博士英语2014_3月份考博英语真题及答案

2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题写作审题解析及参考范文PART V WRITING (40 minutes, 20 points)TOPICUnlike such things as technology, fashion, some things never change over time.Name ONE thing that doesn't change and explain why it's changeless.2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题写作审题解析及参考范文【华慧考博独家解析: 参考译文】PART V WRITING【审题解析】非命题作文，但写作思路又是确定的，需要考生按照实际情况写出一篇作文，比如一成不变的有诚信、爱国情操、道德、信仰之类的。

考生具体说明不变的原因，言之有理即可。

【参考范文】PatriotismNo one do not love their country. It is the duty of every citizen to make the country rich and powerful. In order to accomplish this object one must be patriotic. I consider this as an unchangeable truth. As well as other Chinese, I do love our country.Why people love this country? I find that answers are very simple and clear. One raise this because one was born in the vast land famous for ancient, mysterious, brilliant history. The country feeding the hundreds of millions of Chinese kids.Since ancient times, people love to the motherland metaphor for the "mother." It contains national spirit. It symbolizes diligence, it forges the national character and common aspiration. Form the whole country, we can draw a sense of a concrete image and things.A famous poet once said, the motherland is the Yangtze River, the motherland is the Kunlun Mountain, the motherland is the east at dawn, the South China Sea sunset, the motherland is the northern frontier of the pines, the motherland is the southern of the flower season, the motherland is the blood of people. We are children of the motherland, our beloved motherland. At this moment, we point to say: "I love you! Mother! I love you, China!!"【结构点评】开篇点题，说明自己认为一成不变的是爱国情操，其次重点讲解了为什么爱国是不变的情怀，引用著名诗人的诗歌增添了文章的内涵和深度，在实际考试中可以用此类的方法造句，不要求考生完全背诵诗句，有一两句构成排比即可。

博士研究生入学考试真题英语-2014装备学院2014年博士研究生入学考试英语(1001)试题（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，本试卷满分100分）Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Direction:There are 20 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourAnswer Sheet.1. Mourinho is a young and ________ coach who is prepared to lead his tem to win the championship in his first season.A. clumsyB. humorousC. ambitiousD. intimate2. Just wait for more second, I am ________ ready.A. all butB. all overC. at allD. at any moment3. If you can’t think of anywhere to go on Saturday, we ________ as well stay home.A. shouldB. mightC. canD. need4. A nation that does not know history is ________ to repeat it.A. discouragedB. characterizedC. linkedD. fated5. They preferred a British Commonwealth or European arrangement, because this wassubstantially ________ their British thinking.A. in touch withB. in line withC. with relation toD. with reference to6. The traffic accident that delayed our bus gave us a ________ reason for being late.A. promptB. vagueC. irritableD. legitimate7. The United States has 10 percent of the total petroleum ________ of the world in its ownterritory, and has been a major producer for decades.A. reservoirsB. reservationsC. reservesD. reproductions8. This is the world’s first accurate ________ model of human heart in computer.A. settingB. laboringC. showingD. working9. In 2000 I visited Berkeley, where I began my long ________ with this world famousuniversity.A. interactionB. nominationC. reconstructionD. association10. ________ ads for phony business opportunities appear in the classified pages of dailyand weekly newspapers and magazines, and online.A. SpeciallyB. TypicallyC. EspeciallyD. Commonly11. Too much time has ________ since we worked on this project.A. circulatedB. elapsedC. occupiedD. detached12. The girl fresh from college finally received a job ________ she had been expecting.A. requestB. pleaC. suggestionD. offer13. However busy we are, we’ll try to get back home ________ the dinner on the eve of theLunar New Year.A. in time forB. in exchange forC. in store forD. in return for14. Some difficult choices involving life and death are simply outside the ________ ofeconomic analysis.A. dimensionB. scaleC. domainD. space15. China’s economy, which was now on the brink of collapse, was beginning to ________after the implementation of reform and opening-up.A. pay offB. take offC. leave offD. drop off16. After a month or so, she came to dislike the subject and wished she had not _______ it_______.B. put…up B. given…upC. taken…upD. made…up17. It is considered a crime to ________ an election of any kind by bribing voters.A. fabricateB. launchC. populateD. manipulate18. Visitors to this plateau are likely to have a _______ headache for the first few days.A. splittingB. slappingC. slicingD. sprawling19. The central government is intensifying efforts to popularize _______ education in rurallocalities.A. voluntaryB. impulsiveC. instinctiveD. compulsory20. They are studying what kind of preferences might ________ this surging demand forhome-made TV sets.A. take a fancy toB. bring into playC. give rise toD. grow out ofPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions:There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for eachblank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase youhave chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your AnswerSheet.New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers were added to make the job fasterand more accurate. Electronic computers were 21 the fastest and most versatile instruments for storing and 22 now in use. Computers provide the means for greater speed and accuracy than 23 previously 23 possible. With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has suddenly become 24 of the mind.Although man 25 mentally richer ever since he started 26 , the electronic computer allows and will continue to allow him 27 tremendous “mental”tasks in a 28 short time. Great scientists of the past 29 ideas that sometimes had to wait for years before they 30 sufficiently well to be 31 . With the computer, the ideas of today’s scientists can be studied, tested, distributed and used more rapidly than 32 .Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently as so much information 33 we have now. The repeated actions of preparing, sorting, filing, distributing and 34 records and publications can be 35 as calculating. Errors occur because people grow tired and can be distracted.Part III Reading Comprehension (30 point)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneA warning has been issued by the electricity board that theremay be a repetition of yesterday evening’s block-outs in the London area. Although these were not serious or prolonged, there were voltage reductions in many homes of up to an hour, and the traffic lights in Piccadilly Circus were out for twenty minutes, causing considerable traffic congestion. Some commuter services were also affected. Some passengers had to face delays of up to two hours and at Victoria Station an angry argument broke out between a station inspector and a man on his way to visit his wife in hospital, and police had to be called. Both men were arrested. Local electricity switchboards were jammed with calls from housewives demanding to know how they were expected to cook supper for their families on a cold cooker. In one street in West London, all the lights went out without warning. Shops were closed but a relief service of candles and hand torches was set up by neighbors concerned about the risk of accident to old people and children. Today local hardware shops in the area report a run on candles and paraffin lamps normally sold to campers.A spokesman for the Electricity Board said they regretted the inconvenience the public had suffered, but there was no guarantee that further power cuts would not be necessary. Particularly after dark when there was an increased use of electrical appliances in the home.The trouble appears to be due to a work to rule by staff at power stations in remote areas, who are insisting on increased pay for night shifts and higher travel allowances. Although the work to rule is unofficial, Union leaders are to meet members of the electricity Board early next month to discuss these demands. It is hoped that both sides will be able to reach a satisfactory agreement and that the threat of more serious industrial actionwill be averted.36. According to the Electricity Board consumers may expect ________ .A. voltage reductions in a certain areaB. increased voltage reduction in the London areaC. power cuts of more than an hour in certain areasD. prolonged power cuts in many areas37. Owing to the delay at Victoria Station________.A. two passengers were arrestedB. a man was taken to hospitalC. evacuated the old people and childrenD. took care to prevent accidents38. When the lights in one street went out, people _________.A. ran to the shops to buy candlesB. were involved in a series of accidentsC. evacuated the old people and childrenD. took care to prevent accidents39. The main cause of the power cuts seems to be _________.A. a strike by all night shift workers at power stationsB. the worker’s refusal to travel to remote power stationsC. the worker’s unwillingness to work night shiftsD. dissatisfaction among workers over conditions of service40. From the passage we understand that the present industrial unrest ________.A. was initiated by Trade Union officialsB. has been set in motion without Trade Union approvalC. is to be settled by arbitrationD. is to be taken to government levelPassage TwoDespite the defeat of the Nazis and their allies and thesetting up of the United Nations Organization in 1945, racism continues to haunt the world today. Men are denied employment, housing and educational opportunities because of their skin color; some rich countries still have racial immigration laws to keep out immigrants from poorer and hungrier lands; political leaders are imprisoned for life for demanding that all races should have the same political right; and even in the cities of the affluent Western world the Negro ghettoes burn, signaling to the world the blank despair of their inhabitants.The most striking instance of racism in the world today is that of the system of Apartheid（种族隔离制度）in South Africa. Apartheid is not as some people may still imagine a serious attempt to provide equal though separate facilities for all races. It is segregation carried through by men with white skins to their own advantage and to the disadvantage of the black and colored populations.Its viciousness lies not solely in the fact that different “races”must live in different areas, but far more in the fact that the areas assigned to the non-White groups are the overcrowded and eroded parts of the countryside. Inevitably those assigned to living there would face starvation unless they went as migrants and transients to seek work in the White areas. So what the theory of Apartheid means is this: that black men will work for white so long as political power lies where it does. Such a system as this is the product of conquest and of the monopoly of political power by a conquering group. The conquerors seize uponthe fact of skin color in order to imply that the inequality which they have created is given by Nature, that it is the inevitable consequence of biological differences, or even that itis the will of God.Such a political system could have established in many parts of the colonial world, but the process of decolonization set in train by the victory of 1945 and assisted by United Nations action succeeded in many countries in opening equal opportunities to all. Hence today we see many cases where those who govern a newly independent country are the children of peasants or of political prisoners.But where White supremacy and Apartheid prevail, colored people must either accept their inferior lot or be condemned for life to an island prison. A similar future is inevitable in other countries if their present political leaders establish governments based upon inequality of political rights between races.But racism and its social consequences are evident not only in the former colonial territories. They are an ever present feature of the life of advanced industrial countries. Increasingly in some at least of these countries the traditional political issues pale into insignificance beside the problem of racial inequality and men’s attempt to fight against it. Inevitably in the post 1945 world, with the advanced countries of Europe and North America undergoing a period of unparalleled economic prosperity, immigrants have come to their cities from the poorer countries, from the rural areas and from the areas where the old slave plantations were.There is much evidence to suggest that this migration has not represented an uncontrolled and uncontrollable flood, for the immigrants have exercised their own immigration control by going where the jobs are.Nevertheless this precisely how this immigration has been perceived in the countries concerned and they have reacted bythrowing up barriers either to immigration itself or to full equality of opportunity for the immigrant in fields such as housing or employment. Such barriers may not have an explicitly racial form. They may affect all newcomers. But there can be little doubt that colored people are most affected by them and that the discrimination involved is widely thought to be based upon color and race.41. The passages states that victims of racism include ________.A. immigrantsB. people whose skin is not whiteC. people of different color, and political leaders who fight for them; as well as would-be immigrants from poorer and hungrier countriesD. all those who are denied employment, housing and educational opportunities.42. “The Negro ghettoes burn.” Is it possible to infer from the passage who set them on fire.A. Yes, the Negroes themselves in protest against their living conditions.B. Yes, racists.C. Yes, the inhabitants of the ghettoes.D. No, we cannot really be sure from this passage.43. Apartheid is particularly wicked because _________.A. different races have to live in different areasB. the areas assigned to the non-white groups are not rich enough to support themC. some people still imagine it is a serious attempt at equal but separate developmentD. it is to the disadvantage of the black population44. In paragraph three the writer says that the non-whitepopulations are forced by ________.A. the Whites to work for themB. the law to work for the WhitesC. the threat of starvation to work for the WhitesD. claiming that “might is right”45. We can infer from this passage that the writer thinks that racism _________.A. is on the increase because of South Africa’s policiesB. is on the increase because of the growth of immigrant populationsC. has decreased because of the process of decolonizationD.continues to exist despite the defeat of the Nazis, the growth of UN and the process of decolonizationPassage 3A report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source----exhaust fumes. Also don’t walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver’s side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker canreduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be less toxic that that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for thelight to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.46. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big citiesC. How to breathe fresh air in big citiesD. How serious air pollution is in big cities47. According to the report, air pollution in big cities _____________.lA. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disasterB. cannot be compared with the disaster ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think.48. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ________.A. where the wind is comingB. where the wind is goingC. where the wind is weakerD. where the wind is stronger49. If you take a bus in a big city in china, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side on the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus50. It is implied in the passage that __________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny iron particles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the busPassage 4The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder that today’s worl d, you never know that you might see when you pick up newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized the interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that disproportionate with the actual threat,” says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Colum bia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn’t what you do, but it’s how it’s covered that determines the effect.” For example, bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans w ho watched helplessly as each evening’s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration ofthe group’s power rather than an individual criminal act. “You don’t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It’s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,”say Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity（无处不在）of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. army Reserves in the first gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it’s the only tactic they have available to them. “They don’t have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They don’t have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,”says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading（斩首）can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy,” Haround te lls webMD.“You haven’t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you’ve achieved a lot of demoralization.”51. What has changed the rules of psychological warfare?A. Terrorist attacks.B. The increase of military conflicts.C. Advances in nuclear weapons.D. Prosperity of the media.52. The goal of psychological warfare is to __________.A. change the ideology of the opponentB. win a battle without military attacksC. generate a greater sense of fearD. bring about more physical damage53. According to Richard Bulliet, publicizing a act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because ____________.A. psychological terrorism is a tacticB. terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threatC. the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threatD. publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat54. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that ___________.A. means determines effectsB. hostage crises are prevalentC. psychological terrors remain harmlessD. the American media is effective55. In this passage the author __________.A. emphasizes the great impact of psychological warfareB. criticizes the violence of terrorismC. calls for an end to psychological warfareD. opposes the hostage crisisSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After have read the passage, answer each question in English with no more than 15 words. Writedown your answer on the Answer Sheet.At the beginning of a country’s rise out of backwardness and poverty, more wealth does make a difference. However, citing surveys from china and south Korea, the economist Richard Easterlin points out: “In these countries, per capita income hasdoubled in 20 years but overall happiness does not seem to have followed the same path.”Economists aresurprised, because GNP（国民生产总值）has long been thought the best indicator of human welfare. More GNP generally means more money for most people, and more money improves the quality of life, and that means happiness.But, perhaps, the survey suggests that more money can make you happy only if those around you do not share in your good fortune. General prosperity may fail to enhance individual contentment. Perhaps it is a matter of being aware of your advantage, not that you need to get the highest salaries or be the object of envy. Maybe, individual goals vary too much to be generalized. Maybe one has nothing at all to do with the other. Freud was well aware that economic success did not make people happy. Most psychoanalysts and therapists today would agree. He thought only the realization of a deep childhood desire could provide such satisfaction.Another problem is that people are poor reporters of their own states of mind. They will usually tell you what they themselves want to believe. To know if someone is really happy or not, you have to catch him or her in the act of happiness. Being happy or acting happy are more reliable indicators than thinking too much about it.Professional therapists also know that what makes people happy defies explanation, but what prevents them from being happy doesn’t. Po or self-esteem undermines all feelings of success. Hunger and cold make it harder to relax and enjoy one’s experience. Insecurity and failure to engage one’s work leave one dissatisfied. Anxiety penetrates all our perceptions and feelings, and brings us down.Economists can probably hope to measure how well our basic needs for security and health are met in society, and if those are reasonably OK, people tend to find the happiness they seek. Most of us want to enjoy life, spend time with our children, play at sports, sing, dance and travel. If we can do those things without dread, the amount of money we have is irrelevant.56. According to the economist Richard Easterlin, what is the relationship between higher GDP and overall happiness?57. According to second paragraph, what does the individual happiness arise from?58. What does Freud’s doctrine show with relation to the wealth?59. In the 4th paragraph, what do the professional therapists imply?60. What is the author’s conclusion?Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each)Directions:Each of the following sentences contains an error. Your task is to identify that error and correct it. Write both the error and correction on your Answer Sheet61. Virginia Hamilton who has won consistent praise for her novels about Black children.62. When overall exports exceed imports, a country said to have a trade surplus63. Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Frances Perkins became secretary of labor.64. Different species of octopuses（章鱼）may measure anywhere from two inches over thirty feet in length.65. Luminescence refers to the emission of light by meansanother than heat.66. Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an organization required for its operations.67. The first national park in world, Yellowstone National Park, was established in 1872.68. Historians have never reached some general agreement about the precise causes of the Civil War in the United States.69. A leading Canadian feminist and author, Nellie McClung, struggled relentlessly in the early twentieth century to win politically and legal rights for Canadian women.70. Although they are in different countries, Windsor, Ontario, Detroit, and Michigan are close neighbors and cooperate on numerous matters of mutually interest.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions:Translate the five underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese.Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.(71)This Christmas season finds us a rather bewildered human race. We have neither peace within nor peace without.(72)Everywhere paralyzing fears harrow people by day and haunt them by night. Our world is sick with war; everywhere we turn see its ominous possibilities. And yet, my friends, the Christmas hope for peace and goodwill toward all men can no longer be dismissed as a kind of pious dream of some utopian. (73)If we don’t have goodwill toward men in this world, we will destroy ourselves by the misuse of our own instruments and our own power. Wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is out of date. (74)There may have a time when war served a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the very destructive power of modern weapons of warfare。

