Crustobody─A New Concept of Integrative Geotectonics

In the contemporary world,the concept of cultural diversity and integration has become increasingly significant.As societies grow more interconnected through globalization,the exchange of ideas,traditions,and values has never been more vibrant. This essay will explore the notion of difference coexistence and cultural prosperity, highlighting the importance of embracing diversity and fostering a harmonious coexistence among different cultures.The Importance of Cultural DiversityCultural diversity is the variety of human societies or cultures in a region or across the world,encompassing the differences in language,religion,customs,and social norms.It enriches the global tapestry,providing a wealth of perspectives and experiences that can lead to innovation and creativity.When different cultures interact,they can learn from each other,leading to the evolution of new ideas and practices.The Challenges of Cultural IntegrationWhile cultural diversity is a source of enrichment,it also presents challenges.The integration of different cultures requires mutual respect and understanding. Misunderstandings and prejudices can arise when cultures with different values and customs come into contact.It is crucial to address these challenges through education, dialogue,and the promotion of tolerance.Promoting Difference CoexistenceDifference coexistence is the idea that different cultures can live together harmoniously, respecting each others uniqueness without the need to assimilate or conform to a single standard.This can be achieved through:cation:Teaching about different cultures from an early age can foster understanding and respect.2.Dialogue:Encouraging open conversations between different cultural groups can help dispel stereotypes and promote empathy.3.Policy:Implementing policies that protect cultural rights and promote equality can create an environment where difference coexistence is supported.Cultural Prosperity Through IntegrationCultural prosperity can be achieved through the integration of different cultural elements. This does not mean the loss of cultural identity but rather the enrichment of it.Whencultures integrate,they can borrow and adapt aspects from each other,leading to the creation of new cultural expressions.For example,the fusion of culinary traditions from different countries can result in unique and delicious dishes that reflect the best of both worlds.The Role of Technology and MediaTechnology and media play a significant role in promoting cultural exchange and integration.The internet,social media,and other digital platforms allow for the sharing of cultural content across borders,making it easier for people to learn about and appreciate different cultures.However,it is also important to be mindful of how these platforms can sometimes perpetuate stereotypes or misinformation.ConclusionIn conclusion,the concept of difference coexistence and cultural prosperity is essential in our increasingly globalized world.By embracing and respecting cultural diversity,we can create societies that are more vibrant,innovative,and tolerant.It is through the integration of different cultures that we can achieve a new level of cultural prosperity, enriching the human experience for all.。

