2014年硕士研究生英语全真模拟试卷(一)

2014考研英语阅读理解考前模拟题Text1An industrial society,especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain,is heavily dependent on certain essential services:for instance,electricity supply,water,r ail and road transport,and harbors.The area of dependency has widened to include remov ing rubbish,hospital and ambulance services,and,as the economy develops,central comp uter and information services as well.If any of these services ceases to operate,the whol e economic system is in danger.It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the powerof trade unions such an important issue.Single trade unions have the ability to cut off m any countries'economic blood supply.This can happen more easily in Britain than in som e other countries,in part because the labor force is highly organized.About55percent of British workers belong to unions,compared to under a quarter in the United States.For historical reasons,Britain's unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lin es,rather than on an industry-by-industry basis,which makes a wages policy,democracy i n industry and the improvement of procedure for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve. There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement,some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure.Some unions have lost many memb ers because of their industrial changes.Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades.Unions for skilled trades are separate from general uni ons,which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions.In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies,unions can fight for their members disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed.The printing of ne wspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companiesdo,problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union.Some trade union officials haveto be re-elected regularly;others are elected,or even appointed,for life.Trade union officials have to work with a system of“shop stewards”in many unions,“shop stewards”be ing workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.(411words)26.Why is the interdependence of the UK economy mentioned in paragraph1?[A]To point up the importance of the trade union power.[B]To outline in brief the great scale of essential services.[C]To illustrate the danger in the whole economic system.[D]To bring out a centralized and concentrated industrial society.27.Because of their out-of-date organization some unions find it difficult to[A]recruit new members to join.[B]remold themselves as industries change.[C]adapt to advancing technologies.[D]bargain for high enough wages.28.Disagreements arise between unions because some of them[A]take over other unions'jobs.[B]try to win over members of other unions.[C]protect their own members at the expense of others.[D]intend to represent workers in new trade organizations.29.What basic problem are we told most trade unions face?[A]They are equal in size of influence.[B]They are less powerful than ever before.[C]They don't have enough members.[D]They are not organized efficiently.30.The title which best expresses the idea of the text would be[A]British Trade Unions and Their Drawbacks.[B]A Centralized and Concentrated Society.[C]The Power of Trade Unions in Britain.[D]The Structure of British Trade Unions.Text2Is the literary critic like the poet,responding creatively,intuitively,subjectively to the written word as the poet responds to human experience?Or is the critic more like a scie ntist,following a series of demonstrable,verifiable steps,using an objective method of an alysis?For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism,the subjectivity versus objectivity,or critic-as-artist-or-scientist,debate has special significance;for her,the qu estion is not only academic,but political as well,and her definition will provoke special r isks whichever side of the issue it favors.If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific—a valid,verifiable,intellectual method that anyone,whether man or woman,c an perform—the definition not only makes the critic-as-artist approach impossible,but may also hinder accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to ch ange the academic establishment and its thinking,especially about sex roles.If she defines feminist criticism as creative and intuitive,privileged as art,then her work becomes vuln erable to the prejudices of stereotypic ideas about the ways in which women think,and w ill be dismissed by much of the academic establishment.Because of these prejudices,wo men who use an intuitive approach in their criticism may find themselves charged with inability to be analytical,to be objective,or to think critically.Whereas men may be free to claim the role of critic-as-artist,women run different professional risks when they choose intuition and private experience as critical method and defense.These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably beless an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle,in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholarsonly now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers will be at stake,andwith them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding,a contrib ution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.As long as the academic establishment continues to regard objective analysis as“mas culine”and an intuitive approach as“feminine,”the theoretician must steer a delicate phil osophical course between the two.If she wishes to construct a theory of feminist criticism, she would be well advised to place it within the framework of a general theory of the critical process that is neither purely objective nor purely intuitive.Her theory is then more likely to be compared and contrasted with other theories of criticism with some degree of dispassionate distance.(418words)31.Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the text?[A]How Theories of Literary Criticism Can Best Be Used[B]Problems Confronting Women Who Are Feminist Literary Critics[C]A Historical Overview of Feminist Literary Criticism[D]Literary Criticism:Art or Science?32.According to the author,the debate has special significance for the woman who is a theoretician of feminist literary criticism because[A]women who are literary critics face professional risks different from those facedby men who are literary critics.[B]there are large numbers of capable women working within the academic establishment.[C]there are a few powerful feminist critics who have been recognized by the academic establishment.[D]like other critics,most women who are literary critics define criticism as either s cientific or artistic.33.The author specifically mentions all of the following as difficulties that particularl y affect women who are theoreticians of feminist literary criticism EXCEPT the [A]tendency of a predominantly male academic establishment to form preconceptions about women.[B]limitations that are imposed when criticism is defined as objective and scientific.[C]likelihood that the work of a woman theoretician who claims the privilege of art will be viewed with prejudice by some academics.[D]tendency of members of the academic establishment to treat all forms of feminist literary theory with hostility.34.It can be inferred that the author would define as“political”(Line1,Para.3)the questions that[A]cannot be resolved without extensive debate.[B]are primarily academic in nature and open to abstract analysis.[C]are contested largely through contention over power.[D]will be debated by both men and women.35.Which of the following is most likely to be one of the“utilitarian political object ives”mentioned by the author?[A]To forge a new theory of literary criticism.[B]To pursue truth in a disinterested manner.[C]To demonstrate that women are interested in literary criticism that can be viewed either subjectively or objectively.[D]To convince the academic establishment to revise the ways in which it assesses women scholars professional qualities.Text4Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and significant risks.Civil right activists have long argu ed that one of the principal reasons why Blacks,Hispanics and other minority groups hav e difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack of access to the sizable o rders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.Now Congress,in apparent agreement,has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than$5 00,000do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government.Indeed,some federal and local agencies have gone so fa r as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to mi nority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial.According to figures collected in 1977,the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from$77million in 1972to1.1billion in1977.The projected total of corporate contracts with minority busin esses for the early1980's is estimated to be over$3billion per year with no letup antici pated in the next decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses,this increased patronage poses dangers for them,too.First,minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves finan cially,since most are small concerns and,unlike large businesses,they often need to mak e substantial investment in new plants,staff,equipment and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them.If,thereafter,their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.The world of corporate purchasin g can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimate s and bids.Both consume valuable time and resources,and a small company's efforts mus t soon result in orders,or both the morale and the financial health of the business will su ffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionment through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns.Of cours e,in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures;clearly,White and mi nority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone.But civil right groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as“fronts”with White backing,rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third,a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customeroften runs the danger of becoming and remaining dependent.Even in the best of circums tances,fierce competition from larger,more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases;when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor,they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.(469words)Notes:civil rights activists公民权利激进分子。

