浙江工商大学_3119应用随机过程2012--2015年_考博专业课真题试卷

2012浙江⼯商⼤学研究⽣⼊试综合英语真题浙江⼯商⼤学2012年研究⽣⼊学考试试卷（A）卷招⽣专业：外国语⾔学及应⽤语⾔学、英语语⾔⽂学考试科⽬：615综合英语总分：150分考试时间：180分钟（所有答Array案请写在答题纸上，写在本试卷上的⽆效！）I.Vocabulary & Structure （30%）Directions:There are 30 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one that best completes the sentence. Writer your answers on the ANSWER SHEET./doc/f29af1a32aea81c758f5f61fb7360b4c2e3f2ac5.html ernment decided to help companies ______ the crisis by offering them a low-interestloan.A.get throughB. get roundC. get off toD. get into2.He was annoyed with his girl friend for she had disposed ______ those old but valuable bookshis father left him.A.outB. awayC. inD. of3.To ______ further research is one important properties of a scientific theory.A. arouseB. advocateC. stimulateD. renew4. A good education should offer a ______ among the branches of knowledge that contribute toeffective thinking and wise judgment.A. balanceB. distributionC. combinationD. spread5.Yingluck Shinawatra, the new premier in Thailand, won the political support for her great ______.A. intentionB. integrityC. instinctD. intensity6.The evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was ______ to the issue at hand.A. unreasonableB. irrelevantC. invalidD. irrational7.Obama spoke so ______ that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.A. franklyB. emphaticallyC. loudlyD. convincingly8.Before purchasing the car, they gave it a thorough ______.A. inspectationB. observationC. reflectionD. check-in9.Susan enthusiastically joined the drama society but didn’t seem to ______, so she left.A. fit upB. fit outC. fit inD. fit in with10.He couldn’t tell ______ from a distance whether it was Sam or his brother.A. at largeB. in nameC. for sureD. in short11. People should learn to use their sense freely and ______, and develop positive attitudes towards themselves.A. creativelyB. intellectuallyC. conductivelyD. productively12. The government has to provide a very ______ explanation for the new medical care reform.A. understandingB. sophisticatedC. comprehensiveD. compulsory13. Richard Clayderman is a (n) ______musician who learned from his father when he was five.A. ancientB. giftedC. originalD. uncivilized14. The deal was finally made through the ______ of the local government.A. conventionB. insertionC. interventionD. interference15. There is no perfect policies concerning the education reform, and each of the proposed ones has its own ______.A. frontiersB. limitsC. bordersD. limitations16. Ladies and gentlemen, the train to Xiamen will leave from _____ at 5:30 p.m.A. Platform FourB. the Platform FourC. Fourth PlatformD. the Four Platform17. I didn’t go to Susan’s gallery, for I didn’t like ______.A. those paintings of hersB. those her paintingsC. her those paintingsD. those paintings of her18. The apartments John has looked at so far were so expensive that he is better off ______ wherehe is.A. stayB. to stayC. stayingD. stayed19. No one would expect a 5-year-old boy to have walked ______ far, ten miles!A. /B. suchC. thatD. as20. Mary and her husband could hardly understand each other, ______?A. could sheB. could heC. couldn’t theyD. could they21. _______, you would not have recovered so quickly.A. Hadn’t you taken the doctor’s adviceB. Had you not taken the doctor’s adviceC. Had not you taken the doctor’s adviceD. Had you taken the doctor’s advice22. It was not until midnight ______ the assignment.A. that students finishedB. that students did not finishC. did students finishD. did students not finish23. The more we thought of the lost boy, ______ did we get worried.A. the moreB. the betterC. the mostD. the best24. You should always stick to the principle, ______ obstacles you may meet.A. whicheverB. howeverC. whoeverD. whatever25. In ancient China, thunder was believed to be a manifestation of the ______ of the gods.A. spiritB. powerC. wrathD. sorrow26. Nothing can ______ permanent happiness.A. insureB. ensureC. assureD. reassure27. Before the earthquake, many people may have an ______ feeling of impending disaster.A. uncannyB. intangibleC. ambiguousD. ambivalent28. For the pressure from purchasing a house, I’m getting awfully ______.A. economicB. thriftyC. stingyD. economical29. You cannot rely on those who ______ back from any commitment.A. shrinkB. shortenC. decreaseD. lessen30. Employers should ______ their workmen for injuries.A. composeB. compensateC. compriseD. encloseⅡ.Reading Comprehension (50%)Directions: Read the following 5 passages carefully, and choose the best answer to each question。

