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2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题写作审题解析及参考范文PART V WRITING (40 minutes, 20 points)TOPICUnlike such things as technology, fashion, some things never change over time.Name ONE thing that doesn't change and explain why it's changeless.2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题写作审题解析及参考范文【华慧考博独家解析: 参考译文】PART V WRITING【审题解析】非命题作文，但写作思路又是确定的，需要考生按照实际情况写出一篇作文，比如一成不变的有诚信、爱国情操、道德、信仰之类的。
考生具体说明不变的原因，言之有理即可。
【参考范文】PatriotismNo one do not love their country. It is the duty of every citizen to make the country rich and powerful. In order to accomplish this object one must be patriotic. I consider this as an unchangeable truth. As well as other Chinese, I do love our country.Why people love this country? I find that answers are very simple and clear. One raise this because one was born in the vast land famous for ancient, mysterious, brilliant history. The country feeding the hundreds of millions of Chinese kids.Since ancient times, people love to the motherland metaphor for the "mother." It contains national spirit. It symbolizes diligence, it forges the national character and common aspiration. Form the whole country, we can draw a sense of a concrete image and things.A famous poet once said, the motherland is the Yangtze River, the motherland is the Kunlun Mountain, the motherland is the east at dawn, the South China Sea sunset, the motherland is the northern frontier of the pines, the motherland is the southern of the flower season, the motherland is the blood of people. We are children of the motherland, our beloved motherland. At this moment, we point to say: "I love you! Mother! I love you, China!!"【结构点评】开篇点题，说明自己认为一成不变的是爱国情操，其次重点讲解了为什么爱国是不变的情怀，引用著名诗人的诗歌增添了文章的内涵和深度，在实际考试中可以用此类的方法造句，不要求考生完全背诵诗句，有一两句构成排比即可。
博士研究生入学考试真题英语-2014装备学院2014年博士研究生入学考试英语(1001)试题（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，本试卷满分100分）Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Direction:There are 20 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourAnswer Sheet.1. Mourinho is a young and ________ coach who is prepared to lead his tem to win the championship in his first season.A. clumsyB. humorousC. ambitiousD. intimate2. Just wait for more second, I am ________ ready.A. all butB. all overC. at allD. at any moment3. If you can’t think of anywhere to go on Saturday, we ________ as well stay home.A. shouldB. mightC. canD. need4. A nation that does not know history is ________ to repeat it.A. discouragedB. characterizedC. linkedD. fated5. They preferred a British Commonwealth or European arrangement, because this wassubstantially ________ their British thinking.A. in touch withB. in line withC. with relation toD. with reference to6. The traffic accident that delayed our bus gave us a ________ reason for being late.A. promptB. vagueC. irritableD. legitimate7. The United States has 10 percent of the total petroleum ________ of the world in its ownterritory, and has been a major producer for decades.A. reservoirsB. reservationsC. reservesD. reproductions8. This is the world’s first accurate ________ model of human heart in computer.A. settingB. laboringC. showingD. working9. In 2000 I visited Berkeley, where I began my long ________ with this world famousuniversity.A. interactionB. nominationC. reconstructionD. association10. ________ ads for phony business opportunities appear in the classified pages of dailyand weekly newspapers and magazines, and online.A. SpeciallyB. TypicallyC. EspeciallyD. Commonly11. Too much time has ________ since we worked on this project.A. circulatedB. elapsedC. occupiedD. detached12. The girl fresh from college finally received a job ________ she had been expecting.A. requestB. pleaC. suggestionD. offer13. However busy we are, we’ll try to get back home ________ the dinner on the eve of theLunar New Year.A. in time forB. in exchange forC. in store forD. in return for14. Some difficult choices involving life and death are simply outside the ________ ofeconomic analysis.A. dimensionB. scaleC. domainD. space15. China’s economy, which was now on the brink of collapse, was beginning to ________after the implementation of reform and opening-up.A. pay offB. take offC. leave offD. drop off16. After a month or so, she came to dislike the subject and wished she had not _______ it_______.B. put…up B. given…upC. taken…upD. made…up17. It is considered a crime to ________ an election of any kind by bribing voters.A. fabricateB. launchC. populateD. manipulate18. Visitors to this plateau are likely to have a _______ headache for the first few days.A. splittingB. slappingC. slicingD. sprawling19. The central government is intensifying efforts to popularize _______ education in rurallocalities.A. voluntaryB. impulsiveC. instinctiveD. compulsory20. They are studying what kind of preferences might ________ this surging demand forhome-made TV sets.A. take a fancy toB. bring into playC. give rise toD. grow out ofPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions:There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for eachblank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase youhave chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your AnswerSheet.New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers were added to make the job fasterand more accurate. Electronic computers were 21 the fastest and most versatile instruments for storing and 22 now in use. Computers provide the means for greater speed and accuracy than 23 previously 23 possible. With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has suddenly become 24 of the mind.Although man 25 mentally richer ever since he started 26 , the electronic computer allows and will continue to allow him 27 tremendous “mental”tasks in a 28 short time. Great scientists of the past 29 ideas that sometimes had to wait for years before they 30 sufficiently well to be 31 . With the computer, the ideas of today’s scientists can be studied, tested, distributed and used more rapidly than 32 .Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently as so much information 33 we have now. The repeated actions of preparing, sorting, filing, distributing and 34 records and publications can be 35 as calculating. Errors occur because people grow tired and can be distracted.Part III Reading Comprehension (30 point)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneA warning has been issued by the electricity board that theremay be a repetition of yesterday evening’s block-outs in the London area. Although these were not serious or prolonged, there were voltage reductions in many homes of up to an hour, and the traffic lights in Piccadilly Circus were out for twenty minutes, causing considerable traffic congestion. Some commuter services were also affected. Some passengers had to face delays of up to two hours and at Victoria Station an angry argument broke out between a station inspector and a man on his way to visit his wife in hospital, and police had to be called. Both men were arrested. Local electricity switchboards were jammed with calls from housewives demanding to know how they were expected to cook supper for their families on a cold cooker. In one street in West London, all the lights went out without warning. Shops were closed but a relief service of candles and hand torches was set up by neighbors concerned about the risk of accident to old people and children. Today local hardware shops in the area report a run on candles and paraffin lamps normally sold to campers.A spokesman for the Electricity Board said they regretted the inconvenience the public had suffered, but there was no guarantee that further power cuts would not be necessary. Particularly after dark when there was an increased use of electrical appliances in the home.The trouble appears to be due to a work to rule by staff at power stations in remote areas, who are insisting on increased pay for night shifts and