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基于蓝牙控制的智能台灯系统设计文章提出了一种基于蓝牙控制技术的台灯系统设计方法，可广泛应用于智能家居领域。
主要阐述了利用IAR15F2K60S2单片机和PWM技术实现对光敏传感器、超声波传感器等传感器件的控制过程和实现算法基本原理，并给出了PWM 信号驱动台灯工作和手机蓝牙终端对台灯控制的原理和一般设计方法。
标签：传感器智能家居；PWM；控制Abstract：This paper presents a design method of table lamp system based on Bluetooth control technology，which can be widely used in the field of smart home. Mainly expounds the basic principle and implementation process of control algorithm of photosensitive sensor and ultrasonic sensor sensing devices using the IAR15F2K60S2 microcontroller and PWM technology，and gives the PWM signal to drive the lamp and mobile phone Bluetooth terminal to control the lamp principle and general design method.Key words：The sensor；Smarthome；PWM control前言随着科学技术的进步和社会的发展，人们不仅希望居住环境要舒适便捷，而且还要具有一定的智能性，即能够让家居用品拥有感应、感知、通信和计算等功能，于是出现了智能家居的概念。
实现智能家居的目的是为了对家居环境的智能化管理，改变人们的生活方式，为用户提供人性化和智能化的居住环境。
智能照明网络控制设计荣雪娟牛平娟徐秀芝信息与通信工程学院，天津理工大学，天津300160，中华人民共和国摘要这篇文章研究的是控制器设计和智能照明网络的基本原理。
主要的控制器是TI的MSP430F123. 通过使用ZigBee模块（XBee / XBee-PRO）和GSM无线通信模块（SIM300C），照明控制能访问无线网络。
该系统使用移动电话实现无线控制家庭智能照明的开关。
关键词：智能照明控制; ZigBee模块，GSM模块，照明网络控制器中图分类号：TN431 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1007 - 0206（2009）03 - 0179 - 051.引言近年来，数字家电，无线通信，无线控制，无线定位，无线网络和移动连络已经深入到我们的生活。
IT行业的快速发展，网络的普及，智能家电和单片机的强大功能，使我们的生活发生了巨大的变化。
相关信息的普及充分使这些新事物有很强的生命力和广阔的前景。
到目前为止，智能照明没有一个具体的定义。
通常它涉及到先进计算机的采用，网络通信或综合布线的技术。
它可以结合生活和家庭照明系统，使简单的生活更舒适，更温馨，更环保。
简单的了解智能照明能够使照明系统信息化和智能化。
智能照明包括两个方面：远程控制供电和室内照明。
因此，智能照明控制系统将成为今后的研究重点。
2.智能照明的优点控制系统智能照明的影响如下：（1）照明人性化。
由于在不同领域的不同的照明质量要求，我们需要调整照明控制，以实现现场控制，定时控制，多点控制等。
该程序能被灵活的修改和变换，有利的保证照明质量。
（2）提高管理水平。
为了保证照明质量，高品质的管理体系是必要的，并且把传统的开关控制转化成智能管理。
（3）能源节约。
这种智能传感器能够根据室外亮度自动调节室内照明，维持恒定亮度。
它不仅塑造了最好的室内照明环境，而且达到了节约能源效果。
根据这个领域的著作，照明设置能有效且及时的实现系统自动运行和关闭，有效地节约能源。
本科毕业设计(论文）智能灯光控制系统学院名称专业名称学生姓名学号指导教师智能灯光控制系统摘要：近年来，物联网成为全球关注的热点领域，作为物联网中的一种重要应用，智能家居的概念也逐步被大家接受，智能家居涉及的内容包括家庭安防、家电控制、开关照明控制、信息服务等，其中开关照明控制系统主要是通过远程遥控的方式对设备进行开关控制。
本系统构建了一套基于物联网技术的智能家居控制系统平台，并就此智能家居系统平台以上位机对家庭中的电灯进行控制实验。
本设计运用VB、服务器(PC机)、ZigBee射频通信协议、可控硅控制电路等技术，实现了以上位机为控制端，以ZigBee 无线网络为传输桥梁，以CC2530板作为家庭控制中心。
本系统通过串口将上位机与ZigBee网络中的协调器连接起来，上位机采集用户操作信息，并通过串口将数据发送到协调器，协调器收到数据后通过无线发送方式将数据发送到终端节点，并根据数据控制电灯电路。
本系统基本实现了远程控制家用电器工作状态，并提供了人性化界面操作，具有较强的实用性和可靠性。
关键字：物联网; 智能家居; ZigBeeIntelligent Lighting Control SystemAbstract: In recent years, the Internet of things becomes a hotspot in the field of global concern, as an important application of the Internet of things in the concept of intelligent home furnishing, also gradually accepted, intelligent home furnishing includes home security, home appliance control, lighting control switch, information services, [1], lighting control system which is mainly on the switching equipment switch is controlled by the remote control mode.The system construction of the intelligent home furnishing control system platform based on Internet of things technology, and intelligent home furnishing this system platform above machine in the family of electric control experiment. The design using VB, server (PC), ZigBee RF communication protocol, a controlled silicon control circuit technology, the realization of the above machine as the control terminal, ZigBee wireless network as the transmission bridge, using CC2530 board as the home control center. The system connects the coordinator between host computer and ZigBee network through the serial port, computer collects user operation information, and sends the data to the coordinator through the serial port, the coordinator receives data through wireless transmission mode to send data to the terminal node, and according to the data control electric circuit.This system realizes the working state of remote control of household appliances, and provides a user-friendly interface, has strong practicality and reliabilityKey word：internet of things, Intelligent home furnishing, ZigBee目录第1章绪论 (1)1.1课题背景与意义 (1)1.1.1智能家居发展与现状 (1)1.1.2物联网发展趋势 (2)1.1.3智能家居和物联网的关系 (3)1.2项目需求分析 (4)1.2.1社会效应需求分析 (4)1.2.2 系统硬件需求分析 (4)1.2.3 系统软件需求分析 (5)1.3设计主要工作 (5)第2章系统总体设计方案 (6)2.1系统总体设计 (6)2.2系统各部分关键技术 (6)2.2.1上位机 (6)2.2.2 ZigBee无线网络 (7)2.2.3可控硅电路 (12)第3章系统硬件电路设计与实现 (13)3.1核心功能模块 (13)3.2串口通信接口 (13)3.3供电电源电路 (14)3.4电路控制模块 (14)第4章系统软件设计与实现 (15)4.1Z IG B EE网络软件设计 (15)4.2协调器软件设计 (15)4.3家庭控制中心节点程序设计 (17)4.4上位机设计 (18)4.4.1界面设计 (18)4.4.2模块功能的实现 (19)4.4.3程序设计 (20)第5章系统运行测试 (22)5.1上位机测试 (22)5.2ZigBee网络测试 (22)5.3系统整体测试 (22)结论 (24)致谢 (25)参考文献 (26)第1章绪论1.1课题背景与意义1.1.1智能家居发展与现状智能家居的发展起源于20世纪80年代，将电子技术、网络通信技术用于对各种家电设备的监视、控制和管理，它的商用系统就是如今智能家居的原型。
无锡职业技术学院毕业设计（论文）题目基于蓝牙技术的照明控制系统英文并列题目Ordering System and Development院系班级学生姓名学号所在团队指导老师（1）职称指导老师（2）职称答辩委员会主任主答辩人二零一八年二月无锡职业技术学院毕业设计（论文）说明书基于蓝牙技术的照明控制系统摘要:随着现代企业管理制度和计算机水平的迅猛发展，当前企业愈发需要人事工资管理系统为职工管理工作提供服务，因此该系统成为当今企业单位不可缺少的管理组成部分。
传统人事管理方式浪费大量的人力、财力、物力，因而设计满足企业要求的人事工资管理系统可以极大地提高人事工资管理的效率，也是企业的科学化、正规化管理，与世界接轨的重要条件。
通过SSH（Struts2+Spring2+Hibernate3）搭建人事工资管理系统实现对员工资料进行管理、对工资项目及计算公式自由设定，支持报表格式的输出，实现数据统计与分析，对员工各项指标进行统计。
基于SSH框架设计的人事工资管理动等，实现系统智能化操作，从而让人事工资管理工作的检索更迅速、查找更方便、可靠性高、存储量大、保密性好、灵活性高，可移植性强，管理成本更低。
关键词：绩效工资，管理系统，数据库，B/S结构Design and Development of Personnel Wage Management System Abstract:With the rapid development of modern enterprise management system and computer level,the current enterprise increased needs personnel and wage management system to provide services for staff management,so the system has become an indispensable part of the management of enterprises.The traditional way of personnel management wastes a lot of M.Anpower,financial andsystem data,support system expansion,and reduce system level coupling.Struts technology and MVC schema are used to standardize the presentation layer structure.Spring is used to control data access in business layer and improve scalability.Hibernate framework separates data persistence Layer business from data,reduces coupling and improves system efficiency.The personnel salary management system based on Struts 2+Spring 2+Hibernate 3 has high maintainability,stability and anagement work more quickly,more convenient to find,high reliability,large storage,good confidentiality,flexibility,portability,lower management costs.keyword:Performance Pay,Management System,Database,B/S Structure目录目录第1章引言1.1课题的简介与意义LED是目前光源中最适合调光控制的，利用智能客户端对灯光进行调控，改变灯亮度或颜色，以调配出更舒适、安全、节能、健康的适宜光环境。
The Control System for Lighting Based onSingle–chip MicrocomputerWith the rapid development of electronic technology, the system of control based on Single-chip Microcomputer is widely applied in industry, agriculture, electric power, electron, intelligent building and so on. Microcomputer, as the subject and core of the embedded system of control, replaces the traditional system—electronic circuit. At the same time, the development and maturation of the intelligent building have established the substantial foundation for the popularization and application of the control system for lighting based on single-chip microcomputer.The paper expatiates on the designing theories and implementation method of the control system for lighting by wired or wireless communications. Taking the designing process as mainline, it describes the process of designing from two respects—hardware and software. In another word, the paper describes the process from the method of circuit designing to the software technology of realizing the demanded functions. The host controller of the control system for lighting is based on AT89C51 single-chip microcomputer, and the auxiliary ones are based on AT89C2051. The system can do many jobs, such as wired communication, wireless data transmitting, controlling and display. The paper describes the designing process of the circuit at length, including: keyboard and LED display circuit, RS485 communication circuit, wireless transmitting circuit, control circuit of lighting, watchdog circuit, etc. The designing of software mainly includes the several programming, such as wired communication, wireless data transmitting, lamplight controlling, timed controlling, keyboard scanning and LED displaying. The wired communication programming function is that through Master-slave communication method based on RS485 the host controller sends orders to the all auxiliary controllers or each one, including: turning on lighting, turning off lighting, regulating brightness of lighting, controlling timed lighting, etc. The wireless data transmitting programming function is that by wireless transmitter it realizes wireless controlling of the lighting, and achieves the functions identical to wired communication.Traditional building automatic controlling system only includes such subsystems: comprehensive wires, computer network, safe defending, fire defending and closed-circuits TV monitoring systems and so on. But in the recent years, with the economic development and the progress of the science and technology, people haveput forward more higher demands for energy-conservation of lighting lamps and scientific management, which makes the lighting control system of the classroom have such functions as energy-conservation, convenience, intelligence, etc. What’s more, it can improve the efficiency of the work and study, result in many kinds of lighting effects, and improve the management level.There are the design philosophy of this system, operation principle of every chip, and such relevant problems as the choice, making and debugging of the components and unit circuits about lighting control system of classroom, which regards the micro-control unit as the control core of the system. This control system is suitable for such occasions as various kinds of multimedia classrooms, station waiting rooms, offices, etc. It is mainly composed of lightening control unit, moving sensor unit, illuminative sensor unit, handed-control unit, and so on. The target of the design is intelligent lightening, scientific management, and energy-conservation and cost- conservation. The AT89C2051 with the feature of cheap cost has been used as the control unit in the whole design.The whole system not only has been introduced in the paper, but also has been successfully finished with series of the Dais micro-control unit. The experiment suggests that this design can easily come true if the users do as the thesis. So it can be used as the intelligent lighting control system of the university campus. What’s more, it will affect better if combining with other intelligent control systems.LED SummaryLED (Light Emitting Diode), light-emitting diode, is a solid state semiconductor devices, which can be directly converted into electricity to light. LED is the heart of a semiconductor chip, the chip is attached to one end of a stent, is the negative side, the other end of the power of the cathode, the entire chip package to be epoxy resin. Semiconductor chip is composed of two parts, part of the P-type semiconductor, it inside the hole-dominated, the other side is the N-type semiconductor, here is mainly electronic. But linking the two semiconductors, among them the formation of a "PN junction." When the current through the wires role in this chip, will be pushing e-P, P zone in the hole with electronic composite, and then to be issued in the form of photon energy, and this is the principle of LED luminescence. The wavelength of light that is the color of light, is formed by the PN junction of the decisions of the material.LED history50 years ago, people have to understand semiconductor materials can producelight of the basic knowledge, the first commercial diodes in 1960. English is the LED light emitting diode (LED) acronym, and its basic structure is an electroluminescent semiconductor materials, placed in a wire rack, then sealed with epoxy resin around, that is, solid package, Therefore, the protection of the internal batteries can play the role of line, so the seismic performance LED good.LED is the core of the P-type semiconductor and components of the N-type semiconductor chips, the P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor between a transition layer, called the PN junction. In some semiconductor materials in the PN junction, the injection of a small number of carrier-carrier and the majority of the extra time will be in the form of light energy to release, thus the power to direct conversion of solar energy. PN junction on reverse voltage, a few hard-carrier injection, it is not luminous. This use of injection electroluminescent diodes is produced by the principle of light-emitting diodes, commonly known as LED. When it in a positive state of the work (that is, at both ends with forward voltage), the current flows from the LED