分墨粉的区别？8.载体颗粒的目的：9.静电照相六大工艺？并简单阐述？10.图2-4（会画出主要部件）11.为什么说显影和转印对墨粉来说是一对矛盾体？12.清理阶段的主要清理对象是？清理方式？清理目的是？第三章静电照相数字印刷机结构与系统设计（全部）1.数字印刷机的核心部件（4个）：2.印刷单元排列的两种形式、以及各自的优缺点？3.两种成像方式是什么，各有什么特点或优缺点？4.发光二级管打印头的性能指标：5.墨粉充电的四种方法？并简单介绍？6.单组分墨粉显影质量的影响因素：7.显影滚筒的作用：8.双组分墨粉的载体颗粒作用：9.显影装置的4种结构布局：10.转印带转印的优点？11.造成多色墨粉层剪切效应的主要因素有哪些？第四章连续喷墨（2、3、4、5）1.首个连续喷墨打印装置的工作原理是？2. 在Sweet连续喷墨中，影响墨滴形成的因素：3.什么是卫星墨滴，怎么控制卫星墨滴的形成？4. Sweet和Hertz连续喷墨的工作原理是什么，它们之间有什么区别？5.喷墨印刷的优、缺点，以及应用范围？第五章按需喷墨（drop on demand ink jet printing）1.按需喷墨定义：按需喷墨也称为间歇式喷墨印刷或随机喷墨印刷，它是一种根据图文信号使墨滴从喷嘴中喷出并立即附着在承印材料上的方法，即喷嘴供给的墨滴只有在需要打印时才喷出。

目录1 应用范围 (2)2 标记 (2)3 名称 (2)3.1 缩写 (2)4 要求 (2)4.1 基本要求 (2)4.2 查验责任 (2)4.3 对结构型式的官方批准 (2)4.4 试样 (2)4.5 标识(玻璃印章) (2)4.6 供货 (3)5 划痕和其它常见缺陷 (4)5.1 试验方法 (4)6 几何尺寸要求 (4)7 材料要求 (4)7.1 对复合性能的要求 (4)7.2 耐候性能 (5)7.3 光学要求 (5)耐光性能 (5)耐潮性能 (5)蒸煮试验 (5)耐腐蚀性能，红外反射中空玻璃 (5)8 力学要求 (5)8.1 单片安全玻璃(ESG) (5)8.2 中空安全玻璃和部分预应力中空安全玻璃(TVG) (6)9 光学要求(挡风玻璃、侧面玻璃、车后玻璃、遮阳顶板) (7)9.1 浮动结构 (7)9.2 玻璃对准 ....................................................... 7 9.3 偏摆误差 ....................................................... 7 9.4 加热丝加热VSG 后窗玻璃透射光学系统 . 8 9.5 浮动光学系统 ............................................... 8 9.6 允许重影角度 ............................................... 9 9.7 汽车玻璃的光谱透射和色坐标 ................... 9 9.8 汽车玻璃的反射波纹度 .. (10)9.9 试验报告 ..................................................... 10 10 丝网印刷的光学缺陷 ................................... 11 10.1 透光率 ........................................................ 11 10.2 全印、印品上的允许缺陷，所有玻璃 .... 11 10.3 门玻璃 ........................................................ 11 10.4 网格印刷/装饰印刷 ................................... 11 11 特殊要求 ....................................................... 11 11.1 玻璃的镀银 (11)11.2 加热或天线印刷的附着力 (12)11.3 复合安全玻璃 (12)11.4 中空安全玻璃-TVG (12)11.5 单层安全玻璃(ESG) (12)12 试验说明 (13)12.1 光学试验方法 ........................................... 13 13 试验设备 ...................................................... 13 13.1 跌落试验的框架 ....................................... 14 13.2 碎料袋 ....................................................... 14 10.3 箭头试验用箭 ........................................... 14 附录A(资料性附录) ........................................... 17 附录B(资料性附录) ............................................ 18 附录C(资料性附录) ........................................... 19 附录D(规范性附录) . (23)1 应用范围本标准规定了汽车用有机玻璃板的要求和试验。

