英语演讲选修课chapter11 persuasive

myschoollife英语作文11句全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My School LifeMy school life is a time filled with laughter, learning, and everlasting memories. Each day at school is a new adventure, a chance to grow, to challenge myself, and to explore the world around me. From the moment I step onto the school grounds to the final bell of the day, my school life is a whirlwind of activities, classes, and friendships.First and foremost, my school life is defined by the friends I have made along the way. These are the people who have been with me through thick and thin, who have supported me when I needed it the most, and who have made me laugh until my sides hurt. Whether we are studying together, playing sports, or simply hanging out, my friends bring so much joy and love into my school life.In addition to my friends, my school life is also shaped by the teachers who have inspired me to reach for the stars. These dedicated educators have pushed me to think critically, toquestion the world around me, and to never settle for mediocrity. Their passion for teaching has ignited a fire within me to always strive for excellence and to never stop learning.One of the highlights of my school life is participating in extracurricular activities. Whether it's playing on the soccer team, singing in the school choir, or volunteering in the community, these activities have allowed me to discover new talents, make new friends, and develop important life skills. They have also provided me with a sense of belonging and purpose that extends beyond the classroom.Of course, my school life would not be complete without the academic challenges that I face on a daily basis. From solving complex math problems to writing persuasive essays, each class presents its own set of challenges and opportunities for growth. Through hard work, determination, and perseverance, I have been able to overcome obstacles and achieve academic success.Despite the ups and downs of my school life, one thing remains constant - the love and support of my family. They have been my rock, my biggest cheerleaders, and my guiding light throughout my educational journey. Their unwavering belief in me has given me the confidence to pursue my dreams and become the best version of myself.In conclusion, my school life is a tapestry of experiences that have shaped me into the person I am today. It has taught me the value of hard work, the importance of friendship, and the power of education to change lives. As I look back on my school life, I am filled with gratitude for all the opportunities, challenges, and memories that have enriched my journey. I am excited for what the future holds and grateful for the foundation that my school life has provided me.篇2My school life is an important part of my overall experience as a student. It is where I spend most of my time during the week, learning and growing as an individual. Here are 11 sentences that describe what my school life is like:1. My school life is filled with a variety of classes and subjects that challenge me to think critically and learn new things.2. I have made many friends at school who have become likea second family to me, providing support and encouragement.3. During lunchtime, I enjoy hanging out with my friends in the cafeteria, sharing stories and laughter.4. School assemblies and events are always a highlight of my week, as they bring the entire student body together for fun and celebration.5. I look forward to extracurricular activities such as sports, clubs, and school plays, which allow me to pursue my interests outside of the classroom.6. The teachers at my school are dedicated and passionate about helping students succeed, providing guidance and support whenever needed.7. Studying for exams and completing assignments can be stressful at times, but the sense of accomplishment when I achieve good grades is worth it.8. School projects and group work help me develop important teamwork and communication skills that will be valuable in the future.9. My school life is also about personal growth andself-discovery, as I navigate the challenges and opportunities that come my way.10. I value the sense of community and belonging that my school provides, creating a positive and inclusive environment for all students.11. Overall, my school life is a journey of learning, growth, and friendship that shapes me into the person I am becoming.篇3My School LifeMy school life is the most memorable and important part of my life. It is where I have learned, grown, and made lasting friendships. Here are 11 sentences that summarize my school life experience:First and foremost, school has provided me with a solid foundation of knowledge in various subjects such as math, science, and literature.Secondly, I have had the opportunity to participate in different extracurricular activities, like sports teams, clubs, and volunteer work, which have helped me develop important skills and values.Thirdly, the teachers and mentors at school have played a crucial role in guiding and shaping me into the person I am today. They have supported me, challenged me, and inspired me to reach my full potential.Furthermore, I have made some of my best friends at school. The bonds we have formed through shared experiences, laughter, and support have been invaluable to me.In addition, school has taught me important life lessons about responsibility, time management, and perseverance