Utilities Policy7(1998)87–94Voltage control in a changing US electricity industryBrendan Kirby*,Eric HirstEnergy Division,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak Ridge,TN37831-6206,USAAbstractAs the US electricity industry is restructured,the generation,transmission,and system-control equipment and functions that maintain voltages within the appropriate ranges are being deintegrated.These changes in industry structure require new institutional rules and markets to plan for additional voltage-support capacity,to reserve capacity for future use,and to deploy capacity in real time to meet current and contingency conditions.These services can be obtained through engineering mandates or through markets. Whether the location-specific nature of voltage control will permit the creation of competitive markets is not yet known. Voltage control is accomplished by managing reactive power on an alternating-current power system.Reactive power can be produced and absorbed by both generation and transmission equipment.Reactive-power devices differ substantially in the magnitude and speed of response and in their capital costs.System operators,transmission owners,generators,customers,power marketers, and government regulators need to pay close attention to voltage control as they restructure the US electricity industry.When generators are required to supply excessive amounts of reactive power,their real-power production must be curtailed. These opportunity costs are not currently compensated for in most regions.Current tariffs are based on embedded costs.These embedded-cost tariffs average about$0.51/MWh,equivalent to$1.5billion annually for the United States as a whole.Although this cost is low when compared with the cost of energy,it still aggregates to a significant amount of money.This paper explains why power systems require reactive power.It then examines the various types of generation and transmission resources used to supply reactive power and to control voltage.Finally it discusses how these resources are deployed and paid for in several reliability regions around the country.©1998Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Voltage control;Ancillary services;Reactive power;Restructuring;Deregulation1.BackgroundVoltage control and reactive-power management are two aspects of a single activity that both supports reliability and facilitates commercial transactions across transmission networks.The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission(FERC,1996,1997a)recognized the importance of voltage control by including it as an ancil-lary service in Order888,Reactive Supply and Voltage Control from Generation Sources.FERC differentiated generation-based activities from transmission-system-based activities,with the latter to be addressed under the basic transmission tariff.In this paper we examine both transmission and generator provision of the service to gain a fuller understanding of the overall situation. Generators and various types of transmission equip-ment are used to maintain voltages throughout the trans-mission system.Injecting reactive power into the system *Corresponding author.0957-1787/98/$19.00©1998Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved. PII:S0957-1787(98)00006-X raises voltages,and absorbing reactive power lowers voltages.Voltage-support requirements are a function of the location and magnitudes of generator outputs and customer loads.These requirements can differ substan-tially from location to location and can change rapidly as the locations and magnitudes of generation and load change or if the transmission-system configuration changes.At very low levels of system load,transmission lines act as capacitors and increase voltages.At high loads,however,transmission lines absorb reactive power and lower voltages.Most transmission-system equip-ment(e.g.,capacitors,inductors,and tap-changing transformers)can respond to changes in voltage require-ments only slowly and in discrete steps.Some trans-mission-system equipment[e.g.,static VAR compen-sators(SVCs)]and generators can respond within cycles to changing reactive-power requirements.Voltages must be controlled for three reasons.First, both customer and power-system equipment is designed to operate within a range of voltages,usually within±5%of the nominal voltage.At low voltages,many types88 B.Kirby,E.Hirst/Utilities Policy7(1998)87–94of equipment perform poorly;light bulbs provide less illumination,induction motors can overheat and be dam-aged,and some electronic equipment will not operate at all.High voltages can damage equipment and shorten their lifetimes.Second,reactive power consumes transmission and generation capacity.To maximize the amount of real power that can be transferred across a congested trans-mission interface,reactive-powerflows must be minim-ized.Similarly,reactive-power production can limit a generator’s real-power capability.Third,moving reactive power on the transmission sys-tem incurs real-power losses.Both capacity and energy must be supplied to replace these losses.Voltage control is complicated by two additional fac-tors.First,the transmission system itself is a nonlinear consumer of reactive power,depending on system load-ing.System reactive requirements vary in time as load levels and load and generation patterns change. Second,the bulk-power system is composed of many pieces of equipment,any one of which can fail at any time.Therefore,the system is designed to withstand the loss of any single piece of equipment and to continue operating without impacting any customers.These two factors result in a dynamic reactive-power requirement.The loss of a generator or a major trans-mission line can have the compounding effect of reduc-ing the reactive supply and,at the same time,reconfig-uringflows such that the system is consuming additional reactive power.At least a portion of the reactive supply must be capable of responding quickly to changing reactive-power demands and to maintain acceptable volt-ages throughout the system.Thus,just as an electrical system requires real-power reserves to respond to contin-gencies,so too it must maintain reactive-power reserves. Loads can also be both real and reactive.Reactive loads incur more voltage drop and reactive losses in the transmission system than do similar size(MVA)real loads.Vertically integrated utilities often included charges for provision of reactive power to loads in their rates.With restructuring,the trend is to restrict loads to operation at near zero reactive-power demand(i.e.,a power factor1of1).The California ISO limits loads to power factors between0.97lagging(absorbing reactive power)and0.99leading(generating reactive power) (Pacific Gas and Electric et al.,1997).The significant differences between the real and reactive ancillary services are:Real power can be delivered over much greater dis-tances so the supplying resources are not as location 1The power factor(PF)is the ratio of real power(in MW)to appar-ent power(MVA).Apparent power is related