外文翻译(张雷)

推荐序中介分析的初衷在于揭示变量间作用的“机制”，最简单的完全中介模型就是包含一个中介变量的模型，即X→M→Y。

在中国知网平台《心理学报》发表论文的初步内容分析发现，2000年以来涉及“中介”分析的论文发表数量呈缓慢增长趋势，特别是，2016年以来每年约10篇左右的论文涉及到“中介”分析。

在众多探讨中介方法的中文文献中，尤其以温忠麟、侯杰泰、张雷老师合作发表的《中介效应检验程序及其应用》、《调节效应与中介效应的比较和应用》两篇文章最为引人注目，引用率高达8000余次，对于推动国内心理学界更多、更正式地使用中介分析做出了有目共睹的贡献。

这种趋势还是继续。

国内有限的几本发表实证研究的期刊，再也很难看到没有中介调节分析而能发表的非实验类、非综述类的文章了。

据初步估计，本校心理学本科生的论文中70%左右有用到中介分析，而心理学硕士学位论文使用中介分析的比例几乎高达90%，但用错、报告错、得出奇怪结论的情况总是难免，但研究者有时不自知、他人也不容易发现。

这当中，所引用的外文文献都比较一致地指向2004年发表于的一篇文章：《SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models》，引用率已突破6000次，这其中可能还不包括规模庞大的中文期刊论文以及中国学士以上学位论文引用的人数。

个人推测，这篇文章最受欢迎之处在于它提供了傻瓜式的宏。

然而，真正阅读英文原文的本科生和研究生人数可能并不乐观，老师们也未必能有雅兴拜读这篇原文。

本次推介的目的，反而并不是要介绍“宏”，而是尽量准确地翻译作者开发宏背后的“理”；误差也是难免的，请大家指正，是为序。

SPSS和SAS宏程序在简单中介模型的间接效应估计中的应用KRISTOPHER J. PREACHER北卡罗来纳大学ANDREW F . HAYES俄亥俄州立大学摘要：中介分析（mediation analysis）常用来间接评估假设的某个原因是否通过中介变量（mediator）对结果产生影响。