anode, cathode, semiconductor crystals on the issue from the ultraviolet to infrared light of different colors, light and the strength of the currents.Instruments used for the first LED light source instructions, but all kinds of light colored LED lights in traffic and large screen has been widely applied, have a very good economic and social benefits. The 12-inch red traffic lights as an example, is used in the United States have long life, low-efficiency 140 watt incandescent lamp as a light source, it produced 2,000 lumens of white light. The red filter, the loss-90 percent, only 200 lumens of red light. In the light of the new design, Lumileds companies have 18 red LED light source, including the loss of circuit, a total power consumption of 14 watts to generate the same optical effect. Automotive LED lights is also the source of important areas.For general lighting, people need more white light sources. The 1998 white LED successful development. This is the GaN LED chip and Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) package together cause. GaN chip of the Blu-ray (λ p = 465nm, Wd = 30nm), made of high-temperature sintering of the Ce3 + YAG phosphors excited by this Blu-ray after irradiating a yellow, the peak 550 nm. Blue-chip installed in the LED-based Wanxing reflection in the cavity, covered with a resin mixed with YAG thin layer, about 200-500 nm. LED-based tablets issued by the Blu-ray absorption part of the phosphor, the phosphor another part of the Blu-ray and a yellow light mixed,can be a white. Now, the InGaN / YAG white LED, YAG phosphor by changing the chemical composition of the phosphor layer and adjust the thickness of the 3500-10000 K color temperature can be colored white. This blue LED through the method by white, constructed simple, low-cost, high technology is mature, so use the most.In the 1960s, the use of science and technology workers semiconductor PN junction of The principle of developing a LED light-emitting diodes. At that time, the development of LED, the materials used are GaASP, its luminous color is red. After nearly 30 years of development, and now we are very familiar with the LED, has been sent to red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and other shade. However lighting necessary for white LED light only in recent years to develop, readers here to tell us about lighting with white LED.基于单片机的照明控制系统随着电子技术的飞速发展，基于单片机的控制系统已广泛应用于工业、农业、电力、电子、智能楼宇等行业，微型计算机作为嵌入式控制系统的主体与核心，代替了传统的控制系统的常规电子线路。
外文文献翻译：原文+译文文献出处：Forcada N. The research of Intelligent lighting control system[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 55: 62-77.原文The research of intelligent lighting control systemForcada NAbstractThe growing shortage of energy and the continuous improvement of the living standards of people, people for indoor lighting system for energy saving, comfort, pursue also more and more intense, the traditional lighting system is hard to meet people's needs. People want new indoor lighting control system installation designed to be simple and beautiful, and can according to the variation of indoor scene, automatically set the corresponding lighting mode. When indoor personnel quantity increasing, for instance, or indoor light dimmed, system automatically enhance indoor illumination brightness; When the researchers focused on the interior of a certain position, the brightness of the lighting system to automatically increase the corresponding position, and at the same time reduce the away from the target location of the brightness of the light; When people are watching TV, the system automatically shut off the corresponding lighting lamps and lanterns or weaken the corresponding the brightness of the lighting, etc.People expected indoor lighting system will automatically according to the change of the indoor scene, automatically switch to get the corresponding lighting model. In this way, not only can satisfy the requirement of people for the comfort of indoor lighting, also can achieve the goal of energy saving lighting.Keywords: intelligent lighting; Control system; photoelectric detection1 IntroductionNew design of indoor lighting control system it should be possible under the condition of the minimum power consumption, meet the needs of people living and working for. And existing traditional household indoor lighting control system, weadopt manual closing or disconnect switches for simple control, the controller of the dispersed, will not be able to realize the centralized control, in addition, now the traditional household lighting control system, for using single mode is also very light, system can't according to different indoor intensity of illumination and the flexibility to make corresponding adjustment, and also can't make different according to different requirements of lighting model of flexible adjustment accordingly. Single way of lighting, already caused the waste of resources, and can not meet the changes on the intensity of illumination automatically adjust the indoor environment, so as to keep the ideal intensity of illumination demand. It is because of these reasons, traditional way of indoor lighting control, now has lagged far behind the modern intelligent household demand for lighting control. In general, the condition of the traditional indoor lighting control system is simple. For traditional lighting control system, it adopts single control on line system more or the double control circuit control mode. In a single control circuit of the system, the control switch will pick up directly in the load circuit, it also can be to implement a simple function of on or off; For the double control circuit of the control system, it can be used two single-pole double switch to implement the system of dual control, but because of the connection between the switch lighting cable, therefore, when multicast integrated control, with the increase in the number of laying cable connection between switch, line installation also become very complex, the difficulty of construction projects. Rapid development of modern computer technology and wireless communication technology, to upgrade the traditional household lighting control system, the technical advantage of assurance. By studying intelligent household lighting control system, we can successfully solve the traditional lighting elaborate trivial, controller decentralized to centralized control, the indoor illumination cannot achieve flexible adjustment, severe waste of resources, many of the existing problems, and so on. Traditional lighting control system, adopt the way of manual switch more so, relatively backward management way, must gradually open or close them one by one, and the system control mode of single: only two control state and off rotation.And intelligent lighting control technology, it is with the development ofcomputer technology, and wireless communication technology, modern sensor technology, the development of network technology and automatic control technology and developed a kind of comprehensive application of modern technology. Intelligent lighting control technology application has a long history, it can be traced back to the 90 s of the 20th century, at the time of intelligent lighting control systems are mostly based on Field bus (Field bus) technology, the use of this technology, the control system can make the lighting control extends to the end of the equipment. Today’s intelligent lighting control system is to use a couple more twisted pair as a communication medium, namely cable intelligent lighting control system. In cable intelligent lighting control system, control network composed of twisted-pair cable connect all system control unit, a control signal from the system control unit, via the twisted-pair network spread in the whole control system, system of each control unit from control signal from the twisted pair, according to the communication protocol of the control system, in accordance with the provisions of the command action, the network intelligent control field. This kind of cable intelligent network control system has strong anti-interference ability, good communication effect, and high system stability.2 The kinds of lighting control system2.1 Dynallte intelligent lighting control systemThe control system mainly by the switch module, dimmer module, liquid crystal display touch screen control panel, intelligent sensors, clock manager, programming day, hand-held programmer and PC monitoring machine parts. This Dynallte control system USES the DyNet network connection, DyNet network is a distributed intelligent network, and it USES the RS - 485 communication protocols. The main working principle of this control system is: control module is controlled by the characteristics of the processor, all control components in the system interconnection on the DyNet network, and each device on the network within the remaining ^ ^: all are separate entities required for the operation of instruction. Users can use the control panel, through the button to select a preset scenes, is one of the most simple control method.96 each dimmer can preset scenario. In addition, the use of clock control isalso a common way of lighting control. Another common device is a common sensor, it consists of noise detection infrared tracking, photometric detection of photocell and receiver for remote control.2.2 C Bus intelligent lighting control systemThe Bus system is made up of Australia, C a electrical company develops in 1994, the C a Bus control system have been widely used in many countries and regions.C a Bus system is a two wire Bus type of intelligent control system, it is mainly used for the control of lighting system. In addition, can also be used to fire the linkage control system, etching the C a Bus system, the system all the cells device (except the power) are built into the processor and memory cell, all unit device consists of a pair of signal lines (twisted pair) connected to the network. Control system of each unit is set only unit address set its function, and software system through the output unit to control the load of each circuit. General principles of the group address and the output and input cell components set up corresponding contact. When system has input, input unit into a C a Bus signal, and then will be broadcast on the C a Bus system Bus, at this point, all the output of the unit in the control system receives the signal and make a judgment, control the corresponding output circuit’s a Bus system control mode generally includes the scene control, infrared sensor control, timing control, centralized switch control, local control and group control, centralized dimming Integrated control, wide-area control and system control, etc.2.3 The EIB intelligent control system installationThe EIB (European Installation Bus) the European electrical wiring device Bus intelligent control system.EIB it is for electrical wiring device of intelligent control system, intelligent lighting system is a part of the system.EIB standard is an open nature of the control system, it can be treated by a variety of chips in a variety of platforms, and expand the space.EIB intelligent control system by the bus, bus power supply, intelligent sensor (fuzzy switch, the light sensor, mobile sensors, time controller), intelligent switch drive and other intelligent components (logical module bus coupler).EIB is a kind of typical fieldbus control system, in the EIB control system, each component is a node, the different nodes are connected in a 2 coretwisted pair of medium on the bus, they both master-slave subordinate relations, can realize the communication between each other, thereby Implement control and be controlled.3 Intelligent lighting system control strategyIntelligent lighting system, usually is to use modern computer technology, network communication technology, automatic control technology, microelectronics technology, such as science and technology, according to environmental changes, objective request, the user condition such as reserve requirements and the various information in the automatic acquisition system, and the information collected in the corresponding logic analysis, reasoning, judgment, the results according to the specific form for storage, display, transmission and feedback control to 迖the best control effect of a kind of intelligent lighting control system. Generally, intelligent lighting control system should be based on the function of the environment in a certain area, in different