to real and reactive power(MVAR)according to MVA=√[(MW)2+(MVAR)2].constrained,whereas reactive resources must be dis-tributed throughout the power system.Generation of real power requires the conversion from an energy resource,such as chemical or nuclear fuel,sunlight,or a mechanical resource like wind or waterflow,whereas reactive power requires almost no“fuel”to produce.Much of the complication associated with voltage control comes from combining these various aspects into a single service.Rather than splitting this service along functional lines,FERC and the industry elected to split the service based on commercial ownership of the resources that supply the service.The requirements and compensation for generation-based resources fall under FERC’s voltage-control service.Transmission-based resources are addressed under the general transmission tariff.The range of physical requirements(speed of response,need for contingency reserve,etc.)still exist, but they are not addressed in the basic definitions as they are for real-power services.As with most ancillary services,the need for voltage control stems from an overall system requirement, requires resources capable of supplying that need,and must have a central-control function directing those resources to meet the requirement in real time.Suppliers of the resources are not able to independently determine the system’s voltage-control needs.Only the system operator has sufficient information to know the system requirements,both current and contingency,and to deploy those resources effectively.Similarly,while ser-vice requirements result from customer choices in terms of load patterns and generation choices,the customers do not have sufficient information about the configur-ation of the transmission system or the actions of other customers to know what reactive-power requirements will result ahead of time from their choices.Again,the system operator is needed to deploy resources to meet requirements and to transmit appropriate price signals to customers.2.Transmission-system voltage controlIn moving power from generators to loads,the trans-mission network introduces both real and reactive losses. Real-power losses arise because aluminum and copper (the materials most often used for transmission lines)are not perfect conductors;they have resistance.The reactive nature of transmission lines is associated with the geometry of the conductors themselves(primarily the radius of the conductor)and the conductor configuration (the distances between each conductor and ground and the distances among conductors).The reactive-power behavior of transmission lines is89B.Kirby,E.Hirst /Utilities Policy 7(1998)87–94Fig.1.Transmission lines supply reactive power to the system when lightly loaded but absorb reactive power when heavily loaded.These results are for a 100-mile line with voltages supported at both ends.complicated by their inductive and capacitive character-istics.As shown in Fig.1,at low line loadings,the capacitive effect dominates,and generators and trans-mission-related reactive equipment must absorb reactive power to maintain line voltages within their appropriate limits.On the other hand,at high line loadings,the inductive effect dominates,and generators,capacitors,and other reactive devices must produce reactive power.The balance point at which the inductive and capacitive effects cancel each other (what is called surge-imped-ance loading)is typically about 40%of the line’s ther-mal capacity.Fig.1also shows that at both low and high line load-ings (but not around the surge-impedance loading),reactive losses are greater than real losses.At full line loading,reactive losses are five times greater than real losses for a 230kV line and nine times higher for a 345kV line.(At 50%of line loading,the factors are two and four for the 230and 345kV lines,respectively.)If uncompensated,these line losses reduce the amount of real power that can be transmitted from generators to loads.Fig.2shows how transmission-linecapacityFig.2.Absent reactive compensation to maintain voltages,trans-mission-line capacity is limited to shorter lengths.decreases as the line length increases if there is no volt-age support on the line.At short distances,the line’s capacity is limited by thermal considerations;at inter-mediate distances the limits are related to voltage drop;and beyond roughly 300–350miles,stability limits dominate.An East Central Area Reliability Coordination Agreement (1997)study showed that the addition of ser-ies capacitors to boost voltages would increase the capacity of a particular transmission line by about 60%.3.Voltage-control equipmentPower-system designers and operators can use various devices to control voltages by injecting,absorbing,or forcing the flow of reactive power.These devices differ in several important characteristics:response speed,con-tinuity of control,response to system voltage changes,and capital and operating costs (Table 1).Kirby and Hirst (1997)provide details on these alternatives.For brevity,we discuss only generation here,because FERC separated generator provision of voltage control from transmission provision.3.1.GenerationA generator’s primary function is to convert fuel (or some other energy resource)into electric power.Almost all synchronous generators also have considerable con-trol over their terminal voltage and reactive-power out-put.The ability of a generator to provide reactive support depends on its real-power production.Fig.3shows the combined limits on real and reactive production for a typical generator.The generator prime mover (e.g.,the steam turbine)is usually designed with less capacity than the electric generator,resulting in the prime-mover limit in Fig.3.The designers recognize that the generator will be producing reactive power most of the time.This gen-erator,at maximum real-power output,can produce 0.62MVAR for every megawatt of real-power output,based on the 0.85lagging power-factor limit.Or it can absorb 0.41MVAR for every megawatt of real-power output,based on the leading power-factor limit.To produce or absorb additional VARs beyond these limits would require a reduction in the real-power output of the unit.Historically,only the capital and operating costs that could be associated with the extra equipment (e.g.,parts of the stator,rotor,voltage regulator,and exciter plus the operating costs associated with field losses)required for voltage control were charged to the voltage-control function.In a restructured industry,the opportunity costs associated with reduced real-power sales when excessive reactive power is required will be a key part of the cost90 B.Kirby,E.Hirst /Utilities Policy 7(1998)87–94Table 1Characteristics of voltage-control equipment Equipment typeSpeed of responseAbility to supportCosts voltageCapital (per kVAR)Operating Opportunity GeneratorFast Excellent,additional Difficult to separate High Yes short-term capacity Synchronous condenser FastExcellent,additional $30–35High No short-term capacity Capacitor Slow,stepped