Corpus Linguistics and Translation StudiesImplications and ApplicationsMona BakerCobuild, BirminghamAbstractThe rise of corpus linguistics has serious implications for any discipline in which language plays a major role. This paper explores the impact that the availability of corpora is likely to have on the study of translation as an empirical phenomenon. It argues that the techniques and methodology developed in the field of corpus linguistics will have a direct impact on the emerging discipline of translation studies, particularly with respect to its theoretical and descriptive branches. The nature of this impact is discussed in some detail and brief reference is made to some of the applications of corpus techniques in the applied branch of the discipline.0.IntroductionA great deal of our experience of and knowledge about other cultures is mediated through various forms of translation, including written translations, sub-titling, dubbing, and various types of interpreting activities. The most obvious case in point is perhaps literature. Most of us know writers such as Ibsen, Dostoyevsky and Borges only through translated versions of their works. But our reliance on translation does not stop here. Our understanding of political issues, of art, and of various other areas which are central to our lives is no less dependent on translation than our understanding of world literature.Given that translated texts play such an important role in shaping our experience of life and our view of the world, it is difficult to understand why translation has traditionally been viewed as a second-rate activity, not worthy of serious academic enquiry, and why translated texts have been regarded as no more than second-hand and distorted versions of …real‟ text s. If they are to be studied at all, these second-hand texts are traditionally analysed with the (233) sole purpose of proving that they inevitably fall short of reproducing all the glory of the original. A striking proof of the low status accorded to translated texts comes from the young but by now well-established field of corpus linguistics. A recent survey commissioned by the Network of European Reference Corpora, an EEC-funded project, shows that many corpus builders in Europe specifically exclude translated text from their corpora.1 Thisis presumably done on the grounds that translated texts are not representative and that they might distort our view of the …real‟ language under investigation. It is perhaps justifiable to exclude translated texts which are produced by non-native speakers of the language in question, but what justification can there be for excluding translations produced by native speakers, other than that translated texts per se are thought to be somehow inferior or contrived? Biased as it may be, this traditional view of translation implies, in itself, an acknowledgement of the fact that translational behavior is different from other types of linguistic behavior, quite irrespective of the translator‟s mastery of the target language.The starting point of this paper is that translated texts record genuine communicative events and as such are neither inferior nor superior to other communicative events in any language. They are however different, and the nature of this difference needs to be explored and recorded. Moreover, translation should be taken seriously by related disciplines such as linguistics, literary theory and cultural and communication studies, not least because these disciplines can benefit from the results of research carried out in the field of translation. At the same time, as a phenomenon which pervades almost every aspect of our lives and shapes our understanding of the world, the study of translation can hardly be relegated to the periphery of other disciplines and sub-disciplines, those listed above being no exception. What is needed is an academic discipline which takes the phenomenon of translation as its main object of study. For many scholars, this discipline now exists. Some refer to it as the …science of translation‟, other as …translatology‟, but the most common term used today is …translation studies‟.Eco (1976:7) distinguishes between a discipline and a field of study. The first has “its own method and a precise object” (my emphasis). The second has “a repertoi re of interests that is not as yet completely unified”. It could be argued that translation studies is still largely a “field of study” in Eco‟s terms. The vast majority of research carried out in this, shall we say emerging discipline, is still concerned exclusively with the relationship between specific source and target texts, rather than with the nature of translated text as such. This relationship is generally investigated using notions such as equivalence, (234) correspondence, and shifts of translation, which betray a preoccupation with practical issues such as the training of translators. More important, the central role that these notions assume in the literature points to a general failure on the part of the theoretical branch of the discipline to define its object of study and to account for it. Instead of exploring features of translated texts as our object of study, we are still trying either to justify them or dismiss them by reference to their originals.It is my belief that the time is now ripe for a major redefinition of the scope and aims of translation studies, and that we are about to witness a turning point in the history of the discipline. I would like to argue that this turning point will come as a direct consequence of access to large corpora of both original and translated texts, and of the development of specific methods and tools for interrogating such corpora inways which are appropriate to the needs of translation scholars. Large corpora will provide theorists of translation with a unique opportunity to observe the object of their study and to explore what it is that makes it different from other objects of study, such as language in general or indeed any other kind of cultural interaction. It will also allow us to explore, on a larger scale than was ever possible before, the principles that govern translational behavior and the constraints under which it operates. Therein lie the two goals of any theoretical enquiry: to define its object of study and to account for it.Section 1 below offers an overview of the emerging discipline of translation studies and explains why translation scholars are now in a position to use the insights gained from corpus linguistics, and some of the techniques developed by it, to take translation across t he threshold of …field of study‟ and into the realm of fully-fledged disciplines.1.Translation studies: the state of the art1.1Central issues: the status of the source text and the notion of equivalenceUntil very recently, two assumptions dominated all discussions of translation and were never questioned in the literature. The first is that of the primacy of the source text, entailing a requirement for accuracy and faithfulness on the part of the translator. The second is a consequence of the first and is embodied in the notion of equivalence which has been the central concern of all discourse on translation since time immemorial. Translations should strive to be as equivalent to their originals as possible, with equivalence being understood, (235) mainly as a semantic or formal category. The implied aim of all studies on translation was never to establish what translation itself is, as a phenomenon, but rather to determine what an ideal translation, as an instance, should strive to be in order to minimise its inevitable distortion of the message, the spirit, and the elegance of the original.The essentialist question of how equivalence per se might be established in the course of translation has gradually been tempered by experience and by an explosion in the amount and range of texts which have come to be translated in a variety of ways on a regular basis. Hence, we now have a massive amount of literature which attempts to classify the notion of equivalence in a multitude of ways, and the question is no longer how equivalence might be achieved but, increasingly, what kind of equivalence can be achieved and in what contexts. This in itself is a noticeable improvement on the traditionally static view of equivalence, but it still assumes theprimacy of the source text and it still implies that a translation is merely a text striving to meet the standards of another text.1.2Developments which support a move towards corpus-based researchThe attempt to extend and classify the notion of equivalence has brought with it a need to explore not only the source text as the modal to be adhered to but also the target language, and the specific target language text type, in order to give meaning to such categories as stylistic equivalence and functional equivalence. If the idea is not simply to reproduce the formal structures of the source text but also to give some thought, and sometimes priority, to how similar meanings and functions are typically expressed in the target language, then the need to study authentic instances of similar discourse in the two languages becomes obvious.There have been other developments which have played a more direct role in preparing the ground for corpus work. One such development is the decline of what we might call the semantic view of the relationship between source and target texts. For a long time, discourse on translation was dominated by the idea that meaning, or messages, exist as such and can, indeed should, be transferred from source to target texts in much the same way as one might transfer wine from one glass to another. The traditional dichotomy of translating word-for-word or sense-for-sense is a product of this view of meaning. At about the same time that the notion of equivalence began to be reassessed, or perhaps a little earlier, new ideas began to develop about the nature of meaning in translation. Firth (1968:91) was among the first to sug(236)gest that, difficult though as it may appear, an approach which connects structures and systems of language to structures and systems in the context of situation (as opposed to structures and systems of thought) is more manageable and “more easily related to problems of translation”. Similarly, Haas (1986:104) stresses that, in practice, correspondence in meaning amounts to co rrespondence in use and asserts that “unless we can succeed in thus explaining translation, the mystery of bare and neutral fact will continue to haunt us”. Two expressions are equivalent in meaning if and only if “there is a correspondence between their uses” (ibid). The importance of this change in orientation, from a conceptual to a situational perspective and from meaning to usage, is that it supports the push towards descriptive studies in general and corpus-based studies in particular. Conceptual and semantic studies (in the traditional sense) can be based on introspection. Studies which take the context into consideration, and even more so, studies which attempt to investigate usage, are, by definition, only feasible if access is available to real data, and, in the case of usage, to substantial amounts of it.Apart from the decline of the semantic view of translation, another, and very exciting, development has been the emergence of approaches which undermine both the status of the source text vis-à-vis the translated text and the value of the very notion of equivalence, particularly if seen as a static relationship between the source and target texts. The move away from source texts and equivalence is instrumental in preparing the ground for corpus work because it enables the discipline to shed its longstanding obsession with the idea of studying individual instances in isolation (one translation compared to one source text at a time) and creates a requirement which can find fulfillment in corpus work, namely the study of large numbers of texts of the same type. This is precisely where corpus work comes into its own.1.2.1 New perspectives: polysystem theoryIn the late seventies, Even-Zohar, a Tel-Aviv scholar, began to develop a theory of literature as a polyststem, that is as a hierarchical and dynamic conglomerate of system rather than a disparate and static collection of texts. A given literary polysystem is seen as part of a larger cultural polysystem, itself consisting of various polysystems besides literature, for example politics and religion. These polysystems are structured differently in different cultures.Polysystem theory has far-reaching implications for the status of translated literature in general and for the status of the source text vis-à-vis the target text in particular. First, the theory assumes a high level of inter-dependence among the various systems and sub-systems which underlie a (237) given polysystem, as well as among the polysystems of literature in various cultures. This means that, for instance, “literature for children would not be considered a phenomenon sui generis, but related to literature for adults” and, similarly, “translated literature would not be disconnected from original literature” (Even-Zohar 1979:13). As a consequence, the status of translated literature is elevated to the point where it becomes worthy of investigation as a system in its own right, interacting with its co-systems and with the literary polysystems of other cultures. By recognising translated literature as a system in its own right, polysystemists shifted the attention away from individual literary translations as the object of literary studies to the study of a large body of translated literature in order to establish its systemic features.Second, one of the main properties of the polysystem is that there is constant struggle among its various strata, with individual elements and systems either being driven from the centre to the periphery or pushing their way towards the centre and possibly occupying it for a period of time (ibid:14). This constant state of flux suggests that no literary system or sub-system is restricted to the periphery by virtue of any inherent limitations on its value. Thus, the approach stresses that translated literature may, and sometimes does, occupy a central position in the polysystem and is therefore capable of providing canonised models for the whole polysystem. Moreover,given that polysystem theory recognises that intra- and inter-relations exist within both systems and polysystems, leading to various types of interference and transfer of elements, models, canons, and so on, it becomes obvious that “semiliterary texts, translated literature, children‟s literature—all those strata neglected in current literary studies—are indispensable objects of study for an adequate understanding of how and why transfers occur within systems as well as among them” (ibid:25). And finally, polysystemists reject the popular view of translation as a derivative activity and stress ins tead that literary translation is “a creatively controlled process of acculturation in that translators can take an original text and adapt it to a certain dominant poetics or ideology in the receiving culture” (Heylen 1993:21)This view of literature as a conglomerate of systems, as well as the growing interest in transfer and interference across systems, has gradually undermined the status of the source text in translation studies. Since the early eighties, Toury, another Tel-Aviv scholar, has been stressing that a translation belongs to one textual system only, namely the target system, and the source text has gradually been assuming the role of a stimulus or source of information rather than the starting point for analysis. Questions regarding how a translated text came into being or what type of relationship it has with a given (238) source text are becoming secondary to its classification as part of the target textual system. As Toury puts it in a more recent publication (1958:19):It is clear that, from the standpoint of the source text and source system, translations have hardly any significance at all, even if everybody in the source culture …knows‟ of their factual existence… Not only have they left the source system behind, but they are in no position to affect its linguistic and textual rules and norms, its textual history, or the source text as such. On the other hand, they may well influence the recipient culture and language, if only because every translation is initially perceived as a target language utterance.It is worth noting that similar, though not quite so radical, assessments of the status of the source text have also emerged among groups of scholars not specifically concerned with literary translation. For example, Vermeer (1983:90)2suggests that the function of the translated text is determined by the interests and expectations of its recipients and not by the function of the source text. The SL text is a source of information and, like other sources of information, it may be exploited in a variety of ways to meet the expectations of an envisaged audience.1.2.2 From equivalence to normsFrom the late seventies onwards, the source-oriented notion of equivalence has been gradually replaced by notions which clearly take the target system and culture as a starting point. Some of these notions have evolved within theories designed to account for translation within a commercial environment. They include, for example, Vermeer‟s notion of coherence, defined as the agreement of a text wit h its situation (Vermeer 1983), and Sager‟s definition of equivalence as a function of the specifications that accompany a request for translation (Sager 1993). The most important, however, has been the notion of norms, introduced by Toury (1978, 1980).Toury has developed a tripartite model in which norms represent an intermediate level between competence and performance. If we think of competence as an inventory of all the options that are available to translators in a given context, and performance as the subset of options which are actually selected by translators from this inventory, then norms are a further subset of these options. They are options which are regularly taken up by translators at a given time and in a given socio-cultural situation. In this sense, the notion of norms is very similar to that of typicality, a notion which has emerged from recent work on corpus-based lexicography and which contrasts sharply with the standard, absolute dualisms in linguistics; competence and performance, (239) language and parole.Norms, then, are a category of descriptive analysis. They can be identified only by reference to a corpus of source and target texts, the scrutiny of which would allow us to record strategies of translation which are repeatedly opted for, in preference to other available strategies, in a given culture or textual system. The concept of norms tips the balance not only in favour of the target text (as opposed to the traditional obsession with the source text), but, more important, it assumes that the primary object of analysis in translation studies is not an individual translation but a coherent corpus of translated texts. Norms do not emerge from a source text or a body of source texts. Equally, they do not emerge from the target system nor from a general collection of target texts. They are a product of a tradition of translating in specific ways, a tradition which can only be observed and elaborated through the analysis of a representative body of translated texts in a given language or culture. They can therefore be seen not just as a descriptive category but also as providing a functional, socio-historical basis for the structure of the discipline (Lambert 1985:34).1.2.3 The rise of descriptive translation studiesSince the seventies, several scholars have begun to express dissatisfaction with the heavy reliance on introspective methods in translation studies. Holms (1988:101) makes the point most clearly:Many of the weaknesses and naiveties of contemporary translation theories are a result of the fact that the theories were, by and large, developed deductively, without recourse to actual translated texts-in-function, or at best to a very restricted corpus introduced for illustration rather than for verification or falsification.Newman (1980:64) similarly suggests that the way out of the dilemma posed by the notions of equivalence and translatability is to look at actual instances of translation and to determine, on the basis of those instances, “the link of generalities that might from the basis of a theory of competence or systematic description”. It is however Toury who has done more to elaborate the concept of descriptive translation studies than anyone else in the discipline.For Toury, it is vital for translation studies to develop a descriptive branch if it is ever to become an autonomous discipline. Without this, translators will continue to rely on other disciplines such as linguistics to provide them with theoretical frameworks and the means to test their hypotheses. Descriptive Translation Studies, or DTS for short, is not reducible to a collection of case studies or comparative analysis of source and target texts. It is (240) that branch of the discipline which must provide a sound methodology and explicit research procedures to enable the findings of individual descriptive studies to be expressed in terms of generalisations about translational behavior. Its agenda consists, primarily, of investigating what translation is “under any defined set of circumstances … and WHY it is realized the way it is” (Toury 1991a:186). One of its main objectives is to render the findings of individual studies intersubjective and to make the studies themselves “repeatable, either for the same or for another corpus” (Toury 1980:81).It is perhaps worth noting at this point that although the words corpus and corpora are beginning to figure prominently in the literature on translation, they do not refer to the same kind of corpora that we tend to talk about in linguistics. Corpora in translation studies have so far been very modest affairs. Their size is not generally expressed in terms of number of words but of number of texts, and they are searched manually. For example, Vanderauwera (1958) is a study of “50 or so novels” translated from Dutch into English in “roughly the period 1960-1980” (ibid:1-2). This is a very small corpus, and yet the experience of searching it manually leads Vanderauwera to suggest that “serious and systematic research into translated texts is a laborious and tiresome bu siness” (ibid:6). Toury himself seems torn between the need to set an ambitious program for DTS and the recognition that “the larger and/or more heterogeneous the corpus, the greater the difficulties one is likely to encounter while performing the process of extraction and generalization” (1980:66-7). In an earlier publication, Toury (1978:96) argues for a distributional study of norms based on statistical techniques but concludes that… as yet we are in no position to point to strict statistical methods for dealing with translational norms, or even to supply sampling rules for actual research (which, because of human limitations, has nearly always been applied to samples only, and will probably go on being carried out in much the same way).At this stage we must be content with our intuitions … and use them as keys for selecting a corpus and for hitting upon ideas.One of John Sinclair‟s major achievements for linguistics has been his success, through the collection of computerised corpora and the development of a relevant research methodology, in providing ways of overcoming our human limitations and minimizing our reliance on intuition. His work can provide solutions for precisely the kind of problems that translation scholars are still struggling with today. (241)2.Corpus work in translation studies: the potentialThere is no doubt that the availability of corpora and of corpus-driven methodology will soon provide valuable insights in the applied branch of translation studies, and that the impact of corpus-based research will be felt there long before it begins to trickle into the theoretical and descriptive branches of the discipline. Sinclair (1992:395) touches very briefly, and strictly from the point of view of linguist, on one obvious application:The new corpus resources are expected to have a profound effect on the translations of future. Attempts at machine translation have consistently demonstrated to linguists that they do not know enough about the languages concerned to effect an acceptable translation. In principle, the corpora can provide the information.In the above statement, which is one of the very few Sinclair has made on translation, the concern is merely with improving the performance of translators and of machine translation systems in terms of approximating to the structures and natural patterns of a given language or languages. This same concern underlies most of the expressions of interest in corpus studies which are beginning to take shape in the literature.3 It is of course a legitimate concern and one which will be shared widely by scholars within and outside translation studies, theorists and practitioners alike. I would, however, like to think that the …profound effect‟ which Sinclair refers to will not be understood merely in terms of knowing enough about the languages concernedto approximate to their patterns. After all, once we are in a position to describe and account for our object of study, namely translation, we might find that approximating to the patterns of the target language, or any language for that matter, is not necessarily as feasible as we seem to assume, and that it is not the only factor at play in shaping translational behavior. Several scholars, for example Toury (1991b:50) and Even-Zohar (1979:77) have already noted that the very activity of translating, the need to communicate in translated utterances, operates as a major constraint on translational behavior and gives rise to patterns which are specific to translated texts. Thus Even-Zohar (ibid) stre sses that “we can observe in translation patterns w hich are inexplicable in terms of any of the repertoires involved”, that is patterns which are not the result of interference from the source or target language. Examples of these patterns are discussed as universal features of translation in section 2.1 below. The profound effect that corpora will have on translation studies, in my view, (242) will be a consequence of their enabling us to identify features of translated text which will help us understand what translation is and how it works. The practical question of how to improve our translations will find more reliable and realistic answers once the phenomenon of translation itself is explained in its own terms.Practical applications aside, what kind of queries can access to computerised corpora help us resolve in our effort to explicate the phenomenon of translation? Given that this question, to my knowledge, has not been addressed before, what follows has to be seem as a very tentative list of suggestions which can provide a starting-point for corpus-based investigations in the discipline but which do not, by any means, address the full potential of corpora in translation studies.2.1 Universal features of translationThe most important task that awaits the application of corpus techniques in translation studies, it seems to me, is the elucidation of the nature of translated text as a mediated communicative event. In order to do this, it will be necessary to develop tools that will enable us to identify universal features of translation, that is features which typically occur in translated text rather than original utterances and which are not the result of interference from specific linguistic systems.It might be useful at this point to give a few examples of the type of translation universals I have in mind. Based on small-scale studies and casual observation, a number of scholars have noted features which seem, intuitively, to be linked to the nature of the translation process itself rather than to the confrontation of specific linguistic systems. These include:。

