1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

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教育政策法律法规重点汇编教育法规试题（含答案）>>>>>>1.依法治校是指学校以国家法律、法规、规章和文件规定为依据，完善内部各项管理制度和纪律，使学校管理的各个方面都做到有章可循、有法可依。

2.《教育法》规定，国家建立以财政拨款为主、其他多种渠道筹措教育经费为辅的体制。

3.《义务教育法》规定，国家、社会、学校和家庭依法保障适龄儿童、少年—接受义务教育的权利。

4.公民、法人或其他组织认为具体行政行为侵犯其合法权益的，可以自知道该具体行政行为之日起60 日内提出行政复议申请。

5.根据《预防未成年人犯罪法》的规定，营业性歌舞厅以及其他未成年人不适宜进入的场所，应当设置未成年人禁止进入的标志。

6.《刑法》是标准有关犯罪和刑罚的法律标准的总称。

7.《学校卫生工作条例》规定，学生每天学习时间〔包括自习〕，中学不超过_8 小时，小学不超过 6 小时。

8.实施教育行政处罚的机关，除法律、法规另有规定的外，必须是县级以上人民政府的教育行政部门。

9.参加教师资格考试有作弊行为的，其考试成绩作废，年内不得再次参加教师资格考试。

10.学校对校舍、体育设施、消防设施、各种仪器设备安全状况，应当每月检查一次。

11.参加继续教育是中小学教师的权利和义务。

12.预防未成年人犯罪，应立足于教育和保护，从小抓起，对未成年人的不良行为及时进行预防和矫治。

13.学校应当尊重未成年学生的受教育权，不得随意开除学生。

14.《民法》是调整平等主体的自然人、法人以及其他组织之间的财产关系和人身关系的法律标准的总称。

15.行政复议、行政诉讼期间，行政处罚不停止执行。

16.《学校体育工作条例》第十四条规定，学校每学年至少举行一次以田径项目为主的全校性运动会。

17.对违法犯罪的未成年人，实行教育、感化、挽救的方针，坚持教育为主，惩罚为辅的原则。

18.《中华人民共和国行政许可法》于2004年 7 月 J 日正式施行。

2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and V ocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [■]1. If I were in movie, then it would be about time that I ________ my head in my hands for a cry.[A] bury[B] am burying[C] buried[D] would bury2. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port ________ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.[A] to announce[B] announced[C] announcing[D] was announced3. According to one belief, if truth is to be known it will make itself apparent, so one ________ wait instead of searching for it.[A] would rather[B] had to[C] cannot but[D] had best4. She felt suitably humble just as she ________ when he had first taken a good look at her city self, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed.[A] had[B] had had[C] would have and[D] has had5. There was no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite ________ from leadership of it, would intervene personally.[A] being resigned[B] having resigned[C] going to resign[D] resign6. So involved with their computers ________ that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.[A] became the children[B] become the children[C] had the children become[D] do the children become7. The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is ________ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.[A] everything except[B] anything but[C] no less than[D] nothing more than8. One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. ________ this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation.[A] By[B] In[C] For[D] With9. Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to ________ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.[A] as[B] which[C] that[D] what10. Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, ________ they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.[A] be[B] being[C] were[D] arePart BDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the rackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read. “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” There fore, you should choose [C].Sample Answer[A] [B] [■][D]11. He is too young to be able to ________ between right and wrong.[A] discard[B] discern[C] disperse[D] disregard12. It was no ________ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery.[A] coincidence[B] convention[C] certainty[D] complication13. One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships ________ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.[A] cautiously[B] dutifully[C] faithfully[D] skillfully14. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be ________ the welfare of his animals.[A] critical about[B] indignant at[C] indifferent to[D] subject to15. The chairman of the board ________ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.[A] compelled[B] posed[C] pressed[D] tempted16. It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with ________.[A] for long[B] in and out[C] once for all[D] by nature17. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in ________ and lack of unity in style.[A] conflict[B] confrontation[C] disturbance[D] disharmony18. The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once ________.[A] thrived[B] swelled[C] prospered[D] flourished19. However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to ________ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.[A] overturn[B] overtake[C] offset[D] oppress20. Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium; it is ________.[A] firm[B] company[C] corporation[D] enterprise21. When any non-human organ is transplanted into a person, the body immediately recognizes it as ________.[A] novel[B] remote[C] distant[D] foreign22. My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I ________ at a garage sale.[A] trifled with[B] scraped through[C] stumbled upon[D] thirsted for23. Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could ________.[A] descend[B] decline[C] deteriorate[D] depress24. Equipment not ________ official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop.[A] conforming to[B] consistent with[C] predominant over[D] providing for25. As an industry, biotechnology stands to ________ electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020.[A] contend[B] contest[C] rival[D] strive26. The authors of the United States Constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving ________ for the states and liberty for individuals.[A] autonomy[B] dignity[C] monopoly[D] stability27. For three quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost ________ as microorganisms.[A] precisely[B] instantly[C] initially[D] exclusively28. The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow ________, particularly in Western Europe.[A] obscure[B] obsolete[C] optional[D] overlapping29. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ________ and needs proving.[A] spontaneous[B] hypothetical[C] intuitive[D] empirical30. The future of this company is ________: many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net-based businesses.[A] at odds[B] in trouble[C] in vain[D] at stakeSection II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases __31__ the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant __32__ of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a __33__ bill that will propose making payments to witnesses __34__ and will strictly control the amount of __35__ that can be given to a case __36__ a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he __37__ with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not __38__ sufficient control.__39__ of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a __40__ of media protest when he said the __41__ of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges __42__ to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which __43__ the European Convention on Human Rights legally __44__ in Britain, laid down that everybody was __45__ to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press free doms will be in safe hands __46__ our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an __47__ after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were __48__ to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised __49__ witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to __50__ guilty verdicts.31. [A] as to[B] for instance[C] in particular[D] such as32. [A] tightening[B] intensifying[C] focusing[D] fastening33. [A] sketch[B] rough[C] preliminary[D] draft34. [A] illogical[B] illegal[C] improbable[D] improper35. [A] publicity[B] penalty[C] popularity[D] peculiarity36. [A] since[B] if[C] before[D] as37. [A] sided[B] shared[C] complied[D] agreed38. [A] present[B] offer[C] manifest[D] indicate39. [A] Release[B] Publication[C] Printing[D] Exposure40. [A] storm[B] rage[C] flare[D] flash41. [A] translation[B] interpretation[C] exhibition[D] demonstration42. [A] better than[B] other than[C] rather than[D] sooner than43. [A] changes[B] makes[C] sets[D] turns44. [A] binding[B] convincing[C] restraining[D] sustaining45. [A] authorized[B] credited[C] entitled[D] qualified46. [A] with[B] to[C] from[D] by47. [A] impact[B] incident[C] inference[D] issue48. [A] stated[B] remarked[C] said[D] told49. [A] what[B] when[C] which[D] that50. [A] assure[B] confide[C] ensure[D] guaranteeSection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specializat ion was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.[A] sociology and chemistry[B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology[D] physics and chemistry52. We can infer from the passage that ________.[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.[A] the process of specialization and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs54. The direct reason for specialization is ________.[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societiesText 2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide -- the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access -- after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure -- including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on -- were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Ameri cans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your ThirdWave infrastructure, which today is an el ectronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.55. Digital divide is something ________.[A] getting worse because of the Internet[B] the rich countries are responsible for[C] the world must guard against[D] considered positive today56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ________.[A] offers economic potentials[B] can bring foreign funds[C] can soon wipe out world poverty[D] connects people all over the world57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of ________.[A] providing financial support overseas[B] preventing foreign capital’s control[C] building industrial infrastructure[D] accepting foreign investment58. It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on ________.[A] how well developed it is electronically[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern[D] how much control it has over foreign corporationsText 3Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends toreflect the conventiona l values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.59. What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry[D] aims of a journalism credibility project60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ________.[A] quite trustworthy[B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating[D] rather superficial61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________.[A] working attitude[B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook[D] educational background62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ________.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and genderText 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”Th ere’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consume rs. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Y et it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing -- witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan -- but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Y et the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?63. What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A] to take in more foreign funds[B] to invest more abroad[C] to combine and become bigger[D] to trade with more countries64. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ________.[A] the greater customer demands[B] a surplus supply for the market[C] a growing productivity[D] the increase of the world’s wealth65. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ________.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition66. Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be ________.[A] optimistic[B] objective[C] pessimistic[D] biasedText 5When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all,” preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life,” and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting -- also k nown in America as “voluntary simplicity” -- has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-’90s equivalent of dropping ou t.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline -- after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ’80s -- and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life -- growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one -- as a personal recognition of your limitations.67. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.68. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ________.[A] enables her to realize her dream[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine69. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by ________.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle[B] a bit of everything[C] extreme stress[D] anti-consumerism70. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of ________.[A] the quick pace of modern life[B] man’s adventurous spirit。