Poor,drops with V 2$8–10None No SVC aFast Poor,drops with V 2$45–50Moderate No STATCOM aFast Fair,drops with V $50–55Moderate No Distributed generationFast Fair,drops with VDifficult to separateHighYesaSVC,static VAR compensator;STATCOM,static synchronouscompensator.Fig.3.Reactive-power capability depends on real-power production for a synchronous generator.of providing voltage control from generation.2Generator reactive-power capability is determined during the design of the machine.Because capital costs are involved in providing this capability,builders of new generating units will likely not include voltage-support capability unless (1)the market or a regulated tariff com-pensates the generators or (2)voltage-support capability is a requirement of connecting to the grid.3.2.Differences among equipment typesGenerators,synchronous condensers,SVCs,and STATCOMs all provide fast,continuously controllable voltage control.Load-tap changer transformers provide2The costs and prices for voltage support will likely be highly non-linear with system load (Hirst and Kirby,1997).At very high loads,the opportunity cost of voltage support will far exceed the embedded cost because of the required cut in real-power output and the likely high energy price during such peak-demand periods.nearly continuous voltage control but they are slow.Because the transformer moves reactive power from one bus to another,the control gained at one bus is at the expense of the other.Capacitors and inductors are not variable and offer control only in large steps.An unfortunate characteristic of capacitors and capaci-tor-based SVCs is that output drops dramatically when voltage is low and support is needed most.STATCOMs provide more support under low-voltage conditions than do capacitors or SVCs because their capability drops lin-early with voltage.The output of rotating machinery (i.e.,generators and synchronous condensers)generally rises with dropping voltage.Generators and synchronous condensers generally have additional emergency capacity that can be used for a limited time.Voltage-control characteristics favor the use of gener-ators and synchronous condensers.Costs,on the other hand,favor capacitors.Generators have extremely high capital costs because they are designed to produce real power,not reactive power.Even the incremental cost of reactive support from generators is high,although it is difficult to unambiguously separate reactive-from real-power costs.Operating costs for generators are high as well because they can involve real-power losses.Finally,because generators have other uses,they experience opportunity costs when called on simultaneously to pro-vide high levels of reactive and real power.Synchronous condensers have the same characteristics as generators;but,because they are built solely to provide reactive sup-port,their capital costs are not as high and they incur no opportunity costs.SVCs and STATCOMs are high-cost devices as well,although their operating costs are lower than those for synchronous condensers and gener-ators.4.Emerging issues on voltage controlSystem operation has three objectives when managing reactive power and voltages.First,it must maintain91 B.Kirby,E.Hirst/Utilities Policy7(1998)87–94adequate voltages throughout the transmission system for both current and contingency conditions.Second,it seeks to minimize congestion of real-powerflows.Third, it seeks to minimize real-power losses.These were the system-control objectives before restructuring,and they will continue to be the objectives after restructuring of the US electricity industry.Restructuring will almost surely change the mech-anisms that system operators use to acquire and deploy reactive-power resources.Historically,the system oper-ator,generators,transmission devices,and transmission system were all owned and operated by the same entity. In the future,the entities that own and operate generation may differ from those that own transmission,and both may differ from the system operator(which likely will control the transmission system).These changes will require the creation of market structures plus require-ments for connection to the transmission system and the operation of certain equipment.Absent new coordinating functions,voltage-control investments will no longer be optimized across generation and transmission alterna-tives.The system operator must have the authority to deploy resources to meet the system’s voltage-control objectives;this authority is required for operational plan-ning(up to a day ahead)and real-time operation.Not surprisingly,more progress has been made in addressing the technical objectives of managing voltages than in developing market structures to perform this function in a restructured industry.The North American Electric Reliability Council(1996)guidance focuses on the concept of control-area responsibility for controlling voltage and reactive resources,allowing control areas to develop appropriate rules.Control areas are to maintain sufficient reactive resources to support voltages under first-contingency conditions.Each control area should take care of its own needs and avoid placing a burden on other control areas.The North American Electric Reliability Council policies offer little guidance on what resources should be available or how the system operator should acquire and deploy them,leaving these decisions to the regional reliability councils and the individual control areas.4.1.Technical guidance and compensation rules Regional councils differ in the level of detailed guid-ance they offer their members.The Southwest Power Pool,the Southeastern Electric Reliability Council,and the Florida Reliability Coordinating Council provide only general guidance to their members on maintaining adequate voltage support during normal and contingency conditions.Individual control-area operators use the authority of these directives to order specific actions directed at voltage support.The Electric Reliability Council of Texas(1997)provides additional direction on required generator capability and authorizes control-area operators to use each generator’s full reactive capability to maintain system voltages.Regions containing tight power pools,such as the Mid-Atlantic Area Council and the Northeast Power Coordinating Council along with their member pools, have more detailed rules concerning both generator-capability requirements and system operations to main-tain voltages.These rules govern which conditions to study when determining voltage-support requirements and generator-reactive-capability requirements as well as their use.Rules governing voltage-control actions to be taken by system operators generally use the lowest-cost resourcesfirst and delay expensive actions,such as redispatching generator real-power output.When the problem is addressed at all,generators are typically com-pensated at cost if they are required to adjust their real-power output to support voltages.The Northeast Power Coordinating Council(1992)operating guide provides a