2014年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal ___5___.Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing th at there’s actually a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___.The Web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. [A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2. [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3. [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4. [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5. [A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6. [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7. [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8. [A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9. [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10. [A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11. [A] Therefore [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D] However12. [A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13. [A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14. [A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15. [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16. [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17. [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on18. [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19. [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20. [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiarSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency" George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront work search" scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. "Those fir st few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on." he claimed. "We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster." Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for "fundamental fairness"— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency —permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of Britishwelfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase "jobseeker’s allowance" —invented in 1996 —is about redefining the unemployed as a "jobseeker" who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited "allowance," conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase, "to sign on" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the govern ment’s restrictions on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree atone of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered "restrictive"partly because it[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text, the author mainly discusses[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth.[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.[C]an example of bankers’ investments.[D]a handsome reward for researchers.32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A]the profit-oriented scientists.[B]the founders of the new awards.[C]the achievement-based system.[D]peer-review-led research.33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A]controversies over the recipients’ status.[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes.[D]the demonstration of research findings.34. According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C]They are the most representative honor.[D]History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are[A]acceptable despite the criticism.[B]harmful to the culture of research.[C]subject to undesirable changes.[D]unworthy of public attention.Text 4"The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education." In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocatesgreater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragra ph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative[C] Contemptuous[D] Tolerant37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A] retain people’s interest in liberal educ ation[B] define the government’s role in education[C] keep a leading position in liberal education[D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are[A] supportive of free markets[B] cautious about intellectual investigation[C] conservative about public policy[D] biased against classical liberal ideas40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp "The Heart of the Matter"[B] Illiberal Education and "The Heart of the Matter"[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B]In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancientMycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.(49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associatedwith the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.47. By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.48. Beethoven's habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.49.Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.50.One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)。