AnnualAnnualon the Acthe RSMC Tokyo20J MJapan MeteReportctivities of-Typhoon Center06TY SAOMAI (0608)00 UTC, 10 Aug. 2006l i l Aeorological AgencyTable of ContentsPage IntroductionChapter 1 Operations at the RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center in 20061.1 Analysis 11.2 Forecasts 11.3 Provision of RSMC Products 21.4 RSMC Data Serving System 41.5 RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center Website 41.6 Numerical Typhoon Prediction Website 4Chapter 2 Major Activities of the RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center in 20062.1 Dissemination of RSMC Products 5Publication 6 2.22.3 Monitoring of Observational Data Availability 6Chapter 3 Atmospheric and Oceanographic Conditions in the Tropicsand Tropical Cyclones in 20063.1 Summary of Atmospheric and Oceanographic Conditions in the Tropics 73.2 Tropical Cyclones in 2006 8Chapter 4 Verification of Forecasts in 20064.1 Operational Forecasts 114.1.1 Center Position 114.1.2 Central Pressure and Maximum Wind Speed 144.2 TYM and GSM Predictions 154.2.1 TYM Predictions 164.2.2 GSM Predictions 19Tropical Cyclone in 2006Appendices1 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track Data in 20062 Monthly Tracks of Tropical Cyclones in 20063 Track and Intensity Analysis and Forecast Errors for Each Tropical Cyclone in 20064 Monthly and Annual Frequencies of Tropical Cyclones5 Code Forms of RSMC Products6 List of GPV Products and Data on the RSMC Data Serving System7 User’s Guide to the Attached CD-ROMIntroductionThe RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center (referred to below as the Center) is a Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) that carried out specialized activities in analysis, tracking and forecasting of western North Pacific tropical cyclones (TCs) within the framework of the World Weather Watch (WWW) Programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The Center was established at the headquarters of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) in July 1989, following a designation by the WMO Executive Council at its 40th session held in Geneva in June 1988.The Center conducts the following operations on a routine basis:(1)Preparation of information on the formation, movement and development of TCs and associatedmeteorological phenomena(2)Preparation of information on synoptic scale atmospheric situations that affect the behavior of TCs(3)Dissemination of the above information to National Meteorological Services (NMSs)in particular to the Members of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, in appropriate formats for operational processingIn addition to the routine services outlined above, the Center distributes a series of reports entitled Annual Report on the Activities of the RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center to serve as operational references for the NMSs concerned. The report is aimed at summarizing the activities of the Center and reviewing the TCs of the preceding year.In this issue covering 2006, an outline of routine operations at the Center and its operational products are presented in Chapter 1, while Chapter 2 reports on the major activities of the Center in 2006. Chapter 3 describes atmospheric and oceanic conditions in the tropics and notes the highlights of TC activities in 2006. In Chapter 4, verification statistics of operational forecasts and predictions of the two numerical weather prediction (NWP) models of the Center are presented. The best track data for TCs in 2006 are shown in table and chart forms in the appendices. All the relevant texts, tables, charts and appendices are included on the CD-ROM attached to this report.The CD-ROM also contains three-hourly cloud images of all the TCs in 2006 of TS intensity or higher within the Center’s area of responsibility. Also included is the necessary viewer software, which features various functions for analyzing satellite imagery such as image animation and is expected to facilitate efficient post-analysis of TCs and their environments. A setup program and a user manual for the software are also included on the CD-ROM. Appendix 7 shows an outline of the CD-ROM and how to use the software.Chapter 1Operations at the RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center in 2006 The Center’s area of responsibility covers the western North Pacific and the South China Sea (0°- 60°N, 100°-180°E) including the marginal seas and adjacent land areas (Figure 1.1). The Center carries out analyses and forecasts of tropical cyclones (TCs) when they are in or expected to move into the area. The Center provides the relevant National Meteorological Services (NMSs) with the RSMC products through such means as the GTS, the AFTN and the JMA radio facsimile broadcast (JMH).Figure 1.1Area of responsibility of the RSMCTokyo - Typhoon Center.1.1 AnalysisTC analyses are performed eight times a day at 00, 03, 06, 09, 12, 15, 18 and 21 UTC, and each analysis begins with the determination of the center position of the TC. Cloud images from the Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) are the principal source for determining this, especially for TCs migrating over data-sparse ocean areas. The TC’s direction and speed of movement are determined primarily from the six-hourly displacement vectors of the center position.The central pressure of a TC is determined mainly from the CI number, which is derived from satellite imagery using the Dvorak method. The CI number also gives the maximum sustained wind speed in the vicinity of the center. The radii of circles for the gale-force and the storm-force winds are determined mainly from surface observations, QuikSCAT observations and low-level cloud motion winds (LCW) derived from cloud motion vectors of satellite images in the vicinity of the TC.1.2 ForecastsPredictions of JMA’s two NWP models (the Typhoon Model (TYM) and the Global Spectral Model (GSM)) provide a primary basis for TC track forecasts. The central pressure and the maximum sustained wind speed are forecasted based on the basis of results obtained using NWP and the Dvorak method.A probability circle shows the range into which the center of a TC is expected to move with 70% probability at each validation time. The radius of the circle is statistically determined according to the speed of TC movement based on the verification results of recent TC track forecasts.1.3 Provision of RSMC ProductsThe Center prepares and disseminates the RSMC bulletins and charts listed below via the GTS and the AFTN when:- a TC of tropical storm (TS) intensity or higher exists in the area of responsibility of the Center - a TC is expected to reach TS intensity or higher in the area within 24 hours- a TC of TS intensity or higher is expected to move into the area within 24 hoursThe RSMC products are continually issued as long as a TC keeps TS intensity or higher within the area of responsibility. Appendix 5 denotes the code forms of the bulletins.RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory (WTPQ20-25 RJTD: via GTS)The RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory reports the following elements in the analysis, 24-, 48- and 72-hour forecasts of a TC respectively:Analysis Center positionAccuracy of determination of the center positionDirection and speed of movementCentral pressureMaximum sustained wind speed (10-minute average)speed (from mid-April 2007)MaximumwindgustRadii of wind areas over 50 and 30 knot24-, 48- and 72-hour Center position and radius of the probability circleforecasts Direction and speed of movementCentral pressureMaximum sustained wind speed (10-minute average)speed (from mid-April 2007)windMaximumgustRSMC Guidance for Forecast (FXPQ20-25 RJTD: via GTS)The RSMC Guidance for Forecast reports the results of GSM and TYM predictions; GSM is run twice a day with initial analyses at 00 and 12 UTC, while TYM is run four times a day with initial analyses at 00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC. The Guidance presents GSM’s six-hourly predictions of a TC up to 90 hours ahead for 00 and 12 UTC and TYM’s six-hourly predictions up to 84 hours ahead for 00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC. It includes following elements:NWP prediction (T=06 to 84 or 90)positionCenterpressure*Centralspeed*windsustainedMaximum* Predictions of these parameters are given as deviations from those at the initial time.SAREP (TCNA20/21 RJTD: via GTS)The SAREP reports TC analysis including intensity information (i.e. the CI number) based on the Dvorak method. It is issued a half to one hour after observations at 00, 03, 06, 09, 12, 15, 18 and21 UTC, and contains following elements:MTSAT imagery analysisCenter positionAccuracy of determination of the center positionMean diameter of the cloud systemnumber**CIApparent change in intensity in the last 24 hours**Direction and speed of movement** These parameters are reported only at 00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC.In accordance with the WMO migration plan to table-driven code forms, the Center has been disseminating SAREP reports in BUFR format (IUCC10 RJTD) since November 2005 while also continuing dissemination in the existing format. BUFR/CREX templates for translation into table-driven code forms are provided on the