typical example of the order of control actions: Low-cost transmission-system and generation-con-trol actionsadjust transformer tapsswitch capacitors and reactorsadjust SVCsuse full reactive capability of online generatorsHigher-cost adjustments to economical energy pro-ductionstart additional generationmodify economy transactions with other areas and/ordeviate from economic dispatchoperate hydro units as synchronous condensers,where possiblereschedule pumped-hydro units to generate or pumppurchase energyAdjustments to the transmission-system configur-ationswitch out transmission lines if security limits willnot be violatedNone of the previously mentioned organizations has fully addressed voltage control in a restructured,com-petitive generation market.California’s efforts at restruc-turing have extended,or at least made more explicit,the relationships among the various parties when providing reactive power(Pacific Gas and Electric et al.,1997). California’s ISO is charged with the planning and operating responsibilities associated with maintaining reliability and facilitating markets.One of these responsibilities involves assuring the adequacy and reliability of voltage support.But the California ISO has no generation resources of its own.The ISO obtains reactive-power-generation resources by making them a condition of connection to the grid.All generators are required to have a continuous operating range from0.9092 B.Kirby,E.Hirst/Utilities Policy7(1998)87–94power factor lag to0.95power factor lead.The ISO has the right to direct generators—without compensation—to operate anywhere within this range.Only if the ISO requires a generator to operate outside this range will the ISO compensate the generator.4.2.Requirements in a restructured industryISO management of reactive resources involves equipment capability and actual delivery.That is,the ISO must acquire(either by mandate or purchase)the right to specified amounts of reactive-power capability. That power must then be delivered(or absorbed)in response to the time-varying and location-specific requirements of the system.The system operator uses computer models to help determine what voltage-control resources are needed and,to a lesser extent,how to deploy those resources most efficiently.A constrained optimal-power-flow analysis can determine the reactive-power dispatch that minimizes real-power losses or can calculate location-specific reactive-power prices(El-Keib and Ma,1997). Including physical limits,bus voltage requirements,and contingencies as constraining conditions assures that the calculated solutions meet the physical requirements.If all costs are presented to the system operator,the optimal powerflow can be used tofind a least-cost solution. Unfortunately,the computed marginal prices for reactive power are very sensitive to the particular configuration of the electrical grid,which can change quite rapidly(Li and David,1994).Application of alternative objective functions can lead to very different uses of reactive-power devices.Accord-ing to one analysis,traditional VAR dispatch seeks to minimize control actions(Dandachi et al.,1996).Mini-mizing the cost of voltage control could lower voltage-support costs by about one fourth.The resulting solution, however,leads to an entirely different voltage profile that requires many more control actions,such as adjust-ments of transformer taps.In a competitive environment,determination of who has provided what service will be more e of claimed capability may not be adequate.The actual VAR output from a generator may not match the manu-facturer’s capability specifications.Public Service Com-pany of Colorado found that operating limits often pre-vent generators from providing full rated VAR output. Adjustment of tap settings on the step-up(and other) transformers,adjustment of station service voltage lev-els,and recalibrating and setting alarms and meters are often needed to increase the actual VAR output.Better training of operators on the use of voltage-control equip-ment is also important.This utility achieved a500-MVAR increase in actual capability at13generating units,a50%increase in output(Panvini and Yohn, 1995).Because actual and predicted performance might not match well,the East Central Area Reliability Coordi-nation Agreement(1996)developed methods for rating the real-and reactive-power performance of generating units under normal operating conditions.The reactive-power tests must be conducted at least once every two years and require maintenance of scheduled voltages for at least two hours.ISOs will likely develop and implement similar methods to be sure that the reactive supplies contracted to the ISO can and do perform as specified.A corresponding set of penalties must also be developed to deter persistent noncompliance.ISOs can acquire reactive resources either through mandates or purchases.The California ISO(as noted above)chose the mandatory approach.To the extent that reactive supplies are not geographically restricted,it might be possible to create competitive markets for the acquisition of such resources.Many believe that the location limitations on reactive resources are sufficiently great that competitive markets cannot develop for this service.Other ISOs plan to pay generators their embedded costs for reactive resources.Unfortunately,determining the embedded cost of generator-provided reactive power is ambiguous at best.This ambiguity occurs because the same equipment is used to provide both real and reactive power.What percentages,for example,of the exciter, generator stator,generator rotor,turbine assembly,and step-up transformer should be assigned to each function?A generation-owning utility has a strong incentive to shift as much of these joint costs to the regulated func-tion(voltage control in this case)and away from the competitive function(energy).This cost shifting,if suc-cessful,would increase the regulated return on voltage control and improve the generators’competitive position by reducing thefixed costs it has to recover in competi-tive energy markets.A Southern Company proceeding before FERC illus-trates well these complexities.(We have no opinion on the reasonableness of either Southern’s request or FERC’s decision.)Southern proposed to assign some of the cost of the turbines and100%of the costs of the exciter and its cooling system to reactive power.FERC (1997b)disagreed and assigned100%of the turbine cost to real-power production.Southern computed its reactive-power charges on the basis of a pair of load-flow studies,a base case and a transaction case.Southern used the difference in reactive-power requirements between the two cases as the basis for its proposed charges.FERC rejected the use of incremental pricing for generator reactive power because Southern was using embedded-cost pricing for transmission-supplied reactive power.Finally,the ISOs and the other participants in bulk-power markets will need to decide which entity has the responsibility and authority to plan for and determine the。