period of the day, according to the indoor brightness or different USES of the region to automatic control of lighting, lighting control can transition from the traditional ordinary switch control to intelligent switch control. The application of intelligent lighting technology, the purpose is for people's work and provide new life comfortable and efficient lighting environment. Intelligent lighting it is the combination of intelligent technology and conventional lighting technology, from the basic form of its composition; it can be roughly divided into two major categories.Intelligent lighting lamps and lighting system, intelligent control to intelligent control unit and intelligent sensing unit for the system of the core of intelligent switches, intelligent lamps and lanterns, etc., can be single or several of the road lights on or off the control, the control of the bright or dark, delay or simple program control, and close the remote control and induction control, etc.This control system control and sensing unit has small volume, simple structure, small control power, etc.This type of product easy to use, low cost, and thus more be applied in such small space inside the bedroom environment intelligent lighting. Based on computer and intelligent communication network of intelligent lighting control system of intelligentlighting control system based on LAN mainly can be divided into the central system of centralized control and distributed control system of two types. Distributed intelligent lighting control system, is mainly introduced in the field of lighting control using the field bus technology, its work principle is system USES the main power supply, after dimmer module can be divided into multiple adjustable output circuit to realize the control of light lamp power supply. Lighting lamps and lanterns is the regulation of the switch and brightness can be controlled through a programmable multi-function control panel, in all the dimmer system and control panel can be realized by programming every street lamp of various types of control purpose, which can produce different types of lighting control scenarios and lighting effects.译文智能照明控制系统研究摘要能源的日益短缺及人们的生活水平的不断提高，人们对于室内照明系统的节能、舒适度的追求也越来越强烈，传统的照明系统很难再满足人们的需求。
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕设题目：译文题目：蓝牙技术外文题目：bluetooth project学院：专业班级：学生姓名：指导教师：BluetoothIntroductionBluetooth is a forever, limited radio connect that resides on a microchip. It was originally expanded through Swedish mobile phone creator Ericsson in 1994 as a method to let laptop computers make calls above a mobile phone. As then, numerous organizations have signed on to create Bluetooth the low-power thoughtless wireless average for a broad variety of devices (LeVitus, 216-220). Industry spectators anticipate Bluetooth to be fitted in billions of devices through 2005.DiscussionDeveloped by engineers at Ericsson in the late 1990s, Bluetooth is more and more special technology that facilitates thoughtless wireless communication among a diversity of electronic devices. Its mainly important aspect is that it permits devices to “talk” (relocate and orchestrate data) wirelessly with each other, terminating the requirement for the outwardly continuous tangle ofcables, cords, and adapters important for numerous today’s expertise.The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed in 1998 to manage the expansion and prologue of Bluetooth knowledge (LeVitus, 216-220). IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia connected with Ericsson as the beginning associates of the SIG, and in excess of 8,000 organizations have contracted since. So as to trade products with the Bluetooth requirement and logo, manufacturers should be associates of the SIG and the devices should meetwell-outlined credentials. These procedures make sure that Bluetooth wireless devices international may converse with each other, apart from company or nation of derivation.Speed and RangeRange is application specific and although a minimum range is mandated by the Core Specification, there is not a limit and manufacturers can tune their implementation to support the use case they are enabling.Range may vary depending on class of radio used in an implementation:∙Class 3 radios – have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet ∙Class 2 radios –most commonly found in mobile devices , have a range of 10 meters or 33 feet∙Class 1 radios – used primarily in industrial use cases , have a range of 100 meters or 300 feetThat creates Bluetooth technology appropriate for transporting lesser files for example cell phone contracts and text documents, also as lower-quality pictures and audio (Kumkum, 160-162). At these relocate speeds; Bluetooth may not actually deal streaming video orhigh-quality pictures and audio at this end, except this possibly will alter in the future when fresh Bluetooth standards are initiated.Simple and Competent to UtilizeCreating and configuring Bluetooth allowed devices is moderately uncomplicated, with little extra commotion than acquire the two devices close to one another andtwist them on. There is no requirement to mount drivers or further software to complex an ad-hoc, personal wireless network (Kumkum, 160-162). It has a uniform organization, meaning that some two wireless products attributing Bluetooth technology, despite of product or nation of origin, have the ability to converse faultlessly with each other.Common ApplicationsOne of the mainly ordinary applications of Bluetooth is hands-free cell phone procedure. About each cell phone fashioned in our day has constructed Bluetooth (Meier, 15-20). Only pair phone with a Bluetooth headset, and he may talk whereas his phone is in his purse or pocket. Several of today’s car stereos as well have fitted Bluetooth for hands-free calling in his vehicle. And if his vehicle has a plant stereo or grown-up aftermarket one that he merely doesn’t wish to restore, he may yet like hands-free identifying with a Bluetooth car kit.Bluetooth 3.0Bluetooth 3.0 is the fresh Bluetooth wireless typical adopted through the Bluetooth SIG on April 21, 2009. The fresh standard supports elevated data remove speeds and constructs ahead the preceding standards (Meier, 15-20). With its superior speed, the technology has the probable to transfigure the consumer electronics industry.TechnologyPROTOCOLThe Bluetooth technology standard is set to make different applications can “communicate” with each other. Remote devices in communication use the same protocol stacks, while different applications need different protocol stacks. But, every application needs the data link layer and physical layer of the Bluetooth technology.The whole Bluetooth protocol stacks is shown as blow. Not any application should use all of the protocols, but one orsome lists of these. The chart below shows the relationship between protocols, but the relationship may change in some applications.The completely protocol stacks include Bluetooth special protocols (like LMP and L2CAP) and not special ones (such as OBEX and UDP). The basic principle for designing protocol and protocol stacks is that use existing high level protocol as possible, ensure the combination of protocols and Bluetooth technology, and take the best advantage of the software and hardware which adapt to the Bluetooth technology standards. The open Bluetooth technology makes device manufacturers can choose protocols freely as they like or used to.The protocols in Bluetooth protocol systemThere are four layers in Bluetooth protocol system according to the SIGCore protocols∙Cable replacement protocols∙Telephony control protocols∙Adopted protocolsExcept the protocol layers above, the standard also defines Host/Controller Interface (HCI),which provides command interface for baseband controller, connection manager, hardware state and control register.Bluetooth core protocols consist of the special protocols made by SIG. Most Bluetooth devices need core protocols, while other protocols are used depend on needs of the application. After all, cable replacement protocols, technology control protocols and adopted protocols based on the core protocols constitute the object-oriented protocols.∙Core protocols∙LMP (Link Management Protocol)Used for control of the radio link between two devices.Implemented on the controllers.It identifies and encrypts through launching, exchanging and checking the connection, and decides the size ofbaseband data packets through conference. It alsocontrols the power mode and work cycle of wirelessequipment, and connection status of unit equipment in piconet.L2CAP (Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol) This protocol is used to multiplex multiple logicalconnections between two devices using differenthigher level protocols, and provides segmentation and reassembly of on-air packets.In Basic mode, L2CAP provides packets with a payload configurable up to 64kB, with 672 bytes as the default MTU, and 48 bytes as the minimum mandatorysupported MTU.In Retransmission & Flow Control modes, L2CAP can be configured for reliable or isochronous data per channelby performing retransmissions and CRC checks. Bluetooth Core Specification Addendum 1 adds two additional L2CAP modes to the core specification. These modes effectively deprecate original Retransmission and Flow Control modes:∙Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM): This mode is an improved version of the original retransmission mode. This mode provides a reliable L2CAP channel. ∙Streaming Mode (SM): This is a very simple mode, with no retransmission or flow control. This mode provides an unreliable L2CAP channel.Reliability in any of these modes is optionally and/or additionally guaranteed by the lower layer Bluetooth BDR/EDR air interface by configuring the number of retransmissions and flush timeout (time after which the radio will flush packets). In-order sequencing is guaranteed by the lower layer.Only L2CAP channels configured in ERTM or SM may be operated over AMP logical links.∙SDP (Service Discovery Protocol)Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) allows a device to discover services supported by other devices, and their associated parameters. For example, when connecting a mobile phone to a Bluetooth headset, SDP will be used for determining which Bluetooth profiles are supported by the headset (Headset Profile, Hands Free Profile, Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP) etc.) and the protocol multiplexer settings needed to connect to each of them. Each service is identified by a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID), with official services (Bluetooth profiles) assigned a short form UUID (16 bits rather than the full 128)/vichitra∙Cable replacement protocols(RFCOMM)Radio frequency communications (RFCOMM) is a cable replacement protocol used to create a virtual serial data stream. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and emulates EIA-232 (formerly RS-232) control signals over the Bluetooth baseband layer.RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream to the user, similar to TCP. It is used directly by many telephony related profiles as a carrier for AT commands, as well as being a transport layer for OBEX over Bluetooth.∙Telephony control protocols (TCP).Telephony control protocol-binary (TCS BIN) is thebit-oriented protocol that defines the call control signaling for the establishment of voice and data calls between Bluetooth devices. Additionally, "TCS BIN defines mobility management procedures for handling groups of Bluetooth TCS devices."TCS-BIN is only used by the cordless telephony profile, which failed to attract implementers. As such it is only of historical interest.∙Adopted protocolsAdopted protocols are defined by other standards-making organizations and incorporated into Bluetooth’s protocol stack, allowing Bluetooth to create protocols only when necessary. The adopted protocols include:∙Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP): Internet standard protocol for transporting IP datagrams over a point-to-point link.∙TCP/IP/UDP: For communicating with the device connected to Internet.∙Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX): Session-layer protocol for the exchange of objects, providing a model for object and operation representation. It uses the client-server mode.