2014年浙江大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．The two friends sat in a corner and______away to each other about the weather.A．talkedB．chattedC．mutteredD．whispered正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。

根据句意可知空格处动词应为“闲谈”之意，选项中只有chat可以与away搭配，表示“闲谈”。

talk“谈话”；mutter“咕哝，喃喃自语”；whisper“低声说”，这三项均不能和away搭配使用。

故答案为A。

2．He is going to______the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute.A．speakB．talkC．remarkD．address正确答案：D解析：近义词词义辨析。

talk有“交谈”的意思，通常与介词to／with／about 搭配；speak一般接某种语言，不接说话的内容；remark“评论”，较正式，指某人对他人观点或者言行的评论；address做动词时表示“向……讲话，向……发表演说”的意思，为及物动词，一般用于正式场合。

通常搭配address the meeting on sth．表示“就……议题在大会上发言”。

根据句意，答案为D。

3．Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government’s______policies.A．economicB．economicalC．economyD．economics正确答案：A解析：形近词辨析。

2014年3月中科院考博英语真题阅读理解第一篇阅读文章中科院考博英语阅读理解的短文内容涉及社会科学（主要包括社会学、教育、人类学、心理学、经济、管理、金融等领域）、自然科学（主要包括化学、生物、交通、物理、工程、计算机、医学、农业等领域）和人文科学（主要包括哲学、历史、文学、语言、新闻、艺术等领域）。

考博英语的阅读理解题型中的文章通常选取外文杂志、外文网站中的文章，然后由各院校的命题组命题，或者选取四六级、考研、研究生学位英语考试等已考过的文章。

2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解第一篇阅读文章Passage OneMark Kelly is originally from Lancashire in England. He has been living in Japan for six years and, at the weekend, he is a fake priest. "I was living in Sapporo, studying Japanese, and I needed the money. it's far better paid than teaching in a language school," he said. "Being a fake priest is big business in Japan----I've done a TV commercial for one company," he added. "In Sapporo, there are five agencies employing about 20 fake priests. In a city like Tokyo, there must be hundreds."The fake Western priests are employed at Western-style weddings to give a performance and add to the atmosphere. These are not legal ceremonies-the couples also have to make a trip to the local registrar. "In the past almost all weddings in Japan were Shinto, but in the last few years Western-style weddings have appeared and become very popular," said one Japanese priest. "Most couples are trying to re-create a European wedding, so they overwhelmingly ask for a foreign priest instead of a Japanese one," he added.The fake priests in Japan sometimes have to deal with difficult situations. Mr. Kelly has often presided over ceremonies where the bride is pregnant. "It is common. Once, the bride vomited on me and then fainted. It wasn't very romantic," he said. Another difficulty is meeting genuine Japanese priests. "We do occasionally bump into the real thing. They are very much against us, but there are not enough genuine Japanese priests to meet the demand" he said.One Japanese Christian priest spoke out. "It is a real problem for us. They are not genuine and they give us a bad name," he said. "It isimportant for the bride and groom to have a proper wedding, and they are not getting it from these foreign priests. I have even heard of hotels using staff when they can't find anyone else."But Mr. Kelly argues that the ceremony is not about religion, but about image. "I give a good performance. I use an Apache wedding prayer in my ceremony. It works very well, although I had to take out the part about the bear god in the sky," he said. "If people are crying by the end of the wedding, I think I have done a good job."36. What do we know about Mark Kelly?A. He's a professional priest.B. He's a language student.C. He's working for a TV station.D. He's earning a living in Japan.37. The fake Western priests are in great demand in Japan because of______.A. the popularity of Western-style weddingsB. the bad reputation of Japanese priestsC. the decline of the traditional religion, ShintoD. the low prices at which they are hired38. Using a foreign priest at a wedding in Japan is______.A. forbidden according to criminal lawB. meant for having a Western atmosphereC. aimed to save a trip to a registrarD. deemed necessary to add to the solemnity39. According to the passage, Mr. Kelly considers his jobrather______.A. demandingB. amusingC. sacredD. creative40. Japanese priests are angry with those fake foreign priests because they are______.A. bringing an end to the occupationB. misleading the bride and groomC. damaging the image of the formerD. corrupting the morals of weddings41. According to Mr. Kelly, what mostly interests a Japanese couple at the wedding is______.A. how well the priest can perform his roleB. what religious rituals are being followedC. whether other participants can be movedD. who can make them burst into tears2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解文章大意及参考答案【华慧考博独家解析：文章大意】本文讲述的是西方人在日本假扮神父。

2014年四川大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingReading ComprehensionIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again—by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise”capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of all love and of reason —are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1．By “well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ______.A．a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible B．working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC．an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the societyD．a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly正确答案：C解析：词义推断题。

2014年3月中国社会科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Grammar 3. Error Identification 4. Reading Comprehension 5. English-Chinese Translation 6. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．At the same time, the Fund, United Nations Fund for Population Activities, works to change the paradigm of masculinity that allows for the resolution of conflict through violence.A．modelB．covenantC．aspirationD．hurdle正确答案：A解析：paradigm意为“范例，模范”。

A选项：model意为“模式，典型”，与画线单词的意义相符，如：He wants companies to follow the European model of social responsibility．他希望各公司能够以欧洲公司为榜样，承担社会责任。

故选A。

在其他三项中，B选项：covenant合同，契约；C选项：aspiration抱负，志向；D选项：hurdle困难，障碍，都与画线单词的意义不符。

2．For years she had read The Wall Street Journal every morning in hopes of finding prescient warnings about future crashes, crises, and catastrophes.A．predictiveB．omniscientC．unconscionableD．conscientious正确答案：A解析：prescient意为“有预知能力的”。