第一讲圣人无名1单选(2分)下列是老子代表著作的是（）A.《道德经》B.《山海经》C.《诗经》D.《易经》正确答案：A你选对了2单选(2分)《道德经》全篇字数约为（）A.50000字B.7000字C.3000字D.5000字正确答案：D你选对了3单选(2分)“紫气东来”这个成语用来形容谁的（）A.庄子B.孔子C.孟子D.老子正确答案：D你选对了4单选(2分)《老子化胡经》何时被彻底否定和销毁（）A.清代B.元代C.宋代D.唐代正确答案：B你选对了5单选(2分)课程中提到一个皇帝曾经“改佛为道”，这个皇帝是（）A.武则天B.梁武帝C.唐高宗D.宋徽宗正确答案：D你选对了6单选(2分)在记载中是谁最先将老子尊为神仙（）A.唐高宗李治B.刘向C.尹喜D.张道陵正确答案：D你选对了7单选(2分)课程中的关于皇甫谧《高士传》叙述的事故是关于哪两个人物事（）A.商容与庄子B.商容与老子C.老子与他的老师D.老子与孔子正确答案：B你选对了8单选(2分)《道德经》目前共分为多少章？（）A.八十一章B.七十一章C.七十五章D.八十章正确答案：A你选对了9单选(2分)关于《道德经》，说法错误的是（）A.根据课程分析，《道德经》成文于老子后世的战国晚期的说法是不成立的B.现在的章节分法只是为了方便阅读，却割裂了老子的思想C.《道德经》与《论语》一样是弟子记录的关于老师言行的作品D.叫做《老子》与《老子五千言》更为合理正确答案：C你选对了10多选(3分)以下哪些证据能佐证孔子求学老子的传说（）A.子曰：“无为而治者，其舜也与？夫何为哉？恭己正南面而已矣”——《论语·卫灵公》B.“老彭，殷贤大夫也”——《何晏论语集解》C.“述而不作，信而好古，窃比于我老彭”——《论语·述而》D.“老，老聃。