∙Wireless Application Environment/Wireless Application Protocol (WAE/WAP):WAE specifies an application framework for wireless devices and WAP is an open standard to provide mobile users access to telephony and information services.TechnologySPECTRUM AND INTERFERENCEBluetooth technology operates in the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 GHz,using a spread spectrum, frequency hopping, full-duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600 hops/sec. The 2.4 GHz ISM band is available and unlicensed in most countries.SIM frequency band is open to all radio system, So the use of a certain frequency band will meet unpredictable interference sources. Therefore, Bluetooth designs special fast acknowledge and frequency hopping technique to ensure the stability of link. Frequency hopping technique to divide the band into many frequency hopping channels, in a connection, radio transceiver “jump” from a channel to another constantly according to certain code sequence. Only sender and receiver communicate according to this law, and the rest of interference may not press the same rule. The instantaneous bandwidth of Frequency hopping is very narrow, but through the spread spectrum technology it can make the narrow bandwidth one hundred times expanded into wideband, making the influence of interference may become very small. Comparing to other systems that work in the samefrequency band, frequency hopping of Bluetooth works faster, data packet of Bluetooth is shorter, which make it more stable than the otherERROR CORRECTIONBluetooth supports circuit switching and packet switching two techniques, and defines two types of link connection, namely connection-oriented synchronous link (SCO) and connectionless-oriented asynchronous link (ACL) Bluetooth use three error correction models: 1/3 Forward Error Correction (FEC), 2/3forward Forward Error Correction and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ). Purpose to the error correction is to reduce the possibility of retransmission, while at the same time increase the extra expenses, but in a reasonable errorless environment, redundant bids will reduce output. So the packet definition itself also keeps flexible ways. Hence the software can be defined whether to adopt FEC. In general, when the channel noise is large, Bluetooth system will uses FEC, in order to ensure the quality of communication:as to SCO link, 1/3 FEC is used; 2/3 FEC is used in ACL link. In unnumbered ARQ, the data send in a time slot must receive a confirmation of receipt in the next time slot. Only when the data is checked to be without mistake after header error detection and CRC at receiver will the confirmation sent to sender, or an error message will be sent back.RANGERange is application specific and although a minimum range is mandated by the Core Specification, there is not a limit and manufacturers can tune their implementation to support the use case they are enabling.Range may vary depending on class of radio used in an implementation:∙Class 3 radios – have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet ∙Class 2 radios –most commonly found in mobile devices , have a range of 10 meters or 33 feet∙Class 1 radios – used primarily in industrial use cases , have a range of 100 meters or 300 feetPOWERIn order to make a Bluetooth equipment can also be in connection even in a very low power state, Bluetooth stipulates three energy saving state: Park state, Hold state and Sniff state. The energy saving efficiency of these states declines one by one.The most commonly used radio is Class 2 and users 2.5mW of power. Bluetooth technology is designed to have very low power consumption. This is reinforced in the specification by allowing radios to be powered down when inactive.The Generic Alternate MAC/PHY in Version 3.0 HS enables the discovery of remote AMPs for high speed devices and tums on the radio only when needed for data transfer giving a power optimization benefit as well as aiding in the security of the radios.Bluetooth low energy technology, optimized for devicesrequiring maximum battery life instead of a high data transfer rate, consumers between 1/2 and 1/100 the power of classic Bluetooth technology.SECURITYMobility and open of Bluetooth system makes safety problems extremely important. Although the frequency modulation technique used by Bluetooth system has already provided a certain security, but Bluetooth system still need safety management to link layer and application layer. In link layer, Bluetooth system provides authentication, encryption and key management, and other functions. Each user has a Personal Identification Number (PIN), which will be translated into 128 bit link key for one-way or both-way certification. Once the authentication finished, link will use encryphon key to encrypt. The link layer security mechanism provides a great deal of certification schemes and a flexible encryption scheme (means allow the consultation of the length of password). This mechanism is very importantwhen the equipments in communication are from different countries, because some countries will specify maximum password length. Bluetooth system will select the smallest maximum allowable password length of all equipments in the piconet.Bluetooth system also supports the high level of protocol stack in different applications of special security mechanisms. Bluetooth security mechanism builds trust relationship between devices relying on pins. Once this relationship established, these pins can be stored in the equipment, in order to connection more quickly the next time.ApplicationThe Bluetooth application can be divided into 4 main aspects: Home, Work, En route and Entertainment.HomeModern family home is so different with pervious. With the seamless improvement of modern technology, more and more people start home office, living more freely andefficiently. Moreover, they also extend the technology to other aspects more than family office, such as family life. By using the products of Bluetooth technology, people are able to get rid of the cables around the home office. Mouse, keyboard, printer, laptop, computer, earphone and speakers can be used in a PC environment wireless, which not only increase the office area of beauty, but also for interior decoration and to providemore creative freedom. In addition, with mobile devices and home PC to be synchronous and share calendar information, uses can access the latest information everywhere, at all times.Bluetooth devices can not only make the home office easier, but also make home entertainment more convenient: You don’t have to put aside the guests, left alone to choose the music. Users can store 30 feet wireless control on a PC or Apple iPod audio files. Bluetooth technology can also be used in the adapter, allowing people share with friends by sending photos to the TVBluetooth Headset from cameras, mobile phone and laptop. BT GO of ASUS is an perfect example of the Bluetooth technology which has the function of file sharing backup, computer performance real-time adjustment Bluetooth(BT TurboRemote), Bluetooth mobile computers to share Internet access(BT to Net), listening to music, remote control, synchronization scheduling personal management. Workpreviously, the office is usually in chaos for various wires tangled. Power cable for the device, connection between the computer and the keyboard, printer, mouse, and cables of PDA, all of them make a disorder work environment. In some cases, this will increase the risk of the office, such as the employee may be tripping over wires or cables around. However, with Bluetooth wireless technology, the office no longer exist messy wires, the whole office is like a machine, like an orderly and efficient operation. PDA can be synchronized with the computersharing calendars and contact lists, computer peripheral devices can directly communicate with employees through a Bluetooth headset when walking in the office answer the phone, all without wires.Not limited to the use of Bluetooth technology to solve the clutter of an office environment. Bluetooth enabled devices can also create instant network, allowing users to share presentations or other files without compatibility or e-mail access restrictions. Bluetooth devices can easily set group meetings, through the wireless network to engage in dialogue with other offices, and deliver the ideas to the computer.Whether in a non-networked, or trying to hold a heated discussion, Bluetooth wireless technology can help users easily convene meetings, improving efficiency and enhancing creative collaboration. Currently, there are many products on the market are supported by Bluetooth connection from a wireless device to another device to transfer files. Products similar as eBeam Projection enablekeep the record of the meeting wireless, and other devices are supported multi-stakeholder suggestions.In order to eliminate desktop clutter connection, wireless high office, Bluetooth wireless keyboard, mouse, and presentation equipment can streamline the work space. Simultaneously connecting PDA or cell phone to computer wirelessly can update and manage user's contact list and calendar timely and effective.Bluetooth also helps users create a fast, effective and secure way of selling. There are a growing number of Bluetooth enabled mobile device support sales. Salesmen can use mobile phones to connect through GPRS, EDGE or UMTS mobile network to transmit information. They can use Bluetooth technology to connect a laptop computer and mobile printer so that they print a receipt for the customer site. Whether in the office, at the dinner table, or on the way, workers can reduce the word processing, reduce waiting time for customers to achieve seamless transaction.Improve logistics efficiency. By using Bluetooth technology to connect, shipping giant UPS and FedEx have been successful in reducing the need for replacement of cable to use, and significantly improve worker efficiency.En routePeople frequently travel to the workplace, home and other destinations, while Bluetooth technology provides exactly the way for people to access important personal information or communications connectivity. No matter what role people are- parents, students or mobile professionals - in this fast-paced world, everyone needs to continue to access the network or to communicate. A variety of new equipment and new technologies are constantly entering the market, to ensure better mobile connectivity, and Bluetooth wireless technology is usually achieved by personal wireless connectivity.Bluetooth-enabled mobile phone, PDA, laptop computer, headphones and cars can be on the road for hands-free communication, so that the user is located or cable broadband connection hot spots remain outside the scope of the Internet network connection, as well as PC and mobile devices to synchronize contacts and calendar entries access to important information.Bluetooth-enabled laptop computers and other portable computing devices can use GRPS, EDGE or UMTS to link the PC and wireless PDA to the Interne through Bluetooth-enabled mobile phones everywhere at all times creating unlimited hot pot, even if you are on the way able to work efficiently.Currently, Bluetooth technology is most used in the support of Bluetooth cell phone calls, such as mobile phones Bluetooth headsets, car hands-free Bluetooth. Bluetooth make driving safer, many drivers feel inconvenient to answer the phone while driving: only one hand on the steering wheel, one hand holding the phoneto answer, not only impede the shift, affecting the safety, two eyes must be staring around before being caught by the police; car hands-free system access answer the phone more convenient, hands empty out your hands to do the right thing. Ethernet electronics in order to promote its Bluetooth and even introduced a compact solar charger for hands-free with Bluetooth - Black King. King Kong uses lithium batteries, and configures a special solar charger. Drivers can receive calls without wearing a headset and can reduce the interference of other sounds, showing strong technological sophistication.EntertainmentPlaying games, listening to music, making new friends, sharing photos with friends - more and more consumers want to easily enjoy the variety of recreational activities in time, but do not want to endure the shackles of wires. Bluetooth wireless technology is the only truly wireless entertainment technology. Inner-equipped Bluetooth technology gaming devices enable you to start the gamewith friends anywhere in sports - in the underground passage in the airport or in the living room. Do not require