浙江工商大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试卷年硕士研究生入学考试试卷（（A ）卷150 344012345678910110 115 22009510 315 415515610 715 815（B）卷年硕士研究生入学考试试卷（浙江工商大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试卷招生专业：旅游管理考试科目：旅游学概论旅游学概论总分：150分考试时间：3小时一、 名词解释（每小题4分，共40分）1.旅游学2.世界旅行理事会3.自然旅游资源4.背包旅游者5.旅游季节性6.主题饭店7.旅游市场细分8.旅游商品9.可进入性10.国际旅游收入二、 问答题（共110分）1.（10分）在1991年于渥太华召开的旅游统计工作国际会议上，世界旅游组织基于旅游统计工作的需要，根据不同类别的旅游活动开展所包含的经济意义，将旅游活动划分为哪六种类别？请说明这六种类别及其定义。

2.（10分）个人要实现自己的旅游需求需要具备哪些客观条件？对于旅游业的经营者而言，认识这些条件有什么意义？3.（10分）在评定某一饭店等级的时候，一般应考虑哪些内容？为什么？4.（10分）什么是旅游产品的不可贮存性？请结合实例说明，旅游企业经营者正确地认识旅游产品的不可贮存性，对于旅游企业的经营具有哪些意义？5.（15分）请问旅游目的地营销者在选择国际重点客源市场，应综合考虑哪些方面和要素？6.（15分）什么是狭义的旅游景点概念？请结合实例说明，旅游景点应符合哪几个方面的条件？7.（20分）2011年10月，中国共产党第17界中央委员会第六次全体会议召开，全会审议并通过了《中共中央关于深化文化体制改革，推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣若干重大问题的决定》。

请你结合实际，谈谈在旅游业发展中应如何做好文化这篇“大文章”？8.（20分）你认为在旅游发展中会出现哪些负面的社会文化影响？应如何解决?。

答案写在答题纸上第1页（共1页）。

浙江工商大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试卷（A）卷招生专业：外国语言学及应用语言学、英语语言文学考试科目：256法语总分：100分考试时间：3小时注意：请考生将答案写在答题纸上，写在本试卷上无效。