that have prepared me for the challenges ahead.Moreover, the memories I have created at school – from late-night study sessions to school dances – will always hold a special place in my heart.Another important aspect of my school life is the sense of community and belonging that I have felt among my peers. We have shared triumphs, failures, and everything in between.Additionally, the diversity and inclusivity of my school have exposed me to different perspectives and cultures, broadening my worldview and understanding of the world.Not to mention, the challenges and obstacles I have faced at school have helped me build resilience, determination, and a growth mindset that will serve me well in the future.Overall, my school life has been a transformative journey full of learning, growth, and self-discovery. I am grateful for theopportunities, friendships, and lessons that I have experienced along the way.In conclusion, my school life has been a pivotal and rewarding chapter of my life that has shaped me into the person I am proud to be today.。

Prese nting a speech（做演讲）Of all huma n creati on s, la nguage may be the most remarkable. ThroughIan guage we share experie nee, formulate values, excha nge ideas, tran smitkno wledge, and sustai n culture. In deed, la nguage is vital to thi nk itself. Con trary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to eve nts].在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。

我们用语言来分享经验，传递价值观，交流思想，传播知识，传承文化。

事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。

和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。

――语序的调整。

Good speakers have respect for Ian guage and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker 'craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other professi on. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use Ian guage accurately, clearly,vividly,a nd appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。

1 Persuasive Speech Attack on Lybia,no oil demanding※Specific purpose : : To To persuade persuade my my my audience audience audience that that that the the the aim aim aim of of of the the combined combined armies armies armies of multiplied nations of multiplied nations’s attack on Lybia is not the nation ’s oil..※Central idea: The attack on Lybia by multiplied nations can ’t be for the desire for oil,for the cost of the military actions is much too high while the feedback of the war may not be be the the ideal ideal one one one that that that had had had been been been expected,nor expected,nor it it is is rational or economically beneficial.※Main points:I. Not economic to wage war for the exchange of oil A. High expenses of the Iraq war should be alerting B. The value of the oil is unable to pay off the cost of the military fares. C.It is not economic to ask for oil in Lybia nowadays II.No reason to have a war simply for oil A. Control over the defeated country will be very tough B. B. Control Control Control over over over the the the the the the right right right to to to dig dig dig up up up oil oil oil in in in a a a defeated defeated defeated country country country is is pessimistic C. Control over the amount of exporting oil of a defeated country is hard to maintain either Good morning,Ladies and Gentleman,As the Lybia crisis has been the international focus for months and it seems to be worsening and increasingly unpredicatable in thefuture,I’d like to give my point of view on the motive of this war andthough it may be a little surprising to you all But in fact,,I do nothold the opinion that the military actions by the multiplied nationsshould be the demand for the nation’s oil and my accounts are asfollows:My first main point is that it is not economic to wage war for the exchange of oil.Firstly,the high expenses of the Iraq war should be alerting.Apartfrom some very obvious expenses of the military actions on Iraq by the U.S,there are still several inevident expenses such as the toll of soldiers,the bad affect upon the domestic economy etc.If all these factors should be taken into consideration,the Bush government had paid more than three hundred billion dollars for the war and the war on Lybia could be no less costly than the previous one.And the value of the oil is unable to pay off the cost of the military fares.Accoding to an estimation,the benefit gained by selling oil will take more than 7 years to pay off the military expenses ,on theaccount that the current price for oil may not alter in the future. Also, it is not economic to ask for oil in Lybia nowadays.The productivity of oil manufacture of Lybia is unable to catch up with Iraq back in 2003 and there has been no evidence up till now that the war in Lybia will cost the multiplied forces less compared with whatit did to the US in Iraq.Now let’s come to my second main standpoint. There is no reason to have a war with Lybia simply for its oilFirstly, the control over the defeated country will be very tough.Let’t seizeme take Iraq for an instance.After the Iraq war,America didnthe possession of the oil field.For if the US really took them awayform Iraq rudely ,it would really have been a deed of robber andjustice would not stand alongside with the US and the rebellion andprotest of the Iraqi people against the Americans would bring“benefit ”is what America is enormous damage to the US and thismost unlikely to obtain.Secondly, Control over the the right to dig up oil in a defeated country is pessimistic.If