彭，彭祖”——《论语正义》正确答案：A、D你选对了11多选(3分)根据《史记》与《后汉书》记载以下哪些称呼或姓名可能是老子本人的（）A.李耳B.老莱子C.柱下D.太史儋正确答案：A、B、C、D你选对了12多选(3分)《道德经》得到了后世许多统治者的青睐，以下哪些帝王曾经亲自批注过《道德经》？（）A.唐玄宗李隆基B.宋徽宗赵佶C.明太祖朱元璋D.清世祖福临（顺治皇帝）正确答案：A、B、C、D你选对了13多选(3分)梁启超先生认为《史记》中对于老子的记述是根据庄子的哪几篇文章（）A.《天道篇》B.《天运篇》。

随着抗菌药物的广泛使用，多重耐药革兰阳性菌感染已成为临床棘手问题[1]。

糖肽类抗生素曾被认为是治疗革兰阳性菌的最后一道防线，然而由于其严重的耳肾毒性和较差的组织穿透率，再加上近年来其对部分球菌的敏感性有所降低，使糖肽类的使用受到限制。

口恶唑烷酮类新药利奈唑胺（linezolid）安全性高，不良反应较糖肽类轻微，主要作用于翻译的起始阶段，与细菌核糖体50S亚单位结合，阻止70S复合物的形成，从而抑制细菌蛋白的合成。

由于作用机理不同，利奈唑胺不易与其他抗菌药物发生交叉耐药性。

体内外研究证实该药对葡萄球菌属、链球菌属、肠球菌属等革兰阳性菌，包括多重耐药菌如耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、多重耐药肺炎链球菌（DRSP）和耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）具有很强的抗菌活性，与糖肽类作用相仿或更优[2]。

近年还发现利奈唑胺对多耐药的结核分枝杆菌也有良好的抗菌活性[3]。

本文主要对利奈唑胺的群体药代/药效动力学（population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, PPK/ PPD）研究方法及结论进行综述。

1 PPK/PPD基本概念和原理1.1 PPK/PPD传统药动学（pharmacokinetics, PK）和药效学（pharmacodynamics, PD）的研究对象常为相对均一的健康受试者。

然而，临床患者在年龄、体重、肝肾功能、基础疾病及合并用药等方面均存在很大差别，其PK、PD值均可能有较大变异，给药方案常需个体化，不能仅根据传统PK参数制定。

PPK/PPD是将经典PK、PD或PK/PD链式模型和统计学模型相结合，分析PK/PD特性中存在的变异性，研究药物体内过程的群体规律、PK/PD参数的统计分布及其影响因素。

PPK/PPD只需零散的血药浓度数据，易于被患者接受，是新药研究和治疗药物监测（TDM）的有力工具。

美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）在药物开发指南中明确提出，2000年以后的新药申请必须报告PPK 参数。

第一讲圣人无名1单选(2分)下列是老子代表著作的是（）A.《道德经》B.《山海经》C.《诗经》D.《易经》正确答案：A你选对了2单选(2分)《道德经》全篇字数约为（）A.50000字B.7000字C.3000字D.5000字正确答案：D你选对了3单选(2分)“紫气东来”这个成语用来形容谁的（）A.庄子B.孔子C.孟子D.老子正确答案：D你选对了4单选(2分)《老子化胡经》何时被彻底否定和销毁（）A.清代B.元代C.宋代D.唐代正确答案：B你选对了5单选(2分)课程中提到一个皇帝曾经“改佛为道”，这个皇帝是（）A.武则天B.梁武帝C.唐高宗D.宋徽宗正确答案：D你选对了6单选(2分)在记载中是谁最先将老子尊为神仙（）A.唐高宗李治B.刘向C.尹喜D.张道陵正确答案：D你选对了7单选(2分)课程中的关于皇甫谧《高士传》叙述的事故是关于哪两个人物事（）A.商容与庄子B.商容与老子C.老子与他的老师D.老子与孔子正确答案：B你选对了8单选(2分)《道德经》目前共分为多少章？（）A.八十一章B.七十一章C.七十五章D.八十章正确答案：A你选对了9单选(2分)关于《道德经》，说法错误的是（）A.根据课程分析，《道德经》成文于老子后世的战国晚期的说法是不成立的B.现在的章节分法只是为了方便阅读，却割裂了老子的思想C.《道德经》与《论语》一样是弟子记录的关于老师言行的作品D.叫做《老子》与《老子五千言》更为合理正确答案：C你选对了10多选(3分)以下哪些证据能佐证孔子求学老子的传说（）A.子曰：“无为而治者，其舜也与？夫何为哉？恭己正南面而已矣”——《论语·卫灵公》B.“老彭，殷贤大夫也”——《何晏论语集解》C.“述而不作，信而好古，窃比于我老彭”——《论语·述而》D.“老，老聃。