WMO website at http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/WMOCodes.html.RSMC Prognostic Reasoning (WTPQ30-35 RJTD: via GTS)The RSMC Prognostic Reasoning provides a brief reasoning for a TC forecast. It is issued at 00 and 06 UTC following the issuance of the RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory. In the bulletin, general comments on the forecasting method, the synoptic situation of the subtropical ridge, the movement and intensity of the TC as well as relevant remarks are given in plain language.RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track (AXPQ20 RJTD: via GTS)The RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track provides post-analysis data on TCs of TS intensity or higher.It contains the center position, the central pressure and the maximum sustained wind speed. The best track for a TC is usually finalized one and a half months after the termination of issuance of the above RSMC bulletins for the TC.Tropical Cyclone Advisory for SIGMET (FKPQ30-35 RJTD: via AFTN)The Center, as one of the Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centres within the framework of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), provides Tropical Cyclone Advisory for SIGMETto Meteorological Watch Offices (MWOs) involved in supporting the preparation of SIGMET information on TCs. It includes the following elements in the analysis and the 12- and 24-hourforecasts:positionAnalysis CenterDirection and speed of movementCentral pressureMaximum sustained wind speed (10-minute average) 12- and 24-hour forecasts Center positionMaximum sustained wind speed (10-minute average)1.4 RSMC Data Serving SystemSince 1995, JMA has been operating the RSMC Data Serving System which allows the NMSs concerned to use the Internet to retrieve NWP products such as predicted fields in grid-point-value (GPV) form and observational data. The products and data provided through the system are listed in Appendix6.1.5 RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center WebsiteThe RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center Website provides TC advisories on a real-time basis, as well asa wide variety of products including TC analysis archives, technical review and annual reports on the activities of the Center. The address of the website is http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/RSMC_HP.htm.1.6 Numerical Typhoon Prediction WebsiteJMA has been operated the Numerical Typhoon Prediction (NTP) website since 1 October 2004. The site provides predictions of TC tracks performed by models of eight NWP centers (BoM (Australia), CMC (Canada), DWD (Germany), ECMWF, KMA (Republic of Korea), NCEP (USA), UKMO (UK), and JMA) to assist the NMSs of the Typhoon Committee Members in improving TC forecasting and warning services. The site includes:-data tables and a chart of the latest predicted positional data of the participating NWP centers with JMA analysis data including several useful functions such as deriving an ensemble meanfrom any combination of predictions by the centers-maps of the NWP models of the participating NWP centersChapter 2Major Activities of the RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center in 20062.1 Dissemination of RSMC ProductsIn 2006, the Center provided operational products for tropical cyclone (TC) forecasting to NMSs via such networks as the GTS and the AFTN. The monthly and annual totals of issuance of the products supplied are listed in Table 2.1.Table 2.1 Monthly and annual total numbers of products supplied by the RSMC Tokyo - TyphoonCenter in 2006.Product Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total TCNA2000703913102141128866057633 TCNA21000038893130114725850563 IUCC10007077211952712421581181071196 WTPQ20-250014079292072832581741201151279 WTPQ30-350040196517065423330320 FXPQ20-250010058201521961921279084929 FKPQ30-3500703914102139127855956628 AXPQ2000000006039220 Notes:Names of the products and their headers via the GTS or the AFTNSAREP(TACs)TCNA20/21 RJTD(BUFR format)IUCC10 RJTDRSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory WTPQ20-25 RJTDRSMC Prognostic Reasoning WTPQ30-35 RJTDRSMC Guidance for Forecast FXPQ20-25 RJTDTropical Cyclone Advisory for SIGMET FKPQ30-35 RJTDRSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track AXPQ20 RJTD2.2 PublicationIn October 2006, the Center published the Annual Report on the Activities of the RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center in 2005.2.3 Monitoring of Observational Data AvailabilityThe Center carried out regular monitoring of information exchange for enhanced TC observation in accordance with the standard procedures stipulated in Section 6.2, Chapter 6 of The Typhoon Committee Operational Manual (TOM) - Meteorological Component. Monitoring for the 2005–2006 season was conducted for the following two periods:1.from 00UTC on 10 July to 23UTC on 14 July (for TY BILIS (0604))2.from 00UTC on 27 September to 23UTC on 1 October (for TY XANGSANE (0615))The results were distributed to all the Typhoon Committee Members in April 2007, and are available on JMA’s Distributed Database of JMA at ftp://ddb.kishou.go.jp/pub/monitoring/.Chapter 3Atmospheric and Oceanographic Conditions in the Tropicsand Tropical Cyclones in 20063.1 Summary of Atmospheric and Oceanographic Conditions in the TropicsIn terms of the sea surface temperature (SST) from May to December, SST anomalies of up to 0.5°C were widely seen over the sea east of the Philippines except for in June and September, and in the South China Sea except for in November and December.Regarding atmospheric conditions, enhanced convection and cyclonic wind shear area in the lower troposphere were seen over the sea east of the Philippines from July to October. Definite cyclonic wind circulations were seen in particular over the sea east of Luzon Island in August. Monthly mean streamlines at 850 hPa, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and TC tracks in August are presented in Figure 3.1. The low OLR areas at lower latitudes indicate active convection.Consequently, the total seven named TCs that formed in August exceeds the 30-year average* of 5.5, while the totals for other months are almost the same as or less than the 30-year average*. The monthly frequencies of named tropical cyclones (TCs) are presented in Appendix 4.*The 30-year average is from 1971 to 2000.Figure 3.1 Monthly mean streamline at 850 hPa (lines with arrows) and areas of less than 230 w/m2of OLR (shaded)in August 2006. The tracks of the eight named TCs that formed in August are superimposed onto the figure.The following charts are included on the attached CD-ROM: monthly mean SST anomalies for the western North Pacific and the South China Sea, monthly mean streamlines at 850 hPa and 200 hPa, and OLR for the months from January to December (SST anomalies 2006.ppt and Streamline 2006.ppt).3.2 Tropical Cyclones in 2006In 2006, 23 TCs of tropical storm (TS) intensity or higher formed in the western North Pacific and the South China Sea. This total is less than the 30-year average* frequency of 26.7. Out of these 23 TCs, 15 reached typhoon (TY) intensity, four reached severe tropical storm (STS) intensity, and another four reached TS intensity (Table 1).Table 1 List of the tropical cyclones reaching TS intensity or higher in 2006The tropical cyclone season of this year began in May with the formation of CHANCHU (0601). While convective activity was somewhat inactive around the Philippines mostly in June, it turned active over the sea east of the Philippines from late June to early August. In addition, the subtropical high was more enhanced than normal over the sea south of Japan from May to early August. Consequently, most TCs formed over the sea east of the Philippines after late June, and many of them moved westwards to China (Figure 3.2(a)). CHANCHU (0601), BILIS (0604), KAEMI (0605), PRAPIROON (0606) and SAOMAI (0608) brought damage to China, the Philippines and Vietnam. On the other hand, EWINIAR (0603) moved northwards and hit the Republic of Korea, causing damage to the country.From late August to early September, convective activity was temporarily inactive over the sea east of the Philippines, and became active again from late September to early October accompanied bypropagation of the active phase of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). Three named TCs forming in September is fewer than normal (the 30-year average* is 5.1). Additionally, the subtropical high was generally weak over the sea south of Japan from late August to early October. In this period, most of the named TCs formed over the sea east of the Philippines and moved northwards (as shown in Figure 3.2(b)). WUKONG (0610) and SHANSHAN (0613) hit Japan, causing damage to the country, while XANGSANE (0615) moved westwards in the South China Sea, bringing damage to the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. IOKE (0612) was the first named cyclone that formed in the central North Pacific and moved westwards across the date line after HUKO (0224).From late October to early December, the subtropical high was normal or stronger than normal over the sea south of Japan. All five named TCs after SOULIK (0618) formed over the sea east of the Philippines and moved westwards toward