the road should be opened up for the captalists inside America on the expense of blood, lives and of course,the seemingly endless payment for military fees,the payment should be too much and totally inaccessible and unaccepted by the American government.For it will be against the simpleformula:Investment should be greater than benefit and interests and no one will be silly enough to take the risk to break it.Thirdly, Control over the amount of exporting oil of a defeated country is hard to maintain either.Neither Iraq nor Lybia,that the productivity of oil is strong enough to g enerategenerate the dependence ofthe oil-consuming countrie,most of which are the western countriesand the absence of oil importing form either of the two countries could become a fatal challenge to them.In conclusion,the war of Lybia can not be solely for the demad of its oil,more political and diplomatic benefits are involved in it and every major nation of the multiplied forces should have their own reasons to interfere the crisis of Lybia.That’s all,thank you for your listening.May 22nd,2011。

山东理工大学教案Lesson 12 Persuasive speeches IISample Speech with CommentaryThe following persuasive speech was presented in a public speaking class at the university of Wisconsin. It deals with a question of policy and is a good example of how students can utilize the methods of persuasion discussed in this chapter.Self-Defense on CampusRebecca HansonYou’re tired; you’re hungry. You’re just spent a long day at College Library and you can’t wait to gel back to your room. Glancing outside, you remember how quickly it becomes dark. You don’t think much of it, though, as you bundle up and head out into the gusty wind. Not until you spy the shadows on the sidewalk or hear the leaves rustling beside you do you wish you weren’t alone. You walk quickly, trying to stop your imagination from thinking of murderers and rapists. Only when you are safely inside your room do you relax and try to stop your heart from pounding out of your chest.The speaker begins with an extended hypothetical example. Vivid and richly textured, it gains attention and relates the topic directly to the audience .It also contains a strong element of emotional appeal—especially for female students who have experienced the feelings described by the speaker.Can you remember a time when you felt this way? I would be surprised if you never have. The FBI reported last year that there were three murders, approximately 430 aggravated assaults, 1,400 burglaries, and 80rapes here in Madison alone. And while these statistics are quite alarming, they don’t even compare to the numbers of larger metropolitan areas.When you begin a speech with a hypothetical example, it’s a good idea to follow up with statistics showing that the example is not farfetched. The statistics in this paragraph are especially effective because they come from the city in which the speech was given.No matter where we live, crime affects us all—men and women, students and instructors, young and old. We need to stop being the victims. One way we can do this is by enrolling in a self-defense course. There are many times I can remember when my heart seemed to pound out of my chest, but because I took an introductory course in self-defense, I feel more confident and more prepared to deal with potentially dangerous situations. Today I would like to encourage all of you to enroll in a self-defense course. Let’s start by looking at the dangers of crime we face as college students.After reinforcing the fact that crime is a concern for all members of her audience, the speaker focuses on the specific issue of enrolling in a self-defense course. She establishes her credibility by citing the benefits she gained from taking such a course. Although she stresses her personal experience here, it becomes clear as the speech goes on that she has also done a great deal of research on the topic.College students face many crime issues, both as members of society and as students on campus. These crimes endanger our money, our property, our self-confidence, our psychological well-being, and even our lives. According to the Foundation for Crime Prevention Education, violence and crime have dramatically increased. An American is six times more likely to be assaulted with a weapon today than in 1960. The FBI reports that someone is either murdered, raped, assaulted, of robbed every 16 seconds. This means today, at the end of our 50-minute class period, approximately 187 people will have been victims of a violent crime.This speech is organized according to Monroe’s motivated sequence. In this paragraph, the speaker begins her discussion of the need for students to enroll in self-defense course. Notice how she identifies the sources of her statistics and translates the figures into terms that relate directly to her classmates.College students, many of whom are away from home for the first time, are especially easy targets for crime. Students often look at campus housing as a secure place. But according to the book Street Wisdom for Women, precautions must be taken in a dorm or Greek house, just as in any house or apartment. How many of these bad habits do you have? How often do you leave your room without locking your door, forgetting how easily accessibleyour room is to anyone? How often do you fall asleep without locking your door? Or how often do you open your door without first checking to see who is there? As the Wake