彭，彭祖”——《论语正义》正确答案：A、D你选对了11多选(3分)根据《史记》与《后汉书》记载以下哪些称呼或姓名可能是老子本人的（）A.李耳B.老莱子C.柱下D.太史儋正确答案：A、B、C、D你选对了12多选(3分)《道德经》得到了后世许多统治者的青睐，以下哪些帝王曾经亲自批注过《道德经》？（）A.唐玄宗李隆基B.宋徽宗赵佶C.明太祖朱元璋D.清世祖福临（顺治皇帝）正确答案：A、B、C、D你选对了13多选(3分)梁启超先生认为《史记》中对于老子的记述是根据庄子的哪几篇文章（）A.《天道篇》B.《天运篇》C.《外物篇》D.《淮南子》正确答案：A、B、C你选对了14单选(2分)老子是什么时期被封为“皇帝”的称号呢（）A.唐高祖李渊时期B.宋真宗赵恒时期C.唐高宗李治时期D.汉高祖刘邦时期正确答案：C你错选为A15多选(3分)以下那些称呼成为老子的神话称呼（）A.“太上老君”B.“太清大帝”C.“降生天尊”D.“太清道德天尊”正确答案：A、B、C、D你错选为A、B、D16单选(2分)老子曾经的官职相当于当今社会的（）A.中科院院士B.教育部部长C.国务院总理D.国家图书馆馆长正确答案：D你选对了第二讲道法自然1单选(2分)关于《道德经》名称的外文版，下列说法正确的是（）A.名称根据中文对应的外国文字意义翻译。

企业薪酬管理问题研究综述【毕业论文+文献综述+开题报告+任务书】毕业论文(设计)任务书题目: 某企业薪酬管理现状、问题与对策研究主要任务与目标:薪酬管理作为企业人力资源管理的重点和核心工作,它与人力资源各个工作模块紧密相连,对于人才的吸引、保留和激励起着无可替代的作用,更是作为企业创造价值的一个重要管理手段。

如何建立对外具有竞争性,对内具有公正性的薪酬管理体系更是市场经济体制下的民营企业管理者直面的主要难题。

本课题的主要任务是:运用人力资源管理和薪酬管理的理论和知识,通过实地访谈和问卷调查法,调查分析某企业薪酬管理现状,分析某企业薪酬管理存在的问题,提出某企业薪酬管理的完善对策。

本课题的目标是:(1)了解某企业薪酬管理现状;(2)揭示某企业薪酬管理存在的问题;(3)提出完善某企业薪酬管理的对策。

二、主要内容与基本要求:(一)主要内容1、某企业薪酬管理现状分析。

结合目标公司的实际情况,对薪资构成进行分析,并就员工对现行薪酬制度的总体感觉,与外部薪酬相关性等多个方面对企业现行薪酬状况进行调查研究。

2、某企业薪酬管理中存在的问题。

从企业实际入手,对薪酬管理存在的问题及原因分析。

3、某企业薪酬管理的完善对策。

通过对薪酬出现的问题的研究,根据企业与外环境的相关性和差异度,提出相应对策。

(二)基本要求1、进行薪酬管理研究有关文献资料的搜集,要求查阅文献资料不得少于20篇,并按时完成文献综述和外文资料翻译。

2、认真解读资料内容,在充分理解该课题主要内涵和技术要素的基础上确定撰写结构和主要内容,写出开题报告。

3、文献综述、外文资料翻译、开题报告撰写及毕业论文等的写作请根据学校和学院的各项具体要求规范执行。

4、毕业论文必须做到理论联系实际,基本论点明确,论据充分,有较强的说服力,结构严谨,层次清晰,文字简练,书写整洁。

三、计划进度:,确定实习单位,结合实习修改毕业论文四、推荐参考文献:[1] 孙文斌.国有企业薪酬管理现状和解决方法[J],企业导报,20105[2] 崔秀菊.某企业的薪酬管理现状及存在问题分析[J],商场现代化,20096[3] 张雷.我国薪酬管理现状浅析[J],集团经济研究,2006,4[4]周峰.民营企业中知识型员工薪酬管理现状及策略研究[J],科技广场,200912[5] 郑咏梅.中小企业薪酬管理现状及问题产生的原因[J],工会博览理论研究,20099[6] 李自荣.中小企业薪酬管理现状及对策研究[J],中国科技博览,200912[7] Leopold, Ronald S. A Fresh Perspective: Employee Benefits as a StrategicBusiness Investment[J].Benefits Quarterly, 2010,4:21-24[8] Lawson, RaefEast Salary Survey[J] .Strategic Finance,2010, 9: 29-49毕业论文(设计)文献综述题目: 企业薪酬管理问题研究综述一.前言部分在21世纪的市场经济的竞争下,随着市场经济的发展,我国小企业的变化巨大而迅速,有关企业的薪酬问题研究显得越来越迫切。

优胜奖：高淳诗人住宅，南京，中国WINNING PRIZE: POET HOUSE, NANJING, CHINA, 2007建筑设计：张雷（张雷建筑工作室）ＡＲＣＨＩＴＥＣＴ：　ＺＨＡＮＧ　Ｌｅｉ　（ＡＺＬ　Ａｔｅｌｉｅｒ　Ｚｈａｎｇｌｅｉ）高淳诗人住宅（叶宅＋王宅）是二位诗人的私人住宅兼工作室，坐落在南京高淳县凤山石臼湖边，距离南京市区约１小时车程。

诗人住宅布置在一座废弃的国家粮库临湖一侧，周围除了湖面就是大片的农田，通往基地新修的道路两侧零星地散落着农居，周围还有砖窑在运转生产，供应远近农居修建所需的红砖。

设计延续了“院落”的主题，“院落”体现在总平面和内部空间上，两幢房子各采用了三合院和四合院的布局，分别对应于西面及北面的湖面；完整的形体之中还包含了如前院、冥想院和采光天井这样次一级的结构；基地的开阔使得建筑的功能布置比较自由，直角空间、线形序列得到自然而然地运用，两幢住宅都尽量控制面向外侧的开窗，而内侧面对庭院和面向湖面则尽量开敞。

大量且连续的交流、交通、休闲、展示空间成为了建筑内部循环的主体。

这也是简陋技术条件下的选２１１　叶宅外景／Ｙｅ　Ｈｏｕｓｅ，　ｅｘｔｅｒｉｏｒ　ｖｉｅｗ２　位置图／Ｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ择，即尽量增加非功能性空间的层次，增加视线贯穿和交换的密度。

建筑的外表是设计的重点：砖表皮将建筑严实地包裹起来，强化其材料的地方性。

两幢住宅在外表面砖肌理的处理上做了新的尝试，每一处墙面都是空洞、砍半砖和凸半砖中２－３种砌法的混合，即用３种砌砖法进行立体主义式的抽象编织，３种密度的砖肌理和无规律的窗洞一起进行蒙德里安式的几何划分，而这一精确的几何划分，又揭示了无规律窗洞对于建筑外表面内在逻辑的规律性控制。

诗人住宅的主人并不富有，和许多中国普通老百姓一样，怀有田园式的生活和居住的梦想，他们一直用心并且坚持，终于有机会以自己不懈的努力使这一梦想得以实现。

由于使用了邻近砖窑生产并且当地一直沿用的红砖作为主要建筑材料，施工也由当地有经验的农民施工队完成，因此，只用８００元／ｍ２的低价就完成了全部室外和室内工程。

东北石油大学研究生综合实习报告东北石油大学硕士研究生课程名称：＿＿信息获取与利用＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿任课教师：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿开课学年/开课学期：＿2013-2014年第1学期＿＿＿＿＿＿＿学时/ 学分：＿＿32学时/2学分＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿所在教学学院：＿图书馆＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿专业名称：＿＿＿仪器仪表工程＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿学号/ 姓名：＿＿138009030262/黄胜强＿＿＿＿＿＿＿教师评语：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿任课教师签字（章）：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿选题分析要求：1、每个同学根据所学的学科专业自定一个检索课题（最好同导师商定）2、简单描述该课题所涉及的内容范围3、分析该课题所属的学科类目（按照中图法），给出中图分类号（从1级到4或5级类目的分类号）4、给出3-8个中英文对照的描述课题内容实质含义的检索词选题分析（5分）一检索课题（中英文对照）（1分）基于视频分析的物联网视频平台关键技术研究Research on Key Technology of Video Platform in Internet of Things Based on Video Analysis二课题分析（3分）1. 课题所属学科领域无线电、电信测量技术及仪器2．中图分类号（从1级到4或5级类目的分类号和学科名称）[ T ] 工业技术[ TN ] 无线电电子学、电信技术[ TN92 ] 无线通信[ TN929.1 ] 光波通信、激光通信[ TN929.11 ] 光纤通信3. 课题的分析过程：对课题的简要介绍（包括研究内容、要解决的关键性问题等）长期以来，视频监控平台在保障社区安全、维持社会稳定与和谐等方面发挥着重要的作用。