I. Structure grammaticale et vocabulaire (35 points):1. Il fait beau aujourd’hui, il n’y a pas _____ nuage.A. unB. leC. deD. une2. Il y a en Chine de nombreux fleuves, _____ le Yangtsé, le Fleuve Jaune, etc.A. tel queB. telle queC. tels queD. telles que3. Je vais vous faire visiter l’université _______ je faisais mes études.A. oùB. queC. quiD. quand4. Je préfère qu’on ______ le taxi.A. prendB. prendsC. prendreD. prenne5. C’est bientôt son anniversaire, qu’est-ce qu’on pourrait _______ apporter ?A. leB. l’C. luiD. en6. Ils aident cette femme ______ ils ne la connaissent pas du tout.A. bien qu’B. puisqu’C. sans qu’D. à condition qu’7. Ils s’intéressent beaucoup ______ la musique.A. pourB. àC. deD. avec8. J’avais l’habitude de me promener le long ____ la Seine après le dîner.A. àB. surC. deD. dans9. Je n’aime pas ____ pain, je veux prendre ____ riz.A. le, duB. de, duC. du, leD. de, le10. Notre ami étranger va nous apprendre ____ chanter en anglais demain.A. deB. pourC. /D. à11. Où sont les voyageurs venus _____ France？A. de laB. deC. duD. au12. Aujourd’hui, je vais à l’école ______ pied.A. deB. pourC. àD. en13. Votre appartement est plus petit que _____.A. le notreB. le nôtreC. le votreD. le vôtre14. C’est la ____ étudiante de notre classe.A. bonB. mieuxC. meilleurD. meilleure15. Maintenant on peut acheter des pommes en _____ saison.A. toutB. tousC. touteD. toutes16. Benoît nous a réservé une chambre dans _____ hôtel.A. ceB. cetteC. cesD. cet17. Tes _____ sont vraiment trop longs. Il te faut aller chez le coiffeur !A. cheveuxB. chevauxC. cheveuD. cheval18. – Tu aimes faire _____ sport ?– Oui, je joue _____ tennis.A. du ; duB. le ; duC. du ; auD. le ; au19. Nous _____ le français depuis plus de cinq ans.A. apprendB. apprendsC. apprenonsD. apprennent20. Il est _____ faible pour continuer son travail.A. tropB. siC. tantD. tellement21. – Est-ce que vous pensez à vos parents ?– Oui, _____.A. je leur pense souvent.B. je pense souvent à ils.C. je pense souvent à eux.D. je les pense souvent.22. J’ai beaucoup de livres ; mais vous en avez encore _____ que moi.A. autantB. mieuxC. plusD. moins23. _____ on a soif, on veut boire un peu d’eau.A. À cause deB. CommeC. Parce queD. Car24. Racontez-nous quelque chose _____ intéressant !A. d’B. deC. àD. pour25. C’est un écrivain peu célèbre _____ j’ai oublié le nom.A. dontB. queC. quiD. celui26. Hier soir, j’ai dîné avec un _____ ami.A. vieilB. vieuxC. ancienD. ancienne27. _____ retard de Pierre, j’ai manqué l’avion.A. Malgré leB. Grâce auC. Parce queD. À cause du28. Pardon monsieur, je _____ envoyer un télégramme pour l’Espagne, qu’est-ce queje dois faire ?A. veuxB. voulaisC. voudraisD. voudrai29. J’aimerais savoir _____ s’est passé dans votre chambre cette nuit.A. quiB. ce quiC. queD. ce que30. Où étiez-vous pendant qu’il _____ ?A. a travailléB. travaillaC. travailleD. travaillait31. Eric a acheté une baguette et deux croissants _____ boulanger.A. auB. dans leC. chez leD. en32. Vous devez faire passer votre billet dans la machine à composter _____ dans le train.A. avant que vous montezB. avant que vous montiezC. avant d’être montéD. avant de monter33. Le Directeur veut que nous _____ tous présents à la soirée de demain.A. serionsB. seronsC. étionsD. soyons34. Ah, Michel, _____ voilà, le professeur t’attend à son bureau.A. tuB. vousC. toiD. te35. Nous cherchons un interprète qui _____ parler couramment deux langues étrangères.A. peutB. puisseC. pourraD. pourraitII. Compréhension écrite (20 points):Texte 1 Les sciencesParmi les sciences qui se sont développées depuis le début du vingtième siècle, certaines jouent un rôle essentiel dans toutes les activités de notre vie quotidienne. Il est difficile d’imaginer ce qui se produirait sur la terre si on supprimait tout d’un coup la moitié des machines qui ont été inventées depuis cinquante ans. Grâce auxapplications de la recherche scientifique, elles sont devenues capables de réaliser presque tout ce que font les hommes, beaucoup plus rapidement et souvent mieux qu’eux, et parfois de les remplacer.Les découvertes de la physique et de la chimie ont transformé notre civilisation. L’électricité a complètement changé notre vie. Quant à l’électronique, elle apporte des solutions à la plupart des problèmes que nous rencontrons dans tous les domaines. Que ce soit dans l’industrie ou la médecine, les télécommunications oul’enseignement, les transports ou le commerce, et même dans la musique,l’électronique a apporté au cerveau humain une aide précieuse pour organiser son travail et ses loisirs.36. « essentiel » signifie ici :A. importantB. secondaireC. quelconqueD. quelque37. « tout d’un coup » signifie :A. progressivementB. totalementC. subitementD. tout de suite38. « elles » remplace ici :B. les machinesA. toutes les activités de notre viequotidienneC. les télécommunicationsD. les applications de la recherchescientifique39. « apporter des solutions à » veut dire :A. déciderB. transformerC. résoudreD. demander40. D’après le texte, parmi les sciences qui se sont développées depuis le début du vingtième siècle, laquelle est la plus remarquable ?A. la chimieB. le transportC. la médecineD. l’électroniqueTexte 2Famille, je vous aimeLa célèbre formule de Gide « Famille, je vous hais » a tendance à être remplacée aujourd’hui par « Famille, je vous aime ».Il fait bon vivre en famille puisque les jeunes quittent leur famille de plus en plus tard, parfois à 25 ans. Les jeunes pensent que les parents respectent leur vie personnelle, qu’ils les aident dans leurs études et qu’ils peuvent communiquer avec eux facilement.Avant quinze ans, les jeunes se sentent un peu étouffés, ils aimeraient être plus autonomes. Mais les parents veulent fournir à leurs enfants une protection contrel’environnement souvent agressif.Après 16 ans, l’âge difficile de l’adolescence, le dialogue parents-enfants n’est plus aussi facile. On s’oppose assez souvent sur des problèmes matériels.Mais on s’entend (相处) bien quand même, les conceptions de la vie ne sont pas opposées et il est si pratique d’habiter chez ses parents plutôt que de payer un loyer. Quant aux parents, même s’ils trouvent souvent le réfrigérateur vide, ils ne sont pasmécontents d’avoir l’affection des enfants.41. Dans la phrase « la célèbre formule de Gide ‘Famille, je vous hais’ » …,« formule » signifie ici __________.A. solutionB. formationC. expressionD. programme42. Généralement, les jeunes quittent leur famille __________.A. avant 25 ansB. moins de 15 ansC. à l’âge de 25 ansD. à partir de 25ans43. Dans la phrase « il fait bon vivre en famille », « il fait bon » signifie __________.A. il fait chaudB. il est utile deC. il fait un temps magnifiqueD. il est agréable de44. « L’âge difficile de l’adolescence », signifie __________.A. l’âge où les jeunes n’étudient plusB. l’âge où les jeunes ne rentrent plus à la maisonC. l’âge où les jeunes se disputent plus souventD. l’âge où les jeunes ne veulent plus écouter leurs parents comme autrefois45. Pourquoi les jeunes se sentent un peu étouffés chez leurs parents ?A. Parce que les parents ne sont pas affectueux.B. Parce que les parents s’occupent trop d’eux.C. Parce qu’ils doivent payer un loyer.D. Parce que l’environnement est agressif.III. Traduisez les phrases suivantes en chinois (15 points) :46. Demain, c’est ton anniversaire, je te ferai une grande surprise.47. Quand on apprend une langue étrangère, il faut faire beaucoup d’exercices oraux, il ne suffit pas de faire seulement des exercices écrits.48. L’arrivée du Livre de Poche a été une véritable révolution culturelle dans les années 1950.49. En peu de temps tous les gens qui ne pouvaient s’acheter de livres parce qu’ils étaient trop chers ont pu enfin en acheter à faible prix.50. Les grands éditeurs français ont tout de suite lancé des collections avec un tirage important.IV. Traduisez les phrases suivantes en français (15 points) :51. 小时候，我和我父母一起住在一个小村子里。