the Philippines (Figure 3.2(c)). Out of these TCs, CIMARON(c) late October to DecemberFigure 3.2 Tracks of the 23 named tropical cyclones in 2006(0619), CHEBI (0620) and DURIAN (0621) developed rapidly off the east coast of the Philippines, reaching the peak intensity with maximum sustained wind speeds of 100kt or more before hitting the country. DURIAN (0621) caused massive landslides and brought severe damage.In 2006, the mean formation latitude and longitude** of the 22 TCs excluding IOKE (0612) was 15.6ºN and 136.5ºE, normal compared to the 30-year averages* of 16.2ºN and 136.9ºE.Figure 3.3 Genesis points of the 23 TCs generated in 2006 (dots) and frequencydistribution of genesis points for 1951–2005 (lines)**Mean formation latitude (longitude) here is defined as the arithmetic average of the latitudes (longitudes) of formation points of all TCs of TS intensity or higher.Chapter 4Verification of Forecasts in 20064.1 Operational Forecasts Operational forecasts of the 23 tropical cyclones (TCs) of TS intensity or higher in 2006 were verified with the RSMC TC best track data. The verified elements are the 24-, 48- and 72-hour forecasts of the center position, central pressure and maximum sustained wind. The position and intensity errors of operational forecasts for each TC in 2006 are indicated in Appendix 3.4.1.1 Center PositionFigure 4.1 shows annual mean errors of 24-hour (1982–2006), 48-hour (1988–2006) and 72-hour (1997–2006) forecasts of center position. The annual mean position errors in 2006 were 105 km (101 km in 2005) for 24-hour forecasts, 192 km (176 km) for 48-hour forecastsand 275 km (266 km) for 72-hourforecasts, all of which were thesecond smallest next to those in 2005.The position errors of 24-,48- and 72-hour track forecasts forsummarized in Table 4.1. Theforecasts for XANGSANE (0615)and DURIAN (0621), which movedwestwards and then made landfallin the Philippines, contained smallerrors. On the other hand, the 48-and 72-hour forecasts for MARIA (0607), which recurved south of Japan and moved east-northeastwards along ific coast of the country, had very large errors.24-, 48- an 72-hour forecasts in 2006 were 52% (53% in 2005), 42% (39%) and 36% (37%) respectively.PER method are used to evaluate the relative performance of operational forecasts and model predictions.the PacThe position errors were also compared with those of the persistency (PER) method*. The ratios of EO (i.e. the position errors of operational forecasts) to EP (the position errors of PER method forecasts) as percentages are also shown in Table 4.1. An EO/EP of smaller/greater than 100% indicates that the operational forecast is better/worse than the PER method forecast. The annual mean EO/EPs for the d*The PER method is based on the assumption that a TC holds the same movement throughout the forecast period, and the linear extrapolation of the latest 12-hour track of the TC is applied to obtain the TC track forecasts. Position errors of the and 72-hour operational track forecasts.Table 4.1 Mean position errors of 24-, 48- and 72-hour operational forecasts for each TC in 2006. S.D., EO, EP, and EO/EP represents the standard deviation of operational forecast position errors, the operational forecast position error, the position error with the PER method, and the ratio of EO to EP respectively.Figure 4.2 shows a histogram of 24-hour forecast position errors. About 82% (also 82% in 2005) of 24-hour forecasts, 84% (86%) of 48-hour forecasts, and 79% (87%) of 72-hour forecasts had errors of less than 150km, 300km, and 450 km respectively.24-hour Track Forecast204060801001201401601800- 50100- 150200- 250300- 350400- 450500- 550Error (km)Number of casesFigure 4.2 Histogram of 24-hour forecast position errors in 2006(Those for 48- and 72-hour forecasts are included on the attached CD-ROM).Table 4.2 presents the mean hitting ratios and radii of the 70% probability circles of operational forecasts for each TC in 2006. The term hitting ratio here is used to describe the ratio of forecasts of 70% probability circles within which the actual TC center fell compared to all six-hourly TC forecasts. The annual mean radius of the circles issued for 24-hour position forecasts was 157 km (160 km in 2005), and their hitting ratio was 83% (84%). The corresponding ones for 48-hour forecasts were 349 km (285 km in 2005) and 81% (85%), while those for 72-hour forecasts were 422 km (434 km in 2005) and 85% (87%).Table 4.2 Mean hitting ratios (%) and radii (km) of 70% probability circles issued for24-, 48- and 72-hour operational forecasts for each TC in 2006.4.1.2 Central Pressure and Maximum Wind SpeedTable 4.3 gives the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 24-, 48- and 72-hour operational central pressure forecasts for each TC in 2006. The RMSEs for maximum wind speed forecasts are included on the attached CD-ROM. The annual mean RMSEs of the central pressure and the maximum wind speed for 24-hour forecasts were 14.1 hPa (12.8 hPa in 2005) and 6.1 m/s (5.7 m/s in 2005). For 48-hour forecasts, the corresponding ones were 17.1 hPa (17.0 hPa in 2005) and 7.7 m/s (7.7 m/s), while those for 72-hour forecasts were 18.6 hPa (19.0 hPa in 2005) and 8.3 m/s (10.0 m/s) respectively.The 24-hour forecasts for central pressure and maximum wind speed in 2006 were less accurate than those in 2005. One of the main reasons for this was the difficulty of forecasting of the TCs that developed rapidly over the sea east of the Philippines and then weakened quickly over the country. A typical example of such a TC was CHEBI (0620), which deepened from 1000 hPa to 925 hPa in 24 hours by 12 UTC on 10 November and had soon weakened to 960 hPa by 12 UTC on 11 November.Table 4.3 Mean intensity errors of 24-, 48- and 72-hour operational central pressure forecastsfor each TC in 2006.Figure 4.3 shows a histogram of maximum wind speed errors for 24-hour forecasts. About 55%(also 55% in 2005) of 24-hour forecasts had errors of less than ±3.75 m/s, with figures of ±6.25 m/s for 66% (64%) of 48-hour forecasts and ±6.25 m/s for 54% (56%) of 72-hour forecasts.24-hour Maximum Wind Forecast 020406080100120-23.75- -21.25-18.75- -16.25-13.75- -11.25-8.75- -6.25-3.75- -1.251.25- 3.756.25- 8.7511.25- 13.75Error (m/s)Number of casesFigure 4.3 Histogram of 24-hour forecast maximum wind speed errors in 2006 (Those for 48- and 72-hour forecasts are shown on the attached CD-ROM).4.2 TYM and GSM PredictionsJMA adopted the following changes to its Global Spectral Model (GSM) in 2006:- introduction of microwave radiometer data into the Global Analysis - revision of the assimilation method for ATOVS radiance data- revision of the assimilation method for AMV data from geostationary satellitesTYM and GSM provide primary information for forecasters of JMA forecasters to make operational track and intensity forecasts. TYM and GSM predictions were verified with RSMC TC best track data and predictions using the persistency (PER) method.4.2.1 TYM Predictions1) Center PositionThe annual mean position errors of TYM track predictions since 1996 are indicated in Figure 4.4. The errors for 30-*, 54-* and 78-hour* predictions in 2006 were 131 km (125 km in 2005), 220 km (199 km) and 310 km (293 km) respectively. The overall performance of TYM track predictions in 2006 wasThe mean position errors of 18-, 30-, 42-, 54-, 66- and 78-hour predictions for each TC are also shown in Table 4.4. Figure 4.4 TYM annual mean position errors since 1996* 30-, 54- and 78-hour predictions using TYM and GSM are the primary information for forecasters preparing 24-, 48- and 72-hour operational forecasts respectively.Table 4.4 Mean position errors (km) of TYM for each TC in 2006. The number of samples is given in parentheses.p S S S S Tro ical CycloneT=18 T=30 T=42T=54T=66 T=78TY 0601CHANCHU 87.9(36)125.9(34)169.2(32)205.3(30)229.9(28)252.7(26)TS 0602JELAWAT93.4(9)108.7(7)148.4(5)147.2(2)-(-)-(-)TY 0603EWINIAR 103.6(41)134.6(39)169.8(37)215.9(35)245.1(33)264.4(31)ST 0604BILIS 142.6(26)163.4(24)183.7(22)227.1(20)284.7(18)348.6(16)TY 0605KAEMI91.6(28)129.7(26)172.1(24)228.7(22)264.5(20)284.8(18)TY 0606PRAPIROON 100.9(13)136.1(11)184.3(9)237.7(7)269.0(5)316.7(3)TY 0607MARIA 175.4(21)311.7(19)499.1(17)742.5(15)1012.0(13)1288.6(9)TY 0608SAOMAI91.0(11)170.7(9)280.0(7)413.8(5)607.9(3)672.0(3)ST 0609BOPHA 123.1(9)198.5(7)237.9(5)413.5(5)534.9(4)399.9(3)ST 0610WUKONG 78.2(28)135.1(26)193.1(24)247.9(22)320.1(20)385.5(18)TS 0611SONAMU 186.2(4)451.2(1)-(-)-(-)-(-)-(-)TS 0612IOKE 60.7(40)90.6(38)126.9(36)190.3(34)256.8(32)355.3(30)TY 0613SHANSHAN 73.9(37)103.6(35)140.4(33)158.4(31)190.4(29)256.1(27)TY 0614YAGI 64.8(30)91.3(28)115.3(26)162.0(24)213.4(22)244.0(20)TY 0615XANGSANE 82.4(22)95.2(20)133.9(18)177.2(16)207.6(14)243.3(12)ST 0616BEBINCA 199.5(14)235.2(12)247.5(10)276.5(8)241.0(6)215.3(4)TS 0617RUMBIA 66.5(9)94.8(7)158.0(5)182.2(3)271.2(1)-(-)TY 0618SOULIK 91.9(27)126.1(25)160.4(23)193.8(21)205.5(19)192.3(17)TY 0619CIMARON100.3(39)132.5(37)175.1(35)229.6(33)282.1(31)326.8(29)TY 0620CHEBI 111.1(17)134.0(15)101.2(13)102.1(11)126.6(9)157.9(7)TY 0621DURIAN 66.6(35)78.5(33)92.1(31)117.6(29)138.7(27)166.3(25)TY 0622UTOR83.4(26)100.7(24)142.2(22)180.5(20)223.6(18)297.0(16)TS 0623TRAMI 207.8(6)295.2(4)296.4(2)-(-)-(-)-(-)Annual Mean 96.4(528)131.3(481)170.0(436)220.4(393)268.3(352)309.5(314)。