北京师范大学 2014 年 3 月考博英语真题与答案详解Part I ：Reading ComprehensionDirections:Therearesixpassagesinthispart.Eachofthepassagesisfollowedby five questionsorunfinished statements.Foreachofthemthereare four choices markedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSERSHEET.Passage 1Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of people‟ingalayeredmodelofstratification,mostsociologists describetheclass systeminthe UnitedStatesasdivided into severalclasses:upper, upper middle, middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class isdefined by characteristics suchasincome,occupationalprestige,andeducationalattainment.The differentgroupsarearrayedalong acontinuumwiththose withthemostmoney, education, and prestige atthe top and thosewith theleast at thebottom.IntheUnitedStates,theupper classownsthemajor share of corporateand personal wealth;itincludesthosewhohave heldwealthforgenerationsas wellas thosewhohaverecentlybecomerich.Only averysmallproportionofpeopleactually constitutetheupperclass,butthey controlvastamountsofwealthandpowerinthe UnitedStates.They exerciseenormouscontrolthroughout society.Mostof their wealth is inherited.Despite socialmythstothecontrary,thebestpredictoroffuture wealthisthe family intowhichyouareborn.Eachyear,thebusinessmagazineForbespublishesa listof the “F orbes400”-the four hundredwealthiestfamiliesandindividualsinthe country.OfallthewealthrepresentedontheForbes400list,more thanhalfis inherited.Thoseonthelistwhocouldbecalled“self-made”werenot typically of modestorigins;mostinheritedsignificantassets(Forbes,1997;SklarandCollins, 1997).Thoseintheupperclasswithnewlyacquiredwealthare knownasthenouveauniche.Althoughtheymayhavevastamountsofmoney,theyareoftennotacceptedinto “old rich”circles.Theupper middle class includes thosewith high incomes and high social prestige. Theytendtobewell-educatedprofessionalsorbusinessexecutives.Theirearnings canbequite highindeed-successfulbusinessexecutivescanearnmillionsof dollars a year.Itisdifficulttoestimateexactly howmanypeoplefallintothisgroupbecauseof thedifficulty ofdrawinglinesbetweentheupper,uppermiddle,andmiddleclass. Indeed,the upper middleclassis oftenthoughtof as“middlec lass”b ecause their lifestylesetsthestandardtowhichmanyaspire, butthislifestyleissimply beyondthe means of amajorityof people in the United States.The middleclassishardtodefine;inpart,being“middlec lass”ismore thanjust economicposition.Byfarthemajority ofAmericansidentitythemselvesasmiddle classeventhoughthey varywidely inlifestyleandinresourcesattheirthoughthey vary widely inlifestyleandinresourcesattheirdisposal.ButtheideathattheUnited States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-classlifestyle because, ingeneral,peopletend nottowanttorecognize class distinctionsinthe UnitedStates.Thus,the middleclassbecomesthe ubiquitousnorm eventhoughmany whocallthemselvesmiddleclasshaveatenuousholdonthisclass position.Inthehierarchy ofsocialclass,thelowermiddleclassincludesworkersinthe skilledtradesandlow-incomebureaucraticworkers,many ofwhommayactually definethemselvesasmiddleclass.Examplesare blue-collarworkers(thoseinskilled tradeswhodomanuallabor)andmany serviceworkers,suchassecretaries, hairdressers,waitresses,police,andfirefighters.Mediumtolowincome,education, andoccupationalprestigedefinethelowermiddleclassrelativetotheclassgroupsaboveit.Theterm“lowe r”inth isclassdesignationreferstotherelativepositionof thegroupinthestratification system,butithasapejorativesoundtomany people, especiallyto peoplewhoaremembers ofthis class.Thelowerclassiscomposedprimarily ofthedisplacedandpoor.Peopleinthis class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working inminimum-wagejobs.Fortypercentofthepoorwork;10percentworkyear-round andfulltime—aproportionthathasgenerally increasedovertime.Recently,the conceptof the underclasshasbeenaddedtothelower class.The underclassincludes thosewhohave beenleftbehindby contemporary economicdevelopments.Rejected fromtheeconomicsystem,thoseintheunderclassmay becomedependentonpublic assistanceor illegalactivities.1.Whydoes the authormention the"Forbes 400"in paragraph 3?A.To explain the meaningof thelistingthat appears every yearB.To cast doubt on the claimthat familyincomepredicts individual wealthC.To giveexamples of successful people who havemodest familyconnectionsD.To support the statement that most wealthypeople inherit their money2.Theauthorstatesthat businessandprofessionalpeoplewitheducationaladvantages aremostoften membersofthe .A. lower middle classB.upper middle classC. nouveau richeD. upperclass3.Whydo most peopleidentifythemselves as middle class in theUnited States?A.Theyhave about thesame lifestyle as everyoneelse in the countryB.Theydon‟t reallyknow howto define their status because it is unclearC.Theyprefer not to admit that thereare class distinctions in the United StatesD.Theyidentifythemselves with the majoritywho havenormal lifestyles4.What can beinferredabout poor people in theUnited States?A.Theyarenot ableto find entry-level jobsB.Theywork in jobs that requirelittle educationC.Theyareserviceworkers and manual laborersD.Theydo not tryto find employment5.Accordingto paragraph 7, whyhas the underclass emerged?A. Thenewtermwasnecessarybecausethelowerclassenjoyedahigherlifestyle than it had previously.B.Theincreaseincrimehassupportedanewclassofpeoplewholiveby engagingin illegal activities.C.Changesintheeconomyhavecausedanentireclassofpeopletosurviveby welfareor crime.D.Minimum-wagejobsnolongersupportaclassofpeopleatastandardlevelinthe economicsystem.Passage 2“Thewor d …protecti on‟ isnolon gertaboo”.Thisshort sentence,utteredby FrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozylatelastmonth,mayhavelaunchedanewerain economic history. Why?For decades,Westernleaders have believedthatlowering tradebarriersandtariffswasanaturalgood.Doingso,they reasoned,wouldleadto greatereconomicefficiency andproductivity,whichinturnwouldimprovehuman welfare. Championing freetradethus became amoral, notjustan economic, cause.Theseleaders,ofcourse,weren‟tactingoutofunselfishness.Theyknewtheir economicswerethemostcompetitive,sothey‟dp rofitmostfromliberalization.And developingcountriesfearedthattheireconomicswouldbeswampedby superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned-though few acknowledge it.The westcontinuestopreach free trade,butpracticesitlessandless. Asia,meanwhile,continuestopleadforspecialprotectionbutpracticesmoreand more freetrade.That‟swhy Sarkozy‟swordweresoimportant:hefinally injectedsomehonesty intothetradedebate.ThetruthisthatlargepartsoftheWestare losing faithinfree trade,thoughfewleadersadmitit.Some economistsaremorehonest.PaulKrug man isone ofthe fewwillingtoloserswill be intheWest.Economistsinthedeveloped worldusedtolovequoting JosephSchumpeter,whosaidthat“c reativedestructi on” wasanessentialpartofcapitalistgrowth.Butthey alwaysassumedthatdestruction wouldhappenoverthere.WhenWesternworkersbeganlosingjobs,suddenlytheir leadersbeganto losefaithintheirprinciples.Thingshaveyettoreversecompletely. But there‟s clearlyanegativetrend inWestern theoryand practice.Alittlehypocrisyisnotinitselfaseriousproblem.TherealproblemisthatWesterngovernmentscontinuetoinsistthattheyretaincontrolofthekeyglobaleconomicandfinancialinstitutionswhiledriftingaway fromgloballiberalization. Lookatwhat‟shappeningattheIMF (InternationalMonetary Fund).TheEuropeans havedemanded that theykeep thepost ofmanagingdirector. But all too often, Westernofficialsputtheirowninterestsaboveeveryoneelse‟swhenthey dominate theseglobal institutions.ThetimehasthereforecomefortheAsians-whoareclearly thenewwinnersin today‟sglobaleconomy-toprovidemore intellectualleadershipinsupporting free trade,Sadly,they haveyettodoso.UnlessAsiansspeakout,however,there‟sareal danger thatAdam Smith‟s principles, whichhavebroughtsomuchgoodtothe world, could graduallydie.Andthat would leave allof usworseoff, in onewayoranother.6.It can beinferred that“protecti on” (Line1, Para.1) means . A. improvingeconomicefficiency B.endingthe free-tradepractice C. loweringmoral standard D. raisingtradetariffs7.TheWestern leaders preach freetradebecause .A. it is beneficial to theireconomicsB. itis supported bydevelopingcountriesC. itmakes them keep faith in theirprinciplesD. it is advocated byJosephSchumpeter andAdam Smith8. By“the tables haveturne d”(Line 3-4, Para.2) the author implies that .A. theWestern leaders haveturned self-centeredB. theAsian leaders havebecome advocates of freetradeC. the developed economics haveturned lesscompetitiveD. thedevelopingeconomics havebecomemoreindependent9.TheWesterneconomistsusedtoliketheideaof“c reativedestructi on”b ecauseit.A. set a long-term ratherthan short-termgoalB. wasan essential part of capitalist developmentC. entailed apositive rather than negativementalityD. was meant to bethe destruction ofdeveloping economics10.The author uses“IMF” asan exampleto illustrate thepointthat _.A. European leaders arereluctant to admit theyare hypocriticalB. thereis an inconsistencybetweenWestern theoryand practiceC. global institutions arenot beingled bytrueglobalization advocatesD. European countrie s‟interestsarebeingignored byeconomicleadersPassage 3Growth,reproduction,anddailymetabolismallrequireanorganismtoexpend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as financesarebudgeted.Ifallof one‟s moneyis spent on clothes, theremaybenoneleft tobuy foodorgotothemovies.Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallits energy ongrowingabigbody ifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisis the surest wayto extinction.Allorganisms,therefore,allocateenergy togrowth,reproduction,maintenance, and storage. Nochoice is involved; this allocation comes as part of thegenetic packagefromtheparents.Maintenanceforagivenbody designofanorganismis relatively constant.Storageisimportant,butultimately thatenergywillbeusedfor maintenance, reproduction,or growth.Therefore the principaldifferencesinenergy allocation arelikelyto bebetweengrowth and reproduction.Almostallofanorganism‟s energycanbedivertedtoreproduction,withvery littleallocatedtobuilding anismsatthisextremeare“opportunist s.”At theotherextremeare “competitor s,”almostall ofwhoseresourcesareinvestedin buildingahugebody, with a bareminimum allocated to reproduction.Dandelionsaregood examplesof opportunists. Their seed heads raised justhigh enoughabovethegroundtocatchthewind,theplantsarenobiggerthanthey needbe, theirstemsarehollow,andalltherigiditycomesfromtheirwatercontent.Thus,a minimuminvestmenthasbeenmadeinthebody thatbecomesaplatformforseed dispersal.Thesevery short-livedplantsreproduceprolifically;thatistosay they provideaconstantrainofseedintheneighborhoodofparentplants.Anewplantwill springupwhereveraseedfallsonasuitablesoilsurface,butbecausetheydonotbuildbig bodies,they cannotcompetewithotherplantsforspace, water,orsunlight. Theseplantsaretermedopportunistsbecausetheyrelyontheirsee ds‟ f allinginto settingswherecompetingplantshavebeenremovedby naturalprocesses,suchas along aneroding riverbank,onlandslips,orwhere atree fallsandcreatesagapinthe forest canopy.Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displacedby morecompetitivespecies.Humanlandscapesoflawns,fields,or flowerbedsprovidesettingswithbare soilandalackofcompetitorsthatare perfect habitatsforcolonizationby opportunists.Hence,many ofthestrongly opportunistic plants arethecommon weeds of fieldsandgardens.Becauseeach individualisshort-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likelyto be adverselyaffected bydrought, bad winters, orfloods.Iftheirpopulation is trackedthroughtime,itwillbeseentobeparticularly unstable—soaringand plummetingin irregular cycles.Theoppositeofanopportunistisacompetitor.Theseorganismstendtohavebig bodies,arelong-lived,andspendrelativelylittleefforteachyearonreproduction.An oaktreeisagoodexampleofacompetitor.Amassiveoakclaimsitsgroundfor200 years ormore,outcompeting allotherwould-becanopy treesby casting adenseshade and drawingupanyfreewaterin thesoil.Theleaves of an oak treetaste foul because theyarerichintannins,achemicalthatrendersthemdistastefulorindigestibleto manyorganisms.Thetanninsarepartofthedefensemechanismthatisessentialto longevity.Althoughoaksproducethousandsofacorns,theinvestmentinacropof acornsissmallcomparedwiththeenergyspentonbuildingleaves,trunk,androots. Onceanoaktreebecomesestablished,itislikelytosurviveminorcyclesofdrought andevenfire.Apopulationofoaksislikelytoberelativelystablethroughtime,and itssurvivalislikelyto dependmoreonitsabilitytowithstandthepressuresof competitionorpredationthanonitsabilitytotakeadvantageofchanceevents.It shouldbenoted,however,thatthepureopportunistorpurecompetitorisrareinnature,asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,exhibitingablendofsome opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.11.Theword squander in thepassageis closest inmeaningto .A. extendB. transformC. activateD. waste12.Accordingtothepassage,theclassificationoforganismsas“opportunists”or “c ompetitor s”is det ermined by .A. howthegeneticinformation of an organismisstore and maintainedB. the wayinwhich theorganisminvests its energyresourcesC. whetherthe climatetowhich the organismlives ismild or extremeD. thevarietyof natural resources the organismconsumes in its environment13.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph7ascontributiontothelongevity ofoak treeEXCEPT .A. the capacityto createshadeB. leaves containingtanninC. the abilityto withstand mild droughts and firesD. thelargenumber ofacorns thetreeproduces14.Accordingto thepassage, oak trees areconsidered competitors becauseA. theygrow in areas freeof opportunitiesB. theyspend more energyon theirleaves, trunksand roots than on theiracornsC. theirpopulation tends to increaseor decreaseirregularcyclesD. unlike other organisms, theydo not need muchwateror sunlight15.In paragraph 7, theauthor suggeststhat mostspecies oforganismsA. areprimarilyopportunistsB. areprimarilycompetitorsC. begin as opportunists and evolved into competitorsD. havesomecharacteristics of opportunistsand someof competitorsPassage 4Manyliterarydetectiveshaveporedoveragreatpuzzleconcerningthewriter MarcelProust:whathappenedin1909?HowdidContre Saint-Beuve,anessay attackingthemethods ofthecritic Saint Beuve, turn into thestart ofthenovelRemembranceofThingsPast?ArecentlypublishedletterfromProusttotheeditor ValletteconfirmsthatFallois,theeditorof the1954editionofContreSaint-Beuve, madeanessentiallycorrectguessabouttherelationshipoftheessay tothenovel. Falloisproposedthat Prousthadtried tobegina novelin1908,abandoneditfor what wastobealong demonstrationof Saint-Beuve‟sblindnesstotherealnatureofgreat writing,foundtheessay giving risetopersonalmemoriesandfictionaldevelopments, and allowed theseto takeover in asteadilydevelopingnovel.DraftpassagesinProust‟s1909notebooksindicatethatthetransitionfromessay tonovelbeganinContreSaint-Beuve,whenProustintroducedseveralexamplesto show the powerful influence that involuntary memory exerts over the creativeimagination.Ineffect,intryingtodemonstratethattheimaginationismoreprofound andlesssubmissivetotheintellectthanSaint-Beuveassumed,Proustelicitedvital memoriesofhisownand,findingsubtleconnectionsbetweenthem,begantoamass thematerialforRemembrance.ByAugust,ProustwaswritingtoVallette,informing himofhisintentiontodevelopthematerialasanovel.MauriceBardeche,inMarcel Proust, romancier, has shown the importance in the drafts of Remembrance of spontaneous and apparently random associations of Proust‟s subconscious. As incidentsandreflectionsoccurredtoProust,hecontinuallyinsertednewpassages alteringandexpanding hisnarrative.Buthefounditdifficulttocontrolthedriftofhis inspiration.Theveryrichnessandcomplexityofthemeaningfulrelationshipsthat keptpresentingandrearrangingthemselvesonalllevels,fromabstractintelligenceto profound dreamyfeelings, madeitdifficultforProust to set them outcoherently.The beginningofcontrolcamewhenhesawhowtoconnectthebeginningandtheendof his novel.IntriguedbyProust‟s claimthathehad“beguna ndfinished”Remembranceat thesametime,HenriBonnetdiscoveredthatpartsof Remembrance‟slastbookwere actuallystartedin1909.Alreadyinthatyear,Prousthaddrafteddescriptionsofhis novel‟s charactersintheiroldagethatwouldappearinthefinalbookofRemembrance,wherethepermanenceofartissetagainsttheravagesoftime.ThelettertoVallette,draftsoftheessay andnovel,andBonnet‟sresearchesestablishin broadoutlinetheprocessby whichProustgeneratedhisnoveloutoftheruinsofhis essay.Butthoseofuswhohoped,withKolb,thatKolb‟snewlypublishedcomplete editionofProust‟scorrespondencefor1909woulddocumenttheprocessingreater detailaredisappointed.ForuntilProust wasconfidentthathewasatlastinsightofa viable structure for Remembrance,he toldfewcorrespondentsthathe wasproducing anythingmoreambitious than ContreSaint-Beuve.16.Thepassageis primarilyconcernedwith .A. the role ofinvoluntarymemoryin Proust‟s writing.B. evidence concerningthegenesisof Proust‟s novel RemembranceofThings Past.C. conflicting scholarly opinions about the value of studying the drafts of RemembranceofThingsPast.D. Proust‟s correspondence and what it reveals about RemembranceofThings Past.17.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatallof thefollowingareliterary detectives whohavetried,bymeansofeitherscholarshiporcriticism,tohelpsolvethe“greatpuzz le”mentioned in l ines 1-2 EXCEPT .A. BardecheB. BonnetC. FalloisD.Vallette18.Accordingtothepassage,indraftsofContreSaintBeuveProustsetouttoshow thatSaint-Beuvemadewhich ofthe followingmistakes as a critic?I.Saint-Beuvemadenoefforttostudythedevelopmentofanovelthroughitsdrafts and revisions.II.Saint-Beuveassignedtoogreataroleinthecreativeprocesstoawriter‟sconscious intellect.III.Saint-Beuveconcentratedtoomuchonplotsandnotenoughonimagery andother elements ofstyle.A.IIonlyB.IIIonlyC.IandIIonlyD.I,II,andIII19.Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheauthor‟s attitudetowardtheinformation that scholarshave gathered about Proust‟s writingin 1909?A.The author is disappointed that no new documents have cometo light since Fallois‟s speculations.B.Theauthorisdissatisfiedbecausetherearetoomanygapsandinconsistenciesin the drafts.C.TheauthorisconfidentthatFallois‟s1954guesshasbeenprovedlargelycorrect, butregretsthatstillmoredetaileddocumentationconcerningProust‟stransitionfrom the essayto thenovel hasnot emerged.D.TheauthorissatisfiedthatFallois‟sjudgmentwaslargelycorrect,butfeelsthat Proust‟s earlyworkindesigningandwritingthenovelwasprobablyfarmore deliberate than Fallois‟s description of theprocess would suggest.20.Theauthorofthepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingwouldbethe LEAST usefulsourceofinformationabout Proust‟s transitionfromworkingonContre Saint-Beuveto having aviablestructureforRemembranceofThings Past?A. Fallois‟s comments in the 1954 edition of ContreSaint-BeuveB. Proust‟s1909 notebooks, includingthe drafts of RemembranceofThings PastC. Proust‟s1909 correspondence,excludingthe letter toValletteD. Bardeche‟s Marcel Proust, romancierPassage 5Whydosomedesertplantsgrowtallandthinlikeorganpipes?Whydomost trees in thetropicskeeptheir leavesyearround?Whyin theArctictundraarethereno treesatall?Aftermanyyearswithoutconvincinggeneralanswers,wenowknow much about what sets thefashion in plant design.Usingterminology morecharacteristicofathermalengineerthanofabotanist, wecanthinkofplantsasmechanismsthatmustbalancetheirheatbudgets.Aplantby dayisstakedoutundertheSunwithnowayofshelteringitself.Alldaylongit absorbsheat.Ifitdidnotloseasmuchheatasitgained,theneventually itwoulddie: Plantsgetridoftheirheatby warmingtheairaroundthem,by evaporating water,and by radiating heattotheatmosphere andthecold,blackreachesofspace temperature is tolerable forthe processes of life.Plantsinthe Arctic tundra lie closetothegroundinthe thinlayer of stillairthat clingsthere.AfootortwoabovethegroundarethewindsofArcticcold.Tundra plantsabsorbheatfromtheSunandtendtowarmup;they probablybalancemostof theirheatbudgets by radiatingheattospace,butalsoby warmingthestillairhatis trappedamongthem.AslongasArcticplantsareclosetotheground,theycan balancetheirheatbudgets.Butifthey shouldstretchupasatreedoes,theywouldlift theirworkingparts,theirleaves,intothestreamingArcticwinds.Thenitislikelythat theplantscouldnotabsorbenoughheatfromthe Suntoavoidbeingcooledbelowa critical temperature.Yourheat budget does not balanceifyou stand tallin theArctic.Suchthinkingalsohelpsexplainothercharacteristicsofplantdesign.Adesert plant faces the opposite problem from that of an Arctic plant the danger of overheating.Itisshortofwaterandsocannotcoolitselfby evaporationwithout dehydrating.The familiarsticklikeshape ofdesertplantsrepresentsoneofthe solutionstothisproblem:the shapeexposes the smallestpossible surface toincoming solar radiationandprovidesthe largestpossiblesurfacefromwhichtheplantcan radiateheat.Intropicalrainforests,bywayofcontrast,thescorchingSunisnota problem forplants becausethereis sufficient water.Thisworkingmodelallowsustoconnect thegeneralcharacteristicsofthe formsofplantsindifferenthabitatswithfactorssuchastemperature,availabilityofwater,andpresence orabsence of seasonaldifferences.Our Earthiscoveredwitha patchworkquiltofmeteorologicalconditions,and thepatternsofthispatchworkare faithfullyreflected bytheplants.21.Thepassageprimarilyfocuses on which of the followingcharacteristics of plants?A.Their abilityto growequallywellin all environmentsB.Theireffects on the Earth'satmosphereC.Their abilityto storewater for dryperiodsD.Their abilityto balanceheat intakeand output22. According to the passage, which of the following is most responsible for preventingtrees fromgrowingtall in theArctic?A.Thehard, frozengroundB.Thesmallamountof available sunshineC.The cold, destructivewindsD.Thelargeamountof snowthat falls eachyear23.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe"sticklikeshapeofdesertplants"lines3-5(paragraph4)can beattributed to the .A. inabilityof theplantsto radiateheat to the air aroundthemB. presenceof irregularseasonal differences in thedesertC. largesurfaceareathatthe plants must exposetothe SunD.extreme heat andaridityof thehabitatPassage 6Toconductsomeformsofsleepresearch,wehavetofindaway totrack sleepinessovertheday.Somepeoplemightbelievethatmeasuring sleepinessisa fairly trivialtask.Couldn‟tyou,forinstance,simplycountthenumberoftimesa personyawns during any given hour orso?In most people‟s minds,yawning--that slow, exaggerated mouth opening with the long, deepinhalationofair,followedby abrieferexhalation--isthemostobvioussign ofsleepiness. Itisacommonbehaviorsharedbymanyanimals,includingourpet dogsand cats butalso crocodiles, snakes, birds,and even somefish.It is certainlytrue thatsleepy peopletendtoyawnmorethanwide-awakepeople.Itisalsotruethat peoplewhosay they arebored by whatishappeningatthemomentwilltendtoyawn morefrequently.However,whetheryawning isasignthatyouaregetting ready for sleeporthatyouaresuccessfully fightingoffsleepisnotknown.Simply stretching yourbody,asyoumightdoifyouhavebeensiringinthesamepositionforalong period oftime, will oftentrigger ayawn.Unfortunately,yawnsdon‟tjustindicatesleepiness.Insomeanimals,yawningis asignofstress.Whenadog trainerseesadogyawning inadog obedienceclass,itis usually asignthattheanimalisunderagooddealofpressure.Perhapsthehandleris pushing toohardormoving toofastforthedog tofeelincontrolofthesituation.A momentortwoofplayandthenturningtoanotheractivityisusuallyenoughto banishyawningforquiteawhile.Yawning canalsobeasignofstressinhumans.Once,whenobservingairborne troopsabouttotake their firstparachutejump,I noticedthatseveralof thesoldiers weresittingintheplaneandyawning.Itwasl0A.M.,justafteracoffeebreak,andI doubtedthattheyweretired；Iknewforafactthattheywerefartoonervoustobebored.WhenIaskedaboutthis,theofficerinchargelaughedandsaiditwasreally quitea common behavior, especiallyon the first jump.Thereisalsoasocialaspecttoyawning. Psychologistshaveplacedactorsin crowdedroomsandauditoriumsandhadthemdeliberatelyyawn. Withinmoments, thereisusuallyanincreaseinyawningbyeveryoneelseintheroom.Similarly, peoplewhowatchfilmsorvideosofothersyawningaremorelikelytoyawn.Even justreading aboutyawningtends to stimulatepeople toyawn.Thetruthofthematteris thatwereally don‟t knowwhatpurposeyawningserves. Scientistsoriginallythoughtthatthepurposeofyawningwastoincreasetheamount of oxygeninthe bloodor torelease some accumulatedcarbon dioxide. We now know thatthisisnottrue,sinceincreasing theconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheair seemsnottomakepeoplemorelikelytoyawnbuttomakethembreathefastertotry tobring inmoreoxygen.Ontheotherhand, breathing 100 percentpureoxygendoes not seem to reducethe likelihood ofyawning.Sinceyawning seemstobeassociatedwithalotmorethantheneedforsleep,we obviously havetofindsomeothermeasureofsleepiness.Someresearchershave simplytriedtoaskpeoplehowsleepytheyfeelatanytimeusingsomesortof self-ratingscale.Thereare,however,problemswithgettingpeopletomakethese typesofjudgments. Sometimespeoplesimplylietotheresearcherswhenasked abouthowsleepytheyare.Thisoccursbecauseinmanyareasofsocietyadmitting thatoneisfatiguedandsleepy isconsideredamarkofweaknessorlackofambition anddrive. Inotherinstances,peoplemayadmittheyneedfourcupsofcoffeeto makeitthroughthemorning,butitmay neveroccurtothemthatthismightbedueto thefactthattheyaresosleepythattheyneedstimulationfromcaffeinetobeableto do their required tasks. For these reasons, many researchers have developed analternatemethodtodeterminehowsleepy apersonis.Itisbaseduponasimple definition ofsleep need：Thegreateryour sleep need, orthe sleepieryou are, the faster you willfallasleep ifgiven the opportunityto doso.26. The question in lines 3-4(paragraph 1) is based on which of the following assumptions?A. Direct observation is the onlyreliable method of conductingsleep research.B. People willyawn most frequentlyin themoments beforetheyfallasleep.C. Thereis a direct correlation betweenyawningand sleepiness.D. Yawningis a behaviorover which individuals exert little conscious control.27.The author useswhich of the followingin thefourth paragraph?A. UnderstatementB. AnecdoteC. AnalogyD. Metaphor28.The author mentionsthe "coffeebreak"to emphasizethat a .A. briefrespitewas sorelyneededB. given attitudewas inappropriateC. specific responsewas understandableD. certain behavior was unexpected29.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostdirectlydisprovewhat"Scientists originallythought"?A. Carbondioxide does not affect people's breathingrates.B. Yawningdoesnotreducetheneedforsleep,thoughitmaymakeapersonfeel less tired.C. Becauseyawningbringsmoreairintothelungs, itcanincreasetherateat which oxygen is absorbed.D. Peopledonottendtoyawnmuchathighaltitudes,where oxygenlevelsintheair arelow.30.Thepassage as awhole is best characterized as.A. informativeB.confessionalC. philosophicalD. argumentativePartII.TranslationandWritingPartA TranslationSectionA:Translate the followinginto Chinese:Incomparisonwiththehumanworldofpasttimes,ourworldishighly complex. Becauseofitshighlydevelopedcommunications,eventsineverypartoftheglobe andofhumansociety areclosely interconnected.Therearenoisolateddisastersand thereis no progress that does not help the progress of all.This situation is reflectedin theminds of men. The contents ofmen‟s minds have alsobecomeworldwideinscopeandcomplexity.Itisnotenoughforaman,seeking thewelfareofhisownpeopleandcountry,toconsiderhisdomesticsituationin relationtohisimmediateneighbors.Worldtrendsencompasseveryoneofus,anditis byparticipatingin themand contributingin themthat weinfluenceour own future. Thehighesttaskbefore men‟s mindstoday istounderstand,tofightagainsttheforces ofregressionanddeath,tostrengthenandconvertintorealitythepossibilitywhich our world offers, as no previous world has offered,fora fuller life forallmen.Section B:Translate thefollowinginto English: 关于疾病及其起因的说法有很多。