2014考研英语一测试题五Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)America's Federal Reserve cut interest rates by another quarter-point,to3.75%.Wall Street,which had been 1for a sixth half-point cut,was disappointed.The Dow fell by2%2the week.The past week's economic statistics gave mixed signals.Exports dropped by2%in both March and April,largely3a decline in high-tech investment4;the merchandise-trade5widened to$458billion in the12 months6April.7,The Conference Board's index of consumer confidence was higher than 8in June.Concerns9inflation in the euro area10.Preliminary data11that German consumer-price inflation fell to3.1%in the year to June,from3.5%in May;wage growth12to1.4% in April,a real pay cut of1.5%.Some economists fear that Germany is on the13of recession.The IFO index of business confidence dropped more14than expected in May,and the institute has cut its forecast of GDP15this year to only1.2%,well16the German government's forecast of 2%.The euro area's current-account deficit narrowed to$30billion in the12months to April.Britain's deficit in the first quarter was its smallest171998,18record investment income.There was more bad news from Japan,19retail sales in large stores fell by3.2%in May,the37th consecutive monthly fall.The yen fell20the dollar,touching almost Yen125On one point.1. A.expecting B.hoping C.wishing D.dreaming2. A.in B.above C.during D.about3. A.because of B.since C.because D.thanks to4. A.at home B.home C.from abroad D.abroad5. A.deficit B.shortage C.scarcity D.shortfall6. A.to B.until C.up D.onto7. A.Although B.Therefore C.However D.Hence8. A.projected B.planned C.predicted D.expected9. A.on B.for C.of D.over10. A.stopped B.eased C.relieved D.improved11. A.showed B.demonstrated C.illustrated D.explained12. A.reduced B.cut C.slow D.lessened13. A.edge B.rim C.lip D.brink14. A.harshly B.huskily C.strictly D.severely15. A.growth B.rise C.increase D.escalation16. A.above B.below C.high D.low17. A.after B.since C.until D.towards18. A.owe to B.because of C.on account of D.thanks to19. A.where B.which C.what D.who20. A.in opposition to B.opposed to C.against D.versusSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ATEXT1It was a little weird at first,Erin Tobin said,seeing Harry Potter right there on the stage without his pants,or indeed any of his clothes.Not actually Harry Potter,of course,since his is fictional,but the next best thing:Daniel Radcliffe,who plays him in the movies.Now17,Mr.Radcliffe has cast off his wand,his broomstick and everything else to appear in the West End revival of Peter Shaffer's"Equus."He stars as Alan Strang,a disturbed young man who,in a distinctly un-Harry-Potterish moment of frenzied psychosexual madness,blinds six horses with a hoof pick.To make it clear what audiences are in for,at least in part,photographs of Mr.Radcliffe's buff torso,stripped almost to the groin,have been used to advertise the production.It is as jarring as if,say,Anne Hathaway suddenly announced that instead of playing sweet-natured princesses and fashion-world ingénues,she wanted to appear onstage as a nude,murderous prostitute.To explain how is surprising the change of Radcliffe to the audience,the author mentions Anne"Equus" opened last week,and the consensus so far is that Mr.Radcliffe has successfully extricated himself from his cinematic alter ego.Considering that playing Harry Potter is practically all he has done in his career,this is no small achievement."I think he's a really good actor,and I sort of forgot about Harry Potter,"said Ophelia Oates,14,who saw the play over the weekend."Anyway,you can't be Harry Potter forever."In The Daily Telegraph,Charles Spencer said that"Daniel Radcliffe brilliantly succeeds in throwing off the mantle of Harry Potter,announcing himself as a thrilling stage actor of unexpected depth and range."Mr.Radcliffe told The Daily Telegraph that"I thought it would be a bad idea to wait till the Potter films were all finished to do something else."There are still a few to go.The fifth,"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix,"is scheduled for release on July13,and Mr.Radcliffe has signed on for the final two installments as well.(Meanwhile,the seventh and last book in the series,"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows,"will hit stores on July21.)Harry and Alan could not be more dissimilar as characters,even if both"come from quite weird backgrounds,"as13-year-old Ella Pitt,another recent theatergoer,put it.(And no,she declared,she was not too young for all the nakedness,swearing and sexuality.)Both characters have unresolved issues relating to their parents:Harry,because his are dead,and Alan,because his have driven him insane.But when it comes to romance,for instance,the celluloid Harry has yet to kiss a girl:the big moment comes in the forthcoming film.Meanwhile,Alan in"Equus"not only engages in some serious equi-erotic nuzzling with an actor playing a horse,but is also onstage,fully nude,for10minutes,during which he nearly has sex with an equally naked young woman.21.The author's mentioning of Hathaway is a________.A.simileparisonC.hyperboleD.analogy22.The word"extricated"(Line2,Para.4)implies________.A.rescuedB.freedC.clearedD.extracted23.The audience's response to the new image of"Harry Potter"is________.A.negativeB.positiveC.indifferentD.none of the above24.The two dissimilar characters,i.e.Harry and Alan are common in that________.A.they are both weirdB.their parents are weirdC.they have unresolved issuesD.they have weird families25.The best title for this passage is________.A."Harry Porter"Is DisappearingB.The Naked"Harry Porter"C.The Successful Change of"Harry Porter"D."Harry Porter"in"Enquus"TEXT2Uruguay has been a proud exception to the privatizing wave that swept through South America in the1990s. Its state-owned firms are more efficient that many of their counterparts in Argentina and Brazil ever were.In1992, Uruguayans voted in a referendum against privatizing telecoms.They rightly observe that some of Argentina's sales were smashed,creating inefficient private monopolies.And with unemployment at15%,nobody is enthusiastic about the job cuts privatization would involve.That leaves President Jorge Batlle with a problem.Uruguay has been in recession for the past two years, mainly because of low prices for its agricultural exports,and because of Argentina's woes.But public debt is at 45%of GDP,and rising.Some economists argue that privatization would give a boost to the economy,by attracting foreign investment,and by lowering costs.CERES,a think-tank,having compared tariffs for public services in Uruguay and its neighbors,believes liberalization could save businesses and households the equivalent of4%GDP annually,raise growth and produce a net45,000jobs.The polls that show continuing support for public ownership also show growing opposition to monopolies. So Mr.Batlle plans to keep the state firms,but let private ones either compete with them or bid to operate their services under contract.The opposition Broad Front and the trade unions are resisting.They have gathered enough signatures to demand a"public consultation"next month on a new law to allow private operators in the ports and railway—a referendum on whether to hold a referendum on the issue.Alberto Bension,the finance minister,admits the vote will be a crucial indicator of how far the government can push.But he notes that,since1992,attempts to overturn laws by calling referendums have flopped.The liberalization of telecoms has already begun.Bell South,an American firm,is the first private cell-phone operator.There are plans to license others,and talk of allowing competition for fixed-line telephones.A new law allows private companies to import gas from Argentina to generate electricity in competition with the state utility. Another play would strip Another plan would strip Ancap,the state oil firm,of its monopoly of imports.It has already been allowed to seek