一：清EEPROM 及其它面板操作速查(打印机内存全清)1.针打系列LQ-300k+换行／换页＋进纸/退纸+暂停＋电源LX-300+换行／换页＋进纸/退纸+暂停＋电源LQ－580K ：换行／换页＋进退纸+暂停＋电源.LQ-630K ：清EEPROM：换行／换页＋进退纸+暂停＋电源. 设置： 进纸/退纸 + 暂停 + 电源键盘锁定： 换行／换页 + 暂停 + 5秒以上，响二声。

解锁： 进纸/退纸 + 换行／换页 ＋ ON.LQ-670K：高速＋切纸电＋源LQ-680K :换行／换页＋进纸/退纸+暂停＋电源LQ-1600K3/K3＋，2600K字体＋切纸＋电源LQ-1600K4/K4+字体＋切纸＋电源LQ-2600K字体 + 切纸 + 电源DLQ-1000KLine Feed + Form Feed + Micro Adjust ↓ + 电源DLQ-3000K清EEPROM ：Selec Type + Paper Select + Pause ＋ 电源DLQ-3500KLF/FF + Load/Eject + Pause + 电源2.喷墨系列COLOR切换 + 字体 + 进/退纸 + 暂停＋电源COLOR II切换+暂停+进纸+彩清洗＋电源中国专业办公技术论坛h t t p ://w w w .o a c h n .n e tCOLOR 300进纸+清洗+电源， 再按清洗10秒COLOR 400/440/460进纸灯闪几秒后，按 1、 进/退纸清EEPROM 2、 清洗10秒，清废墨计数器COLOR 500进纸 + 黑头清洗 + 彩头清洗 + on ，再按进纸键3秒COLOR 600/640/66O/670进纸+清洗+电源 缺纸灯闪5秒后，再按1、进/退纸清EEPROM及timer IC2、清洗10秒，清废墨计数器COLOR 800／850初始化：进纸＋黑头清洗＋彩头清洗＋ON ，松手再按彩头清洗10秒COLOR 1520K切换＋进／退纸＋换行／换页＋微调↑+ 电源COLOR 3000暂停 + 换行/换页 + 微调↓ + 电源SP870/1270进/退纸 + 清洗 + on 然后按1、 /退纸清EEPROM及timer IC2、 清洗10秒，清废墨计数器SP 950:Paper + Roll paper + on 1. Paper (EEPROM)SP 2100/2200Paper + Roll paper + on 1. Paper (EEPROM)MJ－510进/退纸 + 清洗 + on 松手后再按进/退纸10秒至进纸灯和缺墨灯闪MJ-850切换 + 暂停 + 电源, 再按进/退纸至省墨灯与暂停灯闪烁，再按切换MJ-1000切换 + 省墨/压缩 + 进/退纸 + 暂停 + 电源MJ-1500K/K＋切换＋微调↓＋暂停＋换行／换页＋ONproxl(xl+) alt +font+load/eject+pause+开机stylus1000 切换+省墨/压缩+进纸/退纸+暂停+开机中国专业办公技术论坛h t t p ://w w w .o a c h n .n e tEPSON 彩喷机需清零的机型分以下几种：1。