英文文献翻译The technology of generating infrared image basedon electric heating film technology基于电热膜技术的红外图像生成技术文献来源：脉冲功率激光技术国家重点实验室作者：路元，冯云松，乔涯译者：林凯鹏指导教师：胡长松The technology of generating infrared image based onelectric heating film technologyLu Yuan Feng Yun-song Qiao Ya(State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser Technology, Hefei Anhui 230037, China)ABSTRACTThe technology of generating infrared image based on electric heating film technology by its resistance per unit area was studied. A Lifgt-off-road vehicle was used as an object to be simulated. An infrared thermograph was used to photography the light-off-road vehicle from a specific corner. As a result several infrared images of the light-off-road vehicle were obtained and the thermal distribution of the vehicle was also obtained at the same time. A matlab program was used to process the image. The image was divided into several areas according to its grey level. Each area has its own temperature range. The average temperature of each area was calculated. A thermal balance equation was established according to the average temperature of each area and the environment temperature. By solving these equations, the radiant existances of these areas were gotten. The heating power per unit area of these areas was calculated. The electric heating film was preparation accordingly. The power was applied on the film and the infrared thermograph was used to observe it. The infrared image of the film has a high similarity with the true light-off-road vehicle ’s.Keywords: electric heating film, infrared image, simulation1. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONAll kinds objects have infrared radiation. The infrared radiant characteristic of an object is depending on its surface temperature and its surface emissivity. The radiation can be calculated by Planck equation. The usual form of the equation is written in terms of the radiant exitance as a function of wavelength. Considering the emissivity of a certain object, the radiant exitance can be written [1]:11251-=T c e c M λλλλε (1) Where λM is the spectral radiant exitance, 1c is the first radiation constant and 2c is the second radiationconstant. They are given by:-1-2821m Wm 10741832.32μπ⨯==hc cK m 10438786.1/22⋅⨯==-k hc c Where c is the speed of light in vacuum, h is Planck ’s constant, k is Boltzmann ’s constant, and T is the temperaturein kelvins. Since the emissivity is fixed for certain material, the temperature is the major factor that influences infrared radiation. It is usually more useful to know the value of the total power emitted from a body, rather than its spectral extent. The well-known Stephan-Boltzmann law gives the total radiant exitance as:4T M g εσ= (2)Where ε is the emissivity of an object. σ is the Stephan-Boltzmann constant. It has been evaluated and is given by]K Wm [1067.542-8-⨯=σFor an object, the reason of it showing different infrared image is that it has different temperature on different parts of it. Thus we can simulate a true object ’s infrared image by reappearing the temperature of the object.The technology of generating infrared image based on electric heating film technology was brought forward according to the infrared radiation theory. The main course is: the infrared image of an object was obtained firstly, and then the image was divided into several areas according to its temperature and its grey level. The radiation power of these parts was calculated. The resistance per unit area of these parts were calculated when the voltage of the film was certain. The heating film was prepared according to the resistance per unit area. When the film was heated by electricity power, the relevant infrared image will appear.2. INFRARED IMAGE OBTAIN OF AN OBJECT AND RELATIVELY CALCULATION2.1 infrared image and its temperature distributingA Light-off-road vehicle was used as an object to be simulated. The vehicle was fired up in idle state. Ten minutes late, an infrared thermograph was used to photography the light-off-road vehicle from a specific corner. Fig.1 was the infrared image of the vehicle.Fig.1 infrared image of a Light-off-road vehicleThe analysis and process to the image was carried out. The infrared image was divided into seven temperature areas by its grey level. These areas showed in fig.2. The average temperature of the area is the same for those areas which have the same number.Fig.2 the grey level of the vehicleThe average temperature of these areas showed in table 1 and the temperature of background is 24℃.Table 1 The average temperature of different areasFor these areas, we hypothesized that the area “i ” has a temperaturei T , the temperature background is B T . The acreage of area “i ” isi A . The acreage of these areas is calculated.2.2 Heating power calculationWhen the electric heating film was powered on, most of the electron power it gotten was converted to heat power. The temperature of these areas rose. The temperature of these area achieve maximum when the area was in thermal equilibrium state with the environment. When the film was in thermal equilibrium, we have: i i Q =Φ (3)Where i Q is the heating power of area “i ” and i Φ is the lost power of the area “i ” because of the heat exchange between the area and the environment.The heat exchanges [3] between the area “i ” and the environment were composed of two parts: radiation heat transfer and convective heat transfer. The lost power of area “i ” is the sum of radiation heat transfer and convective heat transfer:44()()B B B i i i i i A T T hA T T σεεΦ=-+- (4)Where ε is surface emissivity of the film andB ε is the emissivity of background, h is heat transfer coefficient ofthe surface.When it was in heat balance, we have44()()B B B i i i i i P A T T hA T T σεε=-+- (5)Wherei P is the heating power of area “i ” of the film.2.3 Methods of temperature controlling and relative calculationThere are three methods for the film to control the temperature. The first method is that all areas were connected in series and one power was used to supply power. The second method is that all areas were connected in parallel and one power was used to supply power. The third method is that every area was supplied by different power. The voltage of the power can be 220V, 110V, 24V and 12V. Both ac power and dc power can be used. The first method was used. Thus we have: 2i i P I R = (6)1n i i PUI ==∑ (7)Where I is the current in the film, i R is the resistance of area “i ” and U is voltage added on the whole film.3. SIMULATION OF THE INFRARED OBJECTThe acreage of these areas was calculated by AUTOCAD software. For convenience, we scale down the size of the film. Assuming the length of film is 0.5m, the acreages of these areas are calculated and which was showed in table 2.Table 2 The acreage of these areas on filmThe heat power of these areas was calculated and showed in table 3.Table 3 The heat power of these areas on filmThe power per unit area was calculated and showed in table 4.Table 4 The power per unit area of these areas on filmAssuming the power was 20V in dc. The resistance of these areas was showed in table 5.Table 5 The resistance of these areas on filmAccording to the data, the film was prepared . A couple conductors were extracted from the film. When the power was applied on the film, the infrared image will appear of a Light-off-road vehicle will appear.4. INFRARED IMAGE GENERATION AND EVALUATION4.1 infrared image generation of the filmA rectangle on electric heating film was made according the data calculated [5]. When the power was on, an infrared thermograph was used to observe the film. The images we gotten by an infrared thermograph were showed in fig. 3. These images were the infrared images of the film when the film was powered on. These images were captured when the time was at 0 and 4th, 10th, 16th, 22nd, 28th, second.On these images, we can see that the infrared image of the film was appeared as a Light-off-road vehicle when the power was on. It was vague at first, and then it became clearer when the time went on.Fig. 3 infrared images generated by the heating film4.2 evaluation of infrared image of the filmThe infrared images were evaluated according to reference 6; the similarity defined in reference 6 was used. The infrared image of true vehicle and the infrared image of the film were extracted. The pixels were 296×140. The infrared image of the vehicle was showed in fig.5 and the infrared images of the film were showed in fig.6. The infrared image of the film was captured at 0 second and 4th, 10th, 16th, 22nd, 28th, second.Fig.4 infrared image of the vehicleFig5. Infrared images of the heating filmThe similarity [6] between the infrared image of the true vehicle and the infrared image of the film was calculated according to reference [6]. The result was showed in table 6.Table 6 The image similarity between the vehicle and the heating filmFrom the table 6, we can see that the similarity between infrared image of the film and it of the vehicle was different for the time we capturing images. The similarity became bigger when the infrared image of the became clearer. When the time was 28th second, the similarity achieved 0.7724. For the reason that technology level of making film, data ’s accepted or rejected, there will be error on property of the film between the film we made and the film we designed. These will reduce the similarity on infrared images between the film and the true vehicle.5. CONCLUSIONThe technology can be used to simulate infrared image of a true object. By improving the technology, the simulation effect will be promoted. The method can be applied to many fields such as infrared decoy target, infrared thermography simulation and infrared equipment inspection.Reference ：1. M. Planck, Theory of Heat, Macmillan, New York(1957)2. M. A. Bramson, Infrared, A Handbook for Application, Plenum Press, New York(1966).3. Yuan LU ，Dan WU ，Wei JIN ， De-peng HOU, A Study on Infrared Radiation of Terrain by Modeling, Infrared Technology, Vol.30 No.2, 75-79, (2008).4.Hong-ye CHEN, Zhao-yang ZENG, Wen-bin XIE, Jun-yu LU, ZHU Chao,Thermal Characteristic Analysis for Electric Heating Film as Infrared Decoy, LASER & INFRARED, Vo.l 37, No. 4, 336-337, (2007)5. ZENG Zhao-yang,CHENHong-ye,CHEN Kui-feng, The Characteristic of Electric Heating Film and Its Application in Military, LASER & INFRARED, Vo.l 38, No. 9 894-896, (2008).6. Weidong Xu, xuliang lu, A model based on texture analysis for the performance evaluation of camouflage screen equipment. ACTA ARMAMENTARII, Vol. 23 No.3 329-331(2002).摘 要基于电热膜技术以其单位面积电阻产生的红外图像进行了工艺研究.一种轻型越野车为对象进行模拟。