人教版选择性必修二Unit2 Bridging Cultures 单元词汇高考真题例句清单1.(2023全国新课标Ⅱ卷阅读填句)These small studies provide inspiration and may be a springboard for more plex works in the future.这些小型研究提供了灵感，可能是未来更复杂工作的跳板。

2.(2023年6月全国甲卷应用文)I started with easy items like scarves and gradually moved on to more plex ones like hats and sweaters.我从简单的东西开始，比如围巾，然后逐渐转向更复杂的东西，比如帽子和毛衣。

3.(2020·新高考Ⅱ卷·A)Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification.仔细遵守所有规则，以免被取消资格。

4.(2023全国甲卷听力)I think I’m well qualified for the accountant position here.我认为我能胜任这里的会计一职。

5.(2020· 天津高考·D)Together, these deep human urges(驱策力)count for much more than ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground.总之，这些人类内心深处的欲望比野心重要得多。

当伽利略从比萨斜塔上扔下不同重量的物体并计算它们落地的时间时，他不仅仅是雄心勃勃。

2024届四川省成都市“五校联考”高三教学质量检测试题（一模）英语试题注意事项1．考生要认真填写考场号和座位序号。

2．试题所有答案必须填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。

第一部分必须用2B 铅笔作答；第二部分必须用黑色字迹的签字笔作答。

3．考试结束后，考生须将试卷和答题卡放在桌面上，待监考员收回。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．At the end of the historic area，Wilmington displayed its ________ as a working port city：large ware-houses and a few other dated office buildings．A．achievement B．reputationC．character D．standard2．Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ________ sight matters more than hearing. A．when B．whose C．which D．where3．I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.A．That B．Which C．Whether D．What4．________about the man wearing sunglasses during night that he was determined to follow him.A．So curious the detective wasB．So curious was the detectiveC．How curious was the detectiveD．How curious the detective was5．Don’t take it seriously，Alice．I wasn’t making _____ fun of you —it’s nothing but _____ joke．A．/; the B．the; theC．the; a D．/; a6．The writer was so ________ i n her work that she didn’t notice him enter the room.A．abandoned B．focused C．absorbed D．centered7．—Did you go to last night’s concert?— Y es. And the girl playing the violin at the concert _______ all the people present with her excellent ability.A. impressed B．compared C．conveyed D．observed8．A hearty laugh relieves physical tension, _____your muscles relaxed for over half an hour.A．to leave B．left C．leaving D．leave9．In the forest, sound is the best means of communication over distance ________ in comparison with light, it won't be blocked by trees when travelling.A．while B．becauseC．when D．though10．"We can not afford limited progress. We need rapid progress," Ban said at the Third World Climate Conference inGeneva, by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).A．organized B．being organized C．organizing D．was organized11．He felt ________ of cheating in the exam, deciding never to do such things again.A．shame B．ashamedC．sorry D．shameful12．—Next week I will go to a job interview. will you give me some suggestions?—Smiling is a great way to make yourself ________.A．stand out B．turn outC．work out D．pick out13．-----My room gets very cold at night.-----_________________.A．So is mine B．So mine is C．So does mine D．So mine does14．－What if the rainstorm continues?－Come on guys! We have to meet the _______ whatever the weather.A．standard B．demandC．deadline D．satisfaction15．No student ________ go out of school to have lunch without permission of the headteacher.A．might B．mustC．shall D．could16．________ the students from their endless homework the school has decided to take a series of measures. A．Freed B．To freeC．Freeing D．Having freed17．The new playground to be built next year will be ____________ the old one.A．as three times big as B．three times as big asC．as big as three times D．as big three times as18．______ to nuclear radiation, even for a short time, may influence genes in human bodies.A．Having exposed B．Being exposedC．To expose D．Exposed19．They are determined to go into the dark cave, ________ my warning of danger.A．regardless of B．because ofC．apart from D．instead of20．— Can you tell me something about _________ science.— OK. _ Nobel Prize in Chemistry is usually awarded to Americans.A．the; The B．/; The C．a; / D．the; /第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

In todays fastpaced and interconnected world,the importance of cooperation cannot be overstated.It is a fundamental aspect of both personal and professional success.Here are some key points that highlight the significance of cooperation in various aspects of life:1.Enhancing Teamwork:Cooperation is the glue that holds teams together.When individuals work collaboratively,they can pool their skills and knowledge to achieve common goals more effectively than they could alone.2.Problem Solving:Complex problems often require diverse perspectives and expertise. By cooperating,individuals can combine their unique insights to find innovative solutions that might not have been discovered otherwise.3.Resource Sharing:Cooperation allows for the efficient use of resources.By sharing information,tools,and materials,groups can accomplish more with less,leading to better outcomes and cost savings.4.Cultural Exchange:In a globalized world,cooperation fosters understanding and appreciation of different cultures.This exchange enriches individuals lives and promotes tolerance and respect for diversity.5.Economic Growth:Businesses that cooperate with each other can expand their markets, share risks,and innovate more rapidly.This collaboration can lead to economic growth and job creation.6.Conflict Resolution:Cooperation is a powerful tool for resolving conflicts.By working together,parties can find mutually beneficial solutions that respect the interests of all involved.7.Personal Development:Engaging in cooperative activities helps individuals develop important skills such as communication,negotiation,and leadership.These skills are valuable in both personal and professional contexts.munity Building:Cooperation at a community level strengthens social bonds and fosters a sense of belonging.It can lead to the creation of supportive networks that enhance the wellbeing of all members.9.Environmental Sustainability:Addressing environmental challenges requires global cooperation.By working together,countries can implement effective policies and practices that protect the planet for future generations.10.Innovation and Creativity:When people from different backgrounds and disciplines collaborate,they can spark creativity and drive innovation.This synergy can lead to breakthroughs in science,technology,and the arts.In conclusion,cooperation is a multifaceted concept that plays a crucial role in achieving success in various domains.It is not just about working together it is about leveraging the strengths of each individual to create a collective impact that is greater than the sum of its parts.Embracing cooperation is essential for personal growth,social harmony,and the advancement of humanity as a whole.。