英语试卷一【±q461533046】Part I Answer Dialogue Completion1. We will be shown around the city : schools , museums , and some other places , _________ othe r visitors seldom go .A. whatB. whichC. whereD. when2．The famous basketball star . __________ tried to make a comeback , attracted a lot of attention .A. whereB. whenC. whichD. who3．He is only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years .A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been4. Is this the reason __________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained5. The result of the experiment was very good , __________ we hadn’t expected .A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what6. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase . ________ was very reasonable .A. which priceB . the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose7. Caral said the work would be done by October , ________ personally I doubt very much .A. itB . thatC. whenD. which8. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play , __________ , of course , made the others unhappy .A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what9. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour , __________ was true .A. heB. thisC. whichD. who10. He must be from Africa, _________can be seen from his skin.A. thatB. asC. whoD. what11. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _________ leading actor is world famous ?A. itsB. it’sC. whoseD. which12. He was very rude to the customs office , _________ of course made things even worse .A. whoB. whomC. whatD. which13. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town __________ he grew up as a c hild .A. whichB. thatC. whereD. when14. I don’t like _________ you speak to her .A. the wayB. the way in thatD. the way of which15. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _________ in the forest .A. once they growB. they grew onceC. they once grewD. once grew16. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm , ________ many people have got h ome .A. whose timeB. thatC. on whichD. by which17. _________ we know , China will be an __________ powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time .A. That ; advancingB. This ; advancedC. As ; advancedD. It ; advancing18. I shall never forget those years __________ I lived in the country with the farmers , ________ has a great effect on my life .A. that ; whichB. when ; whichC. which ; thatD. when ; who19. The weather turned out to be very good , ________ was more than we could expect .A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it20. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person __________ she could turn for help .A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to whom21. He made another wonderful discovery , __________ of great importance to science.A. which I think isC. which I think itD. I think which is25. His son has become a doctor, ________ he wanted to be.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. what26. She said she was busy, _________ was a lie.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. that。