any wiring, the player can easily find each other - even anonymously to find - and then start a pleasant game. Entertainment is no longer confined within the device length. Whether biking, hiking, skiing or traveling, Bluetooth technology has expanded the scope of activities of leisure activities, to bring true wireless experience. The way down the mountain slopes in the wireless music, and stop to talk. Manufacturers are currently able to use Bluetooth technology to connect uses’ phone to MP3 player built-in stereo headphone ski helmets and hats.In the mountains, a GPS device over a Bluetooth connection to link to your PDA, you can know where you are. Geographical treasure hunt and hiking enthusiasts look forward to the latest Bluetooth-enabled devices to help them determine travel routes and track.In the city, by connecting to phone or MP3 player, MP3stereo headphones wireless music. Pause music to answer the call, the call is completed and continues to enjoy. Whether waiting for a bus or train, you can use Bluetooth technology to pass the time. For devices with the game, you can search for a similar set of equipment to enable multiplayer games. Use the Bluetooth software running on the phone application, find other people around you with similar interests, or simply used to identify those you encounter in their daily route on a Bluetooth device. Often you look at passing of the "familiar stranger." Through Bluetooth technology to enable mobile phones to send a message similar setting, make new friends. Use Bluetooth technology to expand your social network.Future of BluetoothBluetooth is a wireless technology that is composed of hardware, software, and interoperability requirements. A Bluetooth is a specification for short range radio links between mobile computers, mobile phones, digital cameras,and other portable devices. This device has been adopted not only by all the major players in telecom, computer, and home entertainment industry but also in automotive industry, toy industry, and health care.Bluetooth wireless technology enables the technologies to talk to each other at low cost. The idea of Bluetooth technology was borne in 1994 when the Ericson decided to find out the feasibility of low powered and low cost interface between mobile phones and other accessories. Advantages of Bluetooth∙It eliminates the wires and cables between both themobile and stationary devices.∙It facilitates both data and voice communication.∙It’s very inexpensive.The user doesn’t have really to think about it. It findsone another without any input of the user and strikeconversation.As a competing technologyMany of the people believe that Bluetooth has a huge future. As the people are moving more toward the wireless devices, Bluetooth will be competing with other wireless devices like WIFI (which refers to the three 802.11 wireless protocols) and can reduce the use of technologies like IrDA (infrared data association).Bluetooth and IrDA have overlapping functions. But Bluetooth support a wide range of functions as compared to the IrDA. IrDA has no security mechanism defined and anyone can snoop into data exchanged between the twodevices. On the other hand the Bluetooth provides a better security. Authentication is needed and then data can be exchanged. Many of the new portable PCs, PDAs, and some cellular phones support the IrDA, although the adoption by user has been very limited. IrDA is faster than Bluetooth but limited to point to point connections. On the other hand Bluetooth is capable to point to multi points. Therefore people and companies prefer to have Bluetooth in their technology as compared to IrDA.WIFI (802.11) is used to replace the wired LAN throughout a building. The transmission capacity is high and so is the number of simultaneous users. However, compared to Bluetooth is expensive and consume more power which makes them unsuitable for small mobile devices.The future of the Bluetooth is bright as compared to itscompetitors. It is a continually expanding technology. There are plans to add new innovative things in Bluetooth. Over 2000 companies are using the technology and people also prefer to have Bluetooth in their devices as compared to IrDA and WIFI even today so it will give tough time to its competitors in future as well.Bluetooth and life cycleConvenience and cost effectiveness are the two things which the customer look for. Bluetooth fit into both of these categories very nicely. Many of the people use cell phone and computer as a source of communication and Bluetooth has become an everyday part of many people’s life. Wireless mice, keyboards, accessories for music and video transfer, wireless printers are some of the Bluetooth devices today. But the most of the consumer used theBluetooth on daily basis for their cell phones. By using the wireless handset that usually balanced on the user’s ear, calls can be easily answered without even touching the actually phone. Calls are answered using a button on the headset itself, and calls are ended automatically by the phone, just as what would normally occur. If a computer is equipped with Bluetooth, photographs and music can be transferred from phone to computer and vice versa.Many of the people liked to buy the cell phone and PCs with Bluetooth technology. Today people are so much fond of Bluetooth devices. It already gained so much popularity and people’s life is so much occupied with Bluetooth technology as every other person has a cell phone with Bluetooth technology. In future there will be a time when there will be no need of wire. The life of the people will be so much dependent on the Bluetooth devices and it seems。
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附件1：外文资料翻译译文智能照明控制系统摘要：本文介绍了照明控制系统的发展，主要对智能照明控制系统的功能和应用进行了论述。
关键词：智能照明控制总线传输协议绿色节能1. 引言随着我国经济的不断发展，人民生活水平迅速提高，人们对工作和生活环境的要求越来越高，同时对照明系统的要求也越来越高，传统的照明技术受到了强烈冲击。
一方面由于信息技术和计算机技术的发展对照明技术的变化提供了技术支撑；另一方面，由于能源的紧缺，国家对照明节能越来越重视，新型的照明控制技术得以迅速发展，以满足使用者节约能源、舒适性、方便性的要求。
照明控制方式从传统的手动照明控制方式、自动照明控制方式发展到现在的智能照明控制方式。
智能照明控制系统是基于计算机控制平台的全数字、模块化、分布式总线型控制系统，中央处理器、模块之间通过网络总线直接通信，利用总线使照明、调光、百叶窗、场景控制等实现智能化，并成为一个完整的总线系统。
可依据外部环境的变化自动调节总线中设备的状态，达到安全、节能、人性化的效果，并能在今后的使用中根据用户的要求通过计算机重新编程来增加或修改系统的功能，而无须重新敷设电缆，智能照明控制系统的可靠性高，控制灵活，是传统的照明控制方式所无法做到的。
2.1 系统基本组成及监控内容2.1.1 系统组成智能照明控制系统通常由调光模块、开关模块、输入模块、控制面板、液晶显示触摸屏、智能传感器、PC 接口、时间管理模块、手持式编程器、监控计算机（大型网络需网桥连接）等部件组成。
1）调光模块的基本原理是由微处理器（CPU）控制可控硅的开启角大小，从而控制输出电压的平均幅值去调节光源的亮度。
2）开关模块是由继电器输出控制电源的开关，从而控制光源。
智能控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献附录一：外文摘要The development and application of Intelligence controlsystemModern electronic products change rapidly is increasingly profound impact on people's lives, to people's life and working way to bring more convenience to our daily lives, all aspects of electronic products in the shadow, single chip as one of the most important applications, in many ways it has the inestimable role. Intelligent control is a single chip, intelligent control of applications and prospects are very broad, the use of modern technology tools to develop an intelligent, relatively complete functional software to achieve intelligent control system has become an imminent task. Especially in today with MCU based intelligent control technology in the era, to establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance so well on the subject later more fully understanding of SCM are of great help to.The so-called intelligent monitoring technology is that:" the automatic analysis and processing of the information of the monitored device". If the monitored object as one's field of vision, and intelligent monitoring equipment can be regarded as the human brain. Intelligent monitoring with the aid of computer data processing capacity of the powerful, to get information in the mass data to carry on the analysis, some filtering of irrelevant information, only provide some key information. Intelligent control to digital, intelligent basis, timely detection system in the abnormal condition, and can be the fastest and best way to sound the alarm and provide usefulinformation, which can more effectively assist the security personnel to deal with the crisis, and minimize the damage and loss, it has great practical significance, some risk homework, or artificial unable to complete the operation, can be used to realize intelligent device, which solves a lot of artificial can not solve the problem, I think, with the development of the society, intelligent load in all aspects of social life play an important reuse.Single chip microcomputer as the core of control and monitoring systems, the system structure, design thought, design method and the traditional control system has essential distinction. In the traditional control or monitoring system, control or monitoring parameters of circuit, through the mechanical device directly to the monitored parameters to regulate and control, in the single-chip microcomputer as the core of the control system, the control parameters and controlled parameters are not directly change, but the control parameter is transformed into a digital signal input to the microcontroller, the microcontroller according to its output signal to control the controlled object, as intelligent load monitoring test, is the use of single-chip I / O port output signal of relay control, then the load to control or monitor, thus similar to any one single chip control system structure, often simplified to input part, an output part and an electronic control unit ( ECU )Intelligent monitoring system design principle function as follows: the power supply module is 0~220V AC voltage into a0 ~ 5V DC low voltage, as each module to provide normal working voltage, another set of ADC module work limit voltage of 5V, if the input voltage is greater than 5V, it can not work normally ( but the design is provided for the load voltage in the 0~ 5V, so it will not be considered ), at the same time transformer on load current is sampled on the accused, the load current into a voltage signal, and then through the current - voltage conversion, and passes through the bridge rectification into stable voltage value, will realize the load the current value is converted to a single chip can handle0 ~ 5V voltage value, then the D2diode cutoff, power supply module only plays the role of power supply. Signal to the analog-to-digital conversion module, through quantization, coding, the analog voltage value into8bits of the digital voltage value, repeatedly to the analog voltage16AD conversion, and the16the digital voltage value and, to calculate the average value, the average value through a data bus to send AT89C51P0, accepted AT89C51 read, AT89C51will read the digital signal and software setting load normal working voltage reference range [VMIN, VMAX] compared with the reference voltage range, if not consistent, then the P1.0 output low level, close the relay, cut off the load on the fault source, to stop its sampling, while P1.1 output high level fault light, i.e., P1.3 output low level, namely normal lights. The relay is disconnected after about 2minutes, theAT89C51P1.0outputs high level ( software design), automatic closing relay, then to load the current regular sampling, AD conversion, to accept the AT89C51read, comparison, if consistent, then the P1.1 output low level, namely fault lights out, while P1.3 output high level, i.e. normal lamp ( software set ); if you are still inconsistent, then the need to manually switch S1toss to" repair" the slip, disconnect the relay control, load adjusting the resistance value is: the load detection and repair, and then close the S1repeatedly to the load current sampling, until the normal lamp bright, repeated this process, constantly on the load testing to ensure the load problems timely repair, make it work.In the intelligent load monitoring system, using the monolithic integrated circuit to the load ( voltage too high or too small ) intelligent detection and control, is achieved by controlling the relay and transformer sampling to achieve, in fact direct control of single-chip is the working state of the relay and the alarm circuit working state, the system should achieve technical features of this thesis are as follows (1) according to the load current changes to control relays, the control parameter is the load current, is the control parameter is the relay switch on-off and led the state; (2) the set current reference voltage range ( load normal working voltage range ), by AT89C51 chip the design of the software section, provide a basis for