1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if onlySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be soboring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame. [B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards. [D] Reducing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author's opinion,__.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementPassage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.15 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when____.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on learning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey16. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would____.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time17. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to__.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world [B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves [D] a new system of adaptation to change18. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except_____.[A] curiosity about more chances [B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences [D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsPassage 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, frien ds or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, socia l and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.19. The word "it" (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to__.[A] the lack of stable communities [B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families [D] the growing number of people moving from place to place20. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.21 . From the passage we can infer that__.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites22. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much[B] people should make the best use of the information[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information .[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent—A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents; it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.23. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__.[A] impatient [B] considerate [C] aggressive [D] agreeable24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__.[A] the pressure is too great on the students [B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful25. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__.[A] candidates’ sensitivity [B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit [D] surer values26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .[C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.27. From the evolutionary point of view, __.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive.[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences28. According to the passage, if a person never forgot __.[A] he would survive best [B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced [D] the evolution of memory would stop29. From the last paragraph we know that__.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs30. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.[A] remembering [B] forgetting [C] adapting [D] experiencingPart Ⅲ English-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (31) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (32 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (33) Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(34) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (35) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Part Ⅳ Writing (15 points)DIRECTIONS:A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"B. Time limit: 40 minutesC. Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country”.E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1. Present situation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.1. [A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on2. [A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid3. [A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroys [D] offers4. [A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stir up5. [A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what6. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly7. [A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this8. [A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning9. [A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable10. [A] case [B] means [C] method [D] waySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumerswill be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means__.[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that__.[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B] consumers can express their demands through producers[C] producers decide the prices of products[D] supply and demand regulate prices13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__.[A] private property and rights concerned [B] manpower and natural resources control[C] ownership of productive resources [D] free contracts and prices14. The passage is mainly about__.[A] how American goods are produced [B] how American consumers buy their goods[C] how American economic system works [D] how American businessmen make their profitsPassage 2One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon—it’s already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.15. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__.[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper[D] cash money wherever he wishes to16. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that __.[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before17. The phrase "ring up sales" (Li ne 3, Para. 2) most probably means “___”.[A] make an order of goods [B] record sales on a cash register[C] call the sales manager [D] keep track of the goods in stock18. What is this passage mainly about?[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.Passage 3Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and developmen t. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’ s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was us ed by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.19. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that _____.[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children20. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__.[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society [B] they might become a burden of the society[C] they should fully develop their potentials [D] disabled children deserve special consideration21. This passage mainly deals with__.[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children。