2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题翻译真题训练PART IV TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 15 points)The only advice, indeed, that one person can give another about reading is to take no advice. to follow your own instincts, to use your own reason, to come to your own conclusions. 1) If this is agreed between us, then I feel at liberty to put forward a few ideas and suggestions because you will not allow them to fetter (禁锢) that independence which is the most important quality that a reader can possess. After all, what laws can be laid down about books? The battle of Waterloo was certainly fought on a certain day; but is Hamlet a better play than Lear? Nobody can say. Each must decide that question for himself. 2) Everywhere else we may be bound by laws and conventions-there we have none. Then, how are we to bring order into this multitudinous chaos and get the deepest and widest pleasure from what we read?3) It is simple enough to say that since books have classes---fiction biography, poetry---we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. 4) If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, the signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other."We have only to compare"-with those words the cat is out of the bag, and the true complexity of reading is admitted. The first process, to receive impressions with the utmost understanding, is only half the process of reading; it must be completed, if we are to get the whole pleasure from a book, by another. 5) We must pass judgment upon these multitudinous impressions; we must make of these fleeting shapes one that is hard and lasting.2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题翻译参考译文【华慧考博独家解析: 参考译文】PART IV TRANSLATION1.如果我们对此达成共识，我就可以无拘束地提出一些看法和建议，因为你不会让这些看法和建议禁锢你的独立见解，而独立见解正是读者应具备的最重要的品质。

2014年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Most good writers use every means at their______to make the reader’s way smooth and easy.A．willB．disposalC．requestD．convenience正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。

没有at one’s will的搭配，而是at will“任意，随意”；at one’s disposal“可自行支配”；at one’s request“应某人请求”；at one’s convenience“在某人方便时”。

根据句意，只有B项符合题意。

2．John was so______in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.A．engagedB．occupiedC．absorbedD．concentrated正确答案：C解析：近义词辨析。

absorbed“全神贯注的”，只用于表示精力的集中，多用作表语，有be absorbed in(全神贯注于)这样一个搭配；concentrated“决心要做的，全力以赴的，集中的，密集的，浓缩的”，多用作定语。

concentrated表示精力的集中之意时，侧重于表示决心。

根据句中的was so的结构，absorbed更符合句意。

故答案为C。

3．Too much______to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.A．exposureB．disclosureC．contactD．connection正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。