higher travel allowances. Although the work to rule is unofficial, Union leaders are to meet members of the electricity Board early next month to discuss these demands. It is hoped that both sides will be able to reach a satisfactory agreement and that the threat of more serious industrial actionwill be averted.36. According to the Electricity Board consumers may expect ________ .A. voltage reductions in a certain areaB. increased voltage reduction in the London areaC. power cuts of more than an hour in certain areasD. prolonged power cuts in many areas37. Owing to the delay at Victoria Station________.A. two passengers were arrestedB. a man was taken to hospitalC. evacuated the old people and childrenD. took care to prevent accidents38. When the lights in one street went out, people _________.A. ran to the shops to buy candlesB. were involved in a series of accidentsC. evacuated the old people and childrenD. took care to prevent accidents39. The main cause of the power cuts seems to be _________.A. a strike by all night shift workers at power stationsB. the worker’s refusal to travel to remote power stationsC. the worker’s unwillingness to work night shiftsD. dissatisfaction among workers over conditions of service40. From the passage we understand that the present industrial unrest ________.A. was initiated by Trade Union officialsB. has been set in motion without Trade Union approvalC. is to be settled by arbitrationD. is to be taken to government levelPassage TwoDespite the defeat of the Nazis and their allies and thesetting up of the United Nations Organization in 1945, racism continues to haunt the world today. Men are denied employment, housing and educational opportunities because of their skin color; some rich countries still have racial immigration laws to keep out immigrants from poorer and hungrier lands; political leaders are imprisoned for life for demanding that all races should have the same political right; and even in the cities of the affluent Western world the Negro ghettoes burn, signaling to the world the blank despair of their inhabitants.The most striking instance of racism in the world today is that of the system of Apartheid（种族隔离制度）in South Africa. Apartheid is not as some people may still imagine a serious attempt to provide equal though separate facilities for all races. It is segregation carried through by men with white skins to their own advantage and to the disadvantage of the black and colored populations.Its viciousness lies not solely in the fact that different “races”must live in different areas, but far more in the fact that the areas assigned to the non-White groups are the overcrowded and eroded parts of the countryside. Inevitably those assigned to living there would face starvation unless they went as migrants and transients to seek work in the White areas. So what the theory of Apartheid means is this: that black men will work for white so long as political power lies where it does. Such a system as this is the product of conquest and of the monopoly of political power by a conquering group. The conquerors seize uponthe fact of skin color in order to imply that the inequality which they have created is given by Nature, that it is the inevitable consequence of biological differences, or even that itis the will of God.Such a political system could have established in many parts of the colonial world, but the process of decolonization set in train by the victory of 1945 and assisted by United Nations action succeeded in many countries in opening equal opportunities to all. Hence today we see many cases where those who govern a newly independent country are the children of peasants or of political prisoners.But where White supremacy and Apartheid prevail, colored people must either accept their inferior lot or be condemned for life to an island prison. A similar future is inevitable in other countries if their present political leaders establish governments based upon inequality of political rights between races.But racism and its social consequences are evident not only in the former colonial territories. They are an ever present feature of the life of advanced industrial countries. Increasingly in some at least of these countries the traditional political issues pale into insignificance beside the problem of racial inequality and men’s attempt to fight against it. Inevitably in the post 1945 world, with the advanced countries of Europe and North America undergoing a period of unparalleled economic prosperity, immigrants have come to their cities from the poorer countries, from the rural areas and from the areas where the old slave plantations were.There is much evidence to suggest that this migration has not represented an uncontrolled and uncontrollable flood, for the immigrants have exercised their own immigration control by going where the jobs are.Nevertheless this precisely how this immigration has been perceived in the countries concerned and they have reacted bythrowing up barriers either to immigration itself or to full equality of opportunity for the immigrant in fields such as housing or employment. Such barriers may not have an explicitly racial form. They may affect all newcomers. But there can be little doubt that colored people are most affected by them and that the discrimination involved is widely thought to be based upon color and race.41. The passages states that victims of racism include ________.A. immigrantsB. people whose skin is not whiteC. people of different color, and political leaders who fight for them; as well as would-be immigrants from poorer and hungrier countriesD. all those who are denied employment, housing and educational opportunities.42. “The Negro ghettoes burn.” Is it possible to infer from the passage who set them on fire.A. Yes, the Negroes themselves in protest against their living conditions.B. Yes, racists.C. Yes, the inhabitants of the ghettoes.D. No, we cannot really be sure from this passage.43. Apartheid is particularly wicked because _________.A. different races have to live in different areasB. the areas assigned to the non-white groups are not rich enough to support themC. some people still imagine it is a serious attempt at equal but separate developmentD. it is to the disadvantage of the black population44. In paragraph three the writer says that the non-whitepopulations are forced by ________.A. the Whites to work for themB. the law to work for the WhitesC. the threat of starvation to work for the WhitesD. claiming that “might is right”45. We can infer from this passage that the writer thinks that racism _________.A. is on the increase because of South Africa’s policiesB. is on the increase because of the growth of immigrant populationsC. has decreased because of the process of decolonizationD.continues to exist despite the defeat of the Nazis, the growth of UN and the process of decolonizationPassage 3A report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source----exhaust fumes. Also don’t walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver’s side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker canreduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be less toxic that that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for thelight to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.46. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big citiesC. How to breathe fresh air in big citiesD. How serious air pollution is in big cities47. According to the report, air pollution in big cities _____________.lA. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disasterB. cannot be compared with the disaster ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think.48. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ________.A. where the wind is comingB. where the wind is goingC. where the wind is weakerD. where the wind is stronger49. If you take a bus in a big city in china, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side on the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus50. It is implied in the passage that __________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny iron particles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the busPassage 4The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder that today’s worl d, you never know that you might see when you pick up newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized the interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that disproportionate with the actual threat,” says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Colum bia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn’t what you do, but it’s how it’s covered that determines the effect.” For example, bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans w ho watched helplessly as each evening’s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration ofthe group’s power rather than an individual criminal act. “You don’t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It’s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,”say Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity（无处不在）of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. army Reserves in the first gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it’s the only tactic they have available to them. “They don’t have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They don’t have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,”says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading（斩首）can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy,” Haround te lls webMD.“You haven’t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you’ve achieved a lot of demoralization.”51. What has changed the rules of psychological warfare?A. Terrorist attacks.B. The increase of military conflicts.C. Advances in nuclear weapons.D. Prosperity of the media.52. The goal of psychological warfare is to __________.A. change the ideology of the opponentB. win a battle without military attacksC. generate a greater sense of fearD. bring about more physical damage53. According to Richard Bulliet, publicizing a act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because ____________.A. psychological terrorism is a tacticB. terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threatC. the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threatD. publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat54. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that ___________.A. means determines effectsB. hostage crises are prevalentC. psychological terrors remain harmlessD. the American media is effective55. In this passage the author __________.A. emphasizes the great impact of psychological warfareB. criticizes the violence of terrorismC. calls for an end to psychological warfareD. opposes the hostage crisisSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After have read the passage, answer each question in English with no more than 15 words. Writedown your answer on the Answer Sheet.At the beginning of a country’s rise out of backwardness and poverty, more wealth does make a difference. However, citing surveys from china and south Korea, the economist Richard Easterlin points out: “In these countries, per capita income hasdoubled in 20 years but overall happiness does not seem to have followed the same path.”Economists aresurprised, because GNP（国民生产总值）has long been thought the best indicator of human welfare. More GNP generally means more money for most people, and more money improves the quality of life, and that means happiness.But, perhaps, the survey suggests that more money can make you happy only if those around you do not share in your good fortune. General prosperity may fail to enhance individual contentment. Perhaps it is a matter of being aware of your advantage, not that you need to get the highest salaries or be the object of envy. Maybe, individual goals vary too much to be generalized. Maybe one has nothing at all to do with the other. Freud was well aware that economic success did not make people happy. Most psychoanalysts and therapists today would agree. He thought only the realization of a deep childhood desire could provide such satisfaction.Another problem is that people are poor reporters of their own states of mind. They will usually tell you what they themselves want to believe. To know if someone is really happy or not, you have to catch him or her in the act of happiness. Being happy or acting happy are more reliable indicators than thinking too much about it.Professional therapists also know that what makes people happy defies explanation, but what prevents them from being happy doesn’t. Po or self-esteem undermines all feelings of success. Hunger and cold make it harder to relax and enjoy one’s experience. Insecurity and failure to engage one’s work leave one dissatisfied. Anxiety penetrates all our perceptions and feelings, and brings us down.Economists can probably hope to measure how well our basic needs for security and health are met in society, and if those are reasonably OK, people tend to find the happiness they seek. Most of us want to enjoy life, spend time with our children, play at sports, sing, dance and travel. If we can do those things without dread, the amount of money we have is irrelevant.56. According to the economist Richard Easterlin, what is the relationship between higher GDP and overall happiness?57. According to second paragraph, what does the individual happiness arise from?58. What does Freud’s doctrine show with relation to the wealth?59. In the 4th paragraph, what do the professional therapists imply?60. What is the author’s conclusion?Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each)Directions:Each of the following sentences contains an error. Your task is to identify that error and correct it. Write both the error and correction on your Answer Sheet61. Virginia Hamilton who has won consistent praise for her novels about Black children.62. When overall exports exceed imports, a country said to have a trade surplus63. Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Frances Perkins became secretary of labor.64. Different species of octopuses（章鱼）may measure anywhere from two inches over thirty feet in length.65. Luminescence refers to the emission of light by meansanother than heat.66. Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an organization required for its operations.67. The first national park in world, Yellowstone National Park, was established in 1872.68. Historians have never reached some general agreement about the precise causes of the Civil War in the United States.69. A leading Canadian feminist and author, Nellie McClung, struggled relentlessly in the early twentieth century to win politically and legal rights for Canadian women.70. Although they are in different countries, Windsor, Ontario, Detroit, and Michigan are close neighbors and cooperate on numerous matters of mutually interest.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions:Translate the five underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese.Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.(71)This Christmas season finds us a rather bewildered human race. We have neither peace within nor peace without.(72)Everywhere paralyzing fears harrow people by day and haunt them by night. Our world is sick with war; everywhere we turn see its ominous possibilities. And yet, my friends, the Christmas hope for peace and goodwill toward all men can no longer be dismissed as a kind of pious dream of some utopian. (73)If we don’t have goodwill toward men in this world, we will destroy ourselves by the misuse of our own instruments and our own power. Wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is out of date. (74)There may have a time when war served a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the very destructive power of modern weapons of warfare。