2011考研英语使用说明（必读） 12010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 3 Section I Use of English 3Section II R eading Comprehension 4Part A 5Part B 11Part C 13Section ⅢWriting 14Part A 14Part B 142009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题15 Section I Use of English 15Section II R eading Comprehension 17Part A 17Part B 23Part C 25Section ⅢWriting 25Part A 25Part B 262009年考研英语真题答案272008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题29 Section I Use of English 29Section II R eading Comprehension 31Part A 31Part B 37Part C 39Section III Writing 40Part A 40Part B 402008年考研英语真题答案422007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题44 Section I Use of English 44Section II R eading Comprehension 47Part A 47Part B 54Part C 56Section III Writing 57Part A 57Part B 572007年考研英语真题答案582006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题60 Section I Use of English 60Section II R eading Comprehension 63Part A 63Part B 70Part C 72Section III Writing 73Part A 73Part B 732006年考研英语真题答案752005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题77 Section I Use of English 77Section II R eading Comprehension 80Part A 80Part B 87Part C 89Section III Writing 90Part A 90Part B 902005年考研英语真题答案922004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题94 Section I Listening Comprehension 94Part A 94Part B 94Part C 95Section II U se of English 97Section III Reading Comprehension 101Part A 101Part B 107Section IV Writing 1092004年考研英语真题答案1102003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题112 Section I Listening Comprehension 112Part A 112Part B 112Part C 113Section II U se of English 115Section III Reading Comprehension 119Part A 119Part B 126Section IV Writing 1262003年考研英语真题答案1282002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题130 Section I Listening Comprehension 130Part A 130Part B 131Part C 131Section II U se of English 134Section III Reading Comprehension 138Part A 138Part B 145Section IV Writing 1452002年考研英语真题答案1472001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题149 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 149Part A 149Part B 151Section II C loze Test 155Section III Reading Comprehension 159Section IV English-Chinese Translation 166 Section V W riting 1672001年考研英语真题答案1692000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题171 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 171Part A 171Part B 173Part C 174Section II C loze Test 179Section III Reading Comprehension 180Section IV English-Chinese Translation 188 Section V W riting 1892000年考研英语真题答案1901999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题192 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 192Part A 192Part B 194Part C 195Section II C loze Test 199Section III Reading Comprehension 201Section IV English-Chinese Translation 209 Section V W riting 2091999年考研英语真题答案2111998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题213 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 213Part A 213Part B 215Part C 216Section II C loze Test 220Section III Reading Comprehension 222Section IV English-Chinese Translation 230Section V W riting 2311998年考研英语真题答案2331997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题235 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 235Part A 235Part B 237Part C 238Section II C loze Test 242Section III Reading Comprehension 244Section IV English-Chinese Translation 251 Section V W riting 2521997年考研英语真题答案2541996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题256 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 256Part A 256Part B 258Part C 259Section II C loze Test 263Section III Reading Comprehension 265Section IV English-Chinese Translation 272 Section V W riting 2731996年考研英语真题答案2741995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题276 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 276Part A 276Part B 278Part C 279Section II C loze Test 283Section III Reading Comprehension 285Section IV English-Chinese Translation 292 Section V W riting 2931995年考研英语真题答案2941994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题296 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 296Part A 296Part B 298Part C 299Section II C loze Test 303Section III Reading Comprehension 305Section IV English-Chinese Translation 311 Section V W riting 3121994年考研英语真题答案3141993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题316 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 316Section II R eading Comprehension 321Section III Cloze Test 326Section IV Error-detection and Correction 329 Section V E nglish-Chinese Translation 331Section VI Writing 3311993年考研英语真题答案3331992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题335 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 335Section II R eading Comprehension 340Section III Cloze Test 345Section IV Error-detection and Correction 347 Section V E nglish-Chinese Translation 349Section VI Writing 3501992年考研英语真题答案3511991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题353 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 353Section II R eading Comprehension 358Section III Cloze Test 363Section IV Error-detection and Correction 366 Section V E nglish-Chinese Translation 367Section VI Writing 3681991年考研英语真题答案3691990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题371 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 371Section II R eading Comprehension 373Section III Cloze Test 377Section IV Error-detection and Correction 379 Section V V erb Forms 381Section VI Chinese-English Translation 381 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 3821990年考研英语真题答案3841989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题386 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 386Section II R eading Comprehension 388Section III Cloze Test 393Section IV Error-detection and Correction 395 Section V V erb Forms 396Section VI Chinese-English Translation 397 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 3971989年考研英语真题答案3991988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题401 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 401Section II R eading Comprehension 403Section III Cloze Test 408Section IV Error-detection and Correction 410 Section V V erb Forms 411Section VI Chinese-English Translation 412 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 4121988年考研英语真题答案4141987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题416 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 416Section II R eading Comprehension 418Section III Structure and V ocabulary 422 Section IV Cloze Test 424Section V V erb Forms 426Section VI Error-detection and Correction 427 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 429 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4291987年考研英语真题答案4311986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题433 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 433Section II C loze Test 435Section III Reading Comprehension 437Section IV Structure and V ocabulary 440 Section V E rror-detection and Correction 442 Section VI Verb Forms 444Section VII Chinese-English Translation 444 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4451986年考研英语真题答案4461985年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题448 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 448Section II C loze Test 450Section III Reading Comprehension 453Section IV Structure and V ocabulary 454 Section V E rror-detection and Correction 456 Section VI Verb Forms 457Section VII Chinese-English Translation 458 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4591985年考研英语真题答案4611984年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题464 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 464Section II C loze Test 469Section III Reading Comprehension 471Section IV Structure and V ocabulary 472 Section V E rror-detection and Correction 474 Section VI Verb Forms 476Section VII Chinese-English Translation 477 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4771984年考研英语真题答案4791983年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题482Section I Structure and V ocabulary 482Section II V erb Forms 484Section III Error-detection 484Section IV Cloze Test 485Section V R eading Comprehension 488Section VI Structure and V ocabulary 489Section VII Chinese-English Translation 491Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4911983年考研英语真题答案4931982年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题495Section I Structure and V ocabulary 495Section II V erb Forms 497Section III Error-detection 498Section IV Cloze Test 499Section V R eading Comprehension 501Section VI Chinese-English Translation 503Section VII English-Chinese Translation 5031982年考研英语真题答案5051981年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题507Section I Structure and V ocabulary 507Section II E rror-detection 510Section III Sentence Making 511Section IV Verb Forms 511Section V C loze Test 512Section VI Chinese-English Translation 513Section VII English-Chinese Translation 5131981年考研英语真题答案5161980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题519Section I Use of Prepositions 519Section II V erb Tenses 519Section III Verb Forms 520Section IV Structure and V ocabulary 521Section V E rror-detection 523Section VI Chinese-English Translation 524Section VII English-Chinese Translation 5241980年考研英语真题答案527使用说明（必读）—爱你需要理由么？1. 本文件包括自我国研究生入学实行统考以来（1980—2010年）所有31套全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案。