a private partner to modernize its refinery.Harder tasks lie ahead.The state-owned banks are burdened with problem loans to farmers and home owners. And Mr.Batlle shows no appetite for cutting the bureaucracy.After a year in office,the president is popular.He has created a cross-party commission to investigate"disappearances"during Uruguay's military dictatorship of1976-85.The unions are weakened by unemployment. At CERES,Ernesto Talvi argues that Mr.Batlle should note his own strength,and push ahead more boldly.But that is not the Uruguayan way.26.Uruguay in the1990s________.A.moved in the privatizing waveB.adopted the same measure as that of ArgentinaC.sticked to its old economic modeD.developed very slowly27.What can we infer from the first four paragraphs?A.Uruguay has been always trying to join in the privatizing wave.B.Economists argue that privatization is an efficient way to boost Uruguay's GDP.C.Mr.Battle plans to privatize the country's economy completely.D.The opposition Broad Front is in favor of privatization.28.The fifth paragraph suggests that________.A.Bell South is built up in1982B.There has been no law to regulate the electricityC.Ancap may modernize its refinery with the help of a private partnerD.Liberalization makes the economy slack29.What does the author mean by"flopped"(last line,Para.4)?A.succeededB.failedC.followedD.provoked30.Which one is TRUE according to the passage?A.Privatization is thriving in Uruguay.B.Now,referenda have less strength to change some laws.C.Uruguayan people are satisfied with the government's actions with regard to the economy.D.The President is managing to keep the state companies efficient.TEXT3Even at the Vatican,not all sacred beliefs are absolute:Thou shalt not kill,but war can be just.Now,behind the quiet walls,a clash is shaping up involving two poles of near certainty:the church's long-held ban on condoms and its advocacy of human life.The issue is AIDS.Church officials recently confirmed that Pope Benedict XVI had requested a report on whether it might be acceptable for Catholics to use condoms in one narrow circumstance:to protect life inside a marriage when one partner is infected with H.I.V.or is sick with AIDS.Whatever the pope decides,church officials and other experts broadly agree that it is remarkable that so delicate an issue is being taken up.But they also agree that such an inquiry is logical,and particularly significant from this pope,who was Pope John Paul II's strict enforcer of church doctrine."In some ways,maybe he has got the greatest capacity to do it because there is no doubt about his orthodoxy,"said the Rev.Jon Fuller,a Jesuit physician who runs an AIDS clinic at the Boston Medical Center.The issue has surfaced repeatedly as one of the most complicated and delicate facing the church.For years,some influential cardinals and theologians have argued for a change for couples affected by AIDS in the name of protecting life,while others have fiercely attacked the possibility as demoting the church's long advocacy of abstinence and marital fidelity to fight the disease.The news broke just after Benedict celebrated his first anniversary as pope,a relatively quiet papal year.But he devoted his first encyclical to love,specifically between a man and a woman in marriage.Indeed,with regard to condoms,the only change apparently being considered is in the specific case of married couples.But any change would be unpopular with conservative Catholics,some of faith than he did when he was still Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger,the papal adviser."It's just hard to imagine that any pope—and this pope—would change the teaching,"said Austin Ruse, president of the Culture of Life Foundation,a Catholic-oriented advocacy group in Washington that opposes abortion and contraception.It is too soon to know where the pope is heading.Far less contentious issues can take years to inch through the Vatican's nexus of belief and bureaucracy,prayer and politics,and Cardinal Javier Lozano Barragán,the pope's top aide on health care issues,and other officials declined requests for interviews.31.By the first sentence in the first paragraph,the author actually means________.A.the war can be supported by the churchB.the Vatican is always telling a lieC.some doctrines of the church are not so unchangeableD.people may do as they like32.The request from Pope Benedict XVI is particularly significant because________.A.this pope strictly executed the Catholic doctrineB.this pope is powerfulC.this pope has been against the use of condoms all the timeD.This pope has been assisted the advocacy of human life33.The word"demoting"(Line3,Para.5)________.A.degradingB.opposingC.supportingD.changing34.This issue is so complicated because________.A.the pope has no capacity to deal with itB.it involve two poles of near certaintyC.it may affect the pope's orthodoxyD.there are two parties on this issue in the church35.According to the passage,the pope probably will________.A.change the doctrine about the use of condomsB.give up his new ideasC.still carrying out the church beliefsD.None of the aboveTEXT4Healthy soda?That may strike some as an oxymoron.But for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo,it's a marketing opportunity.In coming months,both companies will introduce new carbonated drinks that are fortified with vitamins and minerals:Diet Coke Plus and Tava,which is PepsiCo's new offering.They will be promoted as"sparklingbeverages."The companies are not calling them soft drinks because people are turning away from traditional soda, which has been hurt in part by publicity about its link to obesity.While the soda business remains a$68billion industry in the United States,consumers are increasingly reaching for bottled water,sparkling juices and green tea drinks.In2005,the amount of soda sold in this country dropped for the first in recent history.Even the diet soda business has slowed.Coca-Cola's chief executive,E.Neville Isdell,clearly frustrated that his industry has been singled out in the obesity debate,insisted at a recent conference that his diet products should be included in the health and wellness category because,with few or no calories,they are a logical answer to expanding waistlines."Diet and light brands are actually health and wellness brands,"Mr.Isdell said.He asserted that Diet Coke Plus was a way to broaden the category to attract new consumers.Tom Pirko,president of Bevmark,a food and beverage consulting firm,said it was"a joke"to market artificially sweetened soft drinks as healthy,even if they were fortified with vitamins and minerals.Research by his firm and others shows that consumers think of diet soft drinks as"the antithesis of healthy,"he said.These consumers"Comment on putting something synthetic and not natural into their bodies when they consume diet colas,"Mr.Pirko said."And in the midst of a health and welfare boom,that ain't good."The idea of healthy soda is not entirely new.In2004,Cadbury Schweppes caused a stir when it unveiled7Up Plus,a low-calorie soda fortified with vitamins and st year,Cadbury tried to extend the healthy halo over its regular7Up brand by labeling it"100percent natural."But the company changed the label to"100percent natural flavor"after complaints from a nutrition group that a product containing high-fructose corn syrup should not be considered natural,and7Up Plus has floundered.The new fortified soft drinks earned grudging approval from Michael F.Jacobson,executive director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest,A nutrition advocacy group and frequent critic of regular soft drinks, which it has labeled"liquid candy."A survey by Morgan Stanley found that only10percent of consumers interviewed in2006considered diet colas a healthy choice,compared with14percent in2003.Furthermore,30percent of the consumers who were interviewed last year said that they were reluctant to drink beverages with