Forest University Police Crime Prevention website states,” Each of us must become aware of the precautions necessary to reduce the likelihood that we will become victims of crime.” Those who forget to take these precautions invite trouble.Moving from the general crime statistics in the previous paragraph, the speaker focuses on crime issues facing college students. Her questions about students’ “bad habits” with respect to crime prevention are especially effective, and her use of “you” helps draw the audience further into the speech. The quotation at the end of this paragraph is one of several pieces of evidence the speaker located on the Internet. Notice how she identifies the exact source of the quotation, rather than making the general statement “ As I discovered on the Web……”Although students must watch themselves in campus housing, they must also take care elsewhere. Prevalent use of drugs and alcohol, especially on college campuses, increases the chance of crime. Using drugs or alcohol makes you an easier target because, as we all know, it affects your judgment, influencing your decisions on safety. According to the Pacific Center for Violence Prevention, in 42 percent of all violent crimes, either the assailant, the victim, or both had been drinking. Specifically on campus, 90 percent of all violent crimes involve drugs and/or alcohol. This problem is so serious that testimony by law enforcement officials reprinted on the Security On Campus website indicates that many college campuses are the highest crime areas in their communities.The speaker completes the need section of her speech by noting that drugs and alcohol increase the crime problems faced by students. Here, as in other parts of the speech, her statistics are clearly presented and come from credible sources.So now that we see the dangers we face as students, what can we do to protect ourselves? Although there are many ways of dealing with crime, I recommend that you and every college student enroll in a self-defense course. You can choose from a variety of self-defense courses offered right here in Madison. You can find one to fit your schedule and your pocketbook. On campus, the university has a club sport called Shorin Ryu Karate, which emphasizes practical self-defense. They hold their meetings in the evening, after classes, right on campus, and they’re open to all university students,faculty and staff.This paragraph begins with a transition into the satisfaction section of the speech. Notice how clearly the speaker presents her plan and identifies the self-defense classes students can attend right on campus.Another option is Villari’s Self-Defense and Tai Chi Center, which not only offers courses in self-defense, but in tai chi, karate, and kung fu. Villari’s location on State Street is convenient for all university students. To find a class that fits your needs, you can also search over the Internet or through the Yellow Pages. I also brought along some brochures today, so if you are interested, please see me after class.Now the speaker looks at options for students who want to enroll in a self-defense class off campus. As in the previous paragraph, she provides specific information about those options. This kind of specificity is vital whenever a speaker seeks to persuade an audience to take immediate action.After enrolling in a self-defense course, you will find yourself much better prepared to deal with an emergency situation. Patrick Lee, an instructor for a course called “Self-Defense for Women: Victim or survivor,” claims the biggest thing he teaches in his courses is that you must decide from the beginning whether you want to be the victim or the survivor. Repeating over and over again that “I am a survivor” not only increases your self-confidence but helps you think more clearly in a difficult situation.Having explained her plan, the speaker moves into the visualization section of her speech, in which she will demonstrate the benefits of her plan. This is one of the most important aspects of any persuasive speech on a question of policy.I didn’t realize the importance of this myself until took an introductory course in self-defense in my high-school physical education class. After a few days of practice, each of us faced the notorious padded attacker. Expecting to enjoy fighting the attacker, I prepared to yell “NO; stop; back off,” as forcefully as possible. But before I knew it, this man, twice my size, had put me in a hold I could not get out of. My mind was so overcome with fear that I could barely muster out a “No.” immediately pictured this as a real situation, one which I probably would not have survived.In this and next paragraph, the speaker uses a personal example to illustrate the benefits of taking a self-defense class. The example also boosts the speaker’s credibility by showing that she has firsthand experience on the topic.But after a few more days of practice, we were able to go against the padded attacker one more time. This time, I no longer felt fear. I felt anger. I was angry that this man felt he could take advantage of me .This time, using what I learned, I yelled, “No; back off,” and successfully escaped his move. And this time I survived.The speaker’s success in repelling the padded attacker adds an element of emotional appeal to this section of the speech.I’m not the only example showing the benefits taking self-defense. If you’re interested, check out “Stories form