2014年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．Hunting is thought to be______for the extinction of some wildlife.A．responsibleB．blamedC．chargedD．denounced正确答案：A解析：形容词词义辨析。

句意：狩猎被认为导致了一些野生动物的灭绝。

选项中可以与be…for搭配的只有选项A和选项B，responsible“负责任的”，短语搭配为be responsible for；B选项blame与for连用时，通常结构为to be blame for，主动结构表被动意义，不能使用blamed被动形式；becharged with为固定搭配，意为“被控告”；denounce“公然抨击”与语境不符。

故答案为A。

2．The American students came to our school in November, and we then made a______visit to theirs.A．reciprocalB．bilateralC．considerateD．rewarding正确答案：A解析：近义词辨析。

bilateral着重双边的、双方的关系。

reciprocal表示“互惠的，相应的”，强调有来有往和行为上有共同点。

句中提及在美国学生参观了我们学校之后，我们也要去参观他们的。

语境强调有来有往的互访，bilateral更合适。

considerate“体贴的，考虑周到的”；rewarding“有益的”不符合句意。

2014年黑龙江哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points) Passage 1Questions 1 ------ 5 are bashed on the following passage.The planet’s last intact expanses of forest are under siege. Eight thousand years ago, forests covered more than 23 million square miles, or about 40 percent of Earth’s land surface. Today, almost half of those forests have fallen to the ax, the chain saw, the matchstick, or the bulldozer.A map unveiled in March by the Washington-based World Resources Institute not only shows the locations of former forests, but also assesses the condition of today’s forests worldwide. Institute researchers developed the map with the help of the World Conservation Monitoring Center, the World Wildlife Fund, and 90 forest experts at a variety of universities, government organizations, and environmental groups.Only one-fifth of the remaining forests are still “frontier forests,”defined as relatively undisturbed natural forests large enough to support all of their native species. Frontier forests offer a number of benefits: They generate and maintainbiodiversity, protect watersheds, prevent flooding and soil erosion, and stabilize climate.Many large areas that have traditionally been classified as forest land don’t qualify as “frontier” because of human influences such as fire suppression and a patchwork of logging. “There’s surprisingly little intact forest left,” says research associate Dirk Bryant,the principal author of the report that accompanies the new map.In the report, Bryant, Daniel Nielsen, and Laura Tangley divide the world into four groups:76 countries that have lost all of their frontier forest; 11 nations that are “on the edge”; 28 countries with “not much time”; and onlyeight----including Canada, Russia, and Brazil-----that still have a “great opportunity” to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to berunning out of time: In the lower 48 states, says Bryant, “great opportunity” to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower48 states, says Bryant, “only 1 percent of the forest that was once there as frontier forest qualifies today.”Logging poses the biggest single threat to remaining frontier forests. “Our results suggest that 70 percent of frontier forests under threat are threatened by logging,” says Bryant. The practice of cutting timber also creates roads that cause erosion and open the forest to hunting, mining, firewood gathering, and land clearing for farms.What can protect frontier forests? The researchers recommend combining preservation with sustainable land use practices such as tourism and selective timber extraction. “I t’s possible to restore frontiers,” says Bryant, “but the cost and time required to do so would suggest that the smart approach is to husband the remaining frontier forest before it’s gone.”1.What is the main idea of the passage?A.The present situation of frontier forest on Earth.B.The history of ecology.C.The forest map in the past.D.Beautiful forests in different parts of the world.2.The word “unveiled” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.A. evaluatedB. decoratedC. designedD. made public3.Frontier forests have which of the following benefits?A.They keep climate stable.B.They enhance timber industry.C.They provide people with unique scenery.D.They are of various types.4.The phrase “on the edge” in Paragraph 5 probably means .A surrounded by frontier forestB near frontier forestC about to lose their frontier forestD under pressure5.According to the passage, roads created by timber-cutting make it possible for people to.A travel to other places through the short –cut Bexploit more forest landC find directions easily Dprotect former forestsPassage 2Questions 6 ------ 10 are based on the following passage.To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box hasto be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lip opened and removed; the lid opened and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping isnot confined to luxuries: it is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that isnot done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put our by the average London household each week. So why is it done? Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most ofthe rest is simply competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up the environment.Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types ofpackaging. Just how possible is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and recycle it as egg-boxes? Would it be cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the material most used for packaging ----------------------------- 20 million paper bagsare apparently used in Great Britain each day ----------- but very little is salvaged.A machine has been developed that pulps paper, and then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices, the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable.Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned tothe dairies, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were madeof plastic, then British dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastictubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs. It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and reuse of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones. Unnecessary packaging, intendedto be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.6.The sentence “This insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries” means that.A not enough wrapping is used for luxuriesB more wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary productsC it is not only for luxury products that too much wrapping is usedD thewrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary7.The local authorities are .A the Town CouncilB the policeC the paper manufacturersD the most influential citizens8 .If paper is to be recycled, .A more forests will have to be plantedB the use of paper bags will have to be restrictedC people will have to use different dustbins for their rubbishD thelocal authorities will have to reduce the price of paper9.British dairies are .A producing enough plastic tubing to go round the world in less than a weekB giving up the use of glass bottlesC increasing the production of plastic bottles Dreusing their old glass bottles10.The environmentalists think that .A more plastic packaging should be usedB plastic is the most convenient form of packagingC toomuch plastic is wastedD shops should stop using plastic containersPassage 3Questions11 ------- 18 are based on the following passage.The tragic impact of the modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from aesthetics,the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city andits cultural potentials to the products of science and technology: washing machines,central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets, He is,at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, a car driver, and has never had it so good.He is reluctant to walk. Statistics reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off-street parking facilities, the cities are littered with kerb-parked cars and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars perhousehold system may soon make matters worse.In the meantime, insult is added to injury by “land value”. The value of land results from its use: its income and its value increase. “Putting land to its highest and best use”becomes the principal economic standard in urban growth. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population lead to the “vertical” growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create no re of it.Partial decentralization, or rather, pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town, if it is not combined with remodeling of the town’s transportation system, it does not cure it. Here the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections, which in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall haveto radically to replan them to achieve a rational densities of population we have to provide in them what can be called minimum “psychological elbow room”. One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process where facts are essential. We must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town, if we want toplan effectively.The principal unit in this process is “IM”(one man). We must not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will of the people. Scientific methods of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrument. The “man-educated” man, the human, will have to set the target, and using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment. He will have to use his high moral sense of responsibility to the community and to future generations.11.The main concern of this passage is with .A city cultureBland value in citiesC city congestionD decentralization12.I t can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times .A paid more attention to material benefitsB had a stronger sense of beautyC were more desirous about the development of science and technologyD enjoyed more freedom and democracy13.T he highly-developed technology has made man .A increasingly industriousB free from inconvenienceC excessively dependent on external aidsD ableto save his physical strength14 The drastic increase of land value in the city .A is the good result of economic developmentB offers more opportunities to land dealersC isannoyingly artificial and meaninglessD fortunately leads to the “vertical” growth of cities15. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may .A solve the problem of city congestionB result in the remodeling of the town’s transportation systemC bringthe same congestion to the suburban areasD need less investment on land16the main purpose of the author is to . .A point out a problem and criticize itB advocate that all cities need to be re-planned and remodeledC pointout the significance of solving the problemD criticize a problem and try to find a solution to it17the author suggests that the remodeling of cities must .A put priority to the benefit of the future generationsB be focused on people rather than on economy.C beeconomically profitable to land ownersD resort to scientific methods18who will probably like to read articles of this kind/A businessmenB economistsC urban peopleD rural peoplePassage 4Questions 19 ------ 25 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout: the cutter claw is long and slender.Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability oneither the right or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter-like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspectof this development was discovered by Victor Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth of fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a laterjuvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry, the intact and the regenerated claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that the conditions tat trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact but in anonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is thatdifferential use of the claws determine their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws,initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher.To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by burrowing in the substratum.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric slaws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.19the passage is primarily concerned with .A drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humansB developing a method for predicting whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear onthe left or right sideC explaining differences between lobsters’crusher claws and cutter clawsD discussing a possible explanation for the bilateral asymmetry in lobsters 20 each ofthe following statements about the development of a lobster’s crusher claw is supported by information in the passage except .A It can be stopped on one side and begin on the other after the juvenile sixth stage.B It occurs gradually over a number of stages.C It is initially apparent in the juvenile sixth stage.D It can occur even when a prospective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixth stage. 21which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearlycontradict the findings of Victor Emmel?A.A left cutter-like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.B.A left cutter-like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.C.A left cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher clawdevelops on the lift side.D.Both cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw developson the left side.22It can be inferred that of the two laboratory environments mentioned in the passage,the one with oyster ships was designed to .A prove that the presence of oyster chips was not necessary for the development of a crusher clawB prove that the relative length of time that the lobsters were exposed to the oyster-chip environment had little impact on the development of a crusher clawC eliminate the environment as a possible influence in the development of a crusher clawD simulate the conditions that lobsters encounter in their natural environment 23 It canbe inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stagesof development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are .A likely to be less activeB likely to be less symmetrical Cmore likely to lose a clawD more likely to regenerate a lost claw24which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?A the loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of developmentB theloss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of development C the loss ofa claw during the sixth stage of developmentD Development in an environment short of material that can be manipulated25the author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when pairedclaws remain intact as .A irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmel’s observationsB likelyin view of present evidenceC contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiationD purelyspeculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentationPassage 5Questions 26 ------ 33 are based on the following passage.It has always been difficult for the philosopher or scientist to fit time into his view of the universe. Prior to Einsteinian physics. However, even the Einsteinian formulation is not perhaps totally adequate to the job of fitting time into the proper relationship with the other dimensions, as they are called, of space. The primary problem arises in relationship to things which might be going faster than the speed of light ,or have other strange properties.Examination of the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas yields the interesting speculation that if something did actually exceed the speed of light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number and would seem to be going backward in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactlythe speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a large quantum jump---------------------------------------------------------------------- which seemshighly unlikely for masses that are large in normal circumstances ------------- then theother side may be achievable.There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particle called the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have just discussed.One difficulty of imagining and coping with these potential implications of our mathematical models points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Professor Zuckerkandl, in his book “Sound and Symbol”, hypothesizes that it might be better to express the relationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time a special relationship to other factors or parameters or dimensions. Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to express the relationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, and cannot be treated as just another dimension.The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basic physical processes, is that time does not appear ----------- either by commonexperience or sophisticated scientific understanding ----------- to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, and is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to mass -------------------- t hat is to say, by the interaction of differentforms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind the equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field.This is not at variance with Einstein’s theories, since the “faster’ a give mass moves the more the more energy was applied to it and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirmed by experience are, it seems, consonant with this concept.26the “sound” in the title of professor Zukerkand1’s book probably refers to .A the music of the spheres Bmusic in the abstractC musical notationD the seemingly musical sounds produced by tachyons 27 Thepassage supports the inference that .A. Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrongB the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein’s theoriesC tachyons do not have the same sort of mass as any other particlesD it isimpossible to travel at precisely the speed of light28. The tone of the passage is .A critical but hopefulB hopeful but suspiciousC suspicious but speculative Dspeculative but hopeful29 the central idea of the passage can be best described as which of the following?A.Irregularities in theoretical physics notation permit intriguing hypotheses and indicate the need for refined notation of time dimension.B.New observations require the development of new theories and new methods of describing the theories.C.Einsteinian physics can be much improved on in its treatment of tachyons.D.Zuckerkandl’s theories of tachyon formulation are preferable to Einstein’s. 30 According to the author, it is too soon to .A adopt proposals such as Zuckerkand1’sB planfor time travelC study particle chambers for tachyon traces Dattempt to improve current notation31it can be inferred that the author sees Zuckerkand1 as believing thatmathematicsis a .A languageB musical notationC great hindrance to full understanding of physics Ddifficult field of study32in the first sentence, the author refers to “philosopher” as well as to“scientist”because .A he wants to show his respect for themB philosophers study all things in the worldC the study of the methods of any field is both a philosophical and scientific questionD the nature of time is a basic question in philosophy as well as physics33when the passage says the “particle called the tachyon may exist”, the reader may infer that .A the tachyon was named before it existedB tachyons are imaginary in existence as well as massC the tachyon was probably named when its existence was predicted by theory but its existence was not yet known.D many scientific ideas may not exist in fact.Passage 6Questions 34 ------- 40 are based on the following passage.The term “remote sensing’’refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed bymechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first mutispectral digital dada set from the multispectral scanner(MSS)aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attractedthe attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and thecharting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic revolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geological maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility, and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques, it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small areas, the continuity of regional features that had intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent.However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specially for geologic purposes; but, to be most effective, remote sensing data must still be combinedwith data from field surveys, laboratory tests, and the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.34which of the following can be measured by the optomechanical scanner but not byvisible light photography?A.The amount of visible light reflected from oceans.B.Daily temperature changes of areas on the Earth’s surface.C.The degree of radioactivity emitted by exposed rocks on the earth’s surface.D.Atmospheric conditions over large landmasses.。