artificial sweeteners,up from21 percent in2004.36.Coca-Cola and PepsiCo call their new drinks"sparkling beverages"instead of"soft drinks"because_______.A.the new name sounds more brilliant and attracts more peopleB.the old name reminds people that they may cause people adding weightC.the new drinks are fortified with vitamins and mineralsD.people are turning away from traditional soda37.The sentence"with few or no calories,they are a logical answer to expanding waistlines"(Para.4)means ________.A.they can give a reasonable answer to waistlinesB.they are the logical reason of make people expand waistlinesC.they will not cause obesity since they have few or no caloriesD.it is logical that they may expand people's waistlines38.Tom Pirko's attitude on promoting the soft drinks as healthy is________.A.jokingB.positiveC.negativeD.indifferent39.The word"floundered"(Line6,Para.7)implies________.A.stumbledB.struggledC.flusteredD.troubled40.The data in the last paragraph implies________.A.the soft drinks will be singled out in the near futureB.the marketing opportunities for these companies are not successfulC.people are paying more and more attention to their healthD.people think the soft drink is not healthyPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box.The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in boxes.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)[A]The rise of a tycoon who is fond of America and South Africa,and who prints English slogans on his bottles of milk and mineral water,is a snub to Mr.Ratsiraka.The president,who has dominated politics since1975—with a few years'absence in the mid-1990s—steers close to France,the former colonial power.He has been unwell,and spends much of his time having medical treatment in Paris.His government,predictably,is accused of widespread corruption.But he offers stability—and declares that"any other president"would usher in years of uncertainty.[B]Mr.Ratsiraka might indeed feel aggrieved if he did lose power just as the economy is coming right.After a two-decade spell as a socialist,then a few years of exile,he bounced back into the presidency in1996to impose austere neo-liberal reforms.These are now paying off.Many people are still desperately badly off,living in villages without roads,electricity or doctors.But,according to an optimistic IMF report on December13th,the economy may turn out to have enjoyed6.7%growth this year and inflation is low.[C]In a high turnout,he took nearly80%of the votes in the capital,and well over half in other cities.Results from the less susceptible countryside are slowly coming in.They narrow the gap,but he still seems to have a chance of either beating the incumbent,Didier Ratsiraka,outright or facing him in a run-off next year.[D]A swelling flow of tourists comes to the island to see its rainforests,lemurs and tropical beaches.Sales of textiles to America are doing well,thanks to tariff reductions there.And,in the past few years,Asian investors have opened dozens of factories in special export zones around the capital.Mr.Ratsiraka has managed to negotiate debt relief that almost halves the amount the country spends on servicing its debts.It is thus able to spend a bit more on schools and hospitals.Incomes in the cities are clearly up.A good rice harvest this year,and the absence of cyclones,has eased hunger in the countryside.[E]As mayor,Mr.Ravalomanana won many citizens'hearts by cleaning up the capital,and seeing to new roads and street lighting.He oversaw a building boom,the rise of a dozen flashy new supermarkets,more policemen on the streets and cut in crime.He is known in the country at large,too,thanks to his Tiko food empire,which delivers yoghurt and other good things to Madagascar's emerging middle class.His-face is everywhere on T-shirts, baseball caps and bags—all parts of a slick campaign that was helped along by his own radio and televisionstations.His Christian fervour,and his job on a council of Protestant churches,have also helped him,especially among the rural poor.[F]All this is rare good news for Africa.Might it be risked if there were a change of president?Some point to possible ethnic tension:Mr.Ravalomanana is from the highland Imerina people,who have a mix of Asian-settler and African blood,who have never before held political office over the blacker coastal communities.Others worry that he will have little support in parliament,and that his business career has not prepared him for political compromises.A bigger concern,perhaps,is that he might not seriously undertake to spread the good times enjoyed in the capital into the impoverished countryside.[G]Excitement is in the air in Madagascar,a vast island of15m people off the east coast of Africa.On December 16th,its voters trudged to the polls from their homes in highland towns and remote forest villages to pick a president.Many favoured Marc Ravalomanana,a tycoon who is also the handsome young mayor of the capital, Antananarivo.Order:Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)AMGEN,the world's biggest biotechnology company,made its fortune from a drug that fortifies the blood of patients who are undergoing dialysis.On December17th,the California company acquired some new blood of its own with the purchase of Immunex,a Seattle-based biotechnology company,for$16billion.This deal,a biotech-industry record,gives Amgen a firm footing in the multibillion-dollar market in inflammation control.Immunex's most profitable product is Enbrel,a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.(46) Amgen hopes to triple the drug's sales to more than$3billion by2005,widening its use to other diseases and overcoming manufacturing constraints that have kept the drug in short supply.With this takeover,Immunex passes from one parent to another.American Home Products(AHP)holds41% of the shares,and has given the firm sales and marketing support.(47)But AHP(American Household Products) has been selling down its stake since last year,in part to finance a$3.8billion settlement of claims against its diet drugs.(48)Although Amgen calls itself a biotech company,its market capitalisation of around$62billion makes it larger than Pharmacia and several other well-known mainstream drug companies,traditionally considered the big brothers of biotech.But Amgen likes to think of itself as less bureaucratic and more entrepreneurial than its pharmaceutical brethren,and it is free of such big-pharma woes as imminent patent expiry.(49)However,as Joseph Dougherty,a biotech analyst at Lehman Brothers,points out,Amgen will find it hard to retain the freedom of its youth as it strives to expand its sales by more than30%a year.Historically,pharmaceutical companies have used their deep pockets to buy biotech companies.Now, increasingly,biotech companies are buying each other(see chart).Such industry consolidation is Young.(50) Companies are pooling their resources to build scale in research and development,and in sales,or to fill holes in their product pipelines,as Amgen has just done.With almost1,400biotech companies in America,and acomparable number in Europe,there is plenty of room for more togetherness.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Imagine you are a student who wants to apply for the New Star scholarship offered by your university.Write a letter to the person concerned which should include(1)the purpose of writing the letter;(2)your qualifications for the scholarship;(3)your thanks.You should write about100words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e"Li Ming"instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52.Directions:Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled"After Graduation."In the essay,you should(1) describe the picture;(2)interpret its meaning;(3)give your opinion about the phenomenon.You should write about200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2014考研英语一测试题五参考答案Section I use of English1.B本来期望出现第六次0.5%。