Atmos.Chem.Phys.Discuss.,6,6467–6496,2006 /6/6467/2006/©Author(s)2006.This work is licensedunder a Creative CommonsLicense.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics DiscussionsA physical modeling approach foridentification of source regions of primary and secondary air pollutantsJ.C.F.Lo1,u2,3,Z.B.Yuan1,J.C.H.Fung3,and F.Chen41Atmospheric,Marine and Coastal Environment Program,The Hong Kong University ofScience and T echnology,Hong Kong,P.R.China2Environmental Central Facility,Institute for the Environment,The Hong Kong University of Science and T echnology,Hong Kong,P.R.China3Department of Mathematics,The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Hong Kong,P.R.China4National Center for Atmospheric Research,Boulder,Colorado,USAReceived:3March2006–Accepted:15May2006–Published:13July2006Correspondence to:J.C.F.Lo(jeffcf lo@)6467AbstractThis paper describes a simple but practical methodology to identify the contributionof primary and secondary air pollutants from the local/regional emission sources to Hong Kong,a highly urbanized city with complex terrain and coastlines.The meteo-rological model MM5coupled with a three-dimensional,mutli-particle trajectory model 5is used to identify salient aspects of regional air pollutant transport characteristics dur-ing some typical meteorological conditions over the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region.Several weighting factors are determined for calculating the air mass/pollutant trajec-tory and are used to evaluate the local and regional contribution of primary pollutantsover the PRD to Hong Kong pollution.The relationships between emission inventories, 10physical paths and chemical transformation rates of the pollutants,and observational measurements are formulated.The local and regional contributions of secondary pol-lutants are obtained by this conceptual module under different weather scenarios.Our results demonstrate that major pollution sources over Hong Kong come from regionaltransport.In calm-weather situations,78%of the respirable suspended particulates 15(RSP)totals in Hong Kong are contributed by regional transport,and49%are con-tributed by the power plants within the PRD.In normal-day situations,71%of the RSP are contributed by regional transport,and45%are contributed by the power plants.1IntroductionHong Kong,located in the southeast part of Pearl River Delta(PRD)region,is a mega 20city of1100km2area containing7million people.In the past decades,both Hong Kong and the PRD have seen significant economic and population growth,but unfor-tunately,this growth is accompanied by deteriorated air quality within the entire PRD region.According to the annual report of Hong Kong Environment Protection Depart-ment(HKEPD,2003),street-level pollution and smog are the two major pollution prob-25lems in Hong Kong.The poor air quality in street level is primarily caused by the highvolume of local traffics.While the regional smog problems,such as the poor visibility, high levels of respirable suspended particulates(RSP)and ozone(O3)episodes,are caused not only by the emissions from the motor vehicles,but also by emissions from the industry and power plants both within Hong Kong and in the PRD(HKEPD,2003).Under a series of stringent air quality control implemented by the Hong Kong gov-5ernment,such as cutting sulphur content of industrial fuels and ameliorating motor vehicle fuel quality,emissions from local industry and automobile have been reducing in the recent decade.According to HKEPD(2003),emissions of particulate matters (PM),sulfur dioxide(SO2),and nitrogen oxide(NO x)in2003dropped by50%,54%and41%respectively,compared with their levels in1993.However,the O3level in 10Hong Kong,as evidenced by the duration of poor visibility and frequency of occurrence of O3episodes,has been in an increasing trend in the recent years(HKEPD,2003).The percentage of dates with poor visibility(visibility less than8km with relative hu-midity recorded less than80%)in2003(15%),was2.5times the1993value(6%).Since O3and smog problem is a regional air pollution issue,the rising trend generally 15reflects deterioration in air quality on a regional scale over the past decade.A question has been raised as to whether local emission sources or pollutants transported from outside Hong Kong are responsible for this air quality impairment.As air pollution is a trans-boundary issue,certain air pollutants can be transportedfor long distances and impact the locations far from the sources.It is sometimes dif-20ficult to identify the source regions of air pollutants which contributing to the pollution episodes.In previous air quality studies,simple air mass trajectory analysis,which trace air parcels forward or backward in time from the receptor,was generally used to identify source regions of air pollutants(e.g.Harris et al.,1994;Chan et al.,2001;Olt-mans et al.,2004).However,this method usually only involves physical advection cal-25culations,and it cannot compute or categorize the contributions of specific pollutants.What make things futher complicated is the transformation of gaseous pollutant into particle phase.Certain types of pollutants,such as nitric acid,tend to coagulate onto existing particles and form particulate nitrate under conditions of high relative humidity6469and low temperature(Stelson and Seinfeld,1982).In addition,Yuan et al.(2006a) estimated that secondary aerosol accounted for an annual average of44%of PM10 in Hong Kong.Therefore,formation of secondary particles should not be neglected for any PM study in Hong Kong and the PRD region.A chemical module must beincorporated to estimate the formation of secondary aerosol in the air.5The purpose of this paper is to introduce a simple and particle methodology which based on trajectory calculations for identification of source regions of air pollutants.The advanced meteorological model MM5coupled with a three-dimensional,multi-particle trajectory(MPT)model is used to identify salient aspects of regional air pollutant trans-port characteristics during two typical meteorological conditions over the PRD:1)calm-10weather days with stationary synoptic-scale forcing.2)typical-wind situations with most frequently occurrence wind profiles.Pollutant trajectory in the MPT model is simulated by tracking a large set of particles.The MPT model is superior to standard single-particle trajectory model because it can better take into account the substantial localvariability of the windfield,and hence provides a better description of the overall behav-15ior of the air pollutants.Several weighting factor tables are established to the particle trajectory calculations and are used to evaluate local and regional contribution of pri-mary pollutants over the PRD to Hong Kong pollution.In addition,a conceptual module formulating the relationships between emission inventories,physical paths and chem-ical transformation rates of the pollutants,and observational measurements,is devel-20oped.The conceptual conversion rates of primary gas phase pollutants to secondary PM(e.g.SO2to sulfate and NO x to nitrate)are obtained by the conceptual module.These conversion rates provide the information of local and regional secondary pollu-tants in Hong Kong.The differences of pollutant transport characteristics over westernand eastern Hong Kong have also been investigated.252Methodology2.1Meteorological model and configurationThe meteorological model used in this study is the Pennsylvania State University (PSU)/National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCAR)Fifth-Generation Mesoscale Model(MM5)version3.6.3,configured with the physical parameterization schemes 5summarized in Table1.A1-km-fine-resolution(mesh size,300×300)domain covering Hong Kong and PRD(Fig.1)is used to resolve local and regional scale atmospheric circulations features.The simple microphysical parameterization for cloud water,rain water and ice(Dud-hia,1993)and explicit convection are applied in the simulation domain.Short-wave 10radiation processes are handled using a cloud radiation scheme(Grell et al.,1994), and a Rapid Radiative Transfer Model(RRTM)(Mlawer et al.,1997)is applied for long-wave radiation processes.National Centers for Environment Prediction(NCEP)’s Medium-Range Forecast scheme(MRF)PBL scheme(Hong and Pan,1996)is usedin this study.The Noah land surface model(Noah LSM)with a bulk urban land-use 15treatment is used for the land surface scheme(Chen and Dudhia,2001;Liu et al., 2006).These physical parameterizations and urban land-use enhancements demon-strated the capability to capture major features of the observed urban heat island(UHI) effect and sea breeze circulation(SBC)patterns in the PRD region(Lo,2006).In order to investigate the typical features of the local and regional scale atmospheric 20circulations and isolate these conditions from the other complexities of the real atmo-sphere,idealized meteorological initial and boundary conditions are ingested to the MM5simulations.The pollutant transport characteristics over PRD under two distinct meteorological conditions are examined.Thefirst one represents an extreme situationof total stationary synoptic weather,with no horizontal pressure gradient and no back-25ground winds in the MM5initial and boundary conditions,i.e.circulations over PRD are solely driven by the local thermal effects,including the land-sea temperature con-trast as well as the UHI effect.The second one represents a typical wind situation6471with6m s−1north-easterly wind at the surface.Detailed discussions of the idealized meteorological conditions setup can be found in Lo(2006).A30-h simulation is con-ducted by MM5,with thefirst six hours used as the spin-up,and the rest24h as the effective simulation in order to capture the daily diurnal feature of the thermally inducedcirculation systems over PRD,including the land-sea breeze(LSB)and UHI circulation. 52.2Multi-Particle Trajectory(MPT)modelIn addition to the MM5model,a multi-particle trajectory model(MPT)is also coupled with the meteorological model to help illustrate the air-flow pattern and the associated dispersion driven by the local atmospheric circulations.The prognostic model MM5is used to predict meteorological conditions.The MPT model is subsequently carried 10out to simulate the transportation characteristics forfluid particles.Pollutant trajectory in the MPT model is simulated by tracking a large set of particles.The MPT model is superior to standard single-particle trajectory model because it can better take into account the substantial local variability of the windfield,and hence provides a betterdescription of the overall behavior of the air pollutants.Positions of each particle at time 15t+∆t are represented by discrete element,are computed from the following equation: x i(t+∆t)=x i(t)+u i∆t(1) where i=1,2or3stands for the x,y,and z component.The wind velocity u i(x i,t) are obtained directly from the meteorological model MM5.The time step∆t=5s ischosen to resolve thefine scaleflowfields(Fung et al.,2005).Since the grid-scale 20meteorological variables are defined only on the1-km MM5model grid mesh,a linear interpolation scheme(both in time and space)is used to estimate their values at each particle location.Continuous-equal-spacing4by4emission sources are chosen(see Fig.1)to release particle tracers,in order to identify the locations of pollution sourcesover PRD which contribute to the pollution.They are all released with the same emis-25sion rate of one particle per ten seconds at two different heights:one is located at10mAGL representing ground level emissions;the other is located at300m AGL represent-ing emissions from power plants.A5-day simulation is conducted by the MPT model and the24-h MM5simulated winds are repeatedly used to drive the MPT model during the simulation period.The length of this24-h-effective MM5simulation is theoretically enough to capture the daily diurnal features of the local atmospheric circulations.The 55-day period is chosen to see how the impact of those daily diurnal features(we as-sume they have remarkably similarity from day to day)on air pollutant transport in a long term aspect.To investigate the pollutant transport characteristics over the west-ern and eastern Hong Kong,two sampling zones roughly representing western andeastern Hong Kong are chosen(see Fig.1).102.3Emission weighting factorsIn reality,the emission sources are not distributed homogenously across the PRD re-gion.The emission inventories highly dependent on the degree of urbanization,indus-trial and economic activities,as well as population in the region.Because of the inho-mogenous distribution of the emission sources,constant and uniform emission rates 15in the MPT model do not represent the actual situation over the PRD.Therefore,sev-eral weighting factor of vaious pollutants are introduced to make the simulation more realistic.First,based on emission database for2001provided by the HKEPD,emissionweighting factors are assigned for primary pollutants(PM,SO2and NO x)at each of 20the16emission sources at two levels(10m representing ground level emissions and 300m representing power plant emissions).These weighting factors are listed in Ta-ble2,and59power plants are included in this study(Fig.1).For PM emission over the PRD,as shown in T able2a,surface emission atGuangzhou(source D)has the highest weighting factor of26.0,indicating it contributes 2526%to the total PM emission in the study domain.The second largest producer with weighting factor12.7is surface emission source at Shenzhen(source J).The street-level emission from Hong Kong(sources I and M with weighting factor of0.57and64732.01respectively)are relatively low comparing with the sources outside the territory.The total PM emission from power plants is