中国法律论文参考文献一、中国法律论文期刊参考文献[1].中国法律近代化道路选择的误读与驳正——兼谈英美法与中国法律近代化研究的意义.《湖北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2013年6期.李栋.漆晓昱.[2].从司法的技术观照到司法的理想建构——中国法律方法论深度研究展开的一个基本转向.《求是学刊》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2012年6期.王国龙.[3].试论社会转型时期中国法律哲学建构的三个维度.《学习与探索》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2010年6期.杨晓畅.[4].梁启超与中国法律史学的开新.《云南社会科学》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2009年1期.张雷.[5].转型中国法律现代化的共时性逻辑——基于一种主体性哲学发展的思考.《江汉论坛》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2015年3期.郑智航.[6].法治中国背景下的法律方法论研究2014年中国法律方法论研究学术报告.《山东大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2015年3期.孙光宁.焦宝乾.[7].论西方传统社会对中国法律的误读以西方比较法学研究为视角.《重庆邮电大学学报（社会科学版）》.2014年6期.顾华详.[8].跨文化解读中的知识与权力——《中国丛报》与战争前的中国法律形象.《西南民族大学学报（人文社科版）》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2011年5期.张振明.二、中国法律论文参考文献学位论文类[1].中国法：走在想象与真实之间——启蒙运动之前欧洲传教士笔下的中国法律.作者：刘泓呈.民族法学民族大学2011（学位年度）[2].中国法律现代化与中国的领导.作者：张兆亮.马克思主义基本原理山东农业大学2011（学位年度）[3].中国法律词汇的语义演进.作者：吴颖颖.外国语言学与应用语言学西南政法大学2012（学位年度）[4].中国法律英译中存在的难点及对策——以《中华人民共和国合同法》英译为例.作者：厉艳.翻译学(口译)苏州大学2012（学位年度）[5].GATS框架下中国法律服务贸易法律问题研究.被引次数：1作者：王继红.国际法学西北大学2008（学位年度）[6].“法律”与“社会”的共谋——对瞿同祖《中国法律与中国社会》的解读.作者：王冀.法理学西南政法大学2007（学位年度）[7].文化精神与法律生命——梁漱溟新儒家法律思想研究.作者：尹华广.法学理论重庆大学2014（学位年度）[8].高层次应用型法律人才培养模式探究——中国法律硕士(JM)教育的改革与发展.被引次数：2作者：王璟.高等教育学南京理工大学2012（学位年度）[9].家族观念对中国法律的影响——以亲子关系视角.作者：吴燕.法学理论河北经贸大学2012（学位年度）[10].中国法律英语测试与国际法律英语测试真实性对比研究.作者：邬丽丽.外国语言学与应用语言学重庆大学2013（学位年度）三、相关中国法律论文外文参考文献[1]EmpiricaldistributionsofChinesestockreturnsatdifferentmicrosco pictimescales.GuGFChenWZhouWX《Physica,A.Statisticalmechanicsanditsapplications》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.200823[2]Zipf'slawforChinesecities:Rollingsampleregressions.Peng,G.《Physica,A.Statisticalmechanicsanditsapplications》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.201018[3]Multiscalerelationanalysisofpowerlawdistributionandcorrelation intheChinesestockmarket.HonglinYangShouChenYanYang《Kybernetes:TheInternationalJournalofSystems&Cybernetics》,被EI 收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20129[4]DistributionofChinesenames.Huang,D.W.《Physica,A.Statisticalmechanicsanditsapplications》,被EI 收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20136[5]PowerlawandmultiscalingpropertiesoftheChinesestockmarket. Bai,MYZhu,HB《Physica,A.Statisticalmechanicsanditsapplications》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20109[6]EmpiricaldistributionsofChinesestockreturnsatdifferentmicrosco pictimescales.Gu,GFChen,WZhou,WX《Physica,A.Statisticalmechanicsanditsapplications》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20082/3[7]FittingChinesesyllabletocharactermappingspectrumbythebetarankf unction.Li,W.《Physica,A.Statisticalmechanicsanditsapplications》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20124[8]EnglishandChineselanguagesasweightedcomplexnetworks.Sheng,LLi,CG《Physica,A.Statisticalmechanicsanditsapplications》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.200912[9]GSKadmitsexecutivesatChineseunitbrokethelaw. TheChemicalEngineerGroup《TheChemicalEngineer》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.2013TN.866[10]Relaxationdynamicsofaftershocksafterlargevolatilityshocksinth eSSECindex.MuGHZhouWX《Physica,A.Statisticalmechanicsanditsapplications》,被EI 收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.200821四、中国法律论文专著参考文献[1]中国法律传统的现代转换及其命运——中国法律现代化的道路.曹全来，2009中国法律史学会成立30周年纪念大学暨2009’年会[2]刍议中国法律法典化的价值和意义.张小军，2007中外法律体系比较国际学术研讨会[3]中国法律的传统与固有国情.张晋藩，2011中国社会科学论坛(2011)——首届中美学术高层论坛[4]中国法律心理科学研究三十年.罗大华，2009首届中国法学名家论坛[5]中国法律“看不见中国”与三十年代变法以全国司法会议为例.江照信，2008社会转型与法律变革国际学术研讨会[6]探讨法律与社会互动的范例.刘广安，2008社会转型与法律变革国际学术研讨会[7]从依附于人到自主发展——中国法律的发展道路之一.邱本，2009新中国法治建设与法学发展60年理论研讨会[8]中国法律史学史的里程碑——纪念中国法律史学会成立30周年.邱远猷，2009中国法律史学会成立30周年纪念大学暨2009’年会[9]董必武与法律实践比较及分析二十世纪前七十年中国法律与政治关系的样本分析.周舟，2011中国法学会董必武法学思想研究会2011董必武学术研讨会[10]纳米比亚和中国:走在刑事司法的法治道路上.乔恩斯·尼古拉斯·郝恩，2010第二届中非合作论坛——法律论坛。