2014年浙江大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．The two friends sat in a corner and______away to each other about the weather.A．talkedB．chattedC．mutteredD．whispered正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。
根据句意可知空格处动词应为“闲谈”之意，选项中只有chat可以与away搭配，表示“闲谈”。
talk“谈话”；mutter“咕哝，喃喃自语”；whisper“低声说”，这三项均不能和away搭配使用。
故答案为A。
2．He is going to______the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute.A．speakB．talkC．remarkD．address正确答案：D解析：近义词词义辨析。
talk有“交谈”的意思，通常与介词to／with／about 搭配；speak一般接某种语言，不接说话的内容；remark“评论”，较正式，指某人对他人观点或者言行的评论；address做动词时表示“向……讲话，向……发表演说”的意思，为及物动词，一般用于正式场合。
通常搭配address the meeting on sth．表示“就……议题在大会上发言”。
根据句意，答案为D。
3．Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government’s______policies.A．economicB．economicalC．economyD．economics正确答案：A解析：形近词辨析。
2014年3月中科院考博英语真题阅读理解第一篇阅读文章中科院考博英语阅读理解的短文内容涉及社会科学（主要包括社会学、教育、人类学、心理学、经济、管理、金融等领域）、自然科学（主要包括化学、生物、交通、物理、工程、计算机、医学、农业等领域）和人文科学（主要包括哲学、历史、文学、语言、新闻、艺术等领域）。
考博英语的阅读理解题型中的文章通常选取外文杂志、外文网站中的文章，然后由各院校的命题组命题，或者选取四六级、考研、研究生学位英语考试等已考过的文章。
2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解第一篇阅读文章Passage OneMark Kelly is originally from Lancashire in England. He has been living in Japan for six years and, at the weekend, he is a fake priest. "I was living in Sapporo, studying Japanese, and I needed the money. it's far better paid than teaching in a language school," he said. "Being a fake priest is big business in Japan----I've done a TV commercial for one company," he added. "In Sapporo, there are five agencies employing about 20 fake priests. In a city like Tokyo, there must be hundreds."The fake Western priests are employed at Western-style weddings to give a performance and add to the atmosphere. These are not legal ceremonies-the couples also have to make a trip to the local registrar. "In the past almost all weddings in Japan were Shinto, but in the last few years Western-style weddings have appeared and become very popular," said one Japanese priest. "Most couples are trying to re-create a European wedding, so they overwhelmingly ask for a foreign priest instead of a Japanese one," he added.The fake priests in Japan sometimes have to deal with difficult situations. Mr. Kelly has often presided over ceremonies where the bride is pregnant. "It is common. Once, the bride vomited on me and then fainted. It wasn't very romantic," he said. Another difficulty is meeting genuine Japanese priests. "We do occasionally bump into the real thing. They are very much against us, but there are not enough genuine Japanese priests to meet the demand" he said.One Japanese Christian priest spoke out. "It is a real problem for us. They are not genuine and they give us a bad name," he said. "It isimportant for the bride and groom to have a proper wedding, and they are not getting it from these foreign priests. I have even heard of hotels using staff when they can't find anyone else."But Mr. Kelly argues that the ceremony is not about religion, but about image. "I give a good performance. I use an Apache wedding prayer in my ceremony. It works very well, although I had to take out the part about the bear god in the sky," he said. "If people are crying by the end of the wedding, I think I have done a good job."36. What do we know about Mark Kelly?A. He's a professional priest.B. He's a language student.C. He's working for a TV station.D. He's earning a living in Japan.37. The fake Western priests are in great demand in Japan because of______.A. the popularity of Western-style weddingsB. the bad reputation of Japanese priestsC. the decline of the traditional religion, ShintoD. the low prices at which they are hired38. Using a foreign priest at a wedding in Japan is______.A. forbidden according to criminal lawB. meant for having a Western atmosphereC. aimed to save a trip to a registrarD. deemed necessary to add to the solemnity39. According to the passage, Mr. Kelly considers his jobrather______.A. demandingB. amusingC. sacredD. creative40. Japanese priests are angry with those fake foreign priests because they are______.A. bringing an end to the occupationB. misleading the bride and groomC. damaging the image of the formerD. corrupting the morals of weddings41. According to Mr. Kelly, what mostly interests a Japanese couple at the wedding is______.A. how well the priest can perform his roleB. what religious rituals are being followedC. whether other participants can be movedD. who can make them burst into tears2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解文章大意及参考答案【华慧考博独家解析：文章大意】本文讲述的是西方人在日本假扮神父。
2014年四川大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingReading ComprehensionIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again—by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise”capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of all love and of reason —are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1．By “well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ______.A．a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible B．working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC．an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the societyD．a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly正确答案：C解析：词义推断题。
2014年3月中国社会科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Grammar 3. Error Identification 4. Reading Comprehension 5. English-Chinese Translation 6. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．At the same time, the Fund, United Nations Fund for Population Activities, works to change the paradigm of masculinity that allows for the resolution of conflict through violence.A．modelB．covenantC．aspirationD．hurdle正确答案：A解析：paradigm意为“范例，模范”。
A选项：model意为“模式，典型”，与画线单词的意义相符，如：He wants companies to follow the European model of social responsibility．他希望各公司能够以欧洲公司为榜样，承担社会责任。
故选A。
在其他三项中，B选项：covenant合同，契约；C选项：aspiration抱负，志向；D选项：hurdle困难，障碍，都与画线单词的意义不符。
2．For years she had read The Wall Street Journal every morning in hopes of finding prescient warnings about future crashes, crises, and catastrophes.A．predictiveB．omniscientC．unconscionableD．conscientious正确答案：A解析：prescient意为“有预知能力的”。
北京师范大学 2014 年 3 月考博英语真题与答案详解Part I ：Reading ComprehensionDirections:Therearesixpassagesinthispart.Eachofthepassagesisfollowedby five questionsorunfinished statements.Foreachofthemthereare four choices markedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSERSHEET.Passage 1Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of people‟ingalayeredmodelofstratification,mostsociologists describetheclass systeminthe UnitedStatesasdivided into severalclasses:upper, upper middle, middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class isdefined by characteristics suchasincome,occupationalprestige,andeducationalattainment.The differentgroupsarearrayedalong acontinuumwiththose withthemostmoney, education, and prestige atthe top and thosewith theleast at thebottom.IntheUnitedStates,theupper classownsthemajor share of corporateand personal wealth;itincludesthosewhohave heldwealthforgenerationsas wellas thosewhohaverecentlybecomerich.Only averysmallproportionofpeopleactually constitutetheupperclass,butthey controlvastamountsofwealthandpowerinthe UnitedStates.They exerciseenormouscontrolthroughout society.Mostof their wealth is inherited.Despite socialmythstothecontrary,thebestpredictoroffuture wealthisthe family intowhichyouareborn.Eachyear,thebusinessmagazineForbespublishesa listof the “F orbes400”-the four hundredwealthiestfamiliesandindividualsinthe country.OfallthewealthrepresentedontheForbes400list,more thanhalfis inherited.Thoseonthelistwhocouldbecalled“self-made”werenot typically of modestorigins;mostinheritedsignificantassets(Forbes,1997;SklarandCollins, 1997).Thoseintheupperclasswithnewlyacquiredwealthare knownasthenouveauniche.Althoughtheymayhavevastamountsofmoney,theyareoftennotacceptedinto “old rich”circles.Theupper middle class includes thosewith high incomes and