2014年考研英语模拟测试（一）答案解析Section ⅠUse of English答案1.C2.A3.D4.A5.C6.D7.B8.C9.A 10.A11.C 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.B 19.C 20.A总体分析本文介绍了东日本铁路公司引人关注的新计划。

文章第一段介绍说东日本铁路公司创造性地利用车站内部及周围房地产的计划正引起越来越多人的关注。

第二段具体介绍了这一计划的内容及好处，即适应信息时代的要求，把车站作为网上购物的物品收取地，这样既为消费者提供了方便，又提高了递送物品的安全性。

第三段介绍了该公司引入智能卡代替目前使用的各种磁卡作车票的计划及其优点。

试题精解1.[精解] 本题考查名词的词义辨析。

空格处填入的名词与growth搭配，由上下文语义可知，此处表达的含义是“铁路业没有令人振奋的发展前景”，Prospect“景色，前景，期望”指的是possibility of advancement or success。

所以[C]项正确。

perspective做可数名词时多指viewpoint(态度，观点)，如You have the wrong perspective on this situation(对于那个情势的未来发展，你的看法是错的)。

outlook用作“前景”讲时用单数形式，如the outlook for economic growth(经济发展的前景)。

spectacle“景象，奇观，场面，眼镜”，如A quarrel between drunken women is an unpleasant spectacle(喝醉酒的女人吵架是个丑恶的场面)。

2.[精解] 本题考查通过上下文选择适当的副词的能力。

空格处的副词修饰的动作是use real-estate assets in and around train stations(利用车站内部及周围的房地产)。

2014考研英语全真模拟押题及答案解析（一）【5】注意：pin down确定;清楚说明。

22. [答案] [C]ideas about the roles of women have been changing.[注释] 推理判断题。

本题问：从第一段可以推理，为什么现在妇女可以从事一种职业?第1段最后两句写道：“不能认为我们的本性在社会的或生理的方面来看是不可改变的。

随着我们接近21世纪初，生物学和遗传学方面所取得的巨大进步正在从根本上对属于每一种性别的角色、职责和特征提出挑战，可是在不到20年以前，上述观点还被认为是‘无可争辩的。

”由此推理，现在妇女可以从事一种职业，因为有关妇女角色的观念一直在改变。

故应选[C]。

[A]the change in sex roles is out of the question(性别角色的改变是不可能的)具有较强的干扰性。

out of the question意为“不可能的”。

有的考生之所以选[A]是因为把out of the question错误地理解为“毫无疑问的”。

[D]the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the women‘s roles(科学的发展几乎没有改变妇女的角色)属正反颠倒，故不能入选。

注意：通过词汇手段增强干扰是当前命题的一种趋势。

23. [答案] [B]prevalent.[注释] 细节归纳题。

本题问：作者认为，20世纪60年代以前西方的性别歧视状况如何?第2段一开头作者写道：“我们可以有把握地说，除了个别例外，从19世纪初到20世纪60年代，对男女性别的定义和他们各自的作用一直没有变化。