我就曾经被问过屡次。

我会答复说不，我长大后不想当总统。

有一个年纪大的叔叔，当着母亲的面向我提出这个问烂了的问题，发现了我对当总统不感兴趣，他就接着又问：“那你长大了想干什么呢？〞3 I loved to pick through trash piles and collect empty bottles, tin cans with pretty labels, and discarded magazines. The most desirable job on earth sprang instantly to mind. “I want to be a garbage man,〞I said.我那时喜欢到垃圾堆上去拣东西，收集空瓶子、有漂亮标签的罐子和废弃的杂志。

世界上最吸引我的工作立刻浮现在我的脑子里。

“我想当一个垃圾工。

〞我说道。

4 My uncle smiled, but my mother had seen the first distressing evidence of a bump budding on a log. “Have a little gumption, Russell,〞she said. Her calling me Russell was a signal of unhappiness. When she approved of me I was always “Buddy〞.叔叔听后笑了，而母亲却觉察到了我那呆头呆脑的苗头，不免伤心。

“有点上进心吧，拉塞尔。

〞她说道。

她叫我“拉塞尔〞说明她不快乐，因为她夸我的时候总是叫我“小家伙〞。

5 When I turned eight years old she decided that the job of starting me on the road toward making something of myself could no longer be safely delayed, “Buddy ,〞she said one day, “ I want you to come home right after school this afternoon. Somebody’s coming and I want you to meet him.〞转眼间我长到了八岁，她觉得我得找个工作，开始踏上那条让我自己成就点什么的道路，而不能再四平八稳地坐失良机了。

中西结合,传统与现代结合的英文English:In today's rapidly evolving world, the concept of combining the East and West, traditional and modern, has gained significant attention. This fusion of cultures is evident in various aspects of life, including art, fashion, architecture, and even cuisine. Embracing this integration not only provides a fresh perspective but also allows for the preservation of rich cultural traditions while embracing innovative ideas and technologies. It signifies a harmonious coexistence of old and new, where the past is respected, and the future is embraced.Art serves as a prime example of the amalgamation of traditional and modern influences. Contemporary artists often draw inspiration from traditional techniques, motifs, and themes, while incorporating innovative mediums and styles. This fusion not only revitalizes traditional art forms but also allows for the creation of unique and captivating pieces that appeal to a modern audience. The juxtaposition of ancient techniques with contemporary materials andconcepts showcases the seamless coexistence of tradition and modernity.Fashion, too, has experienced a similar transformation, blending traditional elements with contemporary designs. Designers are increasingly incorporating traditional fabrics, patterns, or cultural symbols into their modern collections, paving the way for a global appreciation of diverse fashion styles. Such fusion not only pays homage to the historical significance of traditional garments but also promotes cultural exchange and understanding on an international scale. This harmonious combination of traditional and modern fashion is symbolic of a world that embraces diversity and strives for innovation.Architecture is another domain that exemplifies the successful integration of the old and new. Modern buildings often incorporate traditional architectural features, such as ornate carvings, intricate lattice work, or traditional roof designs, alongside modern materials and construction techniques. This synthesis of aesthetics and functionality creates visually striking structures that blend seamlessly into their surroundings while integrating elements of local heritage.The harmonious coexistence of traditional and contemporary architectural styles not only enhances the visual landscape but also respects the cultural identity and historical legacy of a place.In the culinary world, the fusion of traditional and modern techniques and flavors has resulted in an exciting culinary revolution. Chefs now experiment with blending traditional cooking methods and ingredients with innovative culinary techniques and global ingredients. This cross-cultural fusion not only creates unique dining experiences but also preserves traditional recipes and promotes the appreciation of diverse cuisines on a global scale. By embracing the combination of traditional and modern culinary practices, we celebrate the richness and diversity of our food heritage.Overall, the integration of the East and West, traditional and modern, is an embodiment of our evolving world. It represents a harmonious coexistence of the past and the future, where heritage and innovation propel each other forward. By embracing this fusion, we not only preserve our cultural traditions but also create a dynamic and diverse global society.中文翻译：在如今快速演变的世界中，将中西文化相融、传统与现代结合的理念备受关注。