comparison; (3) the use of single-chip microcomputer to control the light-emitting diode to display the current state of change ( normal / fault / repair ); specific summary: Transformer on load current is sampled, a current / voltage converter, filter, regulator, through the analog-digital conversion, to accept the AT89C51chip to read, AT89C51 to read data is compared with the reference voltage, if normal, the normal light, the output port P.0high level, the relay is closed, is provided to the load voltage fault light; otherwise, P1.0 output low level, The disconnecting relay to disconnect the load, the voltage on the sampling, stop. Two minutes after closing relay, timing sampling.System through the expansion of improved, can be used for temperature alarm circuit, alarm circuit, traffic monitoring, can also be used to monitor a system works, in the intelligent high-speed development today, the use of modern technology tools, the development of an intelligent, function relatively complete software to realize intelligent control system, has become an imminent task, establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance. Micro controller in the industry design and application, no industry like intelligent automation and control field develop so fast. Since China and the Asian region the main manufacturing plant intelligence to improve the degree of automation, new technology to improve efficiency, have important influence on the product cost. Although the centralized control can be improved in any particular manufacturing process of the overall visual, but not for those response and processingdelay caused by fault of some key application.Intelligent control technology as computer technology is an important technology, widely used in industrial control, intelligent control, instrument, household appliances, electronic toys and other fields, it has small, multiple functions, low price, convenient use, the advantages of a flexible system design. Therefore, more and more engineering staff of all ages, so this graduate design is of great significance to the design of various things, I have great interest in design, this has brought me a lot of things, let me from unsuspectingly to have a clear train of thought, since both design something, I will be there a how to design thinking, this is very important, I think this job will give me a lot of valuable things.中文翻译：智能控制系统的开发应用现代社会电子产品日新月异正在越来越深远的影响着人们的生活，给人们的生活和工作方式带来越来越大的方便，我们的日常生活各个方面都有电子产品的影子，单片机作为其中一个最重要的应用，在很多方面都有着不可估量的作用。
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：智能照明控制系统文献、资料英文题目：Intelligent lighting control system 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：自动化班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14本科毕业设计（外文翻译）题目基于PWM的智能多功能台灯设计Intelligent lighting control systemAbstract:Intelligent lighting control system the main aim is to save energy, smart lighting control system with a variety of "pre-set" control mode and control components, at different times on different degrees of illumination for accurate set-up and rational management of energy-saving. This automatic adjustment of the illumination means, take full advantage of the natural outdoor light, only when necessary when the lamp or light to the required brightness, use the least energy toensure that the required illumination level, energy-saving effect is very clear, usually ranging from more than 30%.Keywords: Intelligent lighting control system bus-type star-shaped structure1 The advantages of the use of the intelligent lighting control system1.1 Good energy saving effectIntelligent lighting control system using the main purpose is to save energy, smart lighting control system with a variety of "pre-set" control mode and control components, at different times on different degrees of illumination for accurate set-up and rational management of energy-saving. This automatic adjustment of the illumination means, take full advantage of the natural outdoor light, only when necessary when the lamp or light to the required brightness, use the least energy to ensure that the required illumination level, energy-saving effect is very clear, usually ranging from more than 30%. In addition, the intelligent lighting control system for fluorescent lamp dimming control, etc., due to the use of a fluorescent active tunable filter electronic ballast technology and reduce the harmonic content, to improve the power factor and reduce the low-voltage reactive power loss.1.2 To extend the life span of light sourceLight source can not only extend the life savings, but also significantly reduce the workload of lamp replacement, reducing the operating costs of lighting systems, management and maintenance becomes simple. Both the thermal radiation source, or gas discharge light source, voltage fluctuations are a major cause of light damage. Therefore, the effective suppression of the fluctuations in voltage can extend the life of light sources. Intelligent lighting control system can successfully suppress the surge voltage power grid, but also have a voltage limit and the conjugate stream functions of filtering, to avoid over-voltage and under-voltage damage to the light. The use of soft-start and soft turn-off technology, to avoid the impact of currentdamage to the light. Through this method, the light source to extend the life span of usually 2 to 4 times.1.3 To improve the working environment improve efficiencyGood working environment is to improve the efficiency of a necessary condition. Good design and reasonable choice of light source, lamps and lighting quality control systems, can improve the quality of lighting. Intelligent lighting control system dimming control panel module to replace the traditional lighting of the level switch control is an effective way to control the overall room illumination value, thereby enhancing the uniformity of illumination. At the same time, this control method used in electrical components have also solved the stroboscopic effect, will not create uncomfortable, confused, feeling eyestrain.1.4 To achieve a variety of lighting effectsA wide range of lighting control, the same building can have a variety of artistic effect, for a lot of construction hyperchromic. Modern buildings, lighting is not simply to meet people on the visual effect of light and shade, they should have control of a variety of programs to make buildings more vivid, more artistic, giving a wealth of visual effects and aesthetics. As an example of a project, building the exhibition hall, lecture hall, lobby, atrium, etc., if with intelligent lighting control system, according to different times, different uses, different effects, using the corresponding pre-set scene control, can achieve the wealth of artistic effect.1.5 Facilitate the management of maintenanceIntelligent lighting control system for the control of lighting based on the automatic control of modular-based, supplemented by manual control, preset lighting scenes to the parameters stored in the EPROM Digital, these information is very convenient to set up and replaced, so that building lighting management and maintenance easier.1.6 Have a high economic rate of returnOur reference point for the Shanghai region, from energy-saving lights and provincial estimates of the two made a come to this conclusion: with three to five years, the owner can recover the basic intelligent lighting control system to increase the total costs. Intelligent lighting control system can improve the environment and improve employee productivity and reduce maintenance and management costs, but also for the owners to save a substantial amount of costs.2 Intelligent lighting control system componentsWe know that the intelligent lighting control system of building control system is onlyone part of the. If you want to focus on the various control systems to the control center to control, then the control system must have the standard communication interface and protocol version. Although such a system integration is feasible in theory, but it is very difficult to put into practice. Thus, in engineering, intelligent management of our building a distributed system, distributed, that is relatively independent of each control subsystem, self-contained, the implementation of specific control, intelligent building management system control subsystem of the relative independence, self-contained, the implementation of specific control, intelligent building management system from the control subsystem is a signal collection and monitoring role. At present, the intelligent lighting control system in accordance with sub-network topology, the following two forms, namely, bus and star-shaped structure-based hybrid. Both forms have the characteristics of a number of bus more flexibility, easy expansion, control of relative independence, lower costs; mixed some high reliability, fault diagnosis and rule out the simple, easy access to the agreement, transfer rate higher. Engineering design, we consider the building of intelligent lighting control system as an independent subsystem, use of international standards and agreements of the communication interface text, into the intelligent building management systems. Intelligent lighting control system uses a distributed, distribution-based approach,that is, the dimming control unit is relativelyindependent, self-contained,non-interfering, through centralized management and information interfaces, and intelligent building management system linked to the achievement of the building control center subsystem of the collection and monitoring of the signal. In short, the intelligent lighting control should be the main system is a centralized management, and the main trunk and information interface components consisting of the regional implementation of the same sample of control and signal networks; its subsystems should be a dimmer by the various types of modules , control panels, illumination detector dynamic and static and dynamic components consisting of detectors, respectively, of the regional implementation of the specific control of different networks, the main system and subsystems, such as between the components through the interface to connect, to achieve data transmission.3 Intelligent lighting control system and control of the control of the contentA project to control the use of intelligent lighting control system include the following categories: technology office hall, computer center and other important room, lecture hall, such as multi-function hall, exhibition hall, conference center, lobby and courtyard, walkways and elevators, such as the Office of Public site; building facade lighting ingeneral and also by the intelligent lighting control systems to control switch signal. Control the content of the term of the Interpretation: 1 clock control Clock management, etc. through the electrical components, to achieve the normal work of regions for the state of lighting in different time control. 2 the automatic adjustment control illumination Through each module and illumination dimming dynamic electrical components such as detectors, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of the automatic lighting dimming control, making the region, such as illumination will not be outside with the sunshine factors change, and always maintain the default value in the illumination around. 3 control of the regional scene Through each dimmer module and the controlpanel and other electrical components, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of the scene lighting control switch. 4 static and dynamic detection of control Through each dimming modules and electrical components, such as movement detectors, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of the automatic lighting control switch. 5 Reduction state of emergency control Through each of the normal lighting control module, such as dimming of the electrical components, to achieve a state of emergency for the normal work of the various districts in the state of lighting and to give up the number of relief, such as dimming control. 6 Manual remote control Through the infra-red remote control, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of lighting control and manual control of the regional scene. 7 Emergency lighting control Here mainly refers to the control of intelligent lighting control system to the special region by the implementation of the emergency lighting control, including the following two controls: 1 under normal illumination and the automatic adjustment control of the regional scene with the regulation of the normal work of lighting the same manner as the control. 2 a state of emergency automatic discharge dimming control, through each of the emergency lighting dimming control module, such as electrical components, to achieve a state of emergency for the regions under a state of emergency lighting dimmers, such as giving up control, so that the accident in the state of emergency lighting to reach 100%. These are the characteristics of intelligent lighting control systems analysis and office buildings in a specific application in a number of experiences, hoping to play the role of forward, so that the field of technology in the lighting to fully play its role.智能照明控制系统摘要:智能照明控制系统的主要目的是利用“预先设定的“控制方式和控制元件对照明系统进行优化管理,智能照明控制系统在不同时期,不同程度上的照明进行精确设置和合理的节能管理。