创模工作计划三联完小创模工作实施方案为贯彻落实进化中心校关于创模工作安排的意见，结合我校实际，特制定本实施方案。

一、总体要求和目标: 全校师生积极行动起来，充分认识创模工作的重要性，人人参与，为实现“创模”目标，把我校建成整洁、美丽、平安、文明校园做贡献。

以“创模”活动为契机，进一步加强师德师风建设，加强学生思想道德建设，加强校园文化建设，加强校园环境建设，把学校建成文明单位的典范，让广大师生成为现代文明的使者，创建文明和- 谐校园，推进学校的整体工作健康有序地向前发展。

二、组织领导（一）、组织机构。

为加强组织领导，确保“创模”工作顺利开展，成立城东中学“创模”工作领导小组。

组长: 罗伯良成员: 各班班主任（二）、明确工作职责。

学校“创模”领导小组负责制定工作方案，研究部署各阶段工作，定期通报“创模”工作进展动态，协调解决“创模”过程中的具体问题，扎实做好各项工作。

领导小组各成员分工协作，明确职责。

具体分工是: 罗伯良负责各方面工作安排、协调; 陈亮负责“创模”工作制度的制定和检查落实; 秦礼萍负责“创模”宣传和师生环保、卫生、安全、健康教育; 罗强负责学校食堂、垃圾房、厕所、宿舍楼管理和卫生监督; 陈亮负责工作总结、档案收集。

（三）、强化保障措施。

把“创模”工作列入重要议事日程，并作为今学年的重要工作抓紧抓好，加强领导，强化措施，依据“创模”标准，扎实开展工作，定期进行总结，要做好“创模”工作中档案资料的收集整理，保证“创模”档案的真实性和完整性。

三、主要工作) 广泛开展宣传教育( 一1、多种形式进行宣传。

(1) 、利用学校宣传栏。

明确目标、意义，宣传有关环保知识、健康知识、卫生常识、交通安全、文明礼貌等内容和“创模”工作动态及“创模”检查标准使广大师生进一步认识“创模”的重要性，从而提高自身素质，积极投身到“创模”中。

(2) 、各班办“创模”黑板报和手抄报。

每学期各班以“创模”为内容，办一期黑板报，宣传“创模”，学校不仅评比黑板报的质量而且考察班级板报宣传的效果。

专利名称：METHOD FOR DETECTING KEY POINTS IN HUMAN SKELETON, APPARATUS,ELECTRONIC DEVICE, AND STORAGEMEDIUM发明人：GU, Jili,谷继力,ZHANG, Lei,张雷,ZHENG, Wen,郑文申请号：CN2019/110582申请日：20191011公开号：WO2020/093837A1公开日：20200514专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A method for detecting key points in a human skeleton, an apparatus, an electronic device, and a storage medium. The method comprises: an original image is acquired, the original image comprising a plurality of key points in a human skeleton(S101); on the basis of a pre-trained stacked hourglass network used for detection of key points in a skeleton, skeleton key point identification is performed on the original image to obtain a heat map of the plurality of key points in the human skeleton, the stacked hourglass network comprising a plurality of hourglass networks linked together, and each hourglass network, on the basis of weights corresponding to a feature map of the plurality of key points in the human skeleton, performing deep feature learning on the feature map of the plurality of key points in the human skeleton (S102). The goal of improving the accuracy of learned heat maps of pluralities of key points in human skeletons and thereby improving the accuracy of the detection of key points in human skeletons can thus be achieved.申请人：BEIJING DAJIA INTERNET INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.,北京达佳互联信息技术有限公司地址：Room 101D1-7, 1st Floor, Building 1 No. 6, Shangdi West Road, Haidian District Beijing 100085 CN,中国北京市海淀区上地西路6号1幢1层101D1-7, Beijing 100085 CN 国籍：CN,CN代理人：PATENTSINO IP FIRM,北京柏杉松知识产权代理事务所（普通合伙）更多信息请下载全文后查看。

搜索引擎与翻译
王勇
【期刊名称】《中国科技翻译》
【年(卷),期】2005(18)1
【摘要】搜索引擎可以帮助译者搜索相关文献、查找相应译文、确定译文是否准确地道 ,是翻译工作的一个得力助手。

本文结合具体的翻译实践 ,对搜索引擎的上述用途进行了系统介绍。

【总页数】4页(P28-30)
【关键词】翻译实践;译文;译者;翻译工作;准确;具体;搜索引擎;文献;帮助;助手【作者】王勇
【作者单位】上海交通大学外语学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H059;H315.9
【相关文献】
1.搜索引擎在翻译实践和翻译研究中的应用 [J], 吴耀武
2.搜索引擎在计算机辅助翻译中的应用 [J], 翟云超;马王储;常璐
3.互联网搜索引擎在翻译课堂上的应用 [J], 杨婷
4.知识搜索引擎与翻译 [J], 徐意想;倪蓉
5.基于网络搜索引擎的跨模态信息检索在翻译实践中的应用 [J], 李家元;匡存玖因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

生态翻译视域下的语料库翻译教学
朱晓晓;王澜
【期刊名称】《教育理论与实践》
【年(卷),期】2018(38)12
【摘要】生态翻译学倡导以译者为中心,充分发挥译者的主观能动性,从而达到最优的生态选择。

语料库翻译教学则是基于大量翻译实例分析和数据统计的基础上,以更为客观、直观的方式培养学生的翻译能力,形成学生自己的翻译观。

生态翻译与语料库翻译教学的结合可以培养学生的翻译认知能力,从而有效促进翻译教学质量的提高。

【总页数】2页(P55-56)
【作者】朱晓晓;王澜
【作者单位】太原理工大学外国语学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G642.0
【相关文献】
1.生态翻译学视域下的大学英语翻译教学研究
2.生态翻译学视域下的商务英语翻译教学模式研究
3.生态翻译学视域下基于语料库的《伤寒论》译本对比研究
4.试论生态翻译学视域下高校外语专业翻译课程教学模式的构建
5.基于翻译生态学视域下的翻译教学策略分析
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。