around one-seventh of the surface emis-sions.Among the power plant emission,source H,the areas between Guangzhou and Dongguan,is the major contributor with weighting factor4.38.The mass proportionparameter M PM=0.15stated in T able2a reflects the fact that the overall emission of 5PM in mass contributed15%to the emission of total primary pollutant(i.e.sum of PM, SO2and NO x)in the region.Most of the emissions of SO2(68%)in the study domain,as summarized in Table2b, come of power plants.Major SO2sources include the emissions from power plantslocated at Guangzhou(source H,WF=17.09)and Dongguan(source K,WF=14.7), 10and ground level emissions at Guangzhou(source D,WF=10.54).The three power plants in Hong Kong,Lamma power station(source M),and Castle Peak power station and Black Point power station(source I),with weighting factor5.9and4.74respectively, contribute around11%of total SO2emission to the region.Sulphur dioxide is the majorprimary pollution emissions in the region,contributing over half of the pollutant masses 15among the three primary sources(M SO=0.53).For NO x emission which is listed in Table2c,surface emissions and plant power emissions contribute about the same amount to the region.Major contributor includes emissions from the area sources(source D,WF=12.37),and power plant emissionat Guangzhou(source H,WF=12.14)and Dongguan(source K,WF=12.14).The 20overall NO x emission in mass is32%of the total emission of the three primary pollution emissions.To evaluate the local and regional contribution of primary pollutants to Hong Kong, the amount of tracers from the16sources collected in the sampling zones is multipliedby their corresponding weighting factor.For example,the contribution of pollutant X 25(where X could either be PM,SO2or NO x)from emission source i to Hong Kong at time t is calculated by:X(i,t)=M X×W F X(i)×AT(i,t)(2) where M X and W F X are the mass proportion parameter and the weighting factor of thesource i for a specific pollutant.A T is the amount of tracers collected in the samplingzones(western or eastern Hong Kong)from each source grid.Note that Eq.(2)pro-vides the relative contribution of the16sources to Hong Kong pollution instead of the absolute amount of pollutants.2.4Conversion factors5Ambient particulate matter consists of both primary and secondary particles(Seinfeld and Pandis,1998).Primary particles are those directly emitted by sources.These par-ticles undergo few changes between source and receptor,and the atmospheric con-centrations are,on average,proportional to the quantities emitted.On the other hand,secondary particles are those formed in the atmosphere from gases which are directly 10emitted by sources.Sulfate,nitrate,ammonium,and possibly hydrogen ions,are the most common components of secondary particles in the atmosphere.These particles are mainly associated with emissions of SO2,NO x,and ammonia(NH3)gases.Yuan et al.(2006a)estimated that secondary aerosol accounted for an annual av-erage of44%of PM10in Hong Kong.Therefore,formation of secondary particles 15should not be neglected for any PM study in Hong Kong and PRD area.The ambient concentrations of secondary particles are not necessarily proportional to quantities of emissions since the rates at which they form and their gas/particle equilibria may be controlled by factors other than the concentration of the precursor gases.Reactiveorganic gases are also precursors to secondary particles.On the basis of the past ob-20servational records,Yuan et al.(2006b)has derived an empirical relationship between local secondary sulfate and secondary organic carbon(SOC)in Hong Kong,and this relationship could serve as a tool for further secondary organic compound estimation.Since the emission and chemical transformation processes of SOC precursors aremuch less understood than those for inorganic species,this study limits itself to the 25inorganic components of secondary aerosol.In the present study,the ambient RSP level is roughly assumed as the sum of pri-mary particles and two types of secondary inorganic particles,ammoniated sulfate and6475ammoniated nitrate.Two parameters,R S and R N,are introduced here to account for the fractions of SO2and NO x that are eventually transformed to sulfate and nitrate,re-spectively.Afirst-order assumption has been made here that these parameters remain constant for all the source points,regardless of how far the emission sources to thereceptor are.Therefore,Eq.(2)could be generalized to the form5RSP=PrimaryPM(PPM)+Sulfate+Nitrate(3) RSP(i,t)={M PM×W F PM(i)+R S×M SO×W F SO(i)+R N×M NO×W F NO(i)}×AT(i,t)(4)whereR S= SO4PPMObs×itM PM×W F PM(i)×AT(i,t)itM SO×W F SO(i)×AT(i,t)(5)R N= NO3PPMObs×itM PM×W F PM(i)×AT(i,t)itM NO×W F NO(i)×AT(i,t)(6)10Based on the PM10observations in a4.5-year period,Yuan et al.(2006a)applied Positive Matrix Factorization model to apportion the ambient PM level in Hong Kong into sources or source categories.This technique could be used for source identification and as a result,sources responsible for primary pollutants as well as secondary sulfate and nitrate could be derived and the values,also shown in Table3could serve as 15inputs to the above equations.The components in Eqs.(4)and(5)include chemical transformation rates(R S and R N)which are derived from other components in the present study,observational measurements(SO4/PPM and NO3/PPM),spatially varied source contribution resulted from emission inventories(M and WF),and physical pathsof the air masses/pollutants(A T).203Impact from local and regional sources during calm-weather situationsGeographically,Hong Kong is a highly urbanized city with mountainous terrain and complex coastlines.With a calm background winds or weak synoptic forcing which is conducive to severe air pollution episodes,thermally induced winds such as LSB circulation and UHI circulation can occur in Hong Kong and PRD.The LSB circulation 5has been proved as a significant influence on air-flow pattern and affects the air quality, both in Hong Kong(Kok et al.,1997;Fung et al.,2005;Huang et al.,2005;Lam et al., 2006)and in the PRD(Lo,2006).For this reason,we willfirst examine the pollutants transport characteristics over PRD under a situation of total stationary meteorologicalconditions.In this simulation,no horizontal pressure gradient and no background winds 10are ingested in the MM5initial and boundary conditions.This case represents an extreme situation of total stationary synoptic weather,and therefore circulations are solely driven by the local thermal effects.3.1Particle-flow patternsThree plume emitters located at ground level(10m AGL)at Guangzhou,Shenzhen, 15and Hong Kong(sources D,J,and M respectively)are selected to demonstrate the pollutants transport characteristics under this stationary meteorological condition.Fig-ure2illustrates features of the particle-flow patterns.The positions of particles at selected times are projected onto a horizontal and a vertical plane.These particle-flowpatterns are not weighted and it can be regarded as the physical path component A T 20in Eqs.(4),(5)and(5).In Fig.2a,at15:00LST of thefirst day simulation,while the afternoon sea breeze circulation(SBC)is dominant over the PRD,the particles released at Shenzhen and Hong Kong are trapped by the SBC over the Hong Kong territory.From the verticalcross projection(Fig.2a),the tracers released at10m AGL can be brought to2km 25by the SBC.The horizontal extension of the SBC is about20to30km and penetrated almost half of the Hong Kong territory.On the third afternoon(Fig.2b),since there is6477no strong synoptic wind to clean the pollutants away from the simulation domain,the situation become much worse.Pollutants released at Guangzhou are transported to Hong Kong and well-mixed with the other two sources within the planetary boundary layer by the SBC.This result demonstrates that under a calm meteorological condition,air 5mass/pollutantflow pattern over PRD are substantially modified by the LSB circula-tion.Pollutants emitted in the PRD can be transported for long distances by the LSB circulation and impact the air quality in Hong Kong.In the afternoon,the SBC can trap the pollutants from local production or from regional transport,and enhance thepollutants accumulation and cross-mixing within the lower part of the atmosphere over 10the Hong Kong territory.3.2Contribution of the local and regional sourcesBy applying Eq.(4),time series of the contribution from ground level and power plant emissions at the16sources to total RSP in western and eastern Hong Kong under thiscalm meteorological condition is shown in Figs.3and4,respectively.15The RSP in western Hong Kong,as shown in Fig.3,are mostly contributed by the surface emissions from Guangzhou(source D)in this case.The power plant emissions from local production(source I)and regional transport from Dongguan(source K)and Shenzhen(source J)also contribute a large amount of RSP to Hong Kong.The pol-lution level in Hong Kong is highly correlated with the diurnal cycle of LSB circulation. 20During the daytime,while SBC is prominent,pollutants emitted from local production (source I)and from the neighboring city Shenzhen(source J)are trapped by the SBC.The SBC not only traps local pollutants,but also transports,accumulates and cross mixes pollutants from the other PRD cities(source C,D,H and K),thus causing a lateafternoon daily pollution peak around2000LST in the western Hong Kong.During the 25night,emission sources from eastern Pearl River coast(source I,J,and K)generally dispersed away the territory by the land-breeze.However,at the same time,large amount of pollution are being transported from northwestern PRD(source D and H)towestern Hong Kong by the large-scale land-breeze over the PRD,partly compensating the dispersion by local land-breeze.In addition,pollutants from the local emission in Kowloon(source M)are transported to the western Hong Kong during the nighttime.The air quality in the eastern Hong Kong,as shown in Fig.4,is generally better than that in western side.Table4summarizes the pollution level in western and eastern 5Hong Kong.Under the calm meteorological condition,the amount of RSP in eastern side(40%)is33%less than the value in western side(60%).During the daytime, large amount of pollutants emitted from ground level at eastern Shenzhen(source N) and small amount pollutants from local production(source M)are trapped by the SCB.Because the eastern Hong Kong is not directly connected with the Pearl River Estuary 10(see Fig.1),where most urban and industrial areas are located along the two sides, regional pollutant transport by the SBC is generally not as serious as that in western side during the afternoon.Instead,pollutants are mainly transported to eastern Hong Kong during the night by the land-breeze,and accumulated in the territory.Table5summarizes the proportion of pollutants from local production and regional 15transport in Hong Kong during the5-day simulation.Emission sources I and M are regarded local production while the other emission sources are regarded as regional transport.During the calm meteorological conditions,78%of the RSP in Hong Kong are contributed by regional transport while the local production only contributes22%.The power plants within the PRD contribute49%,while the local power plants only 20contribute16%of the RSP total in Hong Kong.4Impact from local and regional sources during typical-wind situationsHong Kong is located in the sub-tropical zone;the surface prevailing winds are affected by the northeasterly trade-wind belt most of the time.According to the wind statisticsreported by Hong Kong Observatory(Wong and Kwan,2002),between1990and2000, 25the probability of prevailing easterly to northeasterly surface winds was about65%,with an average wind speed of6m s−1at Waglan Island,the station generally accepted as6479representing background wind data for Hong Kong.Therefore in this simulation,a wind profile with6m s−1northeasterly wind at the surface and6m s−1westerly wind above the attitude of1.5km AGL,is ingested into the MM5initial and boundary conditions, in order to examine the pollutants transport characteristics over PRD in a typical-windsituation.54.1Particle-flow patternsFigure5presents the particle-flow patterns of the three sources(source D,J and M) under this typical-wind meteorological condition.From the vertical cross section,it can be seen that the structure of the SBC is strongly influenced by the background winds.The SBC cells are not well developed compared to that in calm weather case(Fig.2) 10over Hong Kong.However,these6m s−1winds could not completely eliminate the afternoon SBC,since a small account of pollutants are still trapped along the Hong Kong coast during the afternoon.The air quality of Hong Kong in this situation is much better than those during calm weather.Most of the pollutants are cleaned away thecomputational domain by the strong background winds.154.2Contribution of the local and regional sourcesThe contribution of the16emission sources to total RSP in western Hong Kong during typical wind condition is shown in Fig.6,while the values in eastern Hong Kong is shown in paring with the case without background winds(Figs.3and4),the strong winds generally help to disperse the pollution and reduce the diurnal 20variation of the emission sources.The level of pollution trapping and accumulation in both western and eastern Hong Kong is substantially reduced.During the daytime, because the strong background winds still cannot destroy the SBC completely,small amount of pollutants are trapped over the Hong Kong coast as evidenced by the dailypollution maximum from source I and J to western Hong Kong(Fig.6),and source N 25and M to eastern Hong Kong(Fig.7).For source N,it is interesting to see that during。