外文翻译---智能照明控制系统___ control system is to conserve energy。
This system features us pre-set control modes and components that allow for accurate and nal management of ___-saving at different times and ___。
the system takes full advantage of natural outdoor light and only uses energy when ___ over 30%.The ___ control system has a bus-type star-shaped structure。
which ___。
This system has several advantages。
including ___。
Its ___。
as it ces ___ by using the least amount of energy ___.Overall。
the use of the ___ It offers a good ___ utilizing its pre-set control modes and components。
the system ___ levels。
It is an essential tool for anyone looking to ce their ___.The main goal of an ___ control system is to save energy。
This system includes us "pre-set" control modes and components that can accurately adjust and manage energy-saving based on different times and degrees of ___。
基于单片机的智能路灯控制系统-外文文献————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别光电信息系专业测控技术与仪器班级 B090102姓名马丽娜学号 36外文出处 Spriger Link附件 1. 原文； 2. 译文2013年3月Based on single chip microcomputer intelligent street lightcontrol system【abstract 】 A street light automatic control system design, combined with the control, electric lamp switch control function; And street lamp fault detection and fault street lamp according to the function of the number. Use on STC 89C51 as the core Control unit; Using DS1302 clock chip to control the point open to turn off the lights when street lamps; By a photosensor complete collection of ambient light and street light fault detection, so as to realize the number of optically controlled open to turn off the lights and fault street lamp display. This system Can through the RS - 232 communication port with the street light control room of the upper machine communication.【key words】STC 89C51; Clock chip DS1302; photosensorIntroductionFor the most part at present domestic cities and regions of the street lamp Lighting adopts electric control, time control and single point of electrons Control, maintenance management and manual inspections and the masses The traditional way, because of the lack of scientific and effective monitoring Means, large area lighting during the day, night not large area Light phenomenon occurs frequently, often can't find and in a timely manner Processing, not only caused power resources, human resources Cost, improve the operating costs of the system and to citizens Life bring inconvenience.Intelligent road lighting system can according to different area Domain of different functional requirements, at different times and different every day Natural light or under different traffic flow conditions, the press According to a specific setting, realize dynamic wisdom of road lighting Can management, namely the TPO management (TIME/PLACE, TIME Location/OCCASION occasions). Intelligent road lighting Control system, through the comprehensive consideration and analysis and road Ming is closely related to the intensity of illumination time, road, environment and hand it in Scene control methods of factors such as flow rate, in themicrocomputer According to the preset control strategy, the road lighting into action Street lamp intelligent management and control in different conditions normally In different states implement diversified road lighting scene, To improve the quality of lighting at the same time get the best section Can effect.1. The system hardware designControl circuit mainly to light, temperature signal acquisition, data computing and analysis, and control of street lamp driver circuit according to the results of the operation. Circuit must have MD conversion function, adopt STCl2C5608AD single chip microcomputer as control unit, the single-chip computer as a single clock cycle enhanced 8051 kernel microcontroller, it contains 8 KB FLASH program memory, eight road lO MD conversion interface, can meet the need of data acquisition. Light intensity, temperature sensor using photosensitive resistance and thermal resistance,respectively.Figure 1Figure 2Photosensitive resistor Rx and resistance R2 bleeder circuit, light intensity changes, microcontroller P1.7 pin input voltage changes, and P1.7 pin can be set up for MD conversion interface, set a threshold voltage for light intensity can distinguish between day and night. Thermal resistor Rx and R3 bleeder circuit, the temperature changes, P1.5 pin voltage change, the figure 1 watch NA L/D conversion control circuit green quality can calculate the actual environment temperature and time control to modify parameters. S1 for four dial the code switch, can be used to think.1.1 hardware designSystem hardware modules include: control module, mining Use 89 c51 to realize on STC; Sensor module, Using photosensitive resistance on the surrounding environment light Sample, using photosensitive diode on-off to street lamp equipment Obstacle detection; The clock module, using DS1302 clock chip Slice; Display module, which is made up of four LED digital tube, use To display the fault street lamp number; Sound and light alarm module, Implementation of malfunctioning of the street lamp light hint; Communication moduleBlocks, used to transmit commands from PC.1.2 module functionOn STC 89 c51 based on DS1302 clock chip Provide the clock signal, according to the following time implementation control Turn off the lights.(1) : winter time 18:00 lights at night, The next morning at 7:30 to turn off the lights.(2) age season time: the evening number is turn on the light, The next morning at 6:30 to turn off the lights.(3) in the summer time: 20:00 lights at night, The next morning at 5:30 to turn off the lights.Dynamically changes of this period of time, changes in the operation A machine to complete, through the communication module will hold instructions written to STC 89 c51 chip, then changed the point open to turn off the lights During work time.Photosensitive resistance, by appropriate wavelength of light , the current will along with the increase of light intensity, thus Realize the photoelectric conversion. To die by ADC0832 device Hold number converted to provide single-chip, STC 89c51 according to The default program realize the electric lamp switch function.(1) automatic metering, during the day (or light) When lights go out, night (dark or light) street lights automatically Light up.(2) the sensitivity is adjustable, can adjust according to need Any work under the light.(3) to prevent the instant bright light interference, the AD hoc Delay off function (to strong light, the light switch When 30 seconds to shut down automatically).Photosensitive diode is to use silicon PN knot when the light is produced A photoelectric device, light current work in reverse bias Because of the pressure. During the day light or lamp light photosensitive 2 directly Diode reverse resistance decreases, and diode conduction; Light is very Hours photosensitive diode reverse resistance increases, the diode The check. Using photosensitive diode, detection of street lamp is night Normal work. When the photosensitive diode as shows that street lamp Equipment failure or theft, acousto-optic quote on STC 89 c51 started Alarm device, at the same time in four LED digital tube display the corresponding The street number.2.The system software designThe software design of this system is divided into seven parts, mainly Including the LED digital tube display program design; Light to check the Test program design; Equipment fault detection program design; when Clock driver chip design; Open to turn off the lights program design; Communication program design; Audible and visual alarm program design, etc.Software includes: main program, system initialization, anti-fuzzy functions,A/D conversion subroutine, communication processing subroutine, keyboard processing subroutine, warp/weft clock computing functions, dial the code switch handle child, switch input processing function, the switch quantity output treatment function, display function. MCU software programming to CodeVisionAVR C compiler as a development platform, USES C written in a high-level language.3.TAGUSES the wireless transceiver module and single-chip integration design, can reduce the hardware cost of the system, convenient installation, easy maintenance. Adopt type a 15 STR micropower wireless digital module, high efficiency forward error correction channel coding technology, improves the data the abrupt interference and random interference resistance ability. Using high-speed microcontroller W7E58, improve the measurement precision of the liquid level, simplified the hardware structure of the system. The system not only for level measurement is a kind of safe and effective solutions, can be applied to other material level measurement under the bad environment.Street lamp lighting system is indispensable to the road traffic Facilities, design a kind of intelligent street light control system, right Increase induced by road, improve the driving safety at night And comfort, effectively prevent criminal activity, beautify the environment, Save power resources, has a certain practical significance and can be Development value.References[1], truth, science and technology. 8051 series single chip microcomputer C program design manual [M]. Completely People post and telecommunications press, 2006.[2] realistic technology. Microcontroller peripheral devices and applications [M]. Typical people Posts and telecommunications press, 2006, 2.[3] BianChunYuan, wang zhiqiang. MCS - 51 single chip microcomputer application development practical subroutine [M]. People's posts and telecommunications press, 2005, 9.[4] Shen Gongwei. Based on single chip microcomputer intelligent syste design and implementation [M]. Electronic Industrial press, 2005. m[5] Wan Guangyi, nine sun Ann, Cai Jianping. SOC SCM experiment, practice and should be With design - based on C8051F series [M]. Beijing university ofaeronautics and astronautics Publisher, 2006.[6] Xu Aijun Peng Xiuhua. Keil Cx51 V7.0 microcontroller programming in a high-level language and Mu Vision2 application practice [M]. Beijing: electronic industry press, 2004.[7] blockbuster, special expensive, were yu. Intelligent street light control system design and application research. The modern electronic technology, 2010. (1) : 207-207.[8] kang hua guang, Chen Taiqin. Analog part electronic technology foundation [M]. Beijing: higher education press, 2001.基于单片机的智能路灯控制系统【摘要】设计了一个路灯自动控制系统，具有时控、光控相结合的路灯开关控制功能；以及路灯故障检测并显示故障路灯编号的功能。