”接着，作者对此进行了阐述，最后说，“妇女在家生儿育女。

男子外出谋生养家，恪守职责，和平时期，以付家需，战争时期，奔赴疆场。

”综上所述，男女并不平等。

可见，20世纪60年代以前西方的性别歧视普遍存在。

故应选[B]prevalent(普遍存在的;盛行的;流行的)。

2014考研英语模拟测试题一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)I feel very _1__ to have this opportunity to address the Fourth Europe-Asia Forum. Europe and Asia are twoof the world’s major _2__, and there has been a long history of 3 between them. __4_ between the twocontinents have a deep and far-reaching _5__ on the welfare and future of their peoples, not to say of all mankind.The Europe-Asia Forum, __6_ by the Quandt Foundation, the Institute of Political Studies and the Asia-EuropeFoundation, has been instrumental in __7_ the partnership between our two continents in the new century. To be_8_ ，Asia and Europe need to increase their mutual understanding through increased dialogue. I hope myspeech today can contribute __9_ the realization of this objective. Now I would like to __10_ with you some ofmy views on the East Asian and Chinese economies against the background of globalization.Until 1990, the East Asian economy had been __11_ as the most dynamic in the world. However, under thechallenges of economic globalization, Japan has __12_ into a decade of recession, without any signs of recovery_13__ date. The Asian financial crisis in 1997 threw most of the economies in this region into __14_. In early1999 there were palpable _15__ of a turn to the better. Along with a slow-down of the American economy,however, the cloud of recession once again _16__ the region. The structural deficiencies which had _17__ thecrisis were re-emerging.Due to its importance in the world economy, economic trends in East Asia are _18__ watched. Currently, thequestions that need to be addressed are: whether its economic institutions and structure remain able to meet the__19_ of globalization; what the region’s economic _20__ are; what kind of role China can play in the region’seconomic recovery.1. A. respected B. privileged C. pledged D. projected2. A. Continents B. Constituents C. Constructs D. constitutes3. A. Expansion B. Excursion C. Existence D. exchanges4. A. Actions B. Devotions C. Relations D. Decisions5. A. impact B. impetus C. impulse D. impress6. A. constituted B. advanced C. decided D. sponsored7. A. framing B. ejecting C. forging D. inserting8. A. owners B. partners C. operators D. designers9. A. on B. to C. for D. with10. A. share B. side C. compile D. adopt11. A. rised B. raised C. praised D. braised12. A. edged B. mocked C. clutched D. slipped13. A. out B. to C. up to D. until14. A. Recession B. concession C. confession D. confusion15 A. symptoms B. systems C. signs D. syndromes16. A overhauled B. overflew C. overlapped D. overcast17. A. initiated B. irritated C. inhabited D. inherited18. A. deeply B. highly C. keenly D. kindly19 A. changes B. charges C. privileges D. challenges20. A. process B. prospects C. projects D. profilesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Text 1Charles Dickens, like millions of children all over the world throughout the ages, was enchanted by fairy tales.He acknowledged the deep formative impact that the wondrous figures and events of fairy tales helps childrenbetter than anything else in their most difficult, yet most important and satisfying task: achieving a more matureconsciousness to tame the chaotic pressure of their unconsciousness.Fairy tales, unlike any other form of literature, direct children to discover their identity and calling. Thesestories hint that a good, rewarding life is within one’s reach despite adversity. They promise that if one dares toengage in this fearsome and taxing search, benevolent powers will come to one’s aid, and that one will succeed.But fairy tales also warn that those who are too timid or narrow-minded to risk themselves must settle forhumdrum existence.In the past, those who loved fairy tales were often subjected to the scorn of pedants. Buttoday many of ourchildren are deprived of the chance to know fairy stories at all. Most children now meet fairy tales, if theyencounter them at all, only in prettified versions that subdue their meaning and rob them of all deepersignificance. One can see such versions in films and on television, where fairy tales are tamed into empty-mindedentertainment.Throughout history, the intellectual life of children largely depended on mythical and religious stories, and onfairy tales. This traditional literature fed children’s imagination and stimulated their fantasies. At the same time,these stories were a major agent of the child’s socialization. Children could learn social ideals from the materialof myths, while fairy tales provide patterns of behaviour modeled on these ideals. These were the images of theunconquered heroes, whose life history showed that it is not beneath the dignity of the strongest to clean thefilthiest stable.21. The author cited Dickens in order to .[A] call attention to a person who began by writing fairy tales[B] support the author’s scorn for those who adapt fairy tales for films and television[C] prove the formative influence of fairy tales on writers[D] provide an example of one who understands the importance of fairy tales to children凯程教育：凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。

2014考研英语全真模拟押题及答案解析（一）【4】We need to make, therefore, a hard-and-fast distinction not only between work and play but, equally, between active play and passive entertainment. 47) It is, I suppose, the decline of active play — of amateur sport — and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which have given rise to a sociological interest in the problem. If the greater part of the population, instead of indulging in sport, spend their hours of leisure “viewing” television programs, there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. In addition, we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. 48) There is, if we are optimistic, the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who have seen them.49) It is only when entertainment is active, participated in, practiced, that it can properly be called play, and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work, and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work.Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living. Some of us work physically, tilling the land, minding the machines, digging the coal; others work mentally, keeping accounts, inventing machines, teaching and preaching, managing and governing. 50) There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations, except that they consume our time, and leave us little leisure.(356 words)Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80—100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) 帮助孩子重新振作孩子得不到帮助，后果可能很严重。