Self-Defense Classes” posted to the internet by the Assault Prevention Information Network. Although I don’t have the time to share with you the dozens of success stories, I can sum them up with a quote by Cindy, 1 23-year-old woman who used her self-defense knowledge to scare off an assailant. Cindy says, “I know deep inside, where it matters most, that I have what it takes to defend myself if need be, and this feeling is one of pure joy.” As you can see ,self-defense is time and money well invested.As in other places, the speaker clearly identifies the source of evidence from the Internet. The quotation from Cindy is an instance of peer testimony, and it provides further proof of the benefits of taking a self-defense class. The final sentence of this paragraph reinforces the point made by the quotation and effectively wraps up the body of the speech.So I encourage you to enroll in a self-defense course, whether it be through a physical education class or through a private organization and whether you do it here or back in your home town. Even if you do not enroll right away, I encourage you to do so in the near future. Taking such a course could mean keeping your money, protecting your property, defending yourself, your boyfriend or girlfriend, husband or wife. It could even mean the difference between life and death.The speaker moves into her conclusion, in which she develops the action stage of Monroe’s motivated sequence. Notice how specific her call to action is and how she ties it directly to her classmates by talking in terms of “you”and “your”.Don’t ever think, “It could never happen to me .” Why not be prepared? As Patrick Lee said, “Ask yourself, do you want to be the victim or the survivor?”The closing quotation reinforces the speaker’s central idea, relates once again to the audience, and ends the speech on a dramatic note.。

英语演讲选修课期末复习最后大总结chapter 1ABCWhy Study Public SpeakingIncrease personal and social abilitiesEnhance your academic and career skillsRefine your general communication abilitiesIncrease your public speaking abilities….Increase Personal and Social Abilitiesself-awarenessself-confidencedealing with the fear of communicatingPublic Speaking VS ConversationPurpose: both communicate with a certain purposeAudience: a public speech is usually directed at more listeners.Feedback: public speaking is relatively uninterrupted discourse.Delivery: public speaking requires intensified volume of voice and bodily action.Materials and organization: public speeches are mostly prepared ones.Impromptu speeches are rare.The essentials of a speechObjective: why am I making this speechAudience:whom am I making this speech toPlace:whereTime and lengthMethod of delivery:howContent:whatNotesRehearsal: identify weakness, practice difficult pronunciationsDealing with nervousnessAcquire speaking experiencePrepare, prepare, prepareThink positivelyUse the power of visualizationKnow that most nervousness is Not visibleDon’t expect perfectionAcquire Speaking ExperienceEnrolled in a public speaking courseStage fright: fear of the unknownLearning to give a speech is not much different from learning any other skill---it proceeds by trial and error. The purpose of your speech class is to shorten the process, to minimize the errors, to give you a nonthreatening arena---a sort of laboratory--- in which to undertake the “trial”Think positivelyConfidence is mostly the well-known power of positive thinking.Negative Thought & Positive ThoughtI wish I didn’t have to give this speech.This speech is a chance for me to share my ideas and gain experience as a speaker.I am not a great public speaker.No one is perfect, but I am getting better with each speech I give.TermsPositive nervousness---controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.Visualization---mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures herself or himself giving a successful presentation.Creat a vivid mental blurprint in which you see yourself succeeding in your speechOther tips for dealing with nervousnessBe at your best physically and mentally. A good night’s sleep will serve you better.As you are waiting to speak, quietly tighten and relax your leg muscles, or squeeze your hands together and then release them. Such actions help reduce tension by providing an outlet for your extra adrenaline.Take a couple slow, deep breaths before you start to speak. Most people take short and shallow breaths, which only reinforces their anxiety. Deep breathing breaks this cycle of tension and help calm your nerves.Work especially hard on your introduction. Research has shown that a speaker’s anxiety level begins to drop significantly after the first 30 seconds ofa presentationMake eye contact with members of your audience. Remember that they are individual people, not a blur of faces. And they are your friends.Concentrate on communicating with your audience rather than on worrying about your stage fright. If you get caught up in your speech, your audience will too.Use visual aids. They create interest, draw attention away from you, and make you feel less self-conscious.chapter 2 topicSelecting a topicSpeeches outside the classroomthe occasion, the audience, the speaker’s qualificationsSpeeches in the public speaking classno designated topicWhat is a suitable speech topicWorthwhileAppropriateLimited in scopeSuitable topicWorthwhilesignificant implications for the audienceAppropriateknow a lot, like to learn moreLimited in scopedividing the topic into several significant parts.General purpose: the broad goal 总体目标To inform: convey informationenhance the knowledge and understandingTo persuade: advocate or partisanChange or structure the attitudes or actionsDifference: explain or exhortSpecific purpose 具体目标to inform my audie nce about…to per suade my audience to …Explain ←→ exhortSpecific PurposeSpecific purpose: ( single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.). 