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I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each) Directions: Read the following six passages. Answerthe questions below each passage by choosing [A],[B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giantenterprises directed by a bureaucratic managementin which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in themachinery. The oiling is done with higher wages,Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact,the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. ············．·············The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job;they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life.They live and die without ever having confrontedthe fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than thoseof their subordinates. They are even more insecurein some respects. They are in a highly competitiverace. To be promoted or to fall behind is not amatter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, theyare tested for intelligence as well as for theright mixture of submissiveness and independence.From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a bigbusiness, and by their superiors, who judge theirbehavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good asor better than one's fellow-competitor createsconstant anxiety and stress, the very causes ofunhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to thepreindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise”capitalism? Certainly not.Problems the never solved by returning to a stagewhich one has already outgrown. I suggesttransforming our social system form, abureaucratically managed industrialism in which ············．·············maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in whichman and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims ofsocial arrangements. Production and consumptionshould serve only as means to this end and shouldbe prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery”the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though eachindividual's function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest ofthe society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with therest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especiallywhen working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interestin life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence············．·············3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those ____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____. [A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author's attitude towards industrialism mightbest be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[D] susceptibility[C] suspicionPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis isstaffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, ············．·············crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows thatpainstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowlydesert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions ofthe 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening thesky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is alreadycreating great destruction in the Middle East andis now treating southern Europe. The current crisisbegan in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusuallyrainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan,making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust,which lays its eggs in the earth. The insectonslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite atenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. Agood-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a singlenight.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S.has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000gal. of pesticide. The European Community hasdonated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. Butrelief efforts are hampered by the relativemildness of approved pesticides, which quickly losetheir deadly punch and require frequentreplications. The most effective locust killerDieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by ············．·············many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.············．·············[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful dueto the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer,has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.············．·············Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion”for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow's sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disasterthat resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have beensettled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to actingas moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission's rolein evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty ············．·············International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is thata really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog's examination of Dow Chemical's current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.”said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done tothe victims. Who is responsible for that injusticeis a matter for the courts and a matter for others.We have a specific remit and terms of referencethat we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press”has been made to wands many of Locog's sustainability target,but that “major challenges”remain.In particular, the commission found that therewas no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they're not going to do it through renewable energy,”said ············．·············McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven't done it.”11. Why was Dow's sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can't reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission's role[B] Commission's achievements[C] Commission's complaints[D] Commission's defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row”(Para. 1)?[A] line [B] argument[D] course[C] boating14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available. ············．·············15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow's way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow's sponsorship.[D] IOC's review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initialpublic offering, activists are seizing the momentto pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women's rights group called Ultraviolet, whichhas been running an online petition that claims tohave attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and areresponsible for the majority of sharing and fanactivity on the site,”the group says in a blurbaccompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it's bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, ············．·············criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on theseven-member board. “seven white men: That's ridiculous,”the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, whichlists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors thatsays:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a socialmission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board,activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg's thinking is flawed. “If you're trying to expand acompany globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,”she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook's board all have the same skills-they're mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketed to women. When you're putting together a board, you don't want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear tobe a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantiallybetter than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, ············．·············companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to returnon invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for afemale board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek somediversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not commenton clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook”through theInternet.[C] It has the support of many female celebritiessuch as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition ofFacebook's board of directors.············．·············[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg's establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with”in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____. [A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with[D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as yourboard members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialties and can contributedifferent skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members. [B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have female board members. ············．·············[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world's richest country,who do not have college degrees and aren't gettingthem anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories aboutrecent college graduates spinning their wheels asbaristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group,finding work that pays a living wage and offerssome sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversationabout whether college is worth it given the debtburden it entails, most high school graduateswithout college degrees said they believe theywould be unable to get good jobs without moreeducation.Getting it is challenging, though, and not onlybecause of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour andher husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 andanother due next month. She said she triedenrolling in college classes, but the workloadbecame too stressful with such young children. Mr. ············．·············McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.”These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They weresimilarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor's degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.············．·············21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels”mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help[D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour”try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for thisgeneration compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not assuccessful as their parents.············．·············[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completelytrustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of thesurvey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote anallegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a oneparty police-sate presided over by an all-powerfulfigure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures ofthe nasty world described by Orwell was itssystematic misuse of language, which went by thename of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truththrough the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by differentpeople today, with similar effects. In all areas ofpublic administration, the words “spouse”, “husband”············．·············and “wife”have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantiallydifferent in meaning, and convey differentrealities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated thatthe personal pronoun “he”must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person whosupported vigilante action against homosexuals, isnow being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seenmost obviously around social issues, it is alsobeing used systematically to shape political debate.So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme,which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The factis that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution”at all, but rather with emissionsof the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government's own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels,either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically ············．·············manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the newdebased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult insituations where constant usage has alreadynormalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such termsare used, they should be identified for what theyare: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions isINCORRECT about George Orwell's allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in thefuture.[B] One of the features in the novel is themisuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in theworld.[D] It was written in the 20th century.············．·············27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he”be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner”has taken the place of “husband”and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic”is now being employed to refer to defend conventional understanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy”is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used toillustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen insocial issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated inthe age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to acertain extent.29. The underlined word “credible”in Para. 3 means______.[A] reliable [B] correct。