high social prestige. Theytendtobewell-educatedprofessionalsorbusinessexecutives.Theirearnings canbequite highindeed-successfulbusinessexecutivescanearnmillionsof dollars a year.Itisdifficulttoestimateexactly howmanypeoplefallintothisgroupbecauseof thedifficulty ofdrawinglinesbetweentheupper,uppermiddle,andmiddleclass. Indeed,the upper middleclassis oftenthoughtof as“middlec lass”b ecause their lifestylesetsthestandardtowhichmanyaspire, butthislifestyleissimply beyondthe means of amajorityof people in the United States.The middleclassishardtodefine;inpart,being“middlec lass”ismore thanjust economicposition.Byfarthemajority ofAmericansidentitythemselvesasmiddle classeventhoughthey varywidely inlifestyleandinresourcesattheirthoughthey vary widely inlifestyleandinresourcesattheirdisposal.ButtheideathattheUnited States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-classlifestyle because, ingeneral,peopletend nottowanttorecognize class distinctionsinthe UnitedStates.Thus,the middleclassbecomesthe ubiquitousnorm eventhoughmany whocallthemselvesmiddleclasshaveatenuousholdonthisclass position.Inthehierarchy ofsocialclass,thelowermiddleclassincludesworkersinthe skilledtradesandlow-incomebureaucraticworkers,many ofwhommayactually definethemselvesasmiddleclass.Examplesare blue-collarworkers(thoseinskilled tradeswhodomanuallabor)andmany serviceworkers,suchassecretaries, hairdressers,waitresses,police,andfirefighters.Mediumtolowincome,education, andoccupationalprestigedefinethelowermiddleclassrelativetotheclassgroupsaboveit.Theterm“lowe r”inth isclassdesignationreferstotherelativepositionof thegroupinthestratification system,butithasapejorativesoundtomany people, especiallyto peoplewhoaremembers ofthis class.Thelowerclassiscomposedprimarily ofthedisplacedandpoor.Peopleinthis class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working inminimum-wagejobs.Fortypercentofthepoorwork;10percentworkyear-round andfulltime—aproportionthathasgenerally increasedovertime.Recently,the conceptof the underclasshasbeenaddedtothelower class.The underclassincludes thosewhohave beenleftbehindby contemporary economicdevelopments.Rejected fromtheeconomicsystem,thoseintheunderclassmay becomedependentonpublic assistanceor illegalactivities.1.Whydoes the authormention the"Forbes 400"in paragraph 3?A.To explain the meaningof thelistingthat appears every yearB.To cast doubt on the claimthat familyincomepredicts individual wealthC.To giveexamples of successful people who havemodest familyconnectionsD.To support the statement that most wealthypeople inherit their money2.Theauthorstatesthat businessandprofessionalpeoplewitheducationaladvantages aremostoften membersofthe .A. lower middle classB.upper middle classC. nouveau richeD. upperclass3.Whydo most peopleidentifythemselves as middle class in theUnited States?A.Theyhave about thesame lifestyle as everyoneelse in the countryB.Theydon‟t reallyknow howto define their status because it is unclearC.Theyprefer not to admit that thereare class distinctions in the United StatesD.Theyidentifythemselves with the majoritywho havenormal lifestyles4.What can beinferredabout poor people in theUnited States?A.Theyarenot ableto find entry-level jobsB.Theywork in jobs that requirelittle educationC.Theyareserviceworkers and manual laborersD.Theydo not tryto find employment5.Accordingto paragraph 7, whyhas the underclass emerged?A. Thenewtermwasnecessarybecausethelowerclassenjoyedahigherlifestyle than it had previously.B.Theincreaseincrimehassupportedanewclassofpeoplewholiveby engagingin illegal activities.C.Changesintheeconomyhavecausedanentireclassofpeopletosurviveby welfareor crime.D.Minimum-wagejobsnolongersupportaclassofpeopleatastandardlevelinthe economicsystem.Passage 2“Thewor d …protecti on‟ isnolon gertaboo”.Thisshort sentence,utteredby FrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozylatelastmonth,mayhavelaunchedanewerain economic history. Why?For decades,Westernleaders have believedthatlowering tradebarriersandtariffswasanaturalgood.Doingso,they reasoned,wouldleadto greatereconomicefficiency andproductivity,whichinturnwouldimprovehuman welfare. Championing freetradethus became amoral, notjustan economic, cause.Theseleaders,ofcourse,weren‟tactingoutofunselfishness.Theyknewtheir economicswerethemostcompetitive,sothey‟dp rofitmostfromliberalization.And developingcountriesfearedthattheireconomicswouldbeswampedby superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned-though few acknowledge it.The westcontinuestopreach free trade,butpracticesitlessandless. Asia,meanwhile,continuestopleadforspecialprotectionbutpracticesmoreand more freetrade.That‟swhy Sarkozy‟swordweresoimportant:hefinally injectedsomehonesty intothetradedebate.ThetruthisthatlargepartsoftheWestare losing faithinfree trade,thoughfewleadersadmitit.Some economistsaremorehonest.PaulKrug man isone ofthe fewwillingtoloserswill be intheWest.Economistsinthedeveloped worldusedtolovequoting JosephSchumpeter,whosaidthat“c reativedestructi on” wasanessentialpartofcapitalistgrowth.Butthey alwaysassumedthatdestruction wouldhappenoverthere.WhenWesternworkersbeganlosingjobs,suddenlytheir leadersbeganto losefaithintheirprinciples.Thingshaveyettoreversecompletely. But there‟s clearlyanegativetrend inWestern theoryand practice.Alittlehypocrisyisnotinitselfaseriousproblem.TherealproblemisthatWesterngovernmentscontinuetoinsistthattheyretaincontrolofthekeyglobaleconomicandfinancialinstitutionswhiledriftingaway fromgloballiberalization. Lookatwhat‟shappeningattheIMF (InternationalMonetary Fund).TheEuropeans havedemanded that theykeep thepost ofmanagingdirector. But all too often, Westernofficialsputtheirowninterestsaboveeveryoneelse‟swhenthey dominate theseglobal institutions.ThetimehasthereforecomefortheAsians-whoareclearly thenewwinnersin today‟sglobaleconomy-toprovidemore intellectualleadershipinsupporting free trade,Sadly,they haveyettodoso.UnlessAsiansspeakout,however,there‟sareal danger thatAdam Smith‟s principles, whichhavebroughtsomuchgoodtothe world, could graduallydie.Andthat would leave allof usworseoff, in onewayoranother.6.It can beinferred that“protecti on” (Line1, Para.1) means . A. improvingeconomicefficiency B.endingthe free-tradepractice C. loweringmoral standard D. raisingtradetariffs7.TheWestern leaders preach freetradebecause .A. it is beneficial to theireconomicsB. itis supported bydevelopingcountriesC. itmakes them keep faith in theirprinciplesD. it is advocated byJosephSchumpeter andAdam Smith8. By“the tables haveturne d”(Line 3-4, Para.2) the author implies that .A. theWestern leaders haveturned self-centeredB. theAsian leaders havebecome advocates of freetradeC. the developed economics haveturned lesscompetitiveD. thedevelopingeconomics havebecomemoreindependent9.TheWesterneconomistsusedtoliketheideaof“c reativedestructi on”b ecauseit.A. set a long-term ratherthan short-termgoalB. wasan essential part of capitalist developmentC. entailed apositive rather than negativementalityD. was meant to bethe destruction ofdeveloping economics10.The author uses“IMF” asan exampleto illustrate thepointthat _.A. European leaders arereluctant to admit theyare hypocriticalB. thereis an inconsistencybetweenWestern theoryand practiceC. global institutions arenot beingled bytrueglobalization advocatesD. European countrie s‟interestsarebeingignored byeconomicleadersPassage 3Growth,reproduction,anddailymetabolismallrequireanorganismtoexpend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as financesarebudgeted.Ifallof one‟s moneyis spent on clothes, theremaybenoneleft tobuy foodorgotothemovies.Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallits energy ongrowingabigbody ifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisis the surest wayto extinction.Allorganisms,therefore,allocateenergy togrowth,reproduction,maintenance, and storage. Nochoice is involved; this allocation comes as part of thegenetic packagefromtheparents.Maintenanceforagivenbody designofanorganismis relatively constant.Storageisimportant,butultimately thatenergywillbeusedfor maintenance, reproduction,or growth.Therefore the principaldifferencesinenergy allocation arelikelyto bebetweengrowth and reproduction.Almostallofanorganism‟s energycanbedivertedtoreproduction,withvery littleallocatedtobuilding anismsatthisextremeare“opportunist s.”At theotherextremeare “competitor s,”almostall ofwhoseresourcesareinvestedin buildingahugebody, with a bareminimum allocated to reproduction.Dandelionsaregood examplesof opportunists. Their seed heads raised justhigh enoughabovethegroundtocatchthewind,theplantsarenobiggerthanthey needbe, theirstemsarehollow,andalltherigiditycomesfromtheirwatercontent.Thus,a minimuminvestmenthasbeenmadeinthebody thatbecomesaplatformforseed dispersal.Thesevery short-livedplantsreproduceprolifically;thatistosay they provideaconstantrainofseedintheneighborhoodofparentplants.Anewplantwill springupwhereveraseedfallsonasuitablesoilsurface,butbecausetheydonotbuildbig bodies,they cannotcompetewithotherplantsforspace, water,orsunlight. Theseplantsaretermedopportunistsbecausetheyrelyontheirsee ds‟ f allinginto settingswherecompetingplantshavebeenremovedby naturalprocesses,suchas along aneroding riverbank,onlandslips,orwhere atree fallsandcreatesagapinthe forest canopy.Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displacedby morecompetitivespecies.Humanlandscapesoflawns,fields,or flowerbedsprovidesettingswithbare soilandalackofcompetitorsthatare perfect habitatsforcolonizationby opportunists.Hence,many ofthestrongly opportunistic plants arethecommon weeds of fieldsandgardens.Becauseeach individualisshort-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likelyto be adverselyaffected bydrought, bad winters, orfloods.Iftheirpopulation is trackedthroughtime,itwillbeseentobeparticularly unstable—soaringand plummetingin irregular cycles.Theoppositeofanopportunistisacompetitor.Theseorganismstendtohavebig bodies,arelong-lived,andspendrelativelylittleefforteachyearonreproduction.An oaktreeisagoodexampleofacompetitor.Amassiveoakclaimsitsgroundfor200 years ormore,outcompeting allotherwould-becanopy treesby casting adenseshade and drawingupanyfreewaterin thesoil.Theleaves of an oak treetaste foul because theyarerichintannins,achemicalthatrendersthemdistastefulorindigestibleto manyorganisms.Thetanninsarepartofthedefensemechanismthatisessentialto longevity.Althoughoaksproducethousandsofacorns,theinvestmentinacropof acornsissmallcomparedwiththeenergyspentonbuildingleaves,trunk,androots. Onceanoaktreebecomesestablished,itislikelytosurviveminorcyclesofdrought andevenfire.Apopulationofoaksislikelytoberelativelystablethroughtime,and itssurvivalislikelyto dependmoreonitsabilitytowithstandthepressuresof competitionorpredationthanonitsabilitytotakeadvantageofchanceevents.It shouldbenoted,however,thatthepureopportunistorpurecompetitorisrareinnature,asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,exhibitingablendofsome opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.11.Theword squander in thepassageis closest inmeaningto .A. extendB. transformC. activateD. waste12.Accordingtothepassage,theclassificationoforganismsas“opportunists”or “c ompetitor s”is det ermined by .A. howthegeneticinformation of an organismisstore and maintainedB. the wayinwhich theorganisminvests its energyresourcesC. whetherthe climatetowhich the organismlives ismild or extremeD. thevarietyof natural resources the organismconsumes in its environment13.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph7ascontributiontothelongevity ofoak treeEXCEPT .A. the capacityto createshadeB. leaves containingtanninC. the abilityto withstand mild droughts and firesD. thelargenumber ofacorns thetreeproduces14.Accordingto thepassage, oak trees areconsidered competitors becauseA. theygrow in areas freeof opportunitiesB. theyspend more energyon theirleaves, trunksand roots than on theiracornsC. theirpopulation tends to increaseor decreaseirregularcyclesD. unlike other organisms, theydo not need muchwateror sunlight15.In paragraph 7, theauthor suggeststhat mostspecies oforganismsA. areprimarilyopportunistsB. areprimarilycompetitorsC. begin as opportunists and evolved into competitorsD. havesomecharacteristics of opportunistsand someof competitorsPassage 4Manyliterarydetectiveshaveporedoveragreatpuzzleconcerningthewriter MarcelProust:whathappenedin1909?HowdidContre Saint-Beuve,anessay attackingthemethods ofthecritic Saint Beuve, turn into thestart ofthenovelRemembranceofThingsPast?ArecentlypublishedletterfromProusttotheeditor ValletteconfirmsthatFallois,theeditorof the1954editionofContreSaint-Beuve, madeanessentiallycorrectguessabouttherelationshipoftheessay tothenovel. Falloisproposedthat Prousthadtried tobegina novelin1908,abandoneditfor what wastobealong demonstrationof Saint-Beuve‟sblindnesstotherealnatureofgreat writing,foundtheessay giving risetopersonalmemoriesandfictionaldevelopments, and allowed theseto takeover in asteadilydevelopingnovel.DraftpassagesinProust‟s1909notebooksindicatethatthetransitionfromessay tonovelbeganinContreSaint-Beuve,whenProustintroducedseveralexamplesto show the powerful influence that involuntary memory exerts over the creativeimagination.Ineffect,intryingtodemonstratethattheimaginationismoreprofound andlesssubmissivetotheintellectthanSaint-Beuveassumed,Proustelicitedvital memoriesofhisownand,findingsubtleconnectionsbetweenthem,begantoamass thematerialforRemembrance.ByAugust,ProustwaswritingtoVallette,informing himofhisintentiontodevelopthematerialasanovel.MauriceBardeche,inMarcel Proust, romancier, has shown the importance in the drafts of Remembrance of spontaneous and apparently random associations of Proust‟s subconscious. As incidentsandreflectionsoccurredtoProust,hecontinuallyinsertednewpassages alteringandexpanding hisnarrative.Buthefounditdifficulttocontrolthedriftofhis inspiration.Theveryrichnessandcomplexityofthemeaningfulrelationshipsthat keptpresentingandrearrangingthemselvesonalllevels,fromabstractintelligenceto profound dreamyfeelings, madeitdifficultforProust to set them outcoherently.The beginningofcontrolcamewhenhesawhowtoconnectthebeginningandtheendof his novel.IntriguedbyProust‟s claimthathehad“beguna ndfinished”Remembranceat thesametime,HenriBonnetdiscoveredthatpartsof Remembrance‟slastbookwere actuallystartedin1909.Alreadyinthatyear,Prousthaddrafteddescriptionsofhis novel‟s charactersintheiroldagethatwouldappearinthefinalbookofRemembrance,wherethepermanenceofartissetagainsttheravagesoftime.ThelettertoVallette,draftsoftheessay andnovel,andBonnet‟sresearchesestablishin broadoutlinetheprocessby whichProustgeneratedhisnoveloutoftheruinsofhis essay.Butthoseofuswhohoped,withKolb,thatKolb‟snewlypublishedcomplete editionofProust‟scorrespondencefor1909woulddocumenttheprocessingreater detailaredisappointed.ForuntilProust wasconfidentthathewasatlastinsightofa viable structure for Remembrance,he toldfewcorrespondentsthathe wasproducing anythingmoreambitious than ContreSaint-Beuve.16.Thepassageis primarilyconcernedwith .A. the role ofinvoluntarymemoryin Proust‟s writing.B. evidence concerningthegenesisof Proust‟s novel RemembranceofThings Past.C. conflicting scholarly opinions about the value of studying the drafts of RemembranceofThingsPast.D. Proust‟s correspondence and what it reveals about RemembranceofThings Past.17.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatallof thefollowingareliterary detectives whohavetried,bymeansofeitherscholarshiporcriticism,tohelpsolvethe“greatpuzz le”mentioned in l ines 1-2 EXCEPT .A. BardecheB. BonnetC. FalloisD.Vallette18.Accordingtothepassage,indraftsofContreSaintBeuveProustsetouttoshow thatSaint-Beuvemadewhich ofthe followingmistakes as a critic?I.Saint-Beuvemadenoefforttostudythedevelopmentofanovelthroughitsdrafts and revisions.II.Saint-Beuveassignedtoogreataroleinthecreativeprocesstoawriter‟sconscious intellect.III.Saint-Beuveconcentratedtoomuchonplotsandnotenoughonimagery andother elements ofstyle.A.IIonlyB.IIIonlyC.IandIIonlyD.I,II,andIII19.Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheauthor‟s attitudetowardtheinformation that scholarshave gathered about Proust‟s writingin 1909?A.The author is disappointed that no new documents have cometo light since Fallois‟s speculations.B.Theauthorisdissatisfiedbecausetherearetoomanygapsandinconsistenciesin the drafts.C.TheauthorisconfidentthatFallois‟s1954guesshasbeenprovedlargelycorrect, butregretsthatstillmoredetaileddocumentationconcerningProust‟stransitionfrom the essayto thenovel hasnot emerged.D.TheauthorissatisfiedthatFallois‟sjudgmentwaslargelycorrect,butfeelsthat Proust‟s earlyworkindesigningandwritingthenovelwasprobablyfarmore deliberate than Fallois‟s description of theprocess would suggest.20.Theauthorofthepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingwouldbethe LEAST usefulsourceofinformationabout Proust‟s transitionfromworkingonContre Saint-Beuveto having aviablestructureforRemembranceofThings Past?A. Fallois‟s comments in the 1954 edition of ContreSaint-BeuveB. Proust‟s1909 notebooks, includingthe drafts of RemembranceofThings PastC. Proust‟s1909 correspondence,excludingthe letter toValletteD. Bardeche‟s Marcel Proust, romancierPassage 5Whydosomedesertplantsgrowtallandthinlikeorganpipes?Whydomost trees in thetropicskeeptheir leavesyearround?Whyin theArctictundraarethereno treesatall?Aftermanyyearswithoutconvincinggeneralanswers,wenowknow much about what sets thefashion in plant design.Usingterminology morecharacteristicofathermalengineerthanofabotanist, wecanthinkofplantsasmechanismsthatmustbalancetheirheatbudgets.Aplantby dayisstakedoutundertheSunwithnowayofshelteringitself.Alldaylongit absorbsheat.Ifitdidnotloseasmuchheatasitgained,theneventually itwoulddie: Plantsgetridoftheirheatby warmingtheairaroundthem,by evaporating water,and by radiating heattotheatmosphere andthecold,blackreachesofspace temperature is tolerable forthe processes of life.Plantsinthe Arctic tundra lie closetothegroundinthe thinlayer of stillairthat clingsthere.AfootortwoabovethegroundarethewindsofArcticcold.Tundra plantsabsorbheatfromtheSunandtendtowarmup;they probablybalancemostof theirheatbudgets by radiatingheattospace,butalsoby warmingthestillairhatis trappedamongthem.AslongasArcticplantsareclosetotheground,theycan balancetheirheatbudgets.Butifthey shouldstretchupasatreedoes,theywouldlift theirworkingparts,theirleaves,intothestreamingArcticwinds.Thenitislikelythat theplantscouldnotabsorbenoughheatfromthe Suntoavoidbeingcooledbelowa critical temperature.Yourheat budget does not balanceifyou stand tallin theArctic.Suchthinkingalsohelpsexplainothercharacteristicsofplantdesign.Adesert plant faces the opposite problem from that of an Arctic plant the danger of overheating.Itisshortofwaterandsocannotcoolitselfby evaporationwithout dehydrating.The familiarsticklikeshape ofdesertplantsrepresentsoneofthe solutionstothisproblem:the shapeexposes the smallestpossible surface toincoming solar radiationandprovidesthe largestpossiblesurfacefromwhichtheplantcan radiateheat.Intropicalrainforests,bywayofcontrast,thescorchingSunisnota problem forplants becausethereis sufficient water.Thisworkingmodelallowsustoconnect thegeneralcharacteristicsofthe formsofplantsindifferenthabitatswithfactorssuchastemperature,availabilityofwater,andpresence orabsence of seasonaldifferences.Our Earthiscoveredwitha patchworkquiltofmeteorologicalconditions,and thepatternsofthispatchworkare faithfullyreflected bytheplants.21.Thepassageprimarilyfocuses on which of the followingcharacteristics of plants?A.Their abilityto growequallywellin all environmentsB.Theireffects on the Earth'satmosphereC.Their abilityto storewater for dryperiodsD.Their abilityto balanceheat intakeand output22. According to the passage, which of the following is most responsible for preventingtrees fromgrowingtall in theArctic?A.Thehard, frozengroundB.Thesmallamountof available sunshineC.The cold, destructivewindsD.Thelargeamountof snowthat falls eachyear23.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe"sticklikeshapeofdesertplants"lines3-5(paragraph4)can beattributed to the .A. inabilityof theplantsto radiateheat to the air aroundthemB. presenceof irregularseasonal differences in thedesertC. largesurfaceareathatthe plants must exposetothe SunD.extreme heat andaridityof thehabitatPassage 6Toconductsomeformsofsleepresearch,wehavetofindaway totrack sleepinessovertheday.Somepeoplemightbelievethatmeasuring sleepinessisa fairly trivialtask.Couldn‟tyou,forinstance,simplycountthenumberoftimesa personyawns during any given hour orso?In most people‟s minds,yawning--that slow, exaggerated mouth opening with the long, deepinhalationofair,followedby abrieferexhalation--isthemostobvioussign ofsleepiness. Itisacommonbehaviorsharedbymanyanimals,includingourpet dogsand cats butalso crocodiles, snakes, birds,and even somefish.It is certainlytrue thatsleepy peopletendtoyawnmorethanwide-awakepeople.Itisalsotruethat peoplewhosay they arebored by whatishappeningatthemomentwilltendtoyawn morefrequently.However,whetheryawning isasignthatyouaregetting ready for sleeporthatyouaresuccessfully fightingoffsleepisnotknown.Simply stretching yourbody,asyoumightdoifyouhavebeensiringinthesamepositionforalong period oftime, will oftentrigger ayawn.Unfortunately,yawnsdon‟tjustindicatesleepiness.Insomeanimals,yawningis asignofstress.Whenadog trainerseesadogyawning inadog obedienceclass,itis usually asignthattheanimalisunderagooddealofpressure.Perhapsthehandleris pushing toohardormoving toofastforthedog tofeelincontrolofthesituation.A momentortwoofplayandthenturningtoanotheractivityisusuallyenoughto banishyawningforquiteawhile.Yawning canalsobeasignofstressinhumans.Once,whenobservingairborne troopsabouttotake their firstparachutejump,I noticedthatseveralof thesoldiers weresittingintheplaneandyawning.Itwasl0A.M.,justafteracoffeebreak,andI doubtedthattheyweretired；Iknewforafactthattheywerefartoonervoustobebored.WhenIaskedaboutthis,theofficerinchargelaughedandsaiditwasreally quitea common behavior, especiallyon the first jump.Thereisalsoasocialaspecttoyawning. Psychologistshaveplacedactorsin crowdedroomsandauditoriumsandhadthemdeliberatelyyawn. Withinmoments, thereisusuallyanincreaseinyawningbyeveryoneelseintheroom.Similarly, peoplewhowatchfilmsorvideosofothersyawningaremorelikelytoyawn.Even justreading aboutyawningtends to stimulatepeople toyawn.Thetruthofthematteris thatwereally don‟t knowwhatpurposeyawningserves. Scientistsoriginallythoughtthatthepurposeofyawningwastoincreasetheamount of oxygeninthe bloodor torelease some accumulatedcarbon dioxide. We now know thatthisisnottrue,sinceincreasing theconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheair seemsnottomakepeoplemorelikelytoyawnbuttomakethembreathefastertotry tobring inmoreoxygen.Ontheotherhand, breathing 100 percentpureoxygendoes not seem to reducethe likelihood ofyawning.Sinceyawning seemstobeassociatedwithalotmorethantheneedforsleep,we obviously havetofindsomeothermeasureofsleepiness.Someresearchershave simplytriedtoaskpeoplehowsleepytheyfeelatanytimeusingsomesortof self-ratingscale.Thereare,however,problemswithgettingpeopletomakethese typesofjudgments. Sometimespeoplesimplylietotheresearcherswhenasked abouthowsleepytheyare.Thisoccursbecauseinmanyareasofsocietyadmitting thatoneisfatiguedandsleepy isconsideredamarkofweaknessorlackofambition anddrive. Inotherinstances,peoplemayadmittheyneedfourcupsofcoffeeto makeitthroughthemorning,butitmay neveroccurtothemthatthismightbedueto thefactthattheyaresosleepythattheyneedstimulationfromcaffeinetobeableto do their required tasks. For these reasons, many researchers have developed analternatemethodtodeterminehowsleepy apersonis.Itisbaseduponasimple definition ofsleep need：Thegreateryour sleep need, orthe sleepieryou are, the faster you willfallasleep ifgiven the opportunityto doso.26. The question in lines 3-4(paragraph 1) is based on which of the following assumptions?A. Direct observation is the onlyreliable method of conductingsleep research.B. People willyawn most frequentlyin themoments beforetheyfallasleep.C. Thereis a direct correlation betweenyawningand sleepiness.D. Yawningis a behaviorover which individuals exert little conscious control.27.The author useswhich of the followingin thefourth paragraph?A. UnderstatementB. AnecdoteC. AnalogyD. Metaphor28.The author mentionsthe "coffeebreak"to emphasizethat a .A. briefrespitewas sorelyneededB. given attitudewas inappropriateC. specific responsewas understandableD. certain behavior was unexpected29.