1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Put your choice in the brackets on the left.(15points)EXAMPLE:I was caught________the rain yesterday.[A]in[B]by[C]with[D]atANSWER:[A]1.No doctors could cure the patient________his strange disease.[A]with[B]of[C]from[D]off2.He was________his wits’end what to do.[A]in[B]on[C]at[D]of3.Prior________his departure,he addressed a letter to his daughter.[A]to[B]of[C]in[D]from4.The driving instructor told me to pull________at the post office.[A]up[B]back[C]round[D]along5.When there’s a doubt,the chairman’s decision is________.[A]right[B]definite[C]fixed[D]final6.We can rely on William to carry out this mission,for his judgment is always________.[A]unquestionable[B]sound[C]subtle[D]healthy7.The noise of the plane died________in the distance.[A]away[B]out[C]down[D]off8.Hospital doctors don’t go out very often as their work________all their time.[A]takes away[B]takes in[C]takes over[D]takes up9.Attendances at football matches have________since the coming of television.[A]dropped in[B]dropped down[C]dropped off[D]dropped out10.After the death of their parents,the sisters got well________and never quarreled.[A]away[B]in[C]along[D]out11.They always give the vacant seats to________comes first.[A]who[B]whom[C]whoever[D]whomever12.Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication________the advertiserpays for the message to be delivered.[A]in that[B]in which[C]in order that[D]in the way13.He is________of an actor.[A]anybody[B]anyone[C]somebody[D]something14.The captain apologized________to tell us more about the accident.[A]for to be unable[B]that he was unable[C]to be unable[D]for being unable15.________is no reason for discharging her.[A]Because she was a few minutes late[B]Owing to a few minutes being late[C]The fact that she was a few minutes late[D]Being a few minutes lateSection II Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices labeled[A],[B],[C] and[D].Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage.Read the whole passage before making your choices.(10points)On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market.For an hour or大16家she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything,buying here and there,and大17家a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had.And then,with all the things she needed大18家she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour大19家she liked best:looking in furniture shop windows.One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things,with a noticeinviting anyone to walk in and look大20家without feeling they had to buy something. Annie hesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where,almost at once,shestopped大21家before a green armchair.There was a card on the chair which said:“This fine chair is yours大22家less than a pound a week,”and very small at the bottom,“Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty.”A pound a week...大23家,she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never miss it!A voice at her shoulder made her大24家.“Can I help you,Madam?”She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her大25家.“Oh,well,no,”she said.“I was just looking.”“We’ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom. If you’ll just come up,you will find something to suit you.”Annie,worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn’t need,left the shop hurriedly.16.[A]so[B]more[C]else[D]another17.[A]taking[B]making[C]fixing[D]keeping18.[A]buy[B]bought[C]buying[D]to have bought19.[A]in a way[B]by the way[C]in the way[D]on the way20.[A]behind[B]round[C]back[D]on21.[A]doubted[B]wondered[C]puzzled[D]delighted22.[A]at[B]for[C]with[D]in23.[A]Why[B]When[C]How[D]What24.[A]jump[B]leap[C]laugh[D]wonder25.[A]place[B]back[C]side[D]frontSection III Reading ComprehensionEach of the two passages below is followed by five questions.For each question there are four answers.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the brackets on the left.(10points)Text1There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization.Youfind these careers in engineering,in production,in statistical work,and in teaching.But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance,people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field.There is,in other words,a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees,of making general judgments.We can call these people“generalists.”And these“generalists”are particularly needed for positions in administration,where it is their job to see that other people do the work,where they have to plan for other people,to organize other people’s work,to begin it and judge it.The specialist understands one field;his concern is with technique and tools.He is a “trained”man;and his educational background is properly technical or professional.The generalist--and especially the administrator--deals with people;his concern is with leadership, with planning,and with direction giving.He is an“educated”man;and the humanities are his strongest foundation.Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator.And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field.Any organization needs both kinds of people,though different organizations need them in different proportions.It is your task to find out,during your training period,into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit,and to plan your career accordingly.Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you--but this is pure accident.Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job.At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job;it is primarily a training job,an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.26.There is an increasing demand for________.[A]all round people in their own fields[B]people whose job is to organize other people’s work[C]generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional[D]specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others27.The specialist is________.[A]a man whose job is to train other people[B]a man who has been trained in more than one fields[C]a man who can see the forest rather than the trees[D]a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters28.The administrator is________.[A]a“trained”man who is more a specialist than a generalist[B]a man who sees the trees as well as the forest[C]a man who is very strong in the humanities[D]a man who is an“educated”specialist29.During your training period,it is important________.[A]to try to be a generalist[B]to choose a profitable job[C]to find an organization which fits you[D]to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist30.A man’s first job________.[A]is never the right job for him[B]should not be regarded as his final job[C]should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any job[D]is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final jobText2At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and,until recent times,unknown to man.It is a great land mass with mountain ranges whose extent and elevation are still uncertain.Much of the continent is a complete blank on our maps.Man has explored,on foot,less than one per cent of its area.Antarctica differs fundamentally from the Arctic regions.The Arctic is an ocean,covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by the land masses of Europe,Asia,and North America.The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined,centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world--the Atlantic,Pacific,and Indian Oceans.The continental ice sheet is more than two miles high in its centre,thus,the air over the Antarctic is far more refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions.This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited.Thus,more than a million persons live within2,000miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska,Siberia,and Scandinavia--a region rich in forest and mining industries.Apart from a handful of weather stations,within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree, industry,or settlement.31.The best title for this selection would be________.[A]Iceland[B]Land of Opportunity[C]The Unknown Continent[D]Utopia at Last32.At the time this article was written,our knowledge of Antarctica was________.[A]very limited[B]vast[C]fairly rich[D]nonexistent33.Antarctica is bordered by the________.[A]Pacific Ocean[B]Indian Ocean[C]Atlantic Ocean[D]All three34.The Antarctic is made uninhabitable primarily by________.[A]cold air[B]calm seas[C]ice[D]lack of knowledge about the continent35.According to this article________.[A]2,000people live on the Antarctic Continent[B]a million people live within2,000miles of the South Pole[C]weather conditions within a2,000mile radius of the South Pole make settlementsimpractical[D]only a handful of natives inhabit AntarcticaSection IV Structure and VocabularyFill in the blanks with the words which best complete the sentences.Put your choices in the brackets on the left.(10points)EXAMPLE:It was the largest experiment we have ever had;it________six houses.[A]ended[B]finished[C]was[D]lastedANSWER:[D]36.Music often________us of events in the past.[A]remembers[B]memorizes[C]reminds[D]reflects37.If I take this medicine twice a day it should________my cold.[A]heat[C]treat[D]recover38.I could just see a car in the distance,but I couldn’t________what colour it was.[A]make out[B]look to[C]look out[D]take in39.I could tell he was surprised from the________on his face.[A]appearance[B]shock[C]look[D]sight40.The toy boat turned over and sank to the________of the pool.[A]base[B]depth[C]ground[D]bottom41.Mary never tells anyone what she does for a________.[A]job[B]work[C]profession[D]living42.That boy is such a good violinist he will probably make quite a________for himself.[A]star[B]credit[C]name[D]character43.Old photographs give one a brief________of the past.[A]glance[B]glimpse[C]sight44.The novelist is a highly________person.[A]imaginable[B]imaginative[C]imaginary[D]imagined45.Although the pay is not good,people usually find social work________in other ways.[A]payable[B]respectful[C]grateful[D]rewardingSection V Error-detection and CorrectionEach question consists of a sentence with four underlined parts(words or phrases).These parts are labeled[A],[B],[C],and[D].Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the brackets on the left.Then,without altering the meaning of the sentence,write down the correct word or phrase on the line following the brackets.(10points)EXAMPLE:You’ve to hurry up if you want to buy something becauseA there’sBhardly somethingCleftD.ANSWER:[C]anything46.The professor told the economicsA student that he didn’t approveBinChis taking theadvanced course beforeDhe made a passing mark in Economics1.47.Although a great number of houses in that area are stillA in need of repairBthere have beenCimprovement in the facilitiesD.48.Mr.Gilmore is one of those men who appearsA to be friendlyBhowever,it is very hardto deal C with himD.49.To understand the situation completelyA requiresBmore thought than has givenCthus farD.50.A great manyA educators firmlyBbelieve that English is one of the poorestCtaught subjectsin high schools todayD.51.Of all his outdoorA activities.Paul likes fishing best of allBbut he doesn’t enjoy cleaningCfishing rods afterwardsD.52.I shouldA not have recognized theBman evenCyou had toldDme his name.53.In an hour’sA time I had done the work withBmy satisfaction;I got my hat inChall andslipped out unnoticedD.54.The new hotel has erectedA a beautiful building withBrecreation areas and conferencefacilities on the top floor in whichC the finest view of the city can be obtainedD.55.While inA Europe,the tourists enjoyed toBtheir heart’sCcontent the weather,the food andgoing to the theatreD.Section VI Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of verbs given in brackets.(10points) EXAMPLE:It is highly desirable that a new president________(appoint)for this college.ANSWER:(should)be appointed56.The enemy retreated to the woods after they________(defeat).57.I________(speak)to him for some time before I realized who he was.58.One should never lose one’s heart when________(confront)with temporary difficulties.59.The house suddenly collapsed while it________(pull)down.60.On________(give)an assignment to make a business tour abroad,he gladly accepted it.61.________(Get)everything ready,they got down to map out a plan for the construction of anew express way.62.After Peter grew a beard,even his close friends________(not recognize)him at first sight.63.Darkness________(set)in,the young people lingered on merrymaking.64.The students were to________(assemble)at the auditorium before1:30p.m.,but thelecture was canceled at the last minute.65.Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained________(take)intoaccount before starting a new project.Section VII Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English.(15points)66.去年的好收成是由于农场管理的改进和有利的气体条件。