简单的肯定句Topic: EmergenciesGeneral purpose: To informSpecific purpose: T o inform my audience of the major steps in responding to an emergencyTips for formulating the specific purpose statementTip 1: Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase(完整的短语）, not as a fragment（片段）Tip 2Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question陈述句Tip 3 Avoid figurative language比喻语言Tip 4 Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea, or one main pointTip 5Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general Phrasing the central idea(Also called thesis statement, subject sentence, major thought ) What is the central ideaGuidelines for the central ideaWhat is the central ideaA one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech. It is whatyou want the audience to absorb from your speech.In persuasive speechesarguable, debatable, take your stanceIn informative speechesrelatively neutral and objectiveThe specific purpose of a speech is what you hope to accomplish.The central idea is a concise statement of what you expect tosay. Guidelines for the central ideaThe central idea1. Should be expressed in a full sentencenot be in the form of a question.3. should avoid figurative language4. should not be vague or overly generalSummarySelecting a topicDetermining your general purposeDetermining your specific purposePhrasing your central ideaFour brainstorming proceduresMake a quick inventory of your hobbies, interests, skills, experiences, beliefs, and so forth.Use the technique of clustering and write down on a sheet of paper the first topics that come to mind in several categories.Look through a reference work for ideasUse a World Wide Web subject directory such as Yahoo to help you scan possible topic.chapter 3 Analysis Analyzing the audience1. Audience-centeredness 以听众为中心2. The psychology of audience 听众的心理3. Demographic audience analysis 听众分析统计4. Situational audience analysis 听众分析的具体情形5. Adapting to the audience 适应听众1. Audience-centerednessAudience-centeredness: keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.Questions to be asked when preparingTo whom am I speakingWhat do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speechWhat is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech toaccomplish that aim(how)2. The psychology of audiencesQuestion: what do you do when you listen to a speechtwo messages:speaker, filter, listenerpeople hear what they want to hear and disregard the rest.Question: what do people want to hearMeaningfulEgocentrism: The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.Listeners typically approach speeches with one question uppermost in mind: “Why is this important to me”What do these psychological principles mean to you as a speakerListeners: what they already knowSpeakers: relate the message toTwo steps of demographic audience analysis⑴identifying the general demographic features of your audience⑵ assessing the importance of those features to a particular speaking situationDemographic Audience AnalysisAgeGenderSexual orientationRacial, ethnic and cultural backgroundReligion4. Situational audience analysis:Situational factorsSizePhysical settingDisposition toward the topicDisposition toward the speakerDisposition toward the topicInterestKnowledgeAttitudeDisposition toward the speakerkeep in mind that your listeners will always have some set of attitudes toward you as a speaker.Estimating what those attitudes are and how they will affect your speech isa crucial part of situational audience analysis.Summaryaudience-centered.They know that the aim of speechmaking is to gain a desired response from listeners. When working on your speeches, keep three questions in mind:(1)To whom am I speaking(2)What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech(3)What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aimPsychology of audience.People hear what they want to hear.EgocentricWhy is this important to mechapter4 ntroduction1. Getting attention and interest(1)Relate the topic to the audience(2)State the importance of your topic(3)Startle the audience(4)Arouse the curiosity of the audience(5)Question the audience(6)Begin with a quotation(7)Tell a story2. Reveal the topic3. Establish credibilityCredibility: the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.Your credibility need not be based on firsthand knowledge and experience. It cancome from reading, from classes, from interviews, from friends.4 Preview the body of the speechPreview statement 预先叙说A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main pointsto be discussed in the body of the speech.Tips for preparing the introduction1.Keep the introduction relatively brief. Under normal circumstances it shouldnot constitute more than 10 to 20 percent of your speech.2. Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research. File them with your notes, so they will be handy when you are ready for them.3. Be creative in devising your introduction. Experiment with two or three different openings and choose the one that seemsmost likely to get the audience interested in your speech.4. Don’t worry about the exact wo rding of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech. After you have determined your main points, it will be much easier to make final decisions about how to begin the speech.5. Work out your introduction in detail. Some teachers recommend that you write it out word for word; others prefer that you outline it. Whichever method you use, practice the introduction over and over until you can deliver it smoothly from a minimum of notes and with strong eye contact. This will get your speech off to a good start and give you a big boost of confidence.Some common faults of introductionsDon’t apologize.Don’t pretendDon’t make hollow promisesDon’t rely on gimmicksDon’t preface your introductionchapter 5 conclusionTo let the audience know you are ending the speech“In conclusion”“One last thought”“In closing”“My purpose has been”“Let me end by saying”Reinforce the central idea1. Summarize your speech2. End with a quotation3. Make a dramatic statement4. Refer to the introduction5. MotivateTips for preparing the conclusion1. As with the introduction, keep an aye out for possible concluding materials as you research and develop the speech.2. Conclude with a bang, not a whimper. Be creative in devising a conclusion that hits the hearts and minds of your audience. Work on several possible endings, and select the one that seems likely to have the greatest impact.3.Do not be long-winded. The conclusion will normally make up no more than about5 to 10 percent of your speech. Nothing aggravates audiences more than aspeaker who says, “In conclusion” and keeps on talking.chapter 6 -7 language_deliveryLanguage is importantMeaning of wordsUsing language accuratelyUsing language clearlyUsing language vividlyUsing language appropriatelyA note on inclusive languageUsing language clearly1. Use familiar words2. Choose concrete words3. Eliminate clutter2. Choose concrete wordsConcrete words: words that refer to tangible objectsAbstract words: words that refer to ideas or conceptsKeep this in mind: few words are completely abstract orconcrete.Abstractness and concreteness are relative.Two main ways to use moving and vivid language: imagery and rhythm1. Imagery: (意象）The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions or ideas.It is a word picture that gets you totally involved.Three ways to generate imagery:A. Concrete wordsB. Simile（明喻）An explicit comparison introduced with the word “like” or “as” between things that are essentially different y et have something in common. Example: C. Metaphor （暗喻）Unlike simile, metaphor does not contain the words “like” or “as”.2. Rhythm（节奏）The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.Four basic stylistic devices to improve the rhythmA. Parallelism（排比）: the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Examples:①Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman---it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.(Elizabeth Cady Stanton)②There is no Negro problem. There is no Southern problem. There is no Northernproblem. There is only an American problem. (Lyndon Johnson)③I speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman. I speak as a United Sates Senator.I speak as an American.(Margaret Chase Smith)B. RepetitionRepeating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clausesor sentences①When you see your street, see my street. When you see your house, see my house. When you see your children, see my children. (Whitney Young, Jr.)②We will not tire, we will not falter, we will not fail. (George W .Bush)C. Alliteration（头韵法）Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. Examples:①Peace is essential for progress, but progress is no less essential for Peace. (Liaquat Ali Khan)②In a nation founded on the promise of human dignity, our colleges, our communities,our country should challenge hatred wherever we find it. (Hillary Rodham Clinton)D. Antithesis 对比法The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. Examples:①Ask not what your country c an do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (John. F. Kennedy)②Your success as a family, our success as a society, depends not on what happensat the White House, but on what happens inside your house.(Barbara Bush)Using language appropriately恰当地使用语言1. Appropriate to the occasion2. Appropriate to the audience3. Appropriate to the topic4. Appropriate to the speakerA NOTE ON INCLUSIVE LANGUAGEInclusive language: language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.Four basic methods of delivering a speechReading from a manuscript: A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.Reciting from memorySpeaking impromptu: a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.Speaking extemporaneously: A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.The speaker’s voiceThe aspects of voice you should work to control are:Volume 音量Pitch 音高Rate 频率Pauses 停顿Vocal variety 嗓音变化PronunciationThe speaker’s voicevolume : the loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice.Pitch: t he highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice.Rate: the speed at which a person speaks.The speaker’s body1. Personal appearance2. Movement3. Gestures4. Eye contactThere are four basic methods of delivering a speech, They are Reading from a manuscript.Reciting from memorySpeaking impromptuSpeaking extemporaneouslychapter 8 Special。