统计与管理 二○一五·六企业管理妙招巧解《确定工资审批表》打印难题宋艳芝在行政事业单位从事人事劳资管理具体工作的人员都知道，每年的工资调整时，要填写《确定工资审批表》。

虽然技术含量不高，但须重复手工劳动。

同时，手工抄写很容易出现抄错行的低级错误，而错误的审批表存入个人档案后，对职工后续的调整工资工作造成不必要的困扰。

所以，每年的调资季，我都为这份精细的体力活儿头疼不已。

在手工填制了两年的工资审批表后，终于“穷极思变”，开始了自动化填表的探索之路并取得了不错的成果，实现了《确定工资审批表》的自动填制及打印，彻底从重复手工劳动中解脱出来。

具体怎么做呢？且听我细细道来。

第一步：完成基础工作1、准备数据源用excel 制做《调整工资人员信息表》，标题行包括《确定工资审批表》中需填报的所有信息，并录入所有需调资的人员信息。

2、建立主文档按照人社部门统一印制的《确定工资审批表》格式,用word 制做电子版的审批表。

格式如下：表1　机关事业单位工作人员确定工资审批表姓名性别出生年月参加工作时间确定工资职务工作前学历毕业时间最高学历毕业时间执行工资类别工资变动原因①调动②定级③退伍兵④转业干部⑤职务等级晋升⑥滚动升级⑦机关正常升级⑧事业正常8表２　机关工作人员工资变动变动前变动后变动前变动后公务员职务工资职务工资工人技术等级工资技术等级工资级别工资级别工资岗位工资岗位工资生活补贴生活补贴生活补贴生活补贴工作津贴工作津贴工作津贴工作津贴特岗津贴特岗津贴特岗津贴特岗津贴艰边津贴艰边津贴艰边津贴艰边津贴合计职务工资合计合计月增资14月增资表３　事业单位工作人员工资变动变动前变动后工人变动前变动后岗位工资岗位工资技术等级工资技术等级工资薪级工资薪级工资岗位工资岗位工资基础性绩效工资基础性绩效工资生活补贴生活补贴奖励性绩效工资奖励性绩效工资工作津贴工作津贴特岗津贴特岗津贴特岗津贴特岗津贴第二步：将数据源合并到主文档中就是通过word 中的邮件合并功能，使excel 表中的相关数据自动填入《确定工资审批表》中。

简讯 2006年第10期罗技PlayGear全套PSP外设PSP的逐步流行带来了更多外围设备的需求。

罗技公司近日推出PlayGear系列PSP全套外设附件，包括后挂式头戴耳机、入耳式神音耳机、4单元便携式扬声器、保护盒、便携盒等。

这些产品设计时尚，工艺精致，聚碳酸脂外壳通体黑色，富有光泽，风格与PSP相得益彰，同时能够保证持久的耐用性。

其中便携盒作为专用贴身产品，除具备保护功能外，还提供有多种携带方式，内部空间可容纳3张游戏光盘和4个记忆棒。

（周童）爱美视i6000 MP3 科旗数码日前推出充满个性的MP3播放器――爱美视（IMUSIC）i6000。

它特有简约流畅的火柴盒外观，小巧可爱。

i6000除了强劲的录音功能外，还支持AMV格式的影视播放和MP3/WMA等格式的音乐播放，它采用优秀的解码芯片和专业的音效解决方案，支持摇滚、爵士、古典等多种音效。

另外，它还具有导航自选播放歌曲、A-B 复读、FM收音、播放变速、歌词同步、显示亮度菜单调节、自动关屏、自动关机、背光时间设置、播放MP3音乐时可欣赏电子书或浏览电子词典等功能。

(李建平) 松下刻录机UJ846-B 松下近期推出的UJ-846-B刻录机采用吸入式光盘进出结构，既可以插入笔记本电脑成为内置光驱，又可以作为一个外置刻录机使用。

UJ－846－B是一款SuperMulti DVD刻录机，支持不同倍速的DVD-RAM刻录、DVD±R刻录、双层DVD±R刻录、DVD±RW刻录以及CD-R和CD-RW的刻录。

在机身内部的设计上，UJ-846-B采用吸盘式设计。

UJ-846-B吸盘式内部机械结构做工精湛，由于没有托盘式光驱那种软性数据带的羁绊，因此光盘进出更为顺滑。

松下UJ-846-B的最高转速可以达到5000rps以上，采用了Z-CLV逐步提速方式进行刻录，最大限度保证刻录的高速和稳定。

(康)。