浙江工商大学2012年博士研究生入学考试试卷（B ）卷招生专业： 考试科目：中级宏观经济学考试时间：3小时 总分：100分一、简述题（每小题10分，共计30分）1、简述货币政策传导机制。

2、为什么说当代金融危机是一种系统危机？3、当一国经济既处于通货膨胀又有国际收支赤字时，应该采用什么样的政策措施？二、计算题（每小题20分，共计40分）1、假设经济社会的总需求曲线为PM G Y 1.11.1667++=，短期总供给曲线为e t P Y P +-=-1000/)1500(1，政府支出为G=200，货币供给量为M=550，潜在产出=1500。

（1）如果经济开始时就处于充分就业水平，价格水平10=P ，问当0=e π和)0(01==-πππt e 两种情况下经济连续3年的价格水平、通货膨胀率和产出水平分别为多少？（保留小数点后三位）（2）你能从中得出什么结论？请简要讨论。

2、索洛增长模型描述的一个经济的生产函数为：k y =。

（1）试求作为储蓄率s 、人口增长率n 、技术进步率g 和折旧率δ的函数的稳定状态的y 值；（2）设一个发达国家甲的储蓄率为28%，人口增长率为1%；一个不发达国家乙的储蓄率为10%，人口增长率为4%；这两个国家的g =0.02，δ=0.04。

分别求出甲、乙两国的稳定状态y 的值；（3）乙国可能采取什么政策来提高本国的收入水平？三、论述题（每小题15分，共计30分）1、IS —LM 模型主要说明什么问题？其政策含义是什么？2、有效需求（指总供给价格等于总需求价格时的总需求）不足是困扰我国宏观经济的一个难题，尽管政府相继出台“假日经济”、“取消福利分房”、“医疗市场化”、“教育产业化”等举措，以刺激居民的消费，但效果十分有限。