英语原文Intelligent Traffic Light Controlby Marco Wiering The topic I picked for our community project was traffic lights. In a community, people need stop signs and traffic lights to slow down drivers from going too fast. If there were no traffic lights or stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger from drivers going too fast.The urban traffic trends towards the saturation, the rate of increase of the road of big city far lags behind rate of increase of the car.The urban passenger traffic has already become the main part of city traffic day by day and it has used about 80% of the area of road of center district. With the increase of population and industry activity, people's traffic is more and more frequent, which is unavoidable. What means of transportation people adopt produces pressure completely different to city traffic. According to calculating, if it is 1 to adopt the area of road that the public transport needs, bike needs 5-7, car needs 15-25, even to walk is 3 times more than to take public transits. So only by building road can't solve the city traffic problem finally yet. Every large city of the world increases the traffic policy to the first place of the question.For example，according to calculating, when the automobile owning amount of Shanghai reaches 800,000 (outside cars count separately ), if it distributes still as now for example: center district accounts for great proportion, even when several loop-lines and arterial highways have been built up , the traffic cannot be improved more than before and the situation might be even worse. So the traffic policy Shanghai must adopt , or called traffic strategy is that have priority to develop public passenger traffic of city, narrow the scope of using of the bicycle progressively , control the scale of growth of the car traffic in the center district, limit the development of the motorcycle strictly.There are more municipals project under construction in big city. the influence on the traffic is greater.Municipal infrastructure construction is originally a good thing of alleviating the traffic, but in the course of constructing, it unavoidably influence the local traffic. Some road sections are blocked, some change into an one-way lane, thus the vehicle can only take a devious route . The construction makes the road very narrow, forming the bottleneck, which seriously influence the car flow.When having stop signs and traffic lights, people have a tendency to drive slower andlook out for people walking in the middle of streets. To put a traffic light or a stop sign in a community, it takes a lot of work and planning from the community and the city to put one in. It is not cheap to do it either. The community first needs to take a petition around to everyone in the community and have them sign so they can take it to the board when the next city council meeting is. A couple residents will present it to the board, and they will decide weather or not to put it in or not. If not put in a lot of residents might be mad and bad things could happened to that part of the city.When the planning of putting traffic lights and stop signs, you should look at the subdivision plan and figure out where all the buildings and schools are for the protection of students walking and riding home from school. In our plan that we have made, we will need traffic lights next to the school, so people will look out for the students going home. We will need a stop sign next to the park incase kids run out in the street. This will help the protection of the kids having fun. Will need a traffic light separating the mall and the store. This will be the busiest part of the town with people going to the mall and the store. And finally there will need to be a stop sign at the end of the streets so people don’t drive too fast and get in a big accident. If this is down everyone will be safe driving, walking, or riding their bikes.In putting in a traffic light, it takes a lot of planning and money to complete it. A traffic light cost around $40,000 to $125,000 and sometimes more depending on the location. If a business goes in and a traffic light needs to go in, the business or businesses will have to pay some money to pay for it to make sure everyone is safe going from and to that business. Also if there is too many accidents in one particular place in a city, a traffic light will go in to safe people from getting a severe accident and ending their life and maybe someone else’s.The reason I picked this part of our community development report was that traffic is a very important part of a city. If not for traffic lights and stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger every time they walked out their doors. People will be driving extremely fast and people will be hit just trying to have fun with their friends. So having traffic lights and stop signs this will prevent all this from happening.Traffic in a city is very much affected by traffic light controllers. When waiting for a traffic light, the driver looses time and the car uses fuel. Hence, reducing waiting times before traffic lights can save our European society billions of Euros annually. To make traffic light controllers more intelligent, we exploit the emergence of novel technologies such as communication networks and sensor networks, as well as the use of more sophisticated algorithms for setting traffic lights. Intelligent traffic light control does not only mean thattraffic lights are set in order to minimize waiting times of road users, but also that road users receive information about how to drive through a city in order to minimize their waiting times. This means that we are coping with a complex multi-agent system, where communication and coordination play essential roles. Our research has led to a novel system in which traffic light controllers and the behaviour of car drivers are optimized using machine-learning methods.Our idea of setting a traffic light is as follows. Suppose there are a number of cars with their destination address standing before a crossing. All cars communicate to the traffic light their specific place in the queue and their destination address. Now the traffic light has to decide which option (ie, which lanes are to be put on green) is optimal to minimize the long-term average waiting time until all cars have arrived at their destination address. The learning traffic light controllers solve this problem by estimating how long it would take for a car to arrive at its destination address (for which the car may need to pass many different traffic lights) when currently the light would be put on green, and how long it would take if the light would be put on red. The difference between the waiting time for red and the waiting time for green is the gain for the car. Now the traffic light controllers set the lights in such a way to maximize the average gain of all cars standing before the crossing. To estimate the waiting times, we use 'reinforcement learning' which keeps track of the waiting times of individual cars and uses a smart way to compute the long term average waiting times using dynamic programming algorithms. One nice feature is that the system is very fair; it never lets one car wait for a very long time, since then its gain of setting its own light to green becomes very large, and the optimal decision of the traffic light will set his light to green. Furthermore, since we estimate waiting times before traffic lights until the destination of the road user has been reached, the road user can use this information to choose to which next traffic light to go, thereby improving its driving behaviour through a city. Note that we solve the traffic light control problem by using a distributed multi-agent system, where cooperation and coordination are done by communication, learning, and voting mechanisms. To allow for green waves during extremely busy situations, we combine our algorithm with a special bucket algorithm which propagates gains from one traffic light to the next one, inducing stronger voting on the next traffic controller option.We have implemented the 'Green Light District', a traffic simulator in Java in which infrastructures can be edited easily by using the mouse, and different levels of road usage can be simulated. A large number of fixed and learning traffic light controllers have already been tested in the simulator and the resulting average waiting times of cars have been plotted and compared. The results indicate that the learning controllers can reduce average waiting timeswith at least 10% in semi-busy traffic situations, and even much more when high congestion of the traffic occurs.We are currently studying the behaviour of the learning traffic light controllers on many different infrastructures in our simulator. We are also planning to cooperate with other institutes and companies in the Netherlands to apply our system to real world traffic situations. For this, modern technologies such as communicating networks can be brought to use on a very large scale, making the necessary communication between road users and traffic lights possible.中文翻译：智能交通信号灯控制马克·威宁我所选择的社区项目主题是交通灯。
杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译毕业设计（论文）题目基于蓝牙技术智能灯光控制设计安卓软件设计翻译题目蓝牙技术系通信工程专业通信工程姓名班级学号指导教师International Journal of Computer Tools & Manufacture 45 (2005) 115–124The origin and development of BluetoothC.K. Au*School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798SingaporeReceived 15 March 2004; received in revised form 7 June 2004; accepted 15 June 2004国际期刊计算机与制造45 (2005) 115-124蓝牙的起源与发展C.K. Au南洋理工大学机械生产工程学院，新加坡南阳路50号，639798标准版本2004年3月15;修订版本2004年6月7;正常版本2004年6月15号摘要本文论述蓝牙技术的起源与发展。
重点介绍蓝牙技术的基本原理以及蓝牙技术在当今时间的作用。
论述了蓝牙技术的优点与缺陷以及未来的发展趋势关键字：协议、技术、应用、发展介绍蓝牙是一个永远的，有限的无线电连接驻留在一个芯片。
它最初是在1994年扩大，作为一种方法，让笔记本电脑作出上述呼吁手机通过瑞典手机爱立信的创造者。
然后，许多组织已经签署了创建蓝牙低功耗平均各种各样的设备（LeVitus，216-220）的无线轻率。
业内观众预期蓝牙在安装设备的十亿美元，到2005年。
讨论蓝牙是由爱立信工程师在20世纪90年代末开发，越来越多的特殊的技术，有利于无线通信电子设备的多样性之间的轻率。
其主要的一个重要方面是，它允许设备“对话”（搬迁和协调数据）无线对方，终止向外不断纠结，电线，电缆和适配器许多今天的专长重要的要求。
蓝牙特别兴趣小组（SIG）成立于1998年，管理蓝牙知识的扩展和序幕（LeVitus，216-220）。
IBM，英特尔，东芝，诺基亚与爱立信的SIG开始联营，超过8000组织承包以来。
因此，贸易与蓝牙的要求和标志的产品，制造商应该是联营公司的SIG和设备应符合轮廓的凭据。
这些程序确保蓝牙无线设备的国际可与对方交谈，除了派生公司或国家。
速度和范围范围是特定应用和核心规范的规定，虽然最小的范围内是不是有限制，制造商可以调整其实施，以支持使用的情况下，他们正在使。
范围可能有所不同取决于在执行用无线电类：3级收音机 - 有一个范围可达1米或3英尺2类无线电 - 移动设备中最常用的发现，有一个10米或33英尺的范围1类无线电 - 主要用于工业用途的案件中，有一个100米或300英尺的范围创建适合运送较小的文件，例如手机合同和文本文件的蓝牙技术，也为低质量的图像和音频（Kumkum，160-162）。
在这些搬迁速度;蓝牙可能无法实际处理视频流或高品质的图片和音频，为此，除这可能会在未来改变时，新鲜的蓝牙标准发起。
利用简单和主管创建和配置蓝牙允许的设备是适度的简单，一点额外的骚动，比获得两个彼此接近的设备和扭曲他们。
有没有要求安装驱动程序或其他软件复杂的特设，个人无线网络（Kumkum，160-162）。
它有一个统一的组织，这意味着有两个无线归因于蓝牙技术的产品，尽管产品或民族的起源，有能力完美地与对方交谈。
常见的应用蓝牙技术主要是普通的应用之一是免提手机程序。
关于在我们的日常生活中塑造每个手机已建成蓝牙迈尔（15-20）。
只对蓝牙耳机的手机，他可以谈，而他的手机是在他的钱包或口袋。
今天的汽车音响以及几个有装在他的汽车免提通话的蓝牙。
如果他的车辆有一个厂的立体声或成年的售后，他只是不希望恢复的话，他可能还喜欢免提蓝牙汽车套件的识别。
蓝牙3.0蓝牙3.0是典型的通过蓝牙SIG于2009年4月21日，通过新鲜的蓝牙无线。
新鲜的标准支持提升数据删除速度和结构，前面的标准迈尔（15-20）。
凭借其出众的速度，有可能transfigure消费电子行业的技术。
技术协议蓝牙技术标准的设置，使不同的应用程序可以相互“沟通”。
在远程通信设备使用相同的协议栈，而不同的应用需要不同的协议栈。
但是，每一个应用程序需要的数据链路层和物理层的蓝牙技术。
整个蓝牙协议栈所示的打击。
任何应用程序不应该使用的所有协议，但其中一个或一些名单。
下面的图表显示了协议之间的关系，但在某些应用中的关系可能会改变。
完全的协议栈包括蓝牙特殊协议（LMP和L2CAP），而不是特殊的（如OBEX和UDP）。
设计协议和协议栈的基本原则是，尽可能利用现有的高层协议，确保协议和蓝牙技术相结合，采取适应的蓝牙技术标准的软件和硬件的最佳优势。
开放的蓝牙技术，使得设备制造商可以自由选择的协议，因为他们喜欢或使用。
蓝牙协议体系中的协议据SIG的有4层蓝牙协议体系核心协议电缆替代协议电话控制协议通过协议除上述协议层，该标准还定义了主机/控制器接口（HCI），它提供基带控制器，连接管理器，硬件状态和控制寄存器的命令接口。
蓝牙核心协议包括由SIG提出的特殊协议。
大多数蓝牙设备需要核心协议，而其他协议取决于应用的需要。
毕竟，电缆替代协议，技术控制协议，通过协议和基于核心协议，构成了面向对象的协议。
核心协议LMP（链路管理协议）用于两个设备之间的无线链路控制。
控制器上实现。
通过开展交流和检查连接的识别和加密，并决定基带数据包通过会议的规模。
它还控制无线设备的电源模式和工作周期，并在微微网单元设备的连接状态。
的L2CAP（逻辑链路控制与适配协议）该协议用于复用多个逻辑连接两个使用不同的高层协议的设备之间，提供分割和重组的空气包。
L2CAP的基本模式，提供与有效载荷配置多达64KB的数据包，为672个字节的默认MTU，48个字节的最低强制性支持的MTU。
L2CAP的转播及流量控制模式，可以被配置为每个通道的可靠或同步数据进行转播和CRC检查。
蓝牙核心规范附录1增加了两个额外的L2CAP模式的核心规范。
这些模式有效地贬低原重发和流量控制模式：增强重传模式（ERTM）的：这种模式是一种原始的转播模式的改进版本。
这种模式提供了可靠的L2CAP信道。
流模式（SM）：这是一个非常简单的模式，没有转播或流量控制。
这种模式提供了一个可靠的L2CAP信道。
在这些模式中的任何可靠性，选择性和/或另外下层BDR的/ EDR的蓝牙空气通过配置重传和的冲洗超时（时间之后，无线电将刷新包）接口保证。
保证下层顺序排序。
ERTM或SM只有配置的L2CAP通道可运行超过AMP的逻辑联系。
SDP（服务发现协议）服务发现协议（SDP）允许设备发现其他设备，其相关参数的支持服务。
例如，当手机连接到蓝牙耳机，社民党将用于确定哪些支持蓝牙配置文件耳机（耳机模式，免提配置文件，高级音频分配模式（A2DP）等）和协议复用器设置需要连接到他们每个人。
每个服务标识通用唯一标识符（UUID）分配一个短形式的UUID（16位），而不是完整的128 / vichitra官方服务（蓝牙模式），电缆替代协议（RFCOMM协议）无线电频率通信（RFCOMM协议）是一种电缆替代协议，用于创建一个虚拟的串行数据流。
RFCOMM协议提供二进制数据传输和模拟的EIA-232（RS-232）在蓝牙基带层的控制信号。
RFCOMM协议提供给用户一个简单可靠的数据流，类似于TCP。
它被用于许多与电话相关的配置文件直接作为AT命令的载体，以及通过蓝牙OBEX传输层。
电话控制协议（TCP）。
电话控制协议二进制（塔塔咨询服务公司的BIN）是面向比特的协议，它定义了呼叫控制蓝牙设备之间的语音和数据呼叫建立信令。
此外，“塔塔咨询服务公司的BIN定义用于处理蓝牙TCS的设备组的流动性管理程序。
”TCS - BIN仅用于无绳电话的个人资料，未能吸引实施者。
因此，它是历史的兴趣。
通过协议通过协议定义其他组织的标准制定，并纳入蓝牙协议栈，允许蓝牙协议只在必要时。
所采用的协议包括：点的点对点协议（PPP）：互联网点至点链接的IP数据报传输的标准协议。
的TCP / IP / UDP的连接到互联网的设备进行通信。
对象交换协议（OBEX）：会话层协议的交换对象，提供了一个模型对象和操作表示。
它采用客户 - 服务器模式。
无线应用环境/无线应用协议（WAE / WAP）：WAE指定用于无线设备和WAP是一个开放的标准，向移动用户提供电话和信息服务的访问的应用程序框架。
技术谱和干扰经营无牌工业，科学和医疗（ISM）在2.4到2.485 GHz的带蓝牙技术，使用扩频，跳频，名义利率在1600跳/秒的全双工信号。
2.4 GHz ISM频段在大多数国家和无牌。
SIM频段是开放给所有的无线电系统，所以一定频段的使用将满足不可预测的干扰源。
因此，蓝牙设计特殊的快速确认和跳频技术，以确保链路稳定。
跳频技术分为许多频率波段跳频信道，在一个连接，无线电收发器“跳”到另一个从一个通道按一定的码序列不断。
只有发送方和接收沟通，依照本法和其他干扰可能无法按相同的规则。
的频率跳频的瞬时带宽是很窄，但通过扩频技术，它可以使狭窄的带宽扩展到宽带的一百倍，使干扰的影响可能会变得非常小。
工作在同一频段的其他系统相比，蓝牙跳频频率运作更快，蓝牙技术的数据包是短，这使得它比其他稳定纠错蓝牙支持电路交换和分组交换两种技术，并定义了两种类型的链路连接，即面向连接的同步链路（SCO）和面向无连接的异步链路（ACL）蓝牙使用误差修正模型：1/3前向错误校正（FEC），2/3forward前向纠错和自动重复请求（ARQ）。
纠错的目的是减少重发的可能性，而在同一时间增加额外的费用，但在合理无误环境，多余的投标会减少输出。
因此，包定义本身也保持灵活的方式。
因此，该软件可以定义是否采用FEC。
在一般情况下，信道噪声较大时，蓝牙系统将采用前向纠错，以确保通信质量：SCO链路，使用1/3 FEC是2/3 FEC是使用ACL链路。
在一间没有门牌的ARQ，在一个时隙发送数据，必须在接下来的时段确认收到的收据。
只有当数据检查没有错误后，头错误检测和接收端的CRC将确认发送给发件人，或错误消息将被送回。
范围范围是特定应用和核心规范的规定，虽然最小的范围内是不是有限制，制造商可以调整其实施，以支持使用的情况下，他们正在使。
范围可能有所不同取决于在执行用无线电类：3级收音机 - 有一个范围可达1米或3英尺2类无线电 - 移动设备中最常用的发现，有一个10米或33英尺的范围1类无线电 - 主要用于工业用途的案件中，有一个100米或300英尺的范围电力为了使蓝牙设备也可以连接，即使是在一个非常低的功率状态，蓝牙规定了三种节能状态：国家公园，保持状态和，嗅嗅状态。