2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试《311教育学专业基础综合》真题及答案及详解[单选题]1.下列选项中，教育学流派、代表人物、核心价值观对应正确的是()。

A.实验教育学——狄尔泰——分析与批判B.马克思主义（江南博哥）教育学——杨贤江——实验与观察C.文化教育学——布雷岑卡——理解与唤醒D.批判教育学——弗莱雷——批判解放正确答案：D参考解析：A项，实验教育学代表人物为梅伊曼；狄尔泰为文化教育学的代表人物；B项，“实验与观察”应为实验教育学的核心价值观；C项，文化教育学代表人物为狄尔泰、斯普朗格、利特等。

[单选题]2.“子以四教：文、行、忠、信。

”（《论语》）“所谓治国必先齐其家者，其家不可教而能教人者无之。

”（《大学》）“教也者，长善而救其失者也。

”（《学记》）。

下列四项与上述各句中“教”字含义相同的是()。

A.反求诸己B.养子使作善C.以身垂范D.上施下效正确答案：B参考解析：教，形声字。

商代甲骨文作从攴，爻声。

形旁攴为手持器械施教形，表义，声旁爻像器物交织形，表音。

《说文解字》的解释为：“上所施下所效也。

”题干中，各句的“教”都为其本义，即“教育，指导”。

ACD三项，“反求诸己”意为反省自己的过失，加以改正；“以身垂范”意为以自己的实际行为给下级或晚辈做示范；“上施下效”意为上面的人怎么做，下面的人就跟着学。

三者都体现了“教”字的本义。

B项，育，本义为生养。

《说文解字》载：“育，养子使作善也。

”意为培养后代让其多做好事。

[单选题]3.下列选项中，可以说明社会发展对教育发展起制约作用的是()。

A.乡村学校规模日益缩小，而城市学校范围不断扩大B.新冠疫情促使世界各地的学校纷纷采取混合式教学C.教育公平与教育质量良性互助D.学业竞争中学生关系日益紧张正确答案：A参考解析：BCD三项，都没有涉及“社会发展”问题，更没有体现“制约作用”。

A项，“乡村学校规模日益缩小，而城市学校范围不断扩大”是社会发展过程中出现的客观现象，涉及“社会发展”问题，同时，城乡教育发展不平衡加剧，正是社会发展对教育发展起制约作用的表现。