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2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 ,we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n) 4 impact on our professional , social ,and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 .Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11___, because these connections are made through effort and fluctuate __12_ mental effort.Now,a new Web-based company has taken it a step __13__ and developed the first "brain training Program"designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental __14__.The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing-much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. [A] where [B] when [C] that [D] why2. [A] improves [B] fades [C] recover [D] collapses3. [A] unless [B] while [C] once [D] if4. [A] damaging [B] limited [C] uneven [D] obscure5. [A] relationship [B]environment [C] welling [D]outlook6. [A] figures [B] finds [C] points [D] turns7. [A] responses [B] roundabout [C] workouts [D] associations8. [A] genre [B] criterion [C] circumstances [D] functions9. [A] channel [B] sequence [C] process [D] condition10. [A] feature [B] excel [C] persist [D] believe11. [A] however [B]moreover [C]otherwise [D] therefore12. [A] instead of [B] according [C] apart from [D] regardless13. [A] further [B] back [C] aside [D] around14. [A] framework [B] stability [C] flexibility [D] sharpness15. [A] hurries [B] reminds [C] allows [D] forces16. [A] hold [B] track [C] order [D] pace17. [A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18. [A] constantly [B] habitually [C] irregularly [D] unusually19. [A] put [B] carry [C] build [D] take20. [A] idle [B] familiar [C] risky [D] effectiveSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency ."George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront work search" scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for the online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit - and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker's allowance. "Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on." he claimed, "We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster." Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand was his zeal for "fundamental fairness" - protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.。

2014年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（一）2014年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（一）Passage 1In 1939 two brothers, Mac and Dick McDonald, started a drive-in restaurant in San Bernadino, California. They carefully chose a busy corner for their location. They had run their own businesses for years, first a theater, then a barbecue(烤肉)restaurant, and then another drive-in. But in their new operation, they offered a new, shortened menu: French fries, hamburgers, and sodas. To this small selection they added one new concept: quick service, no waiters or waitresses, and no tips.Their hamburgers sold for fifteen cents. Cheese was another four cents. Their French fries and hamburgers had a remarkable uniformity, for the brothers had developed a strict routine for the preparation of their food, and they insisted on their cooks' sticking to their routine. Their new drive-in became incredibly popular, particularly for lunch. People drove up by the hundreds during the busy noontime. The self-service restaurant was so popular that the brothers had allowed ten copies of their restaurant to be opened. They were content with this modest success untilthey met Ray Kroc.Kroc was a salesman who met the McDonald brothers in 1954, when he was selling milk shake-mixing machines. He quickly saw the unique appeal of the brothers' fast-food restaurants and bought the right to franchise(特许经营)other copies of their restaurants. The agreement struck included the right to duplicate the menu. The equipment, even their red and white buildings with the golden arches(拱门).Today McDonald's is really a household name. Its names for its sandwiches have come to mean hamburger in the decades since the day Ray Kroc watched people rush up to order fifteen-cent hamburgers. In 1976, McDonald's had over $ 1 billion in total sales. Its first twenty-two years is one of the most incredible success stories in modern American business history.1. This passage mainly talks about .A) the development of fast food servicesB) how McDonald's became a billion-dollar businessC) the business careers of Mac and Dick McDonaldD) Ray Kroc's business talent2. Mac and Dick managed all of the following businesses except .A) a drive-in B) a cinema C) a theater D) a barbecue restaurant3. We may infer from this passage that .A)Mac and Dick McDonald never became wealthy for they sold their idea to KrocB)The location the McDonalds chose was the only source of the great popularity of their drive-inC)Forty years ago there were numerous fast-food restaurantsD) Ray Kroc was a good businessman4. The passage suggests that .A) creativity is an important element of business successB) Ray Kroc was the close partner of the McDonald brothersC) Mac and Dick McDonald became broken after they sold their ideas to Ray KrocD) California is the best place to go into business5. As used in the second sentence of the third paragraph, the worduniquemeans .A)special B)financial C )attractive D)peculiar Passage 12014年考研数学 2014年考研政治 2014年考研专业。

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2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 ,we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n) 4 impact on our professional , social ,and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 .Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11___, because these connections are made through effort and fluctuate __12_ mental effort.Now,a new Web-based company has taken it a step __13__and developed the first "brain training Program"designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental __14__.The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing-much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. [A] where [B] when [C] that [D] why2. [A] improves [B] fades [C] recover [D] collapses3. [A] unless [B] while [C] once [D] if4. [A] damaging [B] limited [C] uneven [D] obscure5. [A] relationship [B]environment [C] welling [D]outlook6. [A] figures [B] finds [C] points [D] turns7. [A] responses [B] roundabout [C] workouts [D] associations8. [A] genre [B] criterion [C] circumstances [D] functions9. [A] channel [B] sequence [C] process [D] condition10. [A] feature [B] excel [C] persist [D] believe11. [A] however [B]moreover [C]otherwise [D] therefore12. [A] instead of [B] according [C] apart from [D] regardless13. [A] further [B] back [C] aside [D] around14. [A] framework [B] stability [C] flexibility [D] sharpness15. [A] hurries [B] reminds [C] allows [D] forces16. [A] hold [B] track [C] order [D] pace17. [A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18. [A] constantly [B] habitually [C] irregularly [D] unusually19. [A] put [B] carry [C] build [D] take20. [A] idle [B] familiar [C] risky [D] effectiveSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency ."George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront work search" scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for the online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit - and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker's allowance. "Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on." he claimed, "We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster." Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand was his zeal for "fundamental fairness" - protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know thatsupport is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland ,your first instinct is to fall into dependency-permanent dependency if you can get it –supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood .It is as though 20 years of ever –tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened .The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase“jobseeker’s allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker”who had no fundamental right to benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance”, conditional on actively seeking a job: no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week ,one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A] provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B] encourage jobseeker’ s active engagement in job seeking.[C] motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D] guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefit.22.The phase “to sigh on”(Line 3,Para.2)most pr obably means[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the job centre.[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on thegovernment.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy.[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[B]Osborne’s reform will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.考研频道推荐链接：。