2014年浙江大学考博真题和参考答案1.听力Part A 原文：In my opinion, technology has become too advanced. I am 17-years-old, and I can still remember a time when I did not have a computer in my home, and if you did, it was uncommon. Not until the mid-1990s was it common for（middle class families）to have computers. In our society today, almost every single family has at least one computer if not more, and these computers are incredibly advanced compared to what you'd have had in your home a short ten years ago. Over the years, I have seen technology bloom; all I have known my entire lifetime, is that there is going to be something bigger, I should really say smaller, and better （out on the market）in no time. I can't believe how fast manufacturers are coming out with new technology. What will happen in the future, will technology become so advanced is changes the course of our humanity? You can do everything you want from a computer, work, play,（talk to friends）, research, and even order food! A person could live their entire life jammed up in a room with a computer, and they would have access to everything they need! It is insane! The advances in communication technology are blowing up all over the place as well. I, myself just bought a new camera phone, and this phone is amazing. The picture quality is superb, and not only that but I （have access to the）internet on my PHONE! I can't believe how the cell phone market has so drastically increased. The first phone I ever had was five years ago, when I was 12 years old. That phone today would be considered huge, clunky, heavy, and "old". I personally couldn't even imagine myself walking around with that phone （without being embarrassed）. It just goes to show how much things have changed in five years, and people just keep on taking it all in. Every time I have bought a new phone since that point, six months later, I have wanted a new one because my phone was not up to date. Can you believe it, after not even a year a phone can completely go off the market because it is not advanced enough? The manufacturers are putting these things out faster than people can buy them.2. 听力Part B 原文括号内为答案It is an honor to speak with you today on the issue of（public health disparities）. I would first like to thank the organizations that made this event possible. This has truly been a collaborative effort among a diverse group of constituents. I think this sets a positive tone and precedent for a healthy and spirited discussion. As many of you may know, reforming and improving our health care system is an issue that is close to my heart. I believe that in the richest and most powerful country in the world, we ought to be able to provide （basic health care）to all of our citizens. It is vitally important that we lessen the impact and burden of illness on all people in communities, regardless of race, gender, or religions. Our discussions today are critically important to rectify the injustices that many people face in our current health care system. Today’s sessions have a greater purpose than mere discussions and networking opportunities----today’s conference signifies an increased and （necessary call for action）among our region’s top health professionals. Public health is directly connected to poverty, income, education, and community. We cant’ look at health care in a silo and assume it is only a luxury for the well off. Health care needs to be provided to all people of all color. We are morally responsible for （improving the disparities in health care）because a healthy society is the foundation on which we build our schools, our neighborhoods, and our economy. Health care is not a privilege----it is a right. I know we have along road to travel inachieving equality in health status. I know that everyone here knows this. And I am hopeful that perhaps more people than ever are（finally waking up to this reality）.Part C1 原文3个选择题There were very few places in the world that Jules Verne, the writer,, did not visit. He went round the world a hundred times or more. Once he did it in eighty days, unheard of in the nineteenth century. He voyaged sixty thousand miles under the sea, toured around the moon, exploded the center of the earth, and chatted with natives in Australia. Jules Verne, the man, was a stay-at-home. He was more likely to be tired from writing than from traveling. He did make a few visits to Europe and North Africa. And he made one six-week tour of New York State. But that was all. He spent less than one of his seventy-seven years really traveling. Yet he was the world’s most extraordinary tourist. His books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually went hunting only once. Then he raised his gun and shot off the guard’s hat! He never held a test tube in his hand. But he was an inspiration to the scientist in the laboratory. Long before radio was invented, he had TV working in his books. His name for it was phono-telephoto. He had helicopters fifty years before the Wright brothers flew their first plane at Kitty Hawk. In fact, there were few wonders of the twentieth century that this man of the nineteenth century did not foresee. In his stories you can read about neon lights, moving sidewalks, air-conditioners, sky-scrapers, guided missiles, tanks, electrically operated submarines, and air-planes,and so on.第一个问题问这个人是干什么的选the writerPart C2 原文第2篇 3个选择题Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contact with them. Their values—this can’t be repeated too often—are not necessarily our values. Physical comfort, cleanness and order are not necessarily the most important things. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flat with decaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying alone in bed, taking no notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist that they go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better care of? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms, think we are in danger of carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious risks are being taken with the health and safety of the old.Indeed, the old can be easily hurt or harmed. The body is like a car, it needs more mechanical maintenance as it gets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spare parts. But never forget that such operations are painful experiences, however good the results will be. And at what point should you stop to treat the old body? Is it morallyright to try to push off death by seeking the development of drugs to excite the forgetful old mind and to activate the old body, knowing that it is designed to die? You can’t ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so long as they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them a try, on the principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.第三篇Animals do not possess a language in the true sense of the word. In the higher vertebrates, as also in insects, particularly in the socially living species of both great groups, every individual has a certain number of inmate movements and sounds for expressing feelings. It has also innate ways of reacting to these signals whenever it sees or hears them in a fellow-member of the species. The highly social species of birds such as the jackdaw or the graylag goose, have a complicated code of such signals which are uttered and understood by every bird without any previous experience. The perfect co-ordination of social behaviour which is brought about by these actions and reactions conveys to the human observer the impression that the birds are talking and understanding a language of the own. Of course, this purely innate signal code of an animal species differs fundamentally from human language, every word of which must be learned laboriously by the human child. Moreover, being a genetically fixed character of the species—just as much as any bodily character—this so-called language is, for every individual animal species, ubiquitous in its distribution. Obvious though this fact may seem, it was, nevertheless, with something akin to naïve surprise that I heard the jackdaws in northern Russia “talk”exactly the same, familiar “dialect”as my birds at home in Altenberg. The superficial similarity between these animal utterances and human languages diminishes further as it becomes gradually clear to the observer that the animal, in all these sounds and movements expressing its emotions, has in no way the conscious intention of influencing a fellow member of its species. This is proved by the fact that even geese or jackdaws reared and kept singly make all these signals as soon as the corresponding mood overtakes them. Under these circumstances the automatic and even mechanical character of these signals becomes strikingly apparent and reveals them as entirely different from human words.二.（15题，15分）单选题（顺序打乱了）The two friends sat in a corner and __B__ away to each other about the weather．a．talked b．chatted c．muttered d．whisperedHe is going to __D__ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute．a．speak b．talk c．remark d．addressAlthough not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's ___A___ policies.a. economicb. economicalc. economyd. economicsThere are not many teachers who are strong _C_of traditional methods in English teaching.a. sponsorsb. contributorsc. advocatesd. performersA friendship may be ___B___ , casual, situational or deep and lasting.a. identicalb. superficialc. criticald. originalNobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _C_ down the economy.a. putb. settlec. dragd. knockWe are _D_ to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force.a. equalb. adequatec. considerated. sympatheticPeople were surprised to find that Mr. Johnson had the ability to ___B__ everything he was involved in.a. Prevailb. dominatec. presided. instructYou can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the __D__ it involves.a. forceb. trialc. attemptd. effortThe manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for __D__ her attitude toward customers.a. straightforwardb. partialc. favorabled. hostileYou must pack plenty of food for the journey. __D__, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too.a. Equallyb. Incidentallyc. Inevitablyd. LikewiseThis __B_ was conducted to find out how many people prefer rice.a. examinationb. surveyc. inspectiond. testAs a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals __B__ a substance to absorb harmful chemicalsa. relieveb. releasec. dismissd. discardHe said that very clearly so that nobody was in any___B__ about what was meant.a. wonderb. doubtc. questiond. consideration三.完形填空（20题20分）Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they (1) . Yet, all living things still show the (2) of aging, which will eventually (3) death. Aging is not a disease, （4）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the (5) they form do not function as well as they did in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less (6) against disease and is more (7) to have accident. A number of related causes may (8) aging. Some cells of the body have a （9）long life, but they are not (10) when they die. As a person ages, (11) of brain cells and muscle cells decreases. Other body cells die and are（12）by new cells. In an aging person the new cells may not be as workable or as capable (13) growth as those of a young person. Another (14) in aging may be changes within the cells(15). Some of the protein chemicals in cells are known to change with age and become less elastic. This is (16) the skin of old people wrinkles and hangs loose. This is also the reason why old people (17) in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, （18）DNA and RNA, store and (19) information that the cells need.Aging may affect this (20) and change the informationcarrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well.1.C A．would B．be used to C．used to D．used2.B A．function B．effect C．affect D．sign3.D A．lead in B．give in C．run into D．result in4.but5.D A．hands B．feet C．heart D．organs6.B A．energy B．protection C．vigor D．power7.A A．likely B．probable C．possible D．alike8.B A．attend to B．contribute to C．add to D．devote to9.fairly10.A A．replaced B．reborn C．recovered D．surrendered11.C A．a number B．the amount C．the number D．a great deal12.replaced13.C A．to B．for C．of D．in14.A A．factor B．effect C．reason D．element15.C A．for themselves B．of themselves C．themselves D．on their own16.why17.B A．increase B．shrink C．lengthen D．decrease18.such as19.D A．pass away B．pass by C．pass off D．pass on20.D A．improvement B．procession C．approach D．process四阅读（4篇，20分）阅读第一篇In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. one kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". this occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, it is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." this occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.Every day, we grow and have new experiences. we constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.1. the author's main purpose in writing the passage is to _B_.a) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionb) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningc) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learningd) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced2.if your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though _B_ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.a) classical conditioningb) operant conditioningc) neither of themd) some other sorts of conditioning3. if a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through _A_.a) classical conditioningb) operant conditioningc) both of themd) neither of them4. in the third paragraph, the author is _D_.a) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayb) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioningc) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so ond) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning5. in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss __C_.a) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelingsb) the third kind of learningc) further examples of learning through operant conditioningd) none of the above阅读第2篇，Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad or worse than the hazards of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then, let's pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars inthis country. Let's put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer--alcoholism.But wait. We've already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in the United States. They were shut down abilished by an amendment to the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of "intoxicating liquors". Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why?Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. Crime and drunkenness were both supposed to decline as a rusult of prohibition. Instead, people drank nore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol.1. Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the V olstead Act? Aa) There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism.b) There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages.c) Without liquor, people would not drink.d) People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance.2. During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was_C___.a) sold openlyb) no longer a temptationc) a major factor in the passage of the Volstead Actd) brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders3. During Prohibition, people__B__.a) lived in fear of the lawb) were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquorc) recklessly endangered their comunitiesd) were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them4. When enacting the prohibition law, government officials assumend that__D__.a) every American would buy alcohol illegallyb) all criminal activities would ceasec) patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcohold) the social threat from drunkerness would decline5. It can be inferred from the passage that__A__.a) the Congress was wise to repeal Prohibitionb) the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkennessc) during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinkingd) laws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages第三篇As people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives.Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you are under is yet another. But scientists studying senescence want to know: Why do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life.There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world.What we consider old age now may only be middle-aged someday soon. Who knows with so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years!1. When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “bounce back” here means __A__.A. to improve in health after one‟s disease and injuryB. to run fastC. to recover from disease and injuryD. to jump after recovering2. In order to live longer, ___A___.A. we should postpone the process of agingB. we should try to do some exerciseC. we have to try to be on a dietD. we should keep in high spirits3. Why are some scientists interested in studying senescence? ___B___A. They may be able to find better ways to our lifeB. If they pin down the biochemical process that makes us age, there will be hope for extending the length of lifeC. They want find out if there is a link between how efficiently a cell could repair itself and how long a creature livesD. They want to increase the general ability of our bodies4. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time of living, because ____A__.A. they have a very good understanding of themselves and the outside worldB. they have nothing to do all day long only to watch their grandchildren growing up around themC. they have come through the battle of life safelyD. they consider their life has been a successful one5. According t o the passage, “spans” means ____B_____.A. a long period of timeB. a length of timeC. a long distance from one place to anotherD. longevity第四篇Any country has good reason to want its citizens to be as healthy as possible, since one of its greatest resources is an active population. No country wants its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health.This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. In Britain this has developed into a “Welfare State” in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, can get most health treatment free. The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees.As three decades have shown, such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and there are arguments for and against the Health Service. The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated. This means that the people who work for the Health Service—doctors, nurses and other hospital staff—have much more routine work to do and as a result they have little time for preventive medicine. The Health Service does need more staff—a need that can only be met if more money is made available to it.However, a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves. Sometimes this free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they don’t really need to. Because they have so manypatients, doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can give them more time. In fact, some wealthy people feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatment to others.46. In the author’s view, Britain is a Welfare State in that __A__.A. all citizens are entitled to a free medical treatment in some senseB. poor, unlike the rich, could enjoy free medical treatmentC. health service is highly developed in BritainD. Brit ain doesn’t allow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health47. We can infer from the passage that __B__.A. the Health Service is introduced to many other countries by BritainB. the Health Service has been introduced and developed for 30 years in BritainC. an active population is the greatest resource in BritainD. all citizens in Britain have a good opinion of the Health Service48. The best title for the passage would be __D__.A. A Welfare StateB. Importance of the Health ServiceC. Disadvantages of the Health ServiceD. The Health Service49. The author mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because __C__.A. their doctors can give them more time leave from workB. those doctors have better medical instrumentsC. they might save some money for the poorD. their doctors have a stronger sense of responsibility for the patients50. The word “abused” (Par. 4) means __B__.A. destroyedB. used in wrong wayC. ignoredD. wasted五汉译英（25分）2013年12月份以来，中国25个省份、100多座大中城市再次遭遇雾霾侵袭。

2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that theradiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health,without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive. 51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitations。

2014年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．The village______my grandfather grew up in is not far from the town.A．whatB．whereC．whereverD．which正确答案：D解析：此处考查定语从句，先行词是the village，因为从句my grandfather grew up in后面有介词in，所以用关系代词which。

2．What’s your attitude______his criticism?A．againstB．forC．towardsD．in正确答案：C解析：考查固定用法。

attitude towards sth．是固定的用法，“对……的态度”。

故选C项。

3．If I had a car of my own, I______it to your sister yesterday.A．will lendB．would lendC．should lendD．would have lent正确答案：D解析：考查虚拟语气。

would have done为固定形式，表示本应该做某事而没有做。

句意为：如果我自己有一辆车，昨天就已经借给她了。

故选D项。

4．The newcomers found it impossible to______themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country.A．suitB．adaptC．regulateD．coordinate正确答案：B解析：句子大意为：刚来的人们发现适应新国家的气候是不可能的。

【华慧考博：参考译文】互联网或书籍是否有利于学校教育的讨论，是建立在信息作为媒介的假定之上。
【华慧考博：结构分析】句子结构简单，主干为the debate is conducted on the supposition。as to whether the Internet or books are a boon to school education引导的主语从句作同位语。后面的that引导的是同位语从句。
But the literary world is still better at helping you become cultivated, mastering significant things of lasting importance. To learn these sorts of things, you have to defer to greater minds than your own. You have to take the time to immerse yourself in a great writer's world. You have to respect the authority of the teacher.
These different cultures foster different types of learning. The great essayist Joseph Epstein once distinguished between being well informed, being hip and being cultivated. The Internet helps you become well informed knowledgeable about current events, the latest controversies and important trends. The Internet also helps you become hip - to learn about what's going on, as Epstein writes, "in those lively waters outside the boring mainstream."