20年考研英语历年真题及答案考研英语历年真题及答案使用说明必读 12010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 3 Section I Use of English 3Section II Reading Comprehension 4Part A 5Part B 11Part C 13Section ⅢWriting 14Part A 14Part B 142009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 15 Section I Use of English 15Section II Reading Comprehension 17Part A 17Part B 23Part C 25Section ⅢWriting 25Part A 25Part B 262009年考研英语真题答案272008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 29 Section I Use of English 29Section II Reading Comprehension 31 Part A 31Part B 37Part C 39Section III Writing 40Part A 40Part B 402008年考研英语真题答案422007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 44 Section I Use of English 44Section II Reading Comprehension 47 Part A 47Part B 54Part C 56Section III Writing 57Part A 57Part B 572007年考研英语真题答案582006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 60 Section I Use of English 60Section II Reading Comprehension 63 Part A 63Part B 70Part C 72Section III Writing 73Part A 73Part B 732006年考研英语真题答案752005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 77 Section I Use of English 77Section II Reading Comprehension 80 Part A 80Part B 87Part C 89Section III Writing 90Part A 90Part B 902005年考研英语真题答案922004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 94 Section I Listening Comprehension 94Part B 94Part C 95Section II Use of English 97Section III Reading Comprehension 101 Part A 101Part B 107Section IV Writing 1092004年考研英语真题答案1102003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 112 Section I Listening Comprehension 112Part A 112Part B 112Part C 113Section II Use of English 115Section III Reading Comprehension 119 Part A 119Part B 126Section IV Writing 1262003年考研英语真题答案1282002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 130 Section I Listening Comprehension 130Part B 131Part C 131Section II Use of English 134Section III Reading Comprehension 138 Part A 138Part B 145Section IV Writing 1452002年考研英语真题答案1472001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 149 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 149Part A 149Part B 151Section II Cloze Test 155Section III Reading Comprehension 159 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 166 Section V Writing 1672001年考研英语真题答案1692000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 171 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 171Part A 171Part B 173Section II Cloze Test 179Section III Reading Comprehension 180 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 188 Section V Writing 1892000年考研英语真题答案1901999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 192 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 192Part A 192Part B 194Part C 195Section II Cloze Test 199Section III Reading Comprehension 201 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 209 Section V Writing 2091999年考研英语真题答案2111998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 213 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 213Part A 213Part B 215Part C 216Section II Cloze Test 220Section III Reading Comprehension 222 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 230 Section V Writing 2311998年考研英语真题答案2331997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 235 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 235Part A 235Part B 237Part C 238Section II Cloze Test 242Section III Reading Comprehension 244 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 251 Section V Writing 2521997年考研英语真题答案2541996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 256 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 256Part A 256Part B 258Part C 259Section II Cloze Test 263Section III Reading Comprehension 265 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 272Section V Writing 2731996年考研英语真题答案2741995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 276 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 276Part A 276Part B 278Part C 279Section II Cloze Test 283Section III Reading Comprehension 285 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 292 Section V Writing 2931995年考研英语真题答案2941994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 296 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 296Part A 296Part B 298Part C 299Section II Cloze Test 303Section III Reading Comprehension 305 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 311 Section V Writing 3121994年考研英语真题答案3141993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 316 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 316Section II Reading Comprehension 321 Section III Cloze Test 326Section IV Error-detection and Correction 329 Section V English-Chinese Translation 331 Section VI Writing 3311993年考研英语真题答案3331992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 335 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 335Section II Reading Comprehension 340 Section III Cloze Test 345Section IV Error-detection and Correction 347 Section V English-Chinese Translation 349 Section VI Writing 3501992年考研英语真题答案3511991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 353 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 353Section II Reading Comprehension 358 Section III Cloze Test 363Section IV Error-detection and Correction 366 Section V English-Chinese Translation 367Section VI Writing 3681991年考研英语真题答案3691990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 371 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 371Section II Reading Comprehension 373 Section III Cloze Test 377Section IV Error-detection and Correction 379 Section V Verb Forms 381Section VI Chinese-English Translation 381 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 382 1990年考研英语真题答案3841989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 386 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 386Section II Reading Comprehension 388 Section III Cloze Test 393Section IV Error-detection and Correction 395 Section V Verb Forms 396Section VI Chinese-English Translation 397 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 397 1989年考研英语真题答案3991988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 401 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 401Section II Reading Comprehension 403 Section III Cloze Test 408Section IV Error-detection and Correction 410 Section V Verb Forms 411Section VI Chinese-English Translation 412 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 412 1988年考研英语真题答案4141987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 416 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 416Section II Reading Comprehension 418 Section III Structure and Vocabulary 422 Section IV Cloze Test 424Section V Verb Forms 426Section VI Error-detection and Correction 427 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 429 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 429 1987年考研英语真题答案4311986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 433 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 433Section II Cloze Test 435Section III Reading Comprehension 437 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 440Section V Error-detection and Correction 442 Section VI Verb Forms 444Section VII Chinese-English Translation 444 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 445 1986年考研英语真题答案4461985年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 448 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 448 Section II Cloze Test 450Section III Reading Comprehension 453 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 454 Section V Error-detection and Correction 456 Section VI Verb Forms 457Section VII Chinese-English Translation 458 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 459 1985年考研英语真题答案4611984年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 464 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 464 Section II Cloze Test 469Section III Reading Comprehension 471 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 472 Section V Error-detection and Correction 474 Section VI Verb Forms 476Section VII Chinese-English Translation 477 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 477 1984年考研英语真题答案4791983年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 482 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 482 Section II Verb Forms 484Section III Error-detection 484Section IV Cloze Test 485Section V Reading Comprehension 488 Section VI Structure and Vocabulary 489 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 491 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 491 1983年考研英语真题答案4931982年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 495 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 495 Section II Verb Forms 497Section III Error-detection 498Section IV Cloze Test 499Section V Reading Comprehension 501 Section VI Chinese-English Translation 503 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 503 1982年考研英语真题答案5051981年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 507 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 507 Section II Error-detection 510Section III Sentence Making 511Section IV Verb Forms 511Section V Cloze Test 512Section VI Chinese-English Translation 513 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 513 1981年考研英语真题答案5161980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 519 Section I Use of Prepositions 519Section II Verb Tenses 519Section III Verb Forms 520Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 521 Section V Error-detection 523Section VI Chinese-English Translation 524 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 524 1980年考研英语真题答案527使用说明必读爱你需要理由么1 本文件包括19802010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案我花费逐字审校多方考证制作而成这是一份凝结着无限心血的以当今世界一流技术精心打造的美仑美奂至不可思议的不论内容还是形式均堪称一流的正确率接近词典级的文档囊括年真题可谓工程浩大功在当代利及千秋她美观准确引领中国互联网走向精致时代本文档由大家学习网出品首发试题及答案均经无数遍仔细校对是无比准确的电子版本正确率基本接近词典级但错误肯定还有请各位不吝指正请来大家论坛本文档发布帖跟帖指正为了感谢大家的指正为了打造真正词典级文档为了大幅度提高中国人民尤其是中国考生的生活品质窃以为词典级真题文本是考研复习资料中最最重要的基础设施本人筹措专款数千元用于奖励应该是绰绰有余了基本的奖励标准是一个标点符号2元一个单词3元一个句子5元错误遗漏多余等都算每处错误当然只能奖励一次当然奖给最先指正者纠错必须在本文档发布帖跟帖指出不是没有诚意因为你发在别处我未必能看见啊而且还有一个指正的先后顺序问题具体奖励办法请看专帖办法对于核实的错误会立即改正立即更新本文档真正实现有错知错知错就改的理想本文档的意义不仅在于方便广大考生备考也在于方便广大教师专家编著考研真题复习资料对于考生在电脑上学习英语的效率肯定会比书面上高查单词查资料非常方便学习变成了一种享受而且对于做错的题目或者尚有疑惑的题目可以来本站很方便地提出大家网已将每题一个帖子发好你连题目都不用发直接根据全部单题链接总目录或者在考研英语区用6位数标准题号搜索如2006年第5题的标准题号就是2006051990年第18题就是199018找到相应的题目跟帖提问便是请不要发新帖本文档版权归大家网所有任何网站此文档时不得将本文档用于商业用途不得破坏本作品的完整性不得清除本文档中大家学习网和作者标识必须在明显位置清楚注明转自大家学习网否则自行承担一切法律后果预祝大家轻松考出满意高分简称满分呵呵祝你成功阁明俊2010年1月16日2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirectionsRead the following text Choose the best word s for each numbered blank and mark [A] [B] [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 10 points In 1924 Americas National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting workers productivity Instead the studies ended giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect" the extremely influential idea that the very to being experimented upon changed subjects behavior The idea arose because of the behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant According to of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased but also when it was dimmed It did not what was done in the experiment something was changed productivity rose A n that they were being experimented upon seemed to be to alter workers behavior itselfAfter several decades the same data were to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store the descriptions on record no systematic was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may behave let to interpretation of what happed lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday output rose compared with the previous Saturday and to rise for the next couple of days a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday workers to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case before a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down1 [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2 [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3 [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4 [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5 [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6 [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7 [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8 [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9 [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10 [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11 [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12 [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13 [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14 [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15 [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16 [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17 [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued20 [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirectionsRead the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A] [B] [C] or [D] Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 40 pointsText 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverageIt is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers Yet a considerable number ofthe most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailiesWe are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared In those far-off days it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered Theirs was a serious business and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman could be trusted to know what they were about These men believed in journalism as a calling and were proud to be published in the daily press So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism Newman wrote that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who areUnfortunately these critics are virtually forgotten Neville Cardus who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975 is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket During his lifetime though he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics a stylist so widely admired that hisAutobiography 1947 became a best-seller He was knighted in 1967 the first music critic to be so honored Yet only one of his books is now in print and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival The prospect seems remote Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized Moreover the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat21 It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22 Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes[B] casual style[C] elaborate layout[D] radical viewpoints23 Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on[A] It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing24 What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition25 What would be the best title for the text[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods Amazoncom received one for its "one-click" online payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box Now the nations top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago In a move that hasintellectual-property lawyers abuzz the US court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents In re Bilski as the case is known is "a very big deal" says Dennis D Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents"Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions Later move established companies raced to add such patents to their files if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch In 2005 IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them Similarly some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whetherit should "reconsider" its state street Bank rulingThe Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders Last April for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court" says Harold C Wegner a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School26 Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27 Which of the following is true of the Bilski case[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the US28 The word "about-face" Line 1 Para 3 most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29 We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30 Which of the following would be the subject of the text[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals often called influentials who are unusually informed persuasive or well-connected The idea is intuitively compelling but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spreadThe supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication" Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence theinfluentials those selected people will do most of the work for them The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks brands or neighborhoods In many such cases a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work however some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed In fact they dont seem to be required of all The researchers argument stems from a simple observing about social influence with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey 梬hose outsize presence is primarily a function of media not interpersonal influence梕ven the most influential mem lbers of a population simply dont interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly For a social epidemic to occur however each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initialinfluential prove resistant for example from the initial influential prove resistant for example the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many peopleBuilding on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"–the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but rather of a critical mass of easily influenced people each of whom adopts say a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor Regardless of how influential an individual is locally he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction31 By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32 The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33 What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34 The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35 what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public Behind the scenes they have been taking aim at someone else the accountingstandard-setters Their rules moan the banks have forced them to report enormous losses and its just not fair These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetchUnfortunately banks lobbying now seems to be working The details may be unknowable but the independence of standard-setters essential to the proper functioning of capital markets is being compromised And unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers reviving the banking system will be difficultAfter a bruising encounter with Congress Americas Financial Accounting Standards Board FASB rushed through rule changes These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement Bob Herz the FASBs chairman cried out against those who "question our motives" Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management"European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board IASB do likewise The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy a European commissioner warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yetdevelop different rulesIt was banks that were on the wrong planet with accounts that vastly overvalued assets Today they argue that market prices overstate losses because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets not the likely extent of bad debts The truth will not be known for years But banks shares trade below their book value suggesting that investors are skeptical And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargainsTo get the system working again losses must be recognized and dealt with Americas new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters The FASB and IASB have been exactly that cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions for example against hostility from special interests But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions36 Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets37 According to the author the rule changes of the FASB may resultin[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38 According to Paragraph 4 McCreevy objects to the IASBs attempt to[A] keep away from political influences[B] evade the pressure from their peers[C] act on their own in rule-setting[D] take gradual measures in reform39 The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets40 The authors attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction[B] skepticism[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections。