英语选必三第二单元作文Title: The Evolution of Globalization: A Multifaceted Phenomenon.Globalization, a term often used interchangeably with internationalization, refers to the process of integration and interconnectedness among nations, cultures, and economies. It is a complex phenomenon that has transformed the world in numerous ways, from economic growth and trade liberalization to cultural diffusion and technological advancements. This paper aims to delve into the various dimensions of globalization, its historical evolution, and its impact on global society.The concept of globalization can be traced back to ancient times, when empires such as the Roman and the Chinese expanded their influence beyond their borders, facilitating trade and cultural exchange. However, the modern era of globalization began in the 15th century with the Age of Discovery, when European nations embarked onvoyages of exploration, establishing trade routes and colonies across the globe. This period marked the beginning of a global economic system that was later reshaped by the Industrial Revolution in Europe.The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, was a pivotal moment in the history of globalization. It led to the mass production of goods, significant technological advancements, and the urbanization of populations. This period saw the emergence of new global trade patterns, with European nations主导the global trade in manufactured goods. However, this era also gave rise to the concept of imperialism, as powerful nations sought to expand their influence and resources through colonization.The 20th century marked significant transformations in globalization. The two World Wars and the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union shaped the global political landscape, leading to the establishment of institutions such as the United Nations and the Bretton Woods system to promote international cooperation andstability. The post-World War II period saw the emergenceof a new type of globalization, driven by the growth of transnational corporations and the expansion of trade liberalization through institutions like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor,the World Trade Organization (WTO).With the advent of the information age in the late 20th century, globalization entered a new era. The widespreaduse of the internet and other digital technologiesfacilitated the rapid dissemination of information andideas across the globe. This led to the emergence of aglobal culture, with popular culture, music, fashion, and other forms of expression becoming increasingly intertwined. At the same time, the growth of transnational companies and the expansion of trade led to the emergence of a global economy, with supply chains and markets extending across borders.However, globalization has not been a smooth process.It has been fraught with challenges and controversies. Oneof the most significant criticisms of globalization is thewidening gap between the rich and the poor within and among nations. While globalization has led to economic growth and prosperity in some regions, it has also exacerbated inequality and poverty in others. This issue isparticularly acute in developing countries, where the benefits of globalization have often been unevenly distributed.Another criticism of globalization is the loss of cultural identity and diversity. As global culture becomes increasingly homogenized, many fear that local cultures and traditions will be eroded. This concern is particularly relevant in regions with rich cultural histories and diverse ethnic groups.Despite these criticisms, globalization remains an inevitable trend. The interconnectedness of nations and economies created by globalization has brought about numerous benefits, including economic growth, technological advancements, and cultural exchange. However, it is crucial that we address the challenges and controversies associated with globalization to ensure that its benefits are sharedequitably and sustainably.In conclusion, globalization is a multifaceted phenomenon that has transformed the world in profound ways. It has brought about economic growth, technological advancements, and cultural exchange, but it has also given rise to challenges such as inequality and cultural homogenization. As we move forward, it is crucial that we continue to explore and understand the various dimensions of globalization and work towards addressing its challenges to ensure a more inclusive and sustainable global future.。

DOI： 10.16655/ki.2095-2813.2024.08.034高职体育专业学生能力培养与创新创业教育融合研究汕尾职业技术学院广东汕尾516600摘要： 高职体育专业学生能力培养与创新创业教育的融合，不仅有助于提升学生的综合素质和就业竞争力，还能够培养学生的创新意识和创业精神，为体育行业的发展注入新的活力。

为此，该文采用文献资料法等研究方法，在分析高职体育专业人才培养主要问题的基础上，探讨了高职体育专业学生能力培养与创新创业教育融合的重要性，提出了高职体育专业学生能力培养与创新创业教育融合的优化路径，希望为高职体育专业学生的未来发展提供有益的参考和建议。

关键词：高职体育专业 学生 能力培养 创新创业教育 融合中图分类号： G807.4文献标识码：A文章编号： 2095-2813(2024)08-0122-04 Research on the Integration of the Ability Training and Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education of Students Majoring in PhysicalEducation in Higher Vocational CollegesCHEN　Kaikai LIU　HuajingShanwei Institute of Technology, Shanwei, Guangdong Province, 516600 China Abstract: The integration of the ability training and innovation and entrepreneurship education of students majoring in physical education in higher vocational colleges can not only help to improve students 'comprehensive quality and employment competitiveness, but also cultivate students' innovative consciousness and entrepreneurial spirit, so as to inject new vitality into the development of the sports industry. Therefore, adopting the literature method and other research methods, and based on the analysis of the main problems of professional sports talent training in higher vocational colleges, this paper discusses the importance of the integration of the ability training and innovation entrepreneurship education of students majoring in physical education in higher vocational colleges, and puts forward the optimization path of the integration of the ability training and innovation entrepreneurship education of students majoring in physical education in higher vocational colleges, hoping to provide useful reference and suggestions forthe future development of students majoring in physical education in higher vocational colleges.Key Words: Physical education major in higher vocational colleges; Student; Ability training; Innovation and entrepreneurship education; Integration基金项目： 广东省高等职业院校教育与体育类专业教学指导委员会2022年度课题（项目名称：高职体育专业学生能力培养与创新创业教育融合路径研究，项目编号：2022G134）。