宏观经济学是如何解释居民消费行为的？形成了那些理论观点？你认为哪几个可以合理的解释我国居民的行为，并说明你的依据。

答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效 第1页（共1页）。

【关键字】英语浙江工商大学2012年研究生入学考试试卷（A）卷招生专业：外国语言学及应用语言学、英语语言文学考试科目：615综合英语总分：150分考试时间：180分钟（所有答Array案请写在答题纸上，写在本试卷上的无效！）I.Vocabulary & Structure （30%）Directions:There are 30 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one that best completes the sentence. Writer your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.ernment decided to help companies ______ the crisis by offering them a low-interestloan.A.get throughB. get roundC. get off toD. get into2.He was annoyed with his girl friend for she had disposed ______ those old but valuable bookshis father left him.A.outB. awayC. inD. of3.To ______ further research is one important properties of a scientific theory.A. arouseB. advocateC. stimulateD. renew4. A good education should offer a ______ among the branches of knowledge that contribute toeffective thinking and wise judgment.A. balanceB. distributionC. combinationD. spread5.Yingluck Shinawatra, the new premier in Thailand, won the political support for her great______.A. intentionB. integrityC. instinctD. intensity6.The evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was ______ to the issue at hand.A. unreasonableB. irrelevantC. invalidD. irrational7.Obama spoke so ______ that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.A. franklyB. emphaticallyC. loudlyD. convincingly8.Before purchasing the car, they gave it a thorough ______.A. inspectationB. observationC. reflectionD. check-in9.Susan enthusiastically joined the drama society but didn’t seem to ______, so she left.A. fit upB. fit outC. fit inD. fit in with10.He couldn’t tell ______ from a distance whether it was Sam or his brother.A. at largeB. in nameC. for sureD. in short11. People should learn to use their sense freely and ______, and develop positive attitudestowards themselves.A. creativelyB. intellectuallyC. conductivelyD. productively12. The government has to provide a very ______ explanation for the new medical care reform.A. understandingB. sophisticatedC. comprehensiveD. compulsory13. Richard Clayderman is a (n) ______musician who learned from his father when he was five.A. ancientB. giftedC. originalD. uncivilized14. The deal was finally made through the ______ of the local government.A. conventionB. insertionC. interventionD. interference15. There is no perfect policies concerning the education reform, and each of the proposed oneshas its own ______.A. frontiersB. limitsC. bordersD. limitations16. Ladies and gentlemen, the train to Xiamen will leave from _____ at 5:30 p.m.A. Platform FourB. the Platform FourC. Fourth PlatformD. the Four Platform17. I didn’t go to Susan’s gallery, for I didn’t like ______.A. those paintings of hersB. those her paintingsC. her those paintingsD. those paintings of her18. The apartments John has looked at so far were so expensive that he is better off ______ wherehe is.A. stayB. to stayC. stayingD. stayed19. No one would expect a 5-year-old boy to have walked ______ far, ten miles!A. /B. suchC. thatD. as20. Mary and her husband could hardly understand each other, ______?A. could sheB. could heC. couldn’t theyD. could they21. _______, you would not have recovered so quickly.A. Hadn’t you taken the doctor’s adviceB. Had you not taken the doctor’s adviceC. Had not you taken the doctor’s adviceD. Had you taken the doctor’s advice22. It was not until midnight ______ the assignment.A. that students finishedB. that students did not finishC. did students finishD. did students not finish23. The more we thought of the lost boy, ______ did we get worried.A. the moreB. the betterC. the mostD. the best24. You should always stick to the principle, ______ obstacles you may meet.A. whicheverB. howeverC. whoeverD. whatever25. In ancient China, thunder was believed to be a manifestation of the ______ of the gods.A. spiritB. powerC. wrathD. sorrow26. Nothing can ______ permanent happiness.A. insureB. ensureC. assureD. reassure27. Before the earthquake, many people may have an ______ feeling of impending disaster.A. uncannyB. intangibleC. ambiguousD. ambivalent28. For the pressure from purchasing a house, I’m getting awfully ______.A. economicB. thriftyC. stingyD. economical29. You cannot rely on those who ______ back from any commitment.A. shrinkB. shortenC. decreaseD. lessen30. Employers should ______ their workmen for injuries.A. composeB. compensateC. compriseD. encloseⅡ.Reading Comprehension (50%)Directions: Read the following 5 passages carefully, and choose the best answer to each question from the four choices given. Writer your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage A“Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise,” said Dr. Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. While there’s no question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you’re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they couldn’t get the job done.Stress that you can manage may also boost immune function. In a study at the Academic center for Dentistry in Amsterdam, researchers put volunteers through two stressful experiences. In the first, a timed task that required memorizing a list followed by a short test, subjects believed they had control over the outcome. In the second, they weren’t in control: They had to sit through a gory video on surgical procedures. Those who did well on the memory test had an increase in levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody that’s the body’s first line of defense against germs. The video-watchers experienced a downtown in the antibody.Stress prompts the body to produce certain stress hormones. In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improved memory function. “They can help nerve cells handle information and put it into storage,” says Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New York. But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain.“Sustained stress is not good for you,” says Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on Longevity, “It’s the occasional burst of stress or brief exposure to stress that could be protective.”31. The passage is mainly about______.A. the benefits of manageable stressB. how to avoid stressful situationsC. how to cope with stress effectivelyD. the effects of stress hormones on memory32. The word “shun” most probably means______.A. cut down onB. stay away fromC. run out ofD. put up with33. We can conclude from the study of the 158 nurses in 2001 that ______.A. people under stress tend to have a poor memoryB. people who can’t get their job done experience most stressC. doing challenging work may be good for one’s healthD. stress will weaken the body’s defense against germs34. In the experiment described in Paragraph 3, the video-watchers experienced a downturn in theantibody because______.A. the video was not enjoyable at allB. the outcome was beyond their controlC. they knew little about surgical proceduresD. they felt no pressure while watching the video35. Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University believes that______.A. a person’s memory is determined by the level of hormones in his bodyB. stress hormones have lasting positive effects on the brainC. short bursts of stress hormones enhance memory functionD. a person’s memory improves with continued experience of stressPassage BIn sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, wanting prosperity and increasing social unrest led to the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.Every code of etiquette has contained three elements: basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.In the first category are consideration for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that, after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regular behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castles from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess pure and dedicated love to a lady who should be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of hi life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weakand the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. You can easily think of dozens of examples of customs and habits in your own daily life which come under this heading.36. In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, the ruling families ______.A. tried to destroy the lower and middle classes using etiquetteB. discriminated against the lower classes using etiquetteC. tried to teach etiquette to the lower and middle classesD. put the middle and working classes into fenced enclosures37. In England, the upper classes ______.A. have always followed the French attitude to the lower classesB. accept the newly rich in spite of their lower-class mannersC. publish books on etiquette for the newly richD. seem to accept a newly rich person provided he makes some attempt to adjust toupper-class life38. Every code of etiquette has contained three elements: ______.A. practical rules, optional moral duties and formal complimentsB. formal compliments, basic moral duties and practical rulesC. optional moral duties, optional practical rules and artificial gracesD. rules, regulations and requirements39. The customs of young men bowing to show respect when passing the dwellings of their elderswas cited as a characteristic of ______.A. the ancient EgyptiansB. parts of TanzaniaC. England, about a century agoD. all societies40. The practical rules of etiquette, for example those governing table manners ______.A. are the same all over the worldB. sometimes vary according to time and circumstanceC. became unnecessary with the invention of the knife and forkD. are not liable to changePassage CA new policy on public rental housing is allowing more low- and middle-income families to apply for homes. But people without Beijing hukou --- permanent residence permits --- must wait for more details to be released before they can take advantage of the change.The policy, which took effect on Thursday, also pertains to larger local families with three or four members and allows residents without hukou to apply for those documents if they have worked in the city for an as yet undetermined number of years.“In addition to the amount of years they have been working in Beijing, a limit on annual income will be set later,” said an official from the Beijing Municipal Committee of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, who declined to be named, “because some resid ents said it’s only fair that they should have the same restrictions as local families.”The precise restrictions on migrant people will vary by district depending on an applicant’s situation and the number of candidates and public rental units in the district. The districts will later release detailed guidelines.Some migrant workers had lost hope of being able to get government-subsidized housing because they feared they would not be eligible for it or that they would have to wait too long. “It’s too complicated and most of these units are far from the downtown, which means spending more time on the road, so I gave up,” said Zhang Lifeng, a technician renting an apartment near Zhongguancun with a friend.Yin Bocheng, director of the real estate research center at Fudan University, supports restricting applications according to the amount of time an applicant has spent on the job. “Because of the limited supply of these units, it’s necessary to narrow down the number of the applicants,” he said on Thursday. But the restrictions should be flexible and change according to different situations, Yin said. He added that although applicants might at first become eligible after three years, for instance, as the supply later gets larger and applicants fewer, that time could be shortened.41. Which one is TRUE in the following statements?A. Only a limited number of people can apply for public rental housing.B. Only low- and middle-income families can apply for public rental housing.C. All the migrant people can apply for public rental housing.D. All the residence in Beijing can apply for public rental housing.42. The restrictions on the migrant people for