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostdirectlydisprovewhat"Scientists originallythought"?A. Carbondioxide does not affect people's breathingrates.B. Yawningdoesnotreducetheneedforsleep,thoughitmaymakeapersonfeel less tired.C. Becauseyawningbringsmoreairintothelungs, itcanincreasetherateat which oxygen is absorbed.D. Peopledonottendtoyawnmuchathighaltitudes,where oxygenlevelsintheair arelow.30.Thepassage as awhole is best characterized as.A. informativeB.confessionalC. philosophicalD. argumentativePartII.TranslationandWritingPartA TranslationSectionA:Translate the followinginto Chinese:Incomparisonwiththehumanworldofpasttimes,ourworldishighly complex. Becauseofitshighlydevelopedcommunications,eventsineverypartoftheglobe andofhumansociety areclosely interconnected.Therearenoisolateddisastersand thereis no progress that does not help the progress of all.This situation is reflectedin theminds of men. The contents ofmen‟s minds have alsobecomeworldwideinscopeandcomplexity.Itisnotenoughforaman,seeking thewelfareofhisownpeopleandcountry,toconsiderhisdomesticsituationin relationtohisimmediateneighbors.Worldtrendsencompasseveryoneofus,anditis byparticipatingin themand contributingin themthat weinfluenceour own future. Thehighesttaskbefore men‟s mindstoday istounderstand,tofightagainsttheforces ofregressionanddeath,tostrengthenandconvertintorealitythepossibilitywhich our world offers, as no previous world has offered,fora fuller life forallmen.Section B:Translate thefollowinginto English: 关于疾病及其起因的说法有很多。
英语试卷一【±q461533046】Part I Answer Dialogue Completion1. We will be shown around the city : schools , museums , and some other places , _________ othe r visitors seldom go .A. whatB. whichC. whereD. when2．The famous basketball star . __________ tried to make a comeback , attracted a lot of attention .A. whereB. whenC. whichD. who3．He is only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years .A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been4. Is this the reason __________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained5. The result of the experiment was very good , __________ we hadn’t expected .A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what6. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase . ________ was very reasonable .A. which priceB . the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose7. Caral said the work would be done by October , ________ personally I doubt very much .A. itB . thatC. whenD. which8. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play , __________ , of course , made the others unhappy .A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what9. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour , __________ was true .A. heB. thisC. whichD. who10. He must be from Africa, _________can be seen from his skin.A. thatB. asC. whoD. what11. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _________ leading actor is world famous ?A. itsB. it’sC. whoseD. which12. He was very rude to the customs office , _________ of course made things even worse .A. whoB. whomC. whatD. which13. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town __________ he grew up as a c hild .A. whichB. thatC. whereD. when14. I don’t like _________ you speak to her .A. the wayB. the way in thatD. the way of which15. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _________ in the forest .A. once they growB. they grew onceC. they once grewD. once grew16. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm , ________ many people have got h ome .A. whose timeB. thatC. on whichD. by which17. _________ we know , China will be an __________ powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time .A. That ; advancingB. This ; advancedC. As ; advancedD. It ; advancing18. I shall never forget those years __________ I lived in the country with the farmers , ________ has a great effect on my life .A. that ; whichB. when ; whichC. which ; thatD. when ; who19. The weather turned out to be very good , ________ was more than we could expect .A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it20. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person __________ she could turn for help .A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to whom21. He made another wonderful discovery , __________ of great importance to science.A. which I think isC. which I think itD. I think which is25. His son has become a doctor, ________ he wanted to be.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. what26. She said she was busy, _________ was a lie.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. that。
2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题翻译真题训练PART IV TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 15 points)The only advice, indeed, that one person can give another about reading is to take no advice. to follow your own instincts, to use your own reason, to come to your own conclusions. 1) If this is agreed between us, then I feel at liberty to put forward a few ideas and suggestions because you will not allow them to fetter (禁锢) that independence which is the most important quality that a reader can possess. After all, what laws can be laid down about books? The battle of Waterloo was certainly fought on a certain day; but is Hamlet a better play than Lear? Nobody can say. Each must decide that question for himself. 2) Everywhere else we may be bound by laws and conventions-there we have none. Then, how are we to bring order into this multitudinous chaos and get the deepest and widest pleasure from what we read?3) It is simple enough to say that since books have classes---fiction biography, poetry---we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. 4) If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, the signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other."We have only to compare"-with those words the cat is out of the bag, and the true complexity of reading is admitted. The first process, to receive impressions with the utmost understanding, is only half the process of reading; it must be completed, if we are to get the whole pleasure from a book, by another. 5) We must pass judgment upon these multitudinous impressions; we must make of these fleeting shapes one that is hard and lasting.2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题翻译参考译文【华慧考博独家解析: 参考译文】PART IV TRANSLATION1.如果我们对此达成共识，我就可以无拘束地提出一些看法和建议，因为你不会让这些看法和建议禁锢你的独立见解，而独立见解正是读者应具备的最重要的品质。
2014年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Most good writers use every means at their______to make the reader’s way smooth and easy.A．willB．disposalC．requestD．convenience正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。
没有at one’s will的搭配，而是at will“任意，随意”；at one’s disposal“可自行支配”；at one’s request“应某人请求”；at one’s convenience“在某人方便时”。
根据句意，只有B项符合题意。
2．John was so______in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.A．engagedB．occupiedC．absorbedD．concentrated正确答案：C解析：近义词辨析。
absorbed“全神贯注的”，只用于表示精力的集中，多用作表语，有be absorbed in(全神贯注于)这样一个搭配；concentrated“决心要做的，全力以赴的，集中的，密集的，浓缩的”，多用作定语。
concentrated表示精力的集中之意时，侧重于表示决心。
根据句中的was so的结构，absorbed更符合句意。
故答案为C。
3．Too much______to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.A．exposureB．disclosureC．contactD．connection正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。