【关键字】考试现在来讲，公共英语针对社会考生，大学英语针对在校考生~公共英语三级相当于大学英语四级.公共英语四级相当于大学英语六级.(1）从题型上，PETS有口语考试，CET没有。

PETS从各级别交际能力考察的实际需要出发设置题型，主要有：客观性试题——多项选择、选择配伍；半客观性试题——改错、填空、简单概括；主观性试题——短文写作、翻译、口试。

（2）从实用性上，由于PETS更侧重交际能力的培养，互动性学习，对学习者来讲，更能全面提高英语水平，从而在实际应用中更能发挥英语的作用。

（3）从社会认可上，由于PETS是由国家教育部推出，它所具有的权威性无可置疑。

而且，教育部正在大力推广这种考试，并使之成为我国所有用人单位衡量英语专业人士英语水平的唯一标准。

（4）PETS大体相当于CET四级，PETS四级大体相当于CET六级，PETS五级标准相当于我国大学英语专业二年级结束时的水平。

社会考生不能报考大学英语四六级，因此，随着英语学习者越来越多，PETS考试很有可能成为最热门的社会考试更具体的区别，你可以到中外招生网大学英语等级考试面向的是在校大学生，公共英语可以是学生也可以是社会人员。

大学英语四、六级考试（College English Test，简称CET）是由国家教育部高等教育司主持的全国性教学考试；考试的主要东西是根据教育大纲修完大学英语四级或六级的大学本科生或研究生。

大学英语四、六级标准化考试自1986年末开始筹备，1987年正式实施。

国家教育部委托“全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会”（1993年前名为“大学英语四、六级标准化考试设计组”）负责设计、组织、管理与实施大学英语四、六级考试（包括俄、日、德、法语种的考试）大学英语四、六级考试(CET4、6)日期CET全国四六级考试的报名时间为：每年1月份、6月份（每年时间略有不同）考试时间为：每年一月份第三个星期六，口试安排在4月底5月初；笔试每年6月份第三个星期六，口试安排在4月底5月初四级：8元；六级：16元(由教育部确定，每年收费略有不同) 报名资格(1)全国大学英语四级和六级考试的主要东西分别是高等学校修完大学英语四级或六级的本科生；(2) 同等程度的大专生或硕士研究生经所在学校同意，可在本校报名参加考试；(3) 同等程度的夜大或函授大学学生经所在学校同意，可在本校报名参加考试；(4) 凡已取得CET-4 合格证书者不能再参加CET-4 考试；凡已取得CET-6 合格证书者不能再参加CET-6 考试。