public rental housing are ______.A. a limit on annual incomeB. the number of the family memberC. the amount of time they have been working in BeijingD. A and C43. “E ligible” in Paragraph 5 means ______.A. to be legalB. toe have enough moneyC. to have the qualificationD. to have permanent residence permits44. According to the passage, which one is TRUE concerning the new policy?A. The new policy took effect all around Beijing in the same way.B. The new policy varied according to the district’s condition.C. The new policy varied according to the identity of the applicants.D. The new policy varied according to the applicants’ income.45. The purpose of setting the limitations is ______.A. to decrease the population of BeijingB. to solve the problem of supply limitationC. to decrease the population of applicantsD. to solve the problem of the migrants’ housingPassage DEvery year dozens of companies publish their lists of the world’s top universities, compiling masses of data from the universities as they go. The most influential are the Times Higher Education World Top 400, the QS World University Rankings, and the US News & World Report World’s Best Universities.One critic of the ranking system recently described them as “a high-stakes beauty contest.”Universities, especially those in developing countries, were told recently to avoid trying to keepup with Joneses. The comment came at a forum organized by UNESCO, the Institutional Management of Higher Education and the World Bank.“Instead of trying to conform to the prevailing monoculture approach to higher education by funneling scarce public funds to create flagship universities, governments should ignore rankings altogether,” forum participants were told. Sandro Calvani of the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok agrees.“Asian universities manage knowledge on Asia better than the West and they do it in a way the West cannot see or does not wish to see,” Calvani said. He is an education expert and director of the institute’s ASEAN Regional Center of Excellence on Millennium Development Goals. In his view, many Western elite universities lack Asian expertise on sustainable development, global public good and human security concerns. “The Times and QS university rankings … do not take into consideration the relevant direct outreach work done in Asia by Asian universities to facilitate policy innovation and problem solving.”46. What does it mean by saying that the ranking system is “a high-stakes beauty contest”(in Paragraph 2)?A. Because its results are beautiful.B. There is always a beauty contest when some universities become top ones.C. It looks beautiful, but actually dangerous.D. The contest for top universities costs much money on the one hand and gets more on theother.47. “Keep up with Joneses” (in Paragraph 2) means ______.A. to maintain the same standards as othersB. to be at the same leave with the person named JonesesC. to be at the same leave with the university named JonesesD. to be at the same leave with the ranking system named Joneses48. Which one is TRUE about the Asia universities?A. Governments pay no attention to the ranking.B. Governments pay no money for the ranking.C. Governments pay limited money for education.D. Governments pay sufficient money for education.49. According to Sandro Calvani, governments should ignore rankings altogether, because _____.A. Western ranking is not fit for Asia universities who know more about Asia’s educationB. Western education is not worthy of attentionC. Western ranking is poor, for they cannot see the advantages of Asia universitiesD. Asia rankings are much better than western ones50. Western ranking systems, according to Calvani, are ______.A. biased in judging Asia universitiesB. insufficient in judging Asia universitiesC. proud when they look at Asia universities in a western wayD. content to judge Asia universitiesPassage EAuctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asked the crowd to gather in the auction room to bid for various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called“knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a raised platform.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction and the English word comes from the Latin “autic”, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called “sub hasta”, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being s tuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer and bids could be made while it was burning.Practically all goods can be sold by auction. Among these are coffee, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, fruit, vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and works of art. The auction rooms at Christi e’s and Sotheby’s in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by the buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, cat alogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with lot one and continue the numerical order; he may wait until he notices the fact that certain buyers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding.51.Auctioned goods are sold ______.A. for the highest price offeredB. at fixed pricesC. at prices lower than their true valueD. at prices offered by the auctioneer52. The end of bidding is called “knocking down” because _____.A. the auctioneer knocks on the tableB. the auctioneer names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goodsC. the goods are knocked down onto the tableD. the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer53. In the sentence “The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war”,the word“spoils” most probably means _____.A. useless goodsB. spearsC. various kind of foodD. property taken from the enemy54. In England a candle was used to burn at auction sales _____.A. because the auction sales took place at nightB. as a signal for the crowd to gatherC. to keep the auction room warmD. to limit the time when offers of prices could be made55. An auction catalogue gives buyers _____.A. the current market values of the goodsB. details of the goods to be soldC. the orders in which goods are to be soldD. free admission to the auction saleIII. Rhetorical Knowledge (30%)Directions:There are 15 sentences, each of which has a figure of speech, and there are four kinds of figure marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and writer your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.56. I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.A. anti-climaxB. climaxC. punD. hyperbole57. She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.A. zeugmaB. simileC. epigramD. metaphor58. The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth.A. alliterationB. antithesisC. oxymoronD. synecdoche59. --- I hope you’ll be reasonable in your terms.--- If you allow me, I will call your carriage for you.A. allusionB. assonanceC. euphemismD. zeugma60. One day I was packing for my trip, but I couldn’t fit everything into my suitcase; I bet mysuitcase would start crying if I stuff it anymore.A. punB. personificationC. epigraphD. analogy61. When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.A. hyperboleB. simileC. metonymyD. paradox62. A few hundred pounds of twenty dollar bills ought to solve that problem nicely.A. contrastB. understatementC. alliterationD. synecdoche63. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule myhead.A. parodyB. metonymyC. ironyD. euphemism64. Where there is a will, there is a lawsuit.A. assonanceB. personificationC. parodyD. oxymoron65. It was another one of those Catch-22 situations, you’re damned if you do, and you are damnedif you don’t.A. allusionB. simileC. repetitionD. hyperbole66. The rain fell pitter-patter on the window the whole night.A. parallelismB. zeugmaC. ironyD. onomatopoeia67. The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.A. understatementB. transferred epithetC. euphemismD. allusion68. My money and goods are as dear to me as life itself.A. simileB. metonymyC. hyperboleD. anti-climax69. The case snowballed into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history.A. antithesisB. onomatopoeiaC. metaphorD. zeugma70. That’s one small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind.A. repetitionB. antithesisC. alliterationD. assonanceIV. Proofreading & Error Correction (20%)Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE ERROR ONLY. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way. Copy the relevant part (a word, a phrase or a sentence where an error is) on the ANSWER SHEET at first, and for a wrong word, underline it and write the correct one; for a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “۸” sign and write the word you believe to be missing; for anunnecessary word, cross it with a slash “/”.These days, Coca Cola is one of the symbol of America. But it’s come a long way from its humble start. The drink was discovered by John Pemberton, who lived in the southern state of Georgia. Pemberton was a retired US civil war officer who owned a drugstore and believed the healing potential of various plants. Coca Cola evolved from a product calling French Wine Cola. This was a mixture of Peruvian coca leaves, the purest wine and the kola nut. Pemberton said that the native South American Indians used the coca leaf frequently and they believed in its beneficial effects in the mind and body. This drink was very successful in the south of the US, particular in Pemberton’s home state of Georgia.However, in 1886, alcohol was banned in Atlanta. So, Pemberton has to replace the wine in the French Wine Cola for sugar syrup. He used the name Coca Cola to describe this new “sweet” recipe. The new Coca Cola drink was immediately so successful as French Wine Cola. And very soon, local business men were selling Coca Cola commercially around the country, giving Pemberton royalties of five cents for each gallon. Not until 1903, Coca Cola contained an estimated 9 milligrams of cocaine per glass. However, later, manufacturers started using coca leaves with the cocaine removing. Nowadays, Coca Cola uses a specially-grown, non-narcotic coca leaf. 71.____________72. ____________73. ____________74.____________75. ____________76. ____________77. ____________78. ____________79. ____________80. ____________V. Close (20%)Directions: In the following passage, there are 20 blanks. Choose one from the four choices A, B, C, and D, and make the meaning complete. Write the answers on the ANSWER SHEET.At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question: are immigrants good or bad for the economy? The American public overwhelmingly thinks they’re bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small net ___81___ to the economy. Immigrants provide cheap labor, ___82___ the prices of everything from farm produce to new homes, and leave consumers with a little more money in their pockets. So why is there su ch a discrepancy between the perception of immigrants’ impact on the economy and the ___83___?There are a number of familiar theories. Some argue that people are anxious and feel threatened by an ___84___ of new workers. Others highlight the strain that undocumented immigrants place on public services, like schools, hospitals, and jails. Still others emphasize the role of race, arguing that foreigners ___85___ the nation's fears and insecurities. There’s some truth to all these explanations, but they aren’t quite sufficient.To get a better understanding of what's going on, consider the way immigration's impact is felt. Though its overall effect may be ___86___, its costs and benefits are distributed unevenly. David Card, an economist at UC Berkeley, notes that the ones who profit most directly from immigrants’ low-cost ___87___ are businesses and employers –-- meatpacking plants in Nebraska, for instance, or agricultural businesses in California. Granted, these producers' savings probably translate into lower prices at the grocery store, ___88___ how many consumers make that mental connection at the checkout counter? ___89___ the drawbacks of illegal immigration, these, too, are concentrated